Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hans M. Westerbeek Author-X-Name-First: Hans M. Author-X-Name-Last: Westerbeek Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Title: Increasing the Focus on “Place” in the Marketing Mix for Facility Dependent Sport Services Abstract: This paper argues the case for increasing the focus on the “place” element of the marketing mix when marketing sport. The contention that marketing and promotional strategy decisions are largely determined by the capabilities and features of the sport facility is used to argue that “place” becomes the most important element of the marketing mix when marketing facility dependent sport services. “Place” is considered from three points of view: place as a temporal and spatial concept, place from an anthropological point of view, and, finally, place from the contemporary sport spectator's point of view. A refocused marketing mix for facility dependent sport services is presented. The refocused sport marketing mix is derived from the importance of the facility as an outlet for social interaction and, as a consequence, the use of services marketing techniques to maximise spectator enjoyment. Facility dependent sport services and those sport services not dependent on facilities are distinguished. A comparison illustrates the need for the place variable to be given a prominent position when marketing facility dependent sport services. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-23 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70087-2 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70087-2 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:2:y:1999:i:1:p:1-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Danny O’Brien Author-X-Name-First: Danny Author-X-Name-Last: O’Brien Author-Name: Trevor Slack Author-X-Name-First: Trevor Author-X-Name-Last: Slack Title: Deinstitutionalising the Amateur Ethic: An Empirical Examination of Change in a Rugby Union Football Club Abstract: In 1996/97, the first season of openly professional rugby union was played in England. For many of the clubs which opted to become involved in the professional game, this was the end of an era. In some cases, over 100 years of institutionalised amateur practice was brought to an end, and professionalism became the dominant mode of operation in these organisations. In order for those clubs which chose to professionalise to operate effectively, the values and related organisational structures which were the very essence of amateurism, had to be deinstitutionalised. Deinstitutionalisation is the erosion or discontinuity of organisational activities and practices, which through the force of habit, tradition, or history, have come to be accepted as legitimate. This paper provides a case study analysis of the process of deinstitutionalisation as it occurred in one Premiership rugby union club. Using data collected through a series of semi-structured interviews conducted with both the adherents of amateurism and the proponents of the new professional organisational structure, this paper identifies some of the forces that contribute to deinstitutionalisation. Following Oliver's (1992) theoretical lead, we empirically show how political, functional, and social pressures contributed to the process of deinstitutionalisation, and how these are mediated by inertial and entropic organisational forces. We also extend Oliver's analysis by showing the way in which the manipulation of organisational symbols can play a role in the dynamics of deinstitutionalisation. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 24-42 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70088-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70088-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:2:y:1999:i:1:p:24-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel F. Mahony Author-X-Name-First: Daniel F. Author-X-Name-Last: Mahony Author-Name: Anita M. Moorman Author-X-Name-First: Anita M. Author-X-Name-Last: Moorman Title: The Impact of Fan Attitudes on Intentions to Watch Professional Basketball Teams on Television Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine conditions impacting fans’ preference for watching their most disliked team and their favourite team. Previous work found that National Football League fans clearly preferred watching the favourite team, but only preferred watching the disliked team when it was a threat to the favourite. Using the Psychological Commitment to Team (PCT) scale to segment National Basketball Association fans, the current study found both high and low PCT fans preferred watching the disliked team when it was a threat to the favourite team. However, only high PCT fans preferred watching the disliked team when it was likely to lose. Finally, high PCT fans were more likely to watch the favourite team regardless of the conditions, while low PCT fans were significantly less likely to watch the favourite team when it was likely to lose. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 43-66 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70089-6 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70089-6 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:2:y:1999:i:1:p:43-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Allan Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Allan Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Title: Reflective Practice in Sport Management Abstract: Reflective practice has come to be recognised as a core element of professional expertise. Reflective practice can refer to the ability to analyse one's own practice, the incorporation of problem solving into learning by doing, or application of critical theory to the examination of professional practice. Each of these forms of reflective practice raises a number of significant issues for sport management practitioners, particularly in terms of the way they view their practice. This article explores the concept of reflection and considers its potential contributions to the management of sport. The paper identifies four focal dimensions: (1) the definition and theoretical traditions of reflection, (2) notions of reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action, (3) principles that ought to underpin reflective practice in sport management, and (4) methodological issues requiring further research and examination. It is argued that all forms of reflection are vital to skilful sport management practice. It is suggested that critical reflection provides unique opportunities to understand the practitioner's world, and, in so doing, to provide opportunities for emancipatory practice. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 67-81 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70090-2 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70090-2 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:2:y:1999:i:1:p:67-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Author-Name: Grant Hooper Author-X-Name-First: Grant Author-X-Name-Last: Hooper Title: Great Expectations: From Port Adelaide to Port Power—A Club in Transition Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 86-108 Issue: 1 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70091-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70091-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:2:y:1999:i:1:p:86-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pamm Kellett Author-X-Name-First: Pamm Author-X-Name-Last: Kellett Title: Organisational Leadership: Lessons from Professional Coaches Abstract: Leadership has been considered an essential part of business and society, although there has been little progress towards a workable definition. It has been assumed by organisational and sport researchers alike that sport coaching is a role that necessitates leadership. The notion that coaches are leaders has been explored primarily in youth sport and college athletics. As with leadership studies in general, results have been conflicting. Professional sport seems to provide a closer analog to corporate environments, so it may be a useful setting to study coaches as leaders. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve professional head coaches from the Australian Football League (AFL). The coaches were asked about their roles and the ways they lead. It was found that coaches have close relationships with their assistant staff and their players. Coaches facilitate and empower in order to achieve player development. Coaches were reticent to describe their activities as leadership or themselves as leaders. However, coaches were articulate when describing their players as leaders, and when describing their role in developing those players as leaders. This research suggests that leadership, as we have understood it thus far, is not reflected or represented in the way that these coaches perceive their work. Either professional coaching does not rest on leadership, or our views of leadership need substantial revision. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 150-171 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70094-X File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70094-X File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:2:y:1999:i:2:p:150-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David R. Thomas Author-X-Name-First: David R. Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Author-Name: Lorna Dyall Author-X-Name-First: Lorna Author-X-Name-Last: Dyall Title: Culture, Ethnicity, and Sport Management: A New Zealand Perspective Abstract: There is a growing recognition of the need to understand the impacts of culture and ethnicity on sport consumption, and to identify the consequent implications for sport management and marketing. Styles and patterns of sport involvement vary across cultures, sometimes requiring that associated rules, rituals, and ceremonies be modified or adapted to fit particular cultural settings. Patterns and styles of interpersonal communication also vary across cultures. Two dimensions of cultural difference in interpersonal communication – inclusion versus exclusion and egalitarianism versus respect – have particular potential to affect sport participation negatively if they are not accommodated appropriately. Depending on their sensitivity to cultural differences, the policies and practices of sport managers in multicultural settings can enhance or worsen inter-ethnic relations, recruitment, turnover, motivation, and involvement. Needed research and implications for the management of sport are highlighted. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 115-132 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70092-6 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70092-6 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:2:y:1999:i:2:p:115-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fong-Yi Lai Author-X-Name-First: Fong-Yi Author-X-Name-Last: Lai Title: Floorball's Penetration of Australia: Rethinking the Nexus of Globalisation and Marketing Abstract: It is frequently argued that globalisation provides new opportunities and new challenges for marketers and managers. Although this contention has generated a substantial amount of research in general business, its implications have not been much explored in terms of sport management. Instead, sport globalisation has been discussed primarily in terms of its sociological implications, particularly with reference to Americanisation. That work has not considered the managerial and marketing implications of sport globalisation. This study begins that effort by examining the penetration of floorball (a Swedish sport) into Australia. Participant observation, document analysis and interviews over the course of three years are used to probe the vectors by which floorball has been introduced into Australia. Two key vectors are identified: the sales aspirations of equipment manufacturers, and cultural contact between residents and international visitors. It is shown that both have played a significant role, but they have not been coordinated. It is argued that these two vectors can be more generally applied to create new national markets for sports, particularly if the vectors are intentionally coordinated. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 133-149 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70093-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70093-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:2:y:1999:i:2:p:133-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Skinner Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Skinner Author-Name: Bob Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Author-Name: Allan Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Allan Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Title: Amateurism to Professionalism: Modelling Organisational Change in Sporting Organisations Abstract: The growth of professionalism in sport in Australia has had a significant impact on players and administrators in many sporting organisations. This changing environment has caused sporting organisations to review their organisational goals and objectives. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether Laughlin's (1991) model of organisational change can illuminate our understanding of the differing impacts of environmental disturbances on sporting organisations. This is achieved by examining the organisational change processes that have occurred within the Queensland Rugby Union (QRU) during its recent history. Participant observation and semi-structured interviews with individuals at differing functional levels within the QRU were used to examine change and its impacts on the QRU. These data were analysed using Laughlin's model of organisational change. Although Laughlin's model succinctly describes historical changes in the QRU, its capacity to explain fully the current change process is limited. The shortcomings of Laughlin's model are considered from the standpoints of critical theory and postmodern approaches to the study of organisations. It is concluded that organisational change is a complex phenomenon that filters through the organisation with differing ramifications at different levels. It is demonstrated that Laughlin's model can be modified to reflect more fully and adequately the complexity of changes across differing levels of the QRU. It is suggested that similar modifications will prove useful for the description of change in other sport organisations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 173-192 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70095-1 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70095-1 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:2:y:1999:i:2:p:173-192 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laurence Chalip Author-X-Name-First: Laurence Author-X-Name-Last: Chalip Author-Name: Christopher Bray Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Bray Author-Name: Jason Logan Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Logan Title: Creating a New Program: Active Ageing in Queensland Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 193-207 Issue: 2 Volume: 2 Year: 1999 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70096-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70096-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:2:y:1999:i:2:p:193-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Packianathan Chelladurai Author-X-Name-First: Packianathan Author-X-Name-Last: Chelladurai Author-Name: Kyungro Chang Author-X-Name-First: Kyungro Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Title: Targets and Standards of Quality in Sport Services Abstract: The paper proposes a framework for analysis of quality in sport services from the perspective of (a) targets of quality, (b) standards of quality, and (c) evaluators of quality. It is proposed that any quality evaluation of a service should begin by identifying the targets of quality evaluations (i.e., breaking down that service into smaller discrete and distinct elements), and assessing the targets in terms of consumer and human service components. In addition, the paper highlights the relevance of different standards of quality to different targets of quality, and the relative significance of the clients, the service providers, and the managers as arbiters of quality. These segmental perspectives on quality in a service operation are expected to result in a truly Gestalt view of a service enterprise. The framework would facilitate quality initiatives such as quality assurance and benchmarking. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-22 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70077-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70077-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:3:y:2000:i:1:p:1-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dimitra Papadimitriou Author-X-Name-First: Dimitra Author-X-Name-Last: Papadimitriou Author-Name: Peter Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Title: Organisational Effectiveness of Hellenic National Sports Organisations: A Multiple Constituency Approach Abstract: This study applies the multiple constituency model of organisational effectiveness to a sample of Hellenic national sports organisations (NSOs). A 33-item inventory of effectiveness was developed and tested to reflect the common effectiveness-related perceptions of six constituent groups: board members, paid administrative staff, national coaches, elite athletes, international officials, and scientific consultants. Four hundred and twenty-three respondents from 20 NSOs participated in the study. Factor analysis resulted in the extraction of five composite effectiveness variables: calibre of the board and external liaisons, interest in athletes, internal procedures, long-term planning, and sport science support. The multivariate and univariate tests of variance revealed that athletes, coaches and scientific staff are the least satisfied groups, while international officials and board members produce the most favourable ratings of effectiveness. Results suggest the value of using a multiple constituency approach when examining the effectiveness of national sports organisations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 23-46 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70078-7 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70078-7 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:3:y:2000:i:1:p:23-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Turner Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Author-Name: Sam Cusumano Author-X-Name-First: Sam Author-X-Name-Last: Cusumano Title: Virtual Advertising: Legal Implications for Sport Abstract: The latest technological development in television and stadium advertising is virtual advertising. Virtual advertising (also referred to as virtual signage or electronic billboards) refers to real-time video insertions into television broadcasts. This involves overlaying an advertisement into a space in the telecast – either over the top of existing ground signage, or alternatively in a “free-space” on the field of play or in the crowd. This form of advertising is only visible to the television viewer. People at the ground cannot see the imposed sign. There are important legal ramifications associated with this technology. This paper explores the potential legal impact of virtual advertising on key stakeholders. It considers legal implications this technology will have for facility managers, event operators, sponsors and television broadcasters. This review identifies the legal framework surrounding the use of virtual advertising and the obligations of all parties in ensuring that contractual agreements are upheld. A model is developed which highlights the potential relationships. It provides a description of how each party can seek to protect its respective interests. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 47-70 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70079-9 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70079-9 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:3:y:2000:i:1:p:47-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Graham Brown Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Title: Emerging Issues in Olympic Sponsorship: Implications for Host Cities Abstract: Sponsorship has become a core issue in sport marketing and a critical concern for event management. It is now an integral part of major events and involves an ongoing commitment by Olympic partners who need to find new ways to gain the maximum returns from their investment. Complementary promotions with tourism organisations of the host country represent one such opportunity. There is also growing recognition that service delivery by tourism and hospitality industries may determine the success of many sponsor activities, such as guest hospitality programs. The dynamic nature of Olympic sponsorship is reviewed in the context of the marketing policy framework of the International Olympic Committee. Factors affecting sponsorship at the Sydney 2000 Games are considered with reference to AMP, Ansett Australia, and Visa. It is shown that tourism organisations can play a more active role in attracting sponsors and achieving positive outcomes for the host country. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 71-92 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70080-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70080-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:3:y:2000:i:1:p:71-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. Christine Green Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Christine Green Author-Name: Don Gordon Author-X-Name-First: Don Author-X-Name-Last: Gordon Title: Marketing to Multiple Constituencies: Repositioning AUS-north Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 93-118 Issue: 1 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70081-7 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70081-7 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:3:y:2000:i:1:p:93-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Author-Name: Curtis P. Haugtvedt Author-X-Name-First: Curtis P. Author-X-Name-Last: Haugtvedt Author-Name: Dennis R. Howard Author-X-Name-First: Dennis R. Author-X-Name-Last: Howard Title: Contemporary Attitude Theory in Sport: Theoretical Considerations and Implications Abstract: Although the attitude construct has received considerable attention in the social psychological literature, its application to better understand how people form strong, stable and continuous involvement with athletic teams remains largely unexplored. Following a review of attitude strength research in other disciplines, previous methods used to investigate attitudes in the leisure and sport literatures are reviewed. Based on this review, a framework for the study of attitudes is discussed for understanding allegiance to sport teams. This framework includes a description of the structural relations among various attitude properties and their likely influences on the persistence of attitudes over time, resistance of attitudes in the face of challenges, thoughts about the attitude object, and the likelihood of attitudes influencing behaviour. It is suggested that consideration of attitude strength issues may allow sport managers to better understand how attitudes may be formed toward teams, and may provide insights into how to manage fan loyalty. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 125-144 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70082-9 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70082-9 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:3:y:2000:i:2:p:125-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brad Hill Author-X-Name-First: Brad Author-X-Name-Last: Hill Author-Name: B. Christine Green Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Christine Green Title: Repeat Attendance as a Function of Involvement, Loyalty, and the Sportscape Across Three Football Contexts Abstract: Effects of the sportscape as well as personal attachment to sport and team were studied in a sample of 530 spectators at three rugby league stadia. Two spectator segments were identified at each venue: those who came to support the home team, and those who did not. Each venue served as a proxy for a different level of competition: home of a winning team in the top league (ANZ Stadium), home of a losing team in the top league (Carrara Stadium), and home of a minor league team (Pizzey Park). Hierarchical regressions tested the effects of personal attachment and experience of the sportscape on future attendance intentions. Psychological involvement with the sport of rugby league was a significant predictor of future attendance motivation for supporters of the home team regardless of context, but loyalty to the home team was only a significant predictor for supporters of the home team at ANZ Stadium. Perceptions of the sportscape improved prediction of future attendance intentions for spectators supporting the home team in each of the three venues, but the specific sportscape elements that best represented that effect were different in each case. For spectators not supporting the home team at Pizzey Park and at Carrara Stadium, perceptions of the sportscape did not enhance prediction of future attendance intentions. It is argued that the spectator's experience of a game needs to be understood in terms of the characteristics of fanship that he or she brings to the event, as well as in terms of the particular expectations that are associated with different competition contexts. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 145-162 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70083-0 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70083-0 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:3:y:2000:i:2:p:145-162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen R. McDaniel Author-X-Name-First: Stephen R. Author-X-Name-Last: McDaniel Author-Name: Gary R. Heald Author-X-Name-First: Gary R. Author-X-Name-Last: Heald Title: Young Consumers’ Responses to Event Sponsorship Advertisements of Unhealthy Products: Implications of Schema-triggered Affect Theory Abstract: There is growing concern over commercial promotions of products that are unhealthy or unsafe. In some cases, policy recommendations have called for restrictions on promotional activities, such as event sponsorship, when used to promote products like alcohol, tobacco, and fast (“junk”) foods. This study utilises variations of fast-food and tobacco print advertisements containing sport sponsorship themes in a test of Fiske's theory of schematriggered affect. Using a pretest/posttest experimental design, print ad manipulations were developed which involved pairing a known brand of fast-food and a known brand of cigarettes with three different sport events. MANCOVA analyses largely supported existing research on schematriggered affect, and run counter to some of the arguments for regulating tobacco sponsorships. Sponsorship ad manipulations were found to impact subjects’ perceptions of ad schema congruence as well as their subsequent attitudes towards the sponsorship ads. However, ad congruence effects were not observed in terms of significant differences between treatment groups’ mean brand attitudes or purchase intentions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 163-184 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70084-2 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70084-2 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:3:y:2000:i:2:p:163-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory P. Cermignano Author-X-Name-First: Gregory P. Author-X-Name-Last: Cermignano Author-Name: Joseph M. Hargadon Author-X-Name-First: Joseph M. Author-X-Name-Last: Hargadon Title: The U.S. Federal Tax Consequences of Athletic Scholarships: Is the Recipient an Employee?—Effect on Gross Income and Dependency Status Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the current tax treatment of athletic scholarships for U.S. federal income tax purposes from the perspectives of the scholarship-recipient, the college or university, and the parents/guardians. The paper also prescribes an approach that could effectively eliminate tax liability to the scholarship recipient and the institution. In general, only the portion of the “qualified” scholarship that covers the value of room and board is included in the gross income (earned income) of the scholarship recipient. The portion pertaining to qualified tuition, fees, books, supplies and equipment is entirely excludable (IRC §117). Strong evidence exists suggesting that the scholarship-recipient has entered into a valid “pay to remain eligible” employment contract with the scholarship-granting institution. If the scholarship requires the student athlete to live on campus and use the university meal plan, the value of the room and board would then be excludable from gross income under § 119 – Meals and Lodging for the Convenience of the Employer. This interpretation has significant tax implications to the student-athlete and the institution since an exclusion from gross income under § 119 also excludes the item from FICA tax, resulting in considerable tax savings. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 185-197 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70085-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70085-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:3:y:2000:i:2:p:185-197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Title: Considering Future Sport Delivery Systems Abstract: It is evident that the sports infrastructure in Australia is becoming increasingly more complex and, as proposed in this paper, is evolving into a series of specific industries. This paper describes these changes by applying elements of Porter's (1998) concept of clusters. In essence, clusters represent overlapping industries, and the increasing ability of sports to leverage financial contributions from organisations relying on a sport's ongoing success in the marketplace. Several examples are used to illustrate: (1) the concept of sport clusters, and (2) the issues confronting sports as they interact with a plethora of sport and non-sport organisations. Several outcomes are enunciated in the paper describing the impact of changing sport delivery systems. Conclusions include the need to recognise a broader role for national and state sporting organisations and to leverage financial support from within their cluster to complement existing, but limited government support. The ability to leverage financial resources from within a cluster will also be reliant on revamping inter-organisational networks recognising that a cluster actually becomes the value chain defining supplier and buyer linkages. Finally, a number of research issues are raised calling on scholars to examine changing industry structures and subsequent sporting organisation responses to these changes by mapping the interactions between industries and organisations to better understand cluster networks and competition. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 199-221 Issue: 2 Volume: 3 Year: 2000 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70086-6 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70086-6 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:3:y:2000:i:2:p:199-221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tim Berrett Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Berrett Author-Name: Trevor Slack Author-X-Name-First: Trevor Author-X-Name-Last: Slack Title: A Framework for the Analysis of Strategic Approaches Employed by Non-profit Sport Organisations in Seeking Corporate Sponsorship Abstract: Despite a continually growing body of literature that investigates the nature of corporate sponsorship of sport from the perspective of the donor, it is suggested that very little is known about how sport organisations are positioning themselves in their efforts to attract sponsors. Additionally, we argue that there has been limited effort in relating the sponsorship endeavours of sport organisations to the broader strategic management literature. This paper develops a framework that highlights the primary factors that underpin the ability of non-profit sport organisations to generate funding from the corporate sector. The analysis is based on data obtained from semi-structured interviews with marketing personnel in thirty-four Canadian national sport organisations (NSOs). Analysis of the data reveals two key environmental factors that appear to contribute to the ability of NSOs to raise sponsorship funds: media exposure and participation rates. The framework classifies sport organisations as belonging to one of five categorisations, based on their relative levels of these two factors. The discussion of the results provides an assessment of the ability of NSOs to influence these primary sponsorship success determinants. We suggest ways in which the framework developed here could be used in the future to further our understanding of the strategic nature of sponsorship acquisition. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 21-45 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70068-X File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70068-X File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:4:y:2001:i:1:p:21-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter G. Gahan Author-X-Name-First: Peter G. Author-X-Name-Last: Gahan Author-Name: Robert D. Macdonald Author-X-Name-First: Robert D. Author-X-Name-Last: Macdonald Title: Collective Bargaining Simulation: The Federal Football League versus the National Association of Professional Footballers Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 89-114 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70071-X File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70071-X File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:4:y:2001:i:1:p:89-114 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. Christine Green Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Christine Green Title: Leveraging Subculture and Identity to Promote Sport Events Abstract: In order to increase the number of visitors attracted to sport events, organisers have sought to broaden their appeal by adding to the range of consumption options their events provide. This is typically done by expanding the tangible product or by adding augmentations. These expansions and augmentations provide useful bases for event promotions if the nature of benefits derived and the segments to whom those benefits appeal are identified. The key to identifying benefits and segments is to examine customers’ relationships to the subculture of the sport being showcased. Recent research suggests that consumers’ enjoyment of sport events derives, at least in part, from their identification with the sport's subculture. This is consistent with other work in consumer behaviour demonstrating the importance of subculture in transmitting consumption values, particularly in leisure contexts. Recent research into three events – the Key West Women's Flag Football Tournament, the Gold Coast Marathon, and the Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix – highlights the utility of leveraging event consumers’ identification with the sport's subculture when promoting sport events. Implications and recommendations for event management and marketing are reviewed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-19 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70067-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70067-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:4:y:2001:i:1:p:1-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George B. Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: George B. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Author-Name: Frank B. Ashley Author-X-Name-First: Frank B. Author-X-Name-Last: Ashley Title: Isomorphism in NCAA Athletic Departments: The Use of Competing Theories and Advancement of Theory Abstract: In a study of managerial duties performed by Canadian intercollegiate athletic directors, Danylchuk and Chelladurai(1999) noted the presence of isomorphic tendencies, or the process that forces organisations within a population to resemble one another. The purpose of this study is to expand those findings and investigate the presence of isomorphism in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletic programs. To achieve this end, we incorporated competing theories (population ecology, institutionalism, and strategic choice) while analysing the perceptions of athletic directors and their assistants regarding the importance and delegation of managerial activities. Results of the study lent substantial support for the strategic choice perspective as structural variation was present between athletic departments of similar success, thus indicating that the environment in which athletic departments operate is not as deterministic as once thought. Implications of the findings and future directions are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 47-63 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70069-1 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70069-1 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:4:y:2001:i:1:p:47-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Graham Cuskelly Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Cuskelly Author-Name: Alistair Boag Author-X-Name-First: Alistair Author-X-Name-Last: Boag Title: Organisational Commitment as a Predictor of Committee Member Turnover among Volunteer Sport Administrators: Results of a Time-Lagged Study Abstract: Many sport organisations that rely on the services of volunteers experience difficulties in the retention of their volunteer labour force. Organisational commitment has been demonstrated to be a significant predictor of task performance, absenteeism and turnover among employees in work organisations. Using a time-lagged research design, the purpose of this study was to examine the temporal influence of organisational commitment and perceived committee functioning in predicting committee member turnover behaviour among volunteers in community sport organisations. Data from a one-year, three-wave longitudinal study of volunteer administrators (N = 262) were used in a discriminant function analysis. It was found that organisational commitment and perceptions about committee functioning measured closest to the time that turnover occurred, were significant but not strong predictors of whether a volunteer stayed with or left the committee of their organisation. It was concluded that organisational commitment was a stronger predictor of turnover than perceived committee functioning, particularly when measured at a point closer to when the turnover occurred, and that organisational commitment may moderate the influence of perceived committee functioning on volunteer turnover behaviour. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 65-86 Issue: 1 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70070-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70070-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:4:y:2001:i:1:p:65-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Author-Name: Jeff James Author-X-Name-First: Jeff Author-X-Name-Last: James Title: The Psychological Continuum Model: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding an Individual's Psychological Connection to Sport Abstract: Research on sport spectators and sport fans is examined to develop a model of the psychological connections that individuals experience with sports or sport teams. The Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) is introduced. It provides an extended view of sport spectator and sport fan involvement, and outlines general parameters that may mediate the relationship between an individual and a sport or team. The PCM provides a framework that may account for an individual's movement from initial awareness of a sport or team to eventual allegiance. Four levels are described and differentiated: awareness, attraction, attachment and allegiance. The model proposes that the psychological connections between an individual and a sport or team are governed by the complexity and strengthening of sportrelated mental associations. The PCM provides a model that integrates current research and suggests new directions for future research and applications. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 119-150 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70072-1 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70072-1 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:4:y:2001:i:2:p:119-150 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Athanasios Koustelios Author-X-Name-First: Athanasios Author-X-Name-Last: Koustelios Title: Burnout Among Greek Sport Centre Employees Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the presence of burnout and its relationship with demographic variables in Greek sport centre employees. The sample consisted of 116 employees from national sport centres in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to measure burnout. Findings suggest that the burnout levels reported by the present sample were relatively low, but were accompanied by a low level of self-reported personal achievement. Findings in this study show no relationship between burnout and employees’ gender or age. Employees who have 11–20 years work experience and who work shift work reported higher levels of depersonalisation. It is noted that findings in this study differ somewhat from findings with samples in other countries. It is suggested that future work should examine the effects of culture and work context on burnout. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 151-163 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70073-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70073-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:4:y:2001:i:2:p:151-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel S. Mason Author-X-Name-First: Daniel S. Author-X-Name-Last: Mason Author-Name: Trevor Slack Author-X-Name-First: Trevor Author-X-Name-Last: Slack Title: Industry Factors and the Changing Dynamics of the Player–Agent Relationship in Professional Ice Hockey Abstract: Player agents are now long-established and influential stakeholders in the business of professional ice hockey in North America. With the help of agents, average National Hockey League (NHL) player salaries have grown from US$24,000 in 1972 to an average of US$1.49 million annually in the 2000/2001 season. Since the arrival of agents in the mid-1960s, the professional hockey industry has experienced significant and turbulent growth. This paper identifies and reviews the industry changes that have taken place in hockey in recent decades and the manner in which these factors have affected the relationship between player and agent. Principal–agent theory is used to facilitate an analysis of the contracts and relationships between professional hockey players and sports agents and to understand the effects of changing environmental pressures upon these relationships. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 165-191 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70074-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70074-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:4:y:2001:i:2:p:165-191 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Beatriz García Author-X-Name-First: Beatriz Author-X-Name-Last: García Title: Enhancing Sport Marketing through Cultural and Arts Programs: Lessons from the Sydney 2000 Olympic Arts Festivals Abstract: This paper discusses the potential to broaden the marketing appeal of sport events by associating them with cultural and arts activities. The theory of polysemic structures and event augmentation are used to explain the value of offering cultural and arts extensions to sports programs. The Olympic Games are considered a paradigmatic case that illustrates the possibilities because arts and culture are compulsory components of the main event and have traditionally been staged simultaneously with the sports. However, research on past official Olympic cultural programs indicates that there is still a paucity of marketing and promotional strategies to enhance such a combination. The Sydney 2000 Olympic Arts Festivals are used as a case study to identify reasons and circumstances affecting the relationship between cultural and sporting programs. Data collection for this case study included 87 semi-structured interviews with Olympic Arts Festival organisers, producers, artists, sponsors and the media. The interview data are cross-referenced with archival data and a content analysis of newspaper data on the Olympic Arts Festivals. This study argues that the limited success of joint sports and culture event promotions is mainly due to a lack of effective integration mechanisms between sport and cultural programs. To change this trend, it is necessary to broaden the ways that the core product of sport events is envisioned. Sport marketers are encouraged to explore the incorporation of cultural events and activities in order to foster the appeal of sport events to market segments that might not otherwise be reached. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 193-219 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70075-7 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70075-7 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:4:y:2001:i:2:p:193-219 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pamm Kellett Author-X-Name-First: Pamm Author-X-Name-Last: Kellett Author-Name: Larry Fielding Author-X-Name-First: Larry Author-X-Name-Last: Fielding Title: Marketing for Participation, Managing for Success: The Louisville Racquet Club Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 221-239 Issue: 2 Volume: 4 Year: 2001 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70076-9 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70076-9 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:4:y:2001:i:2:p:221-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel F. Mahony Author-X-Name-First: Daniel F. Author-X-Name-Last: Mahony Author-Name: Makoto Nakazawa Author-X-Name-First: Makoto Author-X-Name-Last: Nakazawa Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Author-Name: Jeffrey D. James Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey D. Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: James M. Gladden Author-X-Name-First: James M. Author-X-Name-Last: Gladden Title: Motivational Factors Influencing the Behaviour of J. League Spectators Abstract: The Japanese Professional Soccer League (J. League) began in 1993 and was the first professional soccer league in Japan. After an initial period of strong interest, spectator support for the League has declined. The primary purpose of the current study was to develop a means for measuring selected motives influencing the behaviour of J. League spectators. The second purpose was to then use the measurement scale to examine the impact of these motives on spectator behaviour. Seven motives for J. League spectators were identified in the current study (drama, vicarious achievement, aesthetics, team attachment, player attachment, sport attachment, and community pride), based on prior attempts to measure the motives of sport consumers (e.g., Madrigal & Howard, 1995; Wann, 1995), and an understanding of Japanese culture and J. League spectators. Items were generated to measure each of the seven motives. Confirmatory factor analysis of the scale based on a survey of J. League attendees indicated that seven factors extracted 57% of the variance and were suitable for further analysis. Additional analysis indicated the relative importance of the motives in predicting variance in length of time as a fan and frequency of attendance. Sport attachment predicted the most variance in length of time as a fan, while team attachment was the strongest predictor of frequency of attendance. These results have implications for sport practitioners seeking to improve their marketing efforts and for sport researchers seeking to better understand the motives of sport consumers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70059-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70059-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:5:y:2002:i:1:p:1-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Duncan Murray Author-X-Name-First: Duncan Author-X-Name-Last: Murray Author-Name: Gary Howat Author-X-Name-First: Gary Author-X-Name-Last: Howat Title: The Relationships among Service Quality, Value, Satisfaction, and Future Intentions of Customers at an Australian Sports and Leisure Centre Abstract: The concept of value and its relationship to service quality, satisfaction and behavioural intentions was studied in a sample of 218 sports and leisure centre customers. Using structural equation modelling, this study focused on the role that value may play as a potentially significant mediating variable in the service quality → satisfaction → behavioural intentions chain. Findings indicated that value appears to play an important mediating role in satisfaction judgments of customers. This exploratory study is a step towards developing more comprehensive models to assist managers of sports and leisure centres to better understand the key drivers of satisfaction and customers’ future purchase or visitation intentions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 25-43 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70060-0 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70060-0 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:5:y:2002:i:1:p:25-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Greg Bennett Author-X-Name-First: Greg Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Title: Web-Based Instruction in Sport Management Abstract: Web-based courses are being adopted by academics in higher education, including by sport management instructors. While this adoption has progressed rapidly, there is a definite paucity of research on the effectiveness of Web-based instruction in the discipline of sport management. The purpose of the present study was to describe an online course in sport management that was delivered in the spring semester of 2001. Comparisons are made with another section of the same class that was taught using the conventional lecture format. Mixed methods, including a questionnaire, student assessments, and an instructor's log were used to report the findings of this particular research endeavour. Research conducted by Bennett, Henson, and Connaughton (2001) served as a framework for this particular inquiry. Bennett et al. (2001) surveyed one Web-based class and found participants were extremely pleased with their Web-based learning experience. Results from the present study indicated both similar outcomes and additional findings regarding student learning. For example, these students reported optimal satisfaction with their experience in the Webbased class, including the interaction that they received from the instructor of the class and the convenience of taking a class via the Internet. The results also indicated that these participants compared their experience in the online class quite favourably with their experiences in conventional courses. Additional noteworthy findings focused on student learning in the Web-based environment. When compared with the conventional sport management class, the Web-based students scored equally well on quizzes and examinations. Respondents also reported negative experiences with the Web-based quizzes and the lack of social interaction with class peers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 45-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70061-2 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70061-2 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:5:y:2002:i:1:p:45-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dan Covell Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Covell Title: Organisational Design and the Post-Season Controversy in the New England Small College Athletic Conference Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 69-94 Issue: 1 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70062-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70062-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:5:y:2002:i:1:p:69-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mauricio Ferreira Author-X-Name-First: Mauricio Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira Author-Name: Ketra L. Armstrong Author-X-Name-First: Ketra L. Author-X-Name-Last: Armstrong Title: An Investigation of the Relationship Between Parents’ Causal Attributions of Youth Soccer Dropout, Time in Soccer Organisation, Affect Towards Soccer and Soccer Organisation, and Post-Soccer Dropout Behaviour Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the links between: (a) parents’ causal attributions for youth soccer dropout, (b) parents’ feelings of the degree of importance their children ascribed to soccer, (c) parents’ attitudes towards the respective soccer organisation, (d) the length of time parents or children had spent in the soccer organisation, and (e) post-soccer dropout behaviour (i.e., switching soccer providers or pursuing other activities). Data were obtained from parents (N = 102) of participants who were formerly enrolled in a youth soccer program. Logistic regression analysis revealed a positive direct link between parents’ attributions of dropout to service, the importance the child places on soccer participation (moderated by time spent in the organisation) and post-soccer dropout behaviour (switching soccer providers). The analysis also indicated that parents’ attributions to factors related to cost and upper management issues were directly (but negatively) related to post-dropout behaviour (switching soccer providers) and hence more determinant of post-dropout behaviour (pursuing other non-soccer activities). Other parents’ attributions of dropout to causes such as coaches, peers, parents, team-mates and time of practices and games were found to have an indirect relationship with post-dropout behaviour. In addition to discussing the findings, the paper also presents managerial implications for maximising retention of youth soccer participants. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 149-178 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70065-X File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70065-X File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:5:y:2002:i:2:p:149-178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Linda Van Leeuwen Author-X-Name-First: Linda Author-X-Name-Last: Van Leeuwen Author-Name: Shayne Quick Author-X-Name-First: Shayne Author-X-Name-Last: Quick Author-Name: Kerry Daniel Author-X-Name-First: Kerry Author-X-Name-Last: Daniel Title: The Sport Spectator Satisfaction Model: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Satisfaction of Spectators Abstract: Customer satisfaction is associated with numerous positive business outcomes and is recognised as an important field of study. However, only limited research has addressed the satisfaction of sport spectators, with even fewer studies examining the determinants of this satisfaction. Yet an understanding of how spectators arrive at evaluations of satisfaction or dissatisfaction provides a useful insight for directing marketing and operational efforts. The Sport Spectator Satisfaction Model (SSSM) is an extension of the Disconfirmation of Expectations Model (DEM) accommodating unique aspects of the sport product, as well as accommodating the core and peripheral dimensions of the spectator service. The SSSM depicts club identification and the win/lose phenomenon as considerable influences on the satisfaction spectators derive from the game and its peripheral services. The SSSM integrates marketing theory, social identity theory and sport marketing theory to broaden our understanding of spectator satisfaction and provide a platform for further research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 99-128 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70063-6 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70063-6 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:5:y:2002:i:2:p:99-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T. Christopher Greenwell Author-X-Name-First: T. Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Greenwell Author-Name: Janet S. Fink Author-X-Name-First: Janet S. Author-X-Name-Last: Fink Author-Name: Donna L. Pastore Author-X-Name-First: Donna L. Author-X-Name-Last: Pastore Title: Assessing the Influence of the Physical Sports Facility on Customer Satisfaction within the Context of the Service Experience Abstract: It can be argued that customer satisfaction is at the centre of the marketing concept, and strategic planning of physical facilities has been found to influence consumer satisfaction. Considering the spectator sport industry has experienced a tremendous boom in the building of facilities, a better understanding of how facilities influence customers is warranted. A sample of 218 minor league ice hockey spectators was used to investigate the influence of individual physical facility elements on customer satisfaction, and to investigate the influence of the physical facility relative to other targets of quality, namely the core product and service personnel. Multiple regression analysis revealed that facility elements together predicted customer satisfaction (R2 = 0.183, adjusted R2 = 0.162), but that the attributes of the facility had little impact individually. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that both perceptions of service personnel and of the physical facility contributed to customer satisfaction over and above the impact of customers’ perceptions of the core product. Based on these results, it is argued that managers must address the physical facility in combination with other targets of quality to improve spectators’ levels of customer satisfaction. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 129-148 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70064-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70064-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:5:y:2002:i:2:p:129-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. Christine Green Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Christine Green Author-Name: Thomas E. Muller Author-X-Name-First: Thomas E. Author-X-Name-Last: Muller Title: Positioning a Youth Sport Camp: A Brand-Mapping Exercise Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 179-200 Issue: 2 Volume: 5 Year: 2002 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70066-1 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(02)70066-1 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:5:y:2002:i:2:p:179-200 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Author-Name: Lynn L. Ridinger Author-X-Name-First: Lynn L. Author-X-Name-Last: Ridinger Author-Name: Anita M. Moorman Author-X-Name-First: Anita M. Author-X-Name-Last: Moorman Title: Understanding Consumer Support: Extending the Sport Interest Inventory (SII) to Examine Individual Differences among Women's Professional Sport Consumers Abstract: The present study used the Sport Interest Inventory (SII) to further our understanding of how motivation can be characterised as individual difference factors among sport consumers. The SII was augmented through qualitative feedback involving four focus groups, a pilot test (n = 80) and later validated on a sample of season ticket holders and single-game attendees (n = 623) of a Women's National Basketball Association franchise in the United States. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and discriminant validity tests provided support for increasing the SII from 14 to 18 unique constructs. Evidence for the application of the SII to a variety of sporting events was observed in that 14 of the 18 factors have already been confirmed and used to examine spectators of men's competitive teams. The application of the SII to women's sport in general was supported in that 18 unique factors have now been confirmed in women's professional soccer and basketball. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to demonstrate one application of the SII and revealed that 10 motivational factors explained 48% of the variance in level of consumer support for the professional sport team. Implications for the use of the SII by sport managers and directions for future research are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(03)70051-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(03)70051-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:6:y:2003:i:1:p:1-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos P. Barros Author-X-Name-First: Carlos P. Author-X-Name-Last: Barros Title: Incentive Regulation and Efficiency in Sport Organisational Training Activities Abstract: In all sports, organisational training forms a vital component of the activities of sport federations, associations and clubs in order to develop skills as well as to maintain and improve competitiveness. Government finances sport organisation training activities with the aims of improving sporting competitiveness, and enhancing quality of life and citizens’ wellbeing. The policy of subsidisation provides incentives for increasing productive efficiency, thereby allowing sport federations to share in the social gains from efficiency in the form of a greater proportion of winning performances. The issue considered in this paper is whether government subsidies have, in fact, resulted in an increase in the technical efficiency and allocative efficiency of those Portuguese sport federations which implement sport training programs. We find that the results are, at best, mixed, leading to a conclusion that the incentive regulation carried out by the training regulatory agency is not achieving its aims. Therefore, we propose a policy revision to enforce efficiency, based on a governance environment framework. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 33-52 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(03)70052-7 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(03)70052-7 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:6:y:2003:i:1:p:33-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Russell Hoye Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Hoye Author-Name: Graham Cuskelly Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Cuskelly Title: Board–Executive Relationships within Voluntary Sport Organisations Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between board performance and board–executive relationships within voluntary sport organisations. Qualitative data were collected through interviews with 21 executives, board chairs and board members from seven voluntary sport organisations. Results revealed that four elements of the board–executive relationship were perceived to be associated with effective board performance. These elements included board leadership, trust between the board and the executive, the control of information available to the board, and responsibility for board performance. The paper explores each of these elements, and the implications for governing boards of voluntary sport organisations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 53-74 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(03)70053-9 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(03)70053-9 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:6:y:2003:i:1:p:53-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marlene A. Dixon Author-X-Name-First: Marlene A. Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Title: Resource Allocation in a Public High School Athletic Department Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 75-99 Issue: 1 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(03)70054-0 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(03)70054-0 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:6:y:2003:i:1:p:75-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Braham Dabscheck Author-X-Name-First: Braham Author-X-Name-Last: Dabscheck Title: Paying for Professionalism: Industrial Relations in Australian Rugby Union Abstract: Rugby union in Australia, since the advent of professionalism in 1995, has found itself adopting a collectivist model of industrial relations. That is, wages and employment conditions have been determined by collective bargaining between the various Australian sport unions (the employers) and the Rugby Union Players’ Association. Two collective bargaining agreements have been negotiated in Australian rugby union. This review examines the rise of player associations in professional team sports, both in Australia and overseas, the peculiar circumstances which combined to produce Australian rugby union's collectivist model, and the contents of the two collective bargaining agreements. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 105-125 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(03)70055-2 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(03)70055-2 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:6:y:2003:i:2:p:105-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George B. Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: George B. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Author-Name: Hyungil Kwon Author-X-Name-First: Hyungil Author-X-Name-Last: Kwon Title: The Theory of Planned Behaviour and Intentions to Attend a Sport Event Abstract: In this study, the theory of planned behaviour was used to better understand consumers’ intentions to attend a sport event (i.e., hockey). The theory was also extended by including previous behaviour. Data were gathered from 136 university students enrolled in physical activity classes. After controlling for race, independent variables accounted for 64% unique variance in intentions. Attitudes, subjective norms, previous behaviour and perceived behavioural control-time were positively related to intentions, with the former two variables accounting for the most variance. Results are discussed in relation to theoretical extensions, practical implications and future directions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 127-145 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(03)70056-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(03)70056-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:6:y:2003:i:2:p:127-145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Janet S. Fink Author-X-Name-First: Janet S. Author-X-Name-Last: Fink Author-Name: Donna L. Pastore Author-X-Name-First: Donna L. Author-X-Name-Last: Pastore Author-Name: Harold A. Riemer Author-X-Name-First: Harold A. Author-X-Name-Last: Riemer Title: Managing Employee Diversity: Perceived Practices and Organisational Outcomes in NCAA Division III Athletic Departments Abstract: The literature suggests that organisations that engage in proactive diversity management strategies are more likely to experience positive organisational outcomes than those that shun or ignore diversity. This study assessed the diversity practices present in Division III intercollegiate athletic institutions in order to determine whether the differences in diversity practices affected individual and organisational outcomes. Members of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III athletic organisations1 (N = 281) responded to a survey designed to assess strategies for managing diversity, as well as individual and organisational outcomes. Results suggested that different diversity practices are indeed related to significant levels of variance in perceptions of outcomes. Specifically, proactive diversity management strategies significantly contributed to variance in all the outcome measures and had the largest beta weights (ranging from 0.28 to 0.57) for all the outcomes. Results are discussed in detail and suggestions for future research are provided. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 147-168 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(03)70057-6 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(03)70057-6 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:6:y:2003:i:2:p:147-168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Philip H. Clarke Author-X-Name-First: Philip H. Author-X-Name-Last: Clarke Author-Name: Julie Clarke Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Clarke Title: Players, Clubs, Events and the Trade Practices Act: A Primer for Sporting Clubs Abstract: The Trade Practices Act (TPA) has had an enormous impact on how corporations in Australia may conduct their business. In relation to sporting clubs, it limits the freedom of clubs to deal with players, each other and the public. While previously many clubs may have escaped the ambit of the TPA because they were not “corporations”, state equivalent Fair Trading legislation and the introduction of the national competition policy in 1995 have effectively expanded the scope of consumer and competition regulation to include individuals and associations. Consequently, an understanding of the nature and scope of trade practices regulation is now important for any sporting organisation—regardless of size or structure. This paper identifies the legislative provisions most likely to impact upon sporting clubs and examines some possible circumstances in which clubs might find themselves exposed to liability. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 169-184 Issue: 2 Volume: 6 Year: 2003 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(03)70058-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(03)70058-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:6:y:2003:i:2:p:169-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Author-Name: Jeffrey D. James Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey D. Author-X-Name-Last: James Title: The Fan Attitude Network (FAN) Model: Exploring Attitude Formation and Change among Sport Consumers Abstract: Attitude-related research in the existing sport literature has focused on measurement of the affect component to examine existing attitudes towards sport teams. Recent studies question sole reliance upon affective reactions to assess sport consumers’ attitudes towards sport teams. Current thinking conceptualises attitudes as possessing distinct structural properties such as importance, extremity, accessibility, certainty, and so on, whose combined presence is believed to be a better measure of attitude formation towards a focal object. This paper presents a conceptual model to advance our understanding of attitude formation relative to sport and athletic teams. The Fan Attitude Network (FAN) Model proposes a process through which the fulfilment of dispositional needs serves as a catalyst for the internalisation of a sport team. The internalisation process culminates in a sport identity that mediates the formation of the structural property importance, which in turn influences the formation of additional structural properties that subsequently impact attitude consequences such as fan loyalty. Based upon the proposed FAN Model, two directions for future research are offered for the systematic study of attitude formation among sport consumers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-26 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70043-1 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70043-1 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:7:y:2004:i:1:p:1-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel M. Evans Author-X-Name-First: Daniel M. Author-X-Name-Last: Evans Author-Name: Aaron C.T. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Aaron C.T. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: The Internet and Competitive Advantage: A Study of Australia's Four Premier Professional Sporting Leagues Abstract: Sport and the Internet have shown early signs of a prosperous marriage. Web sites with sport content are among the most popular and well trafficked, with sport followers and web users sharing remarkably similar demographics. In the United States, the sport–Internet union is projected to generate US$6.27 billion in advertising revenue alone on sports-related web sites by 2005. Despite these compelling observations, limited empirical research has been undertaken exploring how to maximise the opportunities for competitive advantage that the Internet can provide to sport organisations. This research was a response to this void, and was undertaken in three stages. Initially, empirical and conceptual Internet literature was reviewed to establish theoretical “best practice”. Secondly, the Internet goals, strategies and practices of the 55 teams competing in the Australian Football League (AFL), National Basketball League (NBL), National Rugby League (NRL), and National Soccer League (NSL) were examined, using a telephone-administered survey. An 87% (N = 48) response rate was achieved. Finally, seven recommendations for closing this gap were made, including the implementation of Internet project teams and the instigation of league forums. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 27-56 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70044-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70044-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:7:y:2004:i:1:p:27-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul De Knop Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: De Knop Author-Name: Jo Van Hoecke Author-X-Name-First: Jo Van Author-X-Name-Last: Hoecke Author-Name: Veerle De Bosscher Author-X-Name-First: Veerle Author-X-Name-Last: De Bosscher Title: Quality Management in Sports Clubs Abstract: As a reaction to the Flemish policy to improve quality in sports, the Flemish Ministry of Sports and the Governmental Sport Administration (BLOSO) decided to establish a quality (evaluation) system. The objective was to help sports clubs and federations with the introduction of quality management in their respective sports. In response to this large-scale project, and with the background of the recently developed Instrument for the Evaluation of Gymnastic clubs (IKGym), a more generally applicable model for the evaluation of traditional sports clubs has been developed. This evaluation tool, named IKSport, was tested in 1,657 sports clubs. IKSport is as a computer information system designed to introduce “Total Quality Management” in sports clubs. It provides insight into the intrinsic value of the management systems of sporting organisations. The evaluation of management quality is made using a clustering of item weights into seven checklists. Most Flemish sports clubs seem to have adequate scores on these checklists. The main weaknesses were found in strategic planning and marketing management and the structure of the clubs. Organisational culture and atmosphere were strengths based on this study of Flemish sports clubs. Based on the results of this evaluation a specific plan can be developed to help these clubs improve their management systems. In this way, the government hopes to improve the quality of the traditional sport system in Flanders. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 57-77 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70045-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70045-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:7:y:2004:i:1:p:57-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory H. Duquette Author-X-Name-First: Gregory H. Author-X-Name-Last: Duquette Author-Name: Daniel S. Mason Author-X-Name-First: Daniel S. Author-X-Name-Last: Mason Title: Finding a Home Market: Franchise Ownership in the Canadian Hockey League Abstract: Dave Elliott has been working for SportzCorp, a sport consulting firm located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, for nearly two years, and has worked on a number of projects, but he has never been given such a lofty assignment as this one. His company has been contacted by a Canadian woman who is interested in purchasing a Canadian Hockey League (CHL) ice hockey franchise, a quasi-professional association comprised of players aged 16–21, operating across Canada and parts of the northern United States. The CHL had grown significantly in recent years and is an increasingly attractive business opportunity for investors. Elliott has arrived at his office one morning to find a three-page memo outlining his task. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 79-102 Issue: 1 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70046-7 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70046-7 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:7:y:2004:i:1:p:79-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alison Doherty Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Doherty Author-Name: Michelle Patterson Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Patterson Author-Name: Michael Van Bussel Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Van Bussel Title: What Do We Expect? An Examination of Perceived Committee Norms in Non-profit Sport Organisations Abstract: Group norms are agreed standards describing behaviours that should and should not be performed in a prescribed context. The purpose of this study was to examine, in the context of volunteer sport executive committees, the types and relative strength of perceived committee norms. A further purpose was to explore the influence of individual and group factors on those norms, and the relationship between perceived norms and individual behaviour. Volunteer sport executive committee members (N = 121) completed a questionnaire that measured perceptions of committee norms, various individual (position, tenure) and group (size, gender and tenure composition) variables, and individual behaviour (attendance, effort, intention to stay with the committee). Committee norms that reflect members′ expectations about how to treat each other (social norms) and how to work together (task norms) were perceived to be very strong. Only committee size explained any variation in perceived committee norms, where three norms were perceived to be stronger by members of large versus medium-size committees. Committee norms were mildly associated with member attendance and effort. The findings suggest there are strong expectations, with very little variation, for member behaviour in volunteer sport executive committees. However, those group expectations have only a modest influence on the individual behaviours examined here. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 109-132 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70047-9 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70047-9 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:7:y:2004:i:2:p:109-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aaron C.T. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Aaron C.T. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Title: Mapping Cultural Dimensions in Australian Sporting Organisations Abstract: No research focusing on sport has yet provided a method of charting culture's potential dimensions. The aim of this study was to redress this gap by identifying a set of dimensions that could describe the cultures of Australian sporting organisations. The population for this study included Australian National Sport Organisations (NSOs), State Sport Organisations (SSOs) and clubs participating in national league competitions. Eight sport organisations formed the sample. Data were collected via 24 in-depth interviews. This study revealed 12 dimensions and 68 sub-dimensions of culture, which may be used to begin the process of mapping sport cultures. These results reveal some unique sport dimensions with no single existing dimensional model that captures the collective elements revealed in this study. The unique dimensions revealed in this study include “Rituals”, “Symbols”, “Size”, “History and tradition”, with support for these dimensions found within the sub-dimensional codes. This suggests that the dimensions recorded here might provide a useful launching pad for future studies on sport culture. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 133-165 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70048-0 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70048-0 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:7:y:2004:i:2:p:133-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew J. Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Matthew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Author-Name: Galen T. Trail Author-X-Name-First: Galen T. Author-X-Name-Last: Trail Author-Name: Hyungil Kwon Author-X-Name-First: Hyungil Author-X-Name-Last: Kwon Title: Motives and Points of Attachment of Professional Golf Spectators Abstract: Although professional golf has emerged as a leading spectator sport during the 20th century, there has been little research examining the consumption behaviour of those who attend tournaments across the three professional tours in North America. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the motives as measured by the Motivation Scale for Sport Consumption and points of attachment as measured by the Point of Attachment Index differed by gender and/or the tour event watched, after controlling for age and employment status. The relationship between motives and points of attachment was also examined. Data were collected at a PGA, an LPGA and a PGA Senior Tour event on each day of each tournament. A 2 (gender) × 3 (tour) multivariate analysis of covariance procedure on each of the areas (motives and points of attachment) was conducted. Finally, multivariate multiple regression analysis was used to predict a combined set of dependent variables (points of attachment) from a combined set of predictors (motives). The MANCOVA procedure for the motive factors indicated that the interaction effect was significant but the amount of variance explained was small. The multivariate analysis of covariance procedure for the motive factors indicated that the main effects of spectator and gender were significant as was the interaction effect but the amount of variance explained by each independent variable and the interaction was small. There was also a significant but small association between the dependent variables and the covariates of age and employment status. The MANCOVA procedure for the points of attachment factors also indicated that the interaction effect was significant but the amount of variance explained was minimal. The multivariate analysis of covariance procedure for the points of attachment factors also indicated that the main effects of spectator gender and tour were significant. The interaction effect was also significant but the amount of variance explained by each independent variable and the interaction was minimal. There was a significant but small association between the covariate of age but not between employment status and the dependent variables. The multivariate multiple regression procedure indicated that the motives were significantly related to the points of attachment and the variance explained was large. Specifically, vicarious achievement explained a moderate to large amount of variance in identification with a golfer, tour and hosting community. Based on all of this information, marketing plans do not need to differ based on the tour and the primary focus should be on a specific golfer or set of golfers who are playing in the event. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 167-192 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70049-2 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70049-2 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:7:y:2004:i:2:p:167-192 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen M. McKelvey Author-X-Name-First: Stephen M. Author-X-Name-Last: McKelvey Title: The Growth in Marketing Alliances between US Professional Sport and Legalised Gambling Entities: Are We Putting Sport Consumers at Risk? Abstract: Over the past decade, the United States has experienced unprecedented growth in the legalised gambling industry. Because of increased societal and governmental endorsement, legalised gambling has become a widely accepted form of entertainment. Concurrently, US professional sport organisations have begun loosening the internal policies and restrictions that have historically established a firewall between professional sport organisations and legalised gambling entities, resulting in a recent proliferation of marketing alliances between the two. Detractors of the widespread growth of gambling decry its potential health and socioeconomic risks, raising the spectre that sport organisations’ marketing alliances with legalised gambling entities may have profound effects on sport consumers. This article suggests the growing need for academic research to determine the potential effects that legalised gambling entities’ sport sponsorship may have upon the attitudes and behaviours of sport consumers. Drawing upon prior attitudinal and behavioural-effects research involving other potentially harmful products with lengthy histories of sport sponsorship, namely tobacco and alcohol, this article provides a research agenda that should be of importance to sport managers, as well as to social action groups who may eventually seek to challenge sport sponsorship by legalised gambling entities. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 193-210 Issue: 2 Volume: 7 Year: 2004 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70050-9 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(04)70050-9 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:7:y:2004:i:2:p:193-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael P. Sam Author-X-Name-First: Michael P. Author-X-Name-Last: Sam Author-Name: Richard Batty Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Batty Author-Name: Rebecca G.K. Dean Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca G.K. Author-X-Name-Last: Dean Title: A Transaction Cost Approach to Sport Sponsorship Abstract: Sport sponsorship is an evolving area of interest to both academics and business practitioners. Despite recent advances, scholarly reviews of sponsorship attest to a lack of underlying theories and conceptual foundations on which to base empirical enquiries. This paper draws from the economics literature to provide an overview of Transaction Cost Theory – an approach that draws attention to the costs involved in negotiating, retaining and monitoring sponsorship exchanges. The term “costs” refers to those characteristics or dimensions of a sponsorship transaction that make exchange problematic. From the perspective of sport organisations, three sources of sponsorship costs are outlined relating to the need for: (1) planning and safeguarding, (2) adapting and servicing, and (3) monitoring and evaluating. Transaction cost theory introduces implications for sponsorship relations, particularly with respect to the possibility for costs to expand over time, the consequences of sponsor-specific investments and the choices of governing mechanisms used to manage costs. Critiques of the approach are discussed, followed by recommendations for empirical research and methodological considerations using transaction cost theory. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-17 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70030-9 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70030-9 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:8:y:2005:i:1:p:1-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chad D. McEvoy Author-X-Name-First: Chad D. Author-X-Name-Last: McEvoy Author-Name: Mark S. Nagel Author-X-Name-First: Mark S. Author-X-Name-Last: Nagel Author-Name: Timothy D. DeSchriver Author-X-Name-First: Timothy D. Author-X-Name-Last: DeSchriver Author-Name: Matthew T. Brown Author-X-Name-First: Matthew T. Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Title: Facility Age and Attendance in Major League Baseball Abstract: Previous research on spectator attendance has shown that there is a “honeymoon effect” for new facilities in Major League Baseball. Little research, however, has been conducted examining the relationship between facility age and attendance throughout the life span of Major League Baseball facilities. In this study, social psychology literature covering marital satisfaction throughout the marital life cycle was used as a theoretical framework in an attempt to explain a potentially similar relationship between facility age and attendance in Major League Baseball. An economic demand model was created to examine the relationship between facility age and seasonal attendance in MLB from 1962 to 2001 (N = 950). Data indicated a statistically significant curvilinear relationship existed between facility age and attendance throughout the life span of a Major League Baseball facility. Highest attendances were found during the first years of the new facility, supporting previous studies’ findings of a honeymoon effect, with the curve at its lowest attendance point in the 48th year in the facility, followed by rising attendance in the subsequent later years of the facility life span. Thus, there was statistical support for the hypothesis that attendance in Major League Baseball facilities was relatively similar to satisfaction levels of individuals over the life cycle of a marriage. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 19-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70031-0 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70031-0 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:8:y:2005:i:1:p:19-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laurence Chalip Author-X-Name-First: Laurence Author-X-Name-Last: Chalip Author-Name: E. Philip Scott Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Philip Scott Title: Centrifugal Social Forces in a Youth Sport League Abstract: The dynamics of conflict among sport clubs for children and adolescents are examined via a case study of a summer swimming league in the American southwest. Participant observation, interviews, and archival analysis of league and member team records are used to document and describe the escalation of political rivalries, the emergence of policy coalitions, the aggravation of conflict among clubs, and the consequent efforts to splinter or disband the league. It is shown that the conflict resulted, in part, from the league's inability to formulate or implement policies addressing the consequences of its own growth and success. It is argued that the league's inability to formulate and implement new policy initiatives can be attributed to four forces: (1) goal displacement, causing means to become conflated with ends during policy debates; (2) tribalism in the confederation of rivals, causing parochial issues to dominate league decision processes; (3) the uncertainty of principals, causing personalities rather than issues to be the focus of problem attributions; and (4) the tether of tradition, causing policy proposals to be disregarded. These forces caused league policymaking to be reactive rather than proactive. It is suggested that team competition, which is the raison d’etre of such leagues, will generate these forces unless specific procedures are implemented at league level to blunt their impact. These findings suggest new directions for research, league design, and the management of sport systems. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 43-67 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70032-2 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70032-2 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:8:y:2005:i:1:p:43-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hyungil Kwon Author-X-Name-First: Hyungil Author-X-Name-Last: Kwon Author-Name: Galen Trail Author-X-Name-First: Galen Author-X-Name-Last: Trail Title: The Feasibility of Single-Item Measures in Sport Loyalty Research Abstract: Researchers in disciplines other than sport have attempted to make a case for single-item measures of cognitive and affective dimensions in instances when simplicity, brevity, or global measurement is of paramount importance. This study compared and contrasted two separate multiple-item measures to two single-item measures referent to two specified constructs: (1) affective commitment to a team, represented by the Psychological Commitment to Team scale, and (2) team identification represented by the Team Identification Index. Data were collected from 146 college students (72 men and 74 women) at a large American university. It was determined that multiple-item scales had the advantage of breadth of measurement and scale, and that single-item scales had the advantage of simplicity and brevity or ease of use. The study also examined one of the greatest criticisms of single-item measures and one of the greatest advantages of the multiple-item scales: reliability and concurrent validity. The Team Identification Index had better reliability (0.92 vs. 0.83) but explained less variance in behavioural items than its referent single-item measure. The Psychological Commitment to Team had better reliability (0.96 vs. 0.90) and explained more variance than its referent single-item measure. In general, all single-item measures should be tested before use and only used in certain circumstances. Specifically for the Team Identification Index and the Psychological Commitment to Team scale, sport marketers may be able to use the referent single-item measures in certain situations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 69-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70033-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70033-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:8:y:2005:i:1:p:69-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ross Booth Author-X-Name-First: Ross Author-X-Name-Last: Booth Title: Comparing Competitive Balance in Australian Sports Leagues: Does a Salary Cap and Player Draft Measure Up? Abstract: In the period following the introduction by the Australian Football League (AFL) of the team salary cap in 1985 and the player draft at the end of 1986, within-season competitive balance (measured by the seasonal distribution of team win percentages) has increased. This paper continues the investigation into whether the improvement in competitive balance in the AFL can be attributed to these labour market changes by examining competitive balance outcomes and labour market changes in two other Australian sports leagues, the National Basketball League (NBL) and the National Rugby League (NRL). The measurement of competitive balance in this paper is extended to include a simple measure of between-season competitive balance, namely the distribution of championships/ premierships amongst teams/clubs. The evidence suggests that since 1985 within-season competitive balance, as measured by actual standard deviation/idealised standard deviation (ASD/ISD) ratios, has increased slightly in all three leagues. The NRL has been the most balanced and the NBL the least balanced, both pre- and post-1985. The distribution of championships/premierships is, in general, also more even in the post-1985 period in all three leagues. The most significant labour market change in both the NBL and the NRL post-1985 is their adoption of a team salary cap. Thus, the evidence on competitive balance is consistent with the view that the introduction of a team salary cap in all three leagues has improved competitive balance since 1985. However, since 1985 there has also been net expansion in the number of clubs/teams in all three leagues, and a considerable turnover in both the NBL and the NRL, but not the AFL. The expansion and contraction of the leagues is compared with changes in their competitive balance, leading to the conclusion that the number and, in particular, the location of teams/clubs also affects competitive balance. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 119-143 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70036-X File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70036-X File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:8:y:2005:i:2:p:119-143 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Russell Hoye Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Hoye Title: Professional Sport in Australia and New Zealand: An Introduction to the Special Issue Abstract: Professional sport in Australia and New Zealand is an important and increasingly significant feature of the Australasian sport landscape. Australia and New Zealand sustain a wide range of professional sport leagues, including a multitude of professional football leagues, one of them a uniquely Australian brand of football. Numerous high profile Australasian athletes are successful in professional sports such as tennis, golf and surfing, sports traditionally dominated by Europeans and Americans. The two countries also share involvement in one of the truly transnational professional sporting competitions: Super 12 Rugby Union. There are currently fifteen national leagues in Australia covering the following sports: Australian rules football, rugby union, rugby league, football, netball, softball, waterpolo, and both men's and women's leagues in cricket, basketball, field hockey, and surf lifesaving. New Zealand teams compete in professional leagues based in Australia such as the National Basketball League (NBL), professional soccer (the Hyundai A League), and the National Rugby League (NRL). Many of these leagues allow athletes to earn their living as professionals.Both countries also have successful elite athlete development systems that provide playing talent not only for domestic competitions, but also for overseas professional sports as diverse as English Premier League Football, Rugby League, Rugby Union and County Cricket in the UK, the National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the Womens’ National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League. Athletes from Australia and New Zealand also feature prominently in the world Top 100 for professional sports tours as diverse as tennis (e.g., Lleyton Hewitt and Alicia Molik), golf (e.g., Karrie Webb, Michael Campbell, and Adam Scott), surfing (e.g., Layne Beachley, Joel Parkinson, Chelsea Georgeson, Luke Egan) and motor racing (e.g., Mark Webber). Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 89-93 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70034-6 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70034-6 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:8:y:2005:i:2:p:89-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bob Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Author-Name: Matthew Nicholson Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholson Author-Name: Geoff Dickson Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Dickson Title: The Australian Football League's Recent Progress: A Study In Cartel Conduct And Monopoly Power Abstract: Over the last twenty-five years, the Australian Football League (AFL), and its predecessor, the Victorian Football League (VFL) has become a central feature of the Australian sporting landscape by creating and managing a national competition. However, in the 1980s it was a Melbourne-based league facing serious structural and financial problems as player costs exploded. At the same time, a number of clubs were unable to trade profitably, and the richer clubs were toying with the idea of forming a break-away competition. The transformation of the AFL from a parochial suburban competition to heavily commercialised national league is analysed through the prism of cartel structure and conduct. It is concluded that first, even in its previous guise as the VFL, it adopted many cartel-like features, including controls over player transfers, fixed admission prices, and gate equalisation policies. Second, the establishment of a governing Commission in 1984 strengthened its monopoly power, and enabled it to set a singular vision for the game's development. This vision, in turn, enabled the AFL to create a national participation program that became the envy of every other sport association in Australia. Third, in achieving this outcome, the AFL tightened its authority over its member teams, administrators, coaches and players. Finally, within this cartel arrangement, member clubs surrendered their autonomy in return for an assurance that they would share the benefits from the AFL's growth and national expansion. In short, the AFL has strategically exploited its cartel features and monopoly power to become Australia's dominant sports league. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 95-117 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70035-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70035-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:8:y:2005:i:2:p:95-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geoff Dickson Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Dickson Author-Name: Trevor Arnold Author-X-Name-First: Trevor Author-X-Name-Last: Arnold Author-Name: Laurence Chalip Author-X-Name-First: Laurence Author-X-Name-Last: Chalip Title: League Expansion and Interorganisational Power Abstract: This study uses a case study of the Victorian Football League's expansion into Brisbane to examine the interorganisational power between an independent federated network and those organisations seeking to join the federation. Data were obtained through interviews with participants in the expansion process, examination of newspaper and other print media articles, and the analysis of corporate documentation. Organisations within the federation are shown to have a power advantage over the potential affiliates. The extent of this advantage is directly proportional to the importance of the potential affiliate's goals, is mediated by resources controlled by the federation, and is inversely proportional to the availability of other federations to supply the potential affiliate with the same resources. The VFL's exercise of its power is reflected in (a) a licence fee significantly higher than originally anticipated by the new affiliate, (b) an upfront cash payment of the licence fee, (c) player recruitment guidelines that did not facilitate recruitment of established VFL players, and (d) an insufficient period of time between award of the licence and the new team's entry into VFL competition. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 145-165 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70037-1 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70037-1 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:8:y:2005:i:2:p:145-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Turner Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Title: Determining the Professional Sport Broadcasting Landscape: An Australian Football Club Perspective Abstract: The professional sport broadcasting landscape has received much attention from an economic and legal perspective. While the economic and legal focus has been the predominant association with sport broadcasting, there has been little research undertaken into the breadth of delivery and significance of broadcast coverage. The aim of this paper was to identify the professional sport broadcasting landscape in Australia. The sport broadcast landscape was examined from the perspective of two professional football codes. In-depth interviewing of senior managers of 11 AFL, and 10 NRL clubs was undertaken with the resulting data analysed, coded and emergent themes identified. Three core themes emerged: identified as territory, distribution and profile. A further seven sub-themes specific to the outcomes associated within each category were also identified. Major findings highlight the territorial nature of the Australian professional football league market, identifying the way in which clubs are representative of particular regions. Issues associated with free-to-air delivery, brand recognition and core market attributes were also identified. Results are presented; implications for management and opportunities for future research are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 167-193 Issue: 2 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70038-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70038-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:8:y:2005:i:2:p:167-193 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lesley Ferkins Author-X-Name-First: Lesley Author-X-Name-Last: Ferkins Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Author-Name: Gael McDonald Author-X-Name-First: Gael Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald Title: The Role of the Board in Building Strategic Capability: Towards an Integrated Model of Sport Governance Research Abstract: Governance is a critical issue confronting sport organisations. Its importance in the management of sport organisations has been heightened due to the transition of many sports from predominantly volunteer administered organisations anchored in an amateur ethos, to professionally managed entities catering to a more sophisticated sport marketplace. This paper identifies four elements from the sport governance literature as the key research foci to date: shared leadership, board motivation, board roles, and board structure. Four generic themes (performance, conformance, policy and operations) are also examined and expressed as governance capabilities. The strategic role and performance of the board, while central to the practice of governance, is shown to be a weakness in many sport organisations. Further, the strategic role of the board is underdeveloped in the sport management and governance research literature. Finally, it is noted that the governance literature is shaped by a normative and prescriptive approach that may not fully encompass the diversity that Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 195-225 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70039-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70039-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:8:y:2005:i:3:p:195-225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marlene A. Dixon Author-X-Name-First: Marlene A. Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Author-Name: Jennifer E. Bruening Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer E. Author-X-Name-Last: Bruening Title: Perspectives on Work-Family Conflict in Sport: An Integrated Approach Abstract: The overall literature concerning work-family conflict is growing rapidly, but has failed to incorporate multiple theoretical levels. Instead, researchers have examined the construct from either an individual, structural, or social relations perspective. Investigation of work-family conflict by integrating multiple theoretical levels provides valuable insights regarding the processes and products of work-family conflict, as well as the larger structural and social meanings behind work, family and their interface. Further, sport offers an ideal context for the study of work-family conflict due to the long, non-traditional work hours and significant travel. This article reviews three commonly used theoretical approaches to the study of work-family conflict—individual, structural, and social relations. It then demonstrates within a sport context how the three approaches can be integrated both from a top-down and a bottom-up perspective to better understand the causes, consequences, and interpretation of work-family conflict as an individual experience bounded by and shaped in organisational and social realities. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 227-253 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70040-1 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70040-1 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:8:y:2005:i:3:p:227-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harry H. Kwon Author-X-Name-First: Harry H. Author-X-Name-Last: Kwon Author-Name: Galen T. Trail Author-X-Name-First: Galen T. Author-X-Name-Last: Trail Author-Name: Dean S. Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Dean S. Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Title: Are Multiple Points of Attachment Necessary to Predict Cognitive, Affective, Conative, or Behavioral Loyalty? Abstract: Team identification has been shown to predict cognitive, affective, conative, and behavioural dimensions of sport spectatorship. Recently, the Point of Attachment Index was introduced as a comprehensive measure of a sport fan's different points of attachment within sport. The PAI, as studied here, is composed of six different points of attachment (i.e., team, players, coach, sport, university, and level of sport). The primary focus of this study was to determine whether fewer subscales from the Points of Attachment Index would satisfactorily predict cognitive, affective, conative, and behavioural dimensions of sport spectatorship. Data were collected from 358 university students (154 male, 204 female. The attachment to the team subscale explained a significant and meaningful amount of variance in BIRGing, satisfaction, conative loyalty, and attendance behaviour. Three of the other subscales (university, level, and coach), when added into each of the regression equations, explained a small but statistically significant amount of the remaining variance. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 255-270 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70041-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70041-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:8:y:2005:i:3:p:255-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jessica R. Braunstein Author-X-Name-First: Jessica R. Author-X-Name-Last: Braunstein Author-Name: James J. Zhang Author-X-Name-First: James J. Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Galen T. Trail Author-X-Name-First: Galen T. Author-X-Name-Last: Trail Author-Name: Heather J. Gibson Author-X-Name-First: Heather J. Author-X-Name-Last: Gibson Title: Dimensions of Market Demand Associated with Pre-season Training: Development of a Scale for Major League Baseball Spring Training Abstract: Most professional sports engage in pre-season training and competition, and many international events are preceded by periods of pre-event training and competition. There is often a fan market for such training and competition. Market interest in pre-season training and competition is studied here in the context of Major League Baseball's spring training in Florida. It is noted that pre-season games are different from regular season games insomuch as they are more laid-back, are more affordable, and offer greater access to the athletes. It is also noted that pre-season training and games can serve as tourist attractions. In this study, a 29-item scale is developed that measures eight market demand variables associated with spring training in Florida: home team, opposing team, game promotion, economic consideration, schedule convenience, vacation activity, nostalgic sentiment, and love baseball. The scale is shown to be internally consistent, and the dimensions are shown to be independent. It is suggested that the scale can be used (or adapted) for future research into the bases for fan interest in pre-season or pre-event competitions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 271-296 Issue: 3 Volume: 8 Year: 2005 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70042-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70042-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:8:y:2005:i:3:p:271-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Cousens Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Cousens Author-Name: Kathy Babiak Author-X-Name-First: Kathy Author-X-Name-Last: Babiak Author-Name: Cheri L. Bradish Author-X-Name-First: Cheri L. Author-X-Name-Last: Bradish Title: Beyond Sponsorship: Re-Framing Corporate-Sport Relationships Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to draw from broader management and marketing literature to provide a framework for assessing interorganisational relationships between sport organisations and corporate sponsors. This proposed framework seeks to extend current perceptions of the reasons and objectives for linkages between corporate sponsors and sport properties. Relationship marketing is an integral element of this framework, given its importance to the internal readiness of firms to enter into and manage long-term relationships, and to assist potential partners as they seek to find the best fit to meet their immediate and strategic objectives through interorganisational linkages. The intended contribution of this paper lies in its identification of three broad elements for consideration by sport organisations and potential or existing corporate sponsors. These elements include: context (external, internal), mutually derived benefits, and varying strengths of relationships. The theoretical underpinnings for each of the three elements, and the justification for their inclusion in this framework are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-23 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70017-1 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70017-1 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:9:y:2006:i:1:p:1-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Danny O’Brien Author-X-Name-First: Danny Author-X-Name-Last: O’Brien Author-Name: Sarah Gardiner Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Gardiner Title: Creating Sustainable Mega Event Impacts: Networking and Relationship Development through Pre-Event Training Abstract: The primary purpose of this research was to investigate how relationship marketing, specifically networking, was used to create sustainable event impacts in the context of pre-event training for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. The investigation employed Parvatiyar and Sheth's (2000) process model of relationship marketing. Three case studies in regional Australia were analysed with respect to how stakeholders used pre-Games training to add breadth and sustainability to the Games’ impacts. Equally important, the study addressed how some stakeholders lost opportunities for economic development by not using networking and relationship development in their pre-Games training initiatives. Findings suggest that a relationship-based approach to a major sport event can expand short-term impacts for hosts into longer-term opportunities for tourism, investment, and trade relations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 25-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70018-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70018-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:9:y:2006:i:1:p:25-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiaoyan Xing Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoyan Author-X-Name-Last: Xing Author-Name: Laurence Chalip Author-X-Name-First: Laurence Author-X-Name-Last: Chalip Title: Effects of Hosting a Sport Event on Destination Brand: A Test of Co-branding and Match-up Models Abstract: Co-branding theory suggests that pairing an event with a destination will engender some transfer of image between the event and destination brands. The match-up hypothesis predicts that the direction and intensity of image transfer will depend on the quality of fit between event and destination brands. A 3 (activity level of city) × 3 (activity level of sport event) design was used to construct destination advertisements. The print advertisements were shown to a sample of 275 individuals who then rated the city and event on activity and evaluation scales. The presence of any sport event elevated city activity ratings, but event activity ratings were elevated only when the event was paired with a leisurely city. A mismatch of activity ratings negatively affected evaluation of a leisurely city, but the presence of any sport event elevated evaluation of an active city. Evaluation ratings mediated the event's effect on intention to visit the host city. Findings suggest that match-up between events and destinations is determined by priming of schema rather than by shared levels of a characteristic. Findings also suggest that familiarity with a brand may determine whether a paired brand's characteristic is assimilated or is a context for contrast. Implications for future research are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 49-78 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70019-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70019-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:9:y:2006:i:1:p:49-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marlene A. Dixon Author-X-Name-First: Marlene A. Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Author-Name: Jennifer E. Bruening Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer E. Author-X-Name-Last: Bruening Title: Retaining Quality Workers: A Case Study of Work-Family Conflict Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 79-103 Issue: 1 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70020-1 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70020-1 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:9:y:2006:i:1:p:79-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alison Doherty Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Doherty Title: Sport Volunteerism: An Introduction to the Special Issue Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 105-109 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70021-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70021-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:9:y:2006:i:2:p:105-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gertrud Pfister Author-X-Name-First: Gertrud Author-X-Name-Last: Pfister Author-Name: Sabine Radtke Author-X-Name-First: Sabine Author-X-Name-Last: Radtke Title: Dropping Out: Why Male and Female Leaders in German Sports Federations Break Off Their Careers Abstract: This paper presents results of a research project about the experiences of male and female volunteer leaders in German sport organisations who “dropped out” of their leadership positions earlier than originally planned. In Germany the sports system is based on clubs and federations, and sports organisations are run by unpaid volunteers who also make up the decision-making committees. The aim of this project was to identify gendered patterns of careers and drop-out processes and thus to contribute to an explanation of the marginalisation of women in executive bodies of the German sport system. Constructivist approaches to gender and the sociology of organisations, with particular consideration of organisation culture, framed this study. We conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 7 male and 9 female former leaders who had been engaged in various positions on the national level of different sport federations. The findings revealed a great variety of leadership biographies and reasons to leave the sport associations, which had to do mostly with the culture of the organisation. However, some patterns and typical processes as well as different types of drop-out processes could be identified. Gender differences emerged especially with regard to attitudes towards dealing with power, prestige and conflicts. In contrast to the men, the women not only experienced sex-specific discriminations but also showed a much higher emotional involvement in conflicts and the drop-out-processes as a whole. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 111-139 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70022-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70022-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:9:y:2006:i:2:p:111-139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Graham Cuskelly Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Cuskelly Author-Name: Tracy Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Tracy Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Russell Hoye Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Hoye Author-Name: Simon Darcy Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Darcy Title: Volunteer Management Practices and Volunteer Retention: A Human Resource Management Approach Abstract: This study used a human resource management (HRM) approach to examine the efficacy of volunteer management practices in predicting perceived problems in volunteer retention. Participants were a sample of 375 Australian Rugby Union clubs from across the country. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the properties of a hypothesised reflective measurement model with seven volunteer management constructs (planning, recruitment, screening, orientation, training and support, performance management, and recognition). The efficacy of volunteer management practices was tested using regression analysis. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 141-163 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70023-7 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70023-7 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:9:y:2006:i:2:p:141-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carla A. Costa Author-X-Name-First: Carla A. Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Author-Name: Laurence Chalip Author-X-Name-First: Laurence Author-X-Name-Last: Chalip Author-Name: B. Christine Green Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Christine Green Author-Name: Caet Simes Author-X-Name-First: Caet Author-X-Name-Last: Simes Title: Reconsidering the Role of Training in Event Volunteers’ Satisfaction Abstract: The demand for volunteers to help plan and run sport events continues to rise. In order to better recruit and retain volunteers, there is a need to identify the means by which to enhance their overall satisfaction with the volunteer experience. One hundred and forty-seven non-specialist volunteers from the Sunbelt IndyCarnival completed questionnaires measuring their job satisfaction, evaluation of their training, organisational commitment, sense of community at the event, and satisfaction with their opportunities to share opinions and experiences during training. ALISREL model was formulated to test the relationships among the variables. Their sense of community had a positive effect on their commitment to the event organisation, and their commitment to the organisation had a direct effect on their job satisfaction. It is argued that the training of event volunteers should be conceived and designed as an opportunity to build a sense of community among volunteers and staff so as to enhance volunteer commitment and satisfaction. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 165-182 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70024-9 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70024-9 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:9:y:2006:i:2:p:165-182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Schulz Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Schulz Author-Name: Christopher Auld Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Auld Title: Perceptions of Role Ambiguity by Chairpersons and Executive Directors in Queensland Sporting Organisations Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of role ambiguity experienced by the chairpersons and executive directors of Queensland State Sporting Organisations, specifically how role ambiguity was related to organisational design, satisfaction with organisational communication, and tenure. Data were collected by means of a mailed self-administered questionnaire from a sample of 118 paid executive directors and volunteer elected chairpersons. A response rate of 68% was obtained. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the perception of role ambiguity by chairpersons and executive directors. However, role ambiguity was negatively related to organic organisational design, satisfaction with communication, and tenure. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 183-201 Issue: 2 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70025-0 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70025-0 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:9:y:2006:i:2:p:183-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sally Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Author-Name: Justine B. Allen Author-X-Name-First: Justine B. Author-X-Name-Last: Allen Title: “It basically is a fairly loose arrangement … and that works out fine, really.” Analysing the Dynamics of an Interorganisational Partnership Abstract: The purpose of this research was to examine the dynamics of a sport development partnership among three nonprofit organisations. Data were collected through interviews with key partnership personnel, as well as documentary analysis of reports. We utilised Frisby, Thibault, and Kikulis’ (2004) framework to organise our discussion, focusing on managerial structures and processes. Within management structures, we analysed dynamics of formal communication and intensity of partnership management. The dynamics of informal communication, trust, conflict, and competing agendas were analysed as managerial processes. This analysis, along with our examination of the multiple links among these dynamics, deepens our understanding of the complexities of partnerships in sport delivery and extends Frisby et al.'s (2004) framework. The research process also represented a collaboration with partnership members, highlighting the usefulness of conducting research with practitioners, rather than imposing research findings on them. Areas for further research are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 203-228 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70026-2 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70026-2 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:9:y:2006:i:3:p:203-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tracy Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Tracy Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Peter McGraw Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: McGraw Title: Exploring Human Resource Management Practices in Nonprofit Sport Organisations Abstract: Contemporary business challenges and globalisation pressures have had a significant impact on the human resource management (HRM) practices of many organisations. Whilst the adoption of more sophisticated, complex and strategic management systems is well documented in the general HR literature, organisations that operate with both paid and volunteer human resources have been virtually ignored by scholars. In this paper we report on a study on the adoption of HRM practices by state sport organisations in New.South Wales, Australia. Our results indicate that despite pressures to become more strategic in their people management, only a minority of these sport organisations have formal HRM systems. We also found differences between the HRM practices used with paid employees and volunteers particularly in organisations with formal HR policies. Research and practical implications for HRM in sport organisations are discussed as well as future challenges Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 229-251 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70027-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70027-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:9:y:2006:i:3:p:229-251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George B. Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: George B. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Title: Examining the Relationships among Coping with Change, Demographic Dissimilarity and Championing Behaviour Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating effects of coping with change on the relationship between demographic dissimilarity and championing behaviour. Data were gathered from 299 employees from NCAA Division 1-A athletic departments. Moderated regression showed that the demographic dissimilarity × coping behaviour interaction term accounted for significant variance beyond the controls and first order effects. Simple slope analysis showed that persons who were demographically different but who effectively coped with change were more likely to champion the change than were their counterparts. However, for persons who were demographically different and did not effectively cope, championing behaviour was low. Results are discussed in terms of their contribution to the change literature and practical implications for sport managers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 253-270 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70028-6 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70028-6 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:9:y:2006:i:3:p:253-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Author-Name: Pamm Kellett Author-X-Name-First: Pamm Author-X-Name-Last: Kellett Title: Reviewing Organisational Structure and Governance: The Australian Touch Association Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 271-317 Issue: 3 Volume: 9 Year: 2006 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70029-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70029-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:9:y:2006:i:3:p:271-317 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alison J. Doherty Author-X-Name-First: Alison J. Author-X-Name-Last: Doherty Title: Managing Our Human Resources: A Review of Organisational Behaviour in Sport Abstract: Human resources, which are critical to organisational effectiveness, must be effectively managed. Human resource management relies on the ability to explain and predict organisational behaviour (OB), which is the attitudes and behaviours of individuals and groups in the organisation; their satisfaction, commitment, performance, and so on. OB research is directed toward identifying the determinants of these attitudes and behaviours, and further outcomes including organisational effectiveness. This paper examines what we know about OB in sport, according to the nature of the research conducted (variables, analyses, contexts, research methods). A conceptual model of the relationships among work environment factors, as determinants of OB, and important affective and behavioural outcomes at the individual and group levels, is presented. The model provides a framework for an extensive review of OB research in sport, and encourages discussion about the trends and gaps in our knowledge of OB and human resource management. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(98)70097-X File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(98)70097-X File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:1:y:1998:i:1:p:1-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Trevor Mules Author-X-Name-First: Trevor Author-X-Name-Last: Mules Title: Taxpayer Subsidies for Major Sporting Events Abstract: Promoters of major sporting events in Australia have been successful at persuading governments to provide taxpayers’ funds to cover the costs of staging such events. Until recently, the justification for such use of taxpayers’ money has been in terms of the potential of the events to attract visitors and their associated expenditure. However, this has led to bidding wars between state governments in which the nation is the loser due to high payments to overseas event owners. Increasing attention is being focussed on the issue of returns to taxpayers/government for their outlays. This paper concludes that major sporting events do not appear to generate sufficient extra tax revenue to justify the expenditure of taxpayers’ funds. It goes on to suggest that if the tourism industry is the major beneficiary of hosting such events, then more emphasis should be placed upon finding ways in which the costs are borne by the industry. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 25-43 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(98)70098-1 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(98)70098-1 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:1:y:1998:i:1:p:25-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heather J. Gibson Author-X-Name-First: Heather J. Author-X-Name-Last: Gibson Title: Sport Tourism: A Critical Analysis of Research Abstract: The concept of sport related tourism has become more prominent in the last few years both as an academic field of study and an increasingly popular tourism product. The purpose of this paper is to review and critique the sport tourism literature as it stands in 1998, and to suggest a future research agenda. Disparities in the definition of sport tourism are addressed and some of the difficulties which scholars have faced in establishing a standardised definition are outlined. In answering the question why has sport tourism suddenly become so prominent, a look back at history shows that people have engaged in sport related travel for centuries. However, in the past ten years, the popularity of this form of travel has increased. Various explanations, such as the increased emphasis on health and fitness and increased use of sports events by cities to attract tourists, are examined. The question of what is known about sport tourism includes a review and critique of the literature in the three domains of sport tourism: active sport tourism, which refers to people who travel to take part in sport; event sport tourism, which refers to travel to watch a sports event; and nostalgia sport tourism, which includes visits to sports museums, famous sports venues, and sports themed cruises. The overarching conclusion from this review is that the field suffers from a lack of integration in the realms of policy, research, and education. At a policy level, there needs to be better coordination among agencies responsible for sport and those responsible for tourism. At a research level, more multi-disciplinary research is needed, particularly research which builds upon existing knowledge bases in both sport and tourism. In the realm of education, territorial contests between departments claiming tourism expertise and those claiming sport expertise need to be overcome. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 45-76 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(98)70099-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(98)70099-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:1:y:1998:i:1:p:45-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jenni Rowan Author-X-Name-First: Jenni Author-X-Name-Last: Rowan Title: Skiing Australia: Reorganising for the Future Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 77-93 Issue: 1 Volume: 1 Year: 1998 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(98)70100-7 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(98)70100-7 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:1:y:1998:i:1:p:77-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily Sparvero Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Sparvero Author-Name: Laurence Chalip Author-X-Name-First: Laurence Author-X-Name-Last: Chalip Title: Professional Teams as Leverageable Assets: Strategic Creation of Community Value Abstract: Professional sport teams receive support from their host cities in the form of public subsidies, financial incentives, and public services. Public support derives from the expectation that a team will render economic and social benefits to the community. Claims of economic benefits associated with a team have been widely discredited, and claims about non-economic benefits are merely anecdotal. In order for cities to reap benefits from hosting a team, team and public administrators must shift their focus from impact to leverage. Three interrelated realms of leveraging opportunity can be identified: economic development, place marketing, and social welfare. Strategic action formulated and implemented pursuant to desired benefits can render gains that would otherwise not be obtained. Leveraging can serve economic development by stabilising the workforce, enhancing the tax base, and fostering area redevelopment. Leveraging enables the team to be built into city branding, which can be complemented by specific tactics designed to attract business and tourists, and to boost community self-esteem. Leveraging can also enable the team to support community-building efforts, and to ameliorate social issues. Further work is needed to explore factors that facilitate and that inhibit leverage of sport teams, and to evaluate leveraging strategies. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-30 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70001-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70001-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:10:y:2007:i:1:p:1-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Author-Name: Ruth Rentschler Author-X-Name-First: Ruth Author-X-Name-Last: Rentschler Title: Assessing Sport Management Journals: A Multi-Dimensional Examination Abstract: The rating of refereed journals has become important for academics and institutions as well as for sport management as a field of study. This paper argues that the dearth of a rating system in sport management works against the best interests of the development of the field. This paper presents a rating scheme for sport management journals, which replicates an earlier study of marketing journals, using weighted multi-dimensional perceptual ratings (Polonsky & Whitelaw, 2006). Forty-five senior sport management academics evaluated 13 journals on four criteria: journal prestige, contribution to theory, contribution to practice and contribution to teaching. Using the weighted scores of the four criteria for each journal and a supporting cluster analysis, four categories of journals were identified. The results of this study will assist academics as they argue the case for the quality of journals in which they publish. Further it facilitates evaluation of sport management journals in relation to one another on the basis of their overall ranking and their scores on the four individual criteria. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 31-44 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70002-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70002-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:10:y:2007:i:1:p:31-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric MacIntosh Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: MacIntosh Author-Name: Alison Doherty Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Doherty Title: Extending the Scope of Organisational Culture: The External Perception of an Internal Phenomenon Abstract: Organisational culture is known as the values, beliefs and basic assumptions that are guided by leaders and shared by employees, and that explain “how things are done around here.” Organisational culture has primarily been viewed as an internal phenomenon, having an impact on staff behaviour and attitudes, and ultimately influencing organisational performance. Yet, it has more recently been conceptualised as a factor in shaping a company's image in the marketplace. This study examined the external perception of organisational culture according to clients of one company in the Canadian fitness industry. Findings showed that clients’ perception of organisational culture was significantly associated with their satisfaction and intent to stay with that fitness organisation. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 45-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70003-7 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70003-7 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:10:y:2007:i:1:p:45-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bob Heere Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Heere Author-Name: Jeffrey D. James Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey D. Author-X-Name-Last: James Title: Stepping Outside the Lines: Developing a Multi-dimensional Team Identity Scale Based on Social Identity Theory Abstract: Within the realm of sport management, team identification, a type of group identity, has been examined as a uni-dimensional construct (Wann & Branscombe, 1993). Research in social psychology, however, has examined group identity as a multi-dimensional concept. The current study examined team identity as a multi-dimensional construct. The TEAM*ID scale was developed based on the work of Ashmore, Deaux, and McLaughlin-Volpe (2004). Initial tests of reliability and validity of the proposed scale were completed based on a pilot study and feedback from an expert panel. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed on data collected from undergraduate students at a large South Eastern university (N=311) to test the group identity constructs. Six dimensions (Public evaluation, Private evaluation, Interconnection of Self, Sense of Interdependence, Behavioural Involvement, and Cognitive Awareness) were retained from the analysis. A comparison of the TEAM*ID scale with a portion of the Collective Self-Esteem Scale (Luhtanen & Crocker, 1992) and a revised version of the Psychological Commitment to Team Scale (Mahony, Madrigal, & Howard, 2000) provided initial evidence of nomological validity. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 65-91 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70004-9 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70004-9 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:10:y:2007:i:1:p:65-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carla Costa Author-X-Name-First: Carla Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Title: Expanding on Success: Volunteer Management at the Midwest Tennis Classic Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 93-96 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70005-0 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70005-0 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:10:y:2007:i:1:p:93-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Corinne M. Daprano Author-X-Name-First: Corinne M. Author-X-Name-Last: Daprano Author-Name: Carla A. Costa Author-X-Name-First: Carla A. Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Author-Name: Peter J. Titlebaum Author-X-Name-First: Peter J. Author-X-Name-Last: Titlebaum Title: Building on Success: Volunteer Management at the Midwest Tennis Classic Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 97-123 Issue: 1 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70006-2 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70006-2 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:10:y:2007:i:1:p:97-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Skinner Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Skinner Author-Name: Keith Gilbert Author-X-Name-First: Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Gilbert Title: Sport Management Education: Teaching and Learning for the Future Abstract: Ensuring high quality sport management education is an important step in delivering high quality sport managers, particularly in a time when the management of sport is becoming increasingly global, complex and demanding. The question that emerges is “how do we deliver high quality sport management education?” Frisby (2005) calls for the need to engage critical social science in our teaching. Moreover she suggests we must also be able to reflect on our own knowledge claims if the educative process is to remain fluid and “foster healthy debate, critique and social justice” (p. 8). Others such as Costa (2005) and Chalip (2006) suggest there are inadequate mechanisms to ensure that the teaching of sport management is research evidenced based and therefore the knowledge we acquire is relevant to the environments in which sport managers operate. A broader investigation of the quality of sport management education could include: (1) the background and characteristics of students and of sport management educators; (2) course length and course structures; (3) course content and delivery modes; (4) course assessment and evaluation of procedures; (5) the nature and length of professional experience; and (6) the nature and strength of partnerships among different sport management stakeholders. Although we may debate how we can best deliver high quality sport management education, it is imperative that steps are taken to establish what is meant by quality sport management education. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 125-131 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70007-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70007-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:10:y:2007:i:2:p:125-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dwight H. Zakus Author-X-Name-First: Dwight H. Author-X-Name-Last: Zakus Author-Name: David Cruise Malloy Author-X-Name-First: David Cruise Author-X-Name-Last: Malloy Author-Name: Allan Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Allan Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Title: Critical and Ethical Thinking in Sport Management: Philosophical Rationales and Examples of Methods Abstract: Critical thinking is recognised as a necessary central competency of university graduates in a variety of professional fields. Many articles identify and expound on the need for critical thinking pedagogy allied with sound moral and ethical thought and behaviour. This paper seeks to identify the central aspects of critical thinking within the ethical conceptual terms of ontology, epistemology, and axiology for sport management pedagogy. Within the concept of axiology is the basis of ethical thinking and acting. We weave the discussion of critical thinking within an ethical basis toward practical pedagogical activities for developing and advancing critical thinking skills and abilities in sport management graduates. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 133-158 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70008-6 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70008-6 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:10:y:2007:i:2:p:133-158 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Light Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Light Author-Name: Marlene A. Dixon Author-X-Name-First: Marlene A. Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Title: Contemporary Developments in Sport Pedagogy and their Implications for Sport Management Education Abstract: Within the context of rapidly changing social conditions in developed societies, traditional approaches to teaching and learning that view learning as a simple process of internalising a fixed body of knowledge have become outdated and ineffective. The traditional emphasis on content, or what we feel our students should learn, has thus become less important than the need to help them learn how to learn and to think critically about both content and process. This paper examines contemporary learning theory and its previous application in the sport coaching and physical education field to suggest how these ideas might be applied to sport management education. It argues that, for teaching and learning to be relevant and effective, the focus must be on learning instead of teaching, on the process of learning rather than its product. Further, it must include relevant experience, and involve participation in the practices of the community of sport management. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 159-175 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70009-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70009-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:10:y:2007:i:2:p:159-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brad R. Humphreys Author-X-Name-First: Brad R. Author-X-Name-Last: Humphreys Author-Name: Joel Maxcy Author-X-Name-First: Joel Author-X-Name-Last: Maxcy Title: The Role of Sport Economics in the Sport Management Curriculum Abstract: Sports economics has emerged as a clearly denned field in the past five years, and sports economists have recently begun taking up positions in sport management programs. We explore the sports economics-sport management nexus. A survey of U.S. sport management programs and their curricula reveals that sports economics is not widely required by sport management programs, despite the inclusion of “economics in sport” in widely accepted sport management curricular guidelines. Sport management programs have recently experienced trouble filling vacant positions, and new PhDs in sport management lack adequate research preparation, while economics produces a large number of PhDs and sports economics is a growing field. Taken together, these factors suggest that sports economics may play an important role in the sport management curriculum in the future. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 177-189 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70010-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70010-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:10:y:2007:i:2:p:177-189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Allan Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Allan Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Author-Name: Glenn Finger Author-X-Name-First: Glenn Author-X-Name-Last: Finger Title: eLearning and Sport Management: Hyperpedagogy Possibilities Abstract: Whilst we have seen a proliferation of eLearning applications, there remains a limited understanding of eLearning possibilities in the discipline of sport management. Following an introduction to ICT and sport management, and discussion of eLearning and sport management, new eLearning roles are explored through presenting hyperpedagogy which extends concepts of poststructural theory into digital pedagogies. Research on hypertext and poststructuralism and the relationship between cultural studies, technology and popular culture has led to the assembly of theories of hyperpedagogy that seek a more informed and critical engagement with technology. This paper argues that sport management scholars need to engage with hyperpedagogy as a means of moving beyond social efficiency approaches to eLearning. Second Life (SL), a 3-D virtual world, is attracting interest because of its potential use in eLearning applications such as 3D virtual delivery of seminars and lectures, collaborative exercises, tutorials and discussions. By utilising the principles of hyperpedagogy, SL and similar platforms provide exciting possibilities for sport management eLearning. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 191-208 Issue: 2 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70011-6 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70011-6 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:10:y:2007:i:2:p:191-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Won Jae Seo Author-X-Name-First: Won Author-X-Name-Last: Jae Seo Author-Name: B. Christine Green Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Christine Green Author-Name: Yong Jae Ko Author-X-Name-First: Yong Author-X-Name-Last: Jae Ko Author-Name: Seunghwan Lee Author-X-Name-First: Seunghwan Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Jarrod Schenewark Author-X-Name-First: Jarrod Author-X-Name-Last: Schenewark Title: The Effect of Web Cohesion, Web Commitment, and Attitude toward the Website on Intentions to Use NFL Teams’ Websites Abstract: Sport teams are increasingly using their websites to create and nurture relationships with their fans. Like other leisure-based products and services, sport brands have a capacity to facilitate the development of brand communities. Websites can be a key context for the expression of brand community. This study examines the effects of perceived cohesion, commitment, and attitude toward the website on intent to use the website via a web survey of NFL team website users (N=144). Structural equation modelling was used to confirm a model in which commitment and attitude toward the website directly increased intention to use the website; cohesion and commitment directly enhance attitude toward the website; and, cohesion has a strong, positive association with commitment. Implications and practical applications for building web community are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 231-252 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70013-X File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70013-X File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:10:y:2007:i:3:p:231-252 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pamm Kellett Author-X-Name-First: Pamm Author-X-Name-Last: Kellett Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Title: Umpire Participation: Is Abuse Really the Issue? Abstract: Umpires (or referees) are essential for the ongoing production of organised sport. It has been widely argued that abuse of umpires by players, coaches, and spectators is ubiquitous and aversive, therefore engendering attrition. Cognitive behavioural theory specifies that attrition and continuation are best understood by identifying the ways that stimuli are interpreted. In this study, 22 umpires of professional and semi-professional Australian Rules football were interviewed to determine what they think of abusive behaviour, and what they find to be rewarding about umpiring. Findings showed that umpires routinely reframe abuse, considering it to be a normal part of their role. Abuse was not deemed to be particularly aversive, and there was no evidence that it contributes to attrition. On the other hand, umpires enjoyed the social world they share with other umpires, and identified social interactions among umpires as a key reason for continuing to umpire. This study highlights the important role that socialisation into the social world of umpiring plays in helping umpires to reframe abuse, and the importance of socialising with other umpires in maintaining their commitment to umpiring. It is suggested that the social rewards of umpiring should be stressed in umpire recruitment, and that the social world of umpiring should be incorporated into umpire training and retention. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 209-229 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70012-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70012-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:10:y:2007:i:3:p:209-229 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan M. Casper Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Casper Author-Name: Dianna P. Gray Author-X-Name-First: Dianna P. Author-X-Name-Last: Gray Author-Name: Megan Babkes Stellino Author-X-Name-First: Megan Author-X-Name-Last: Babkes Stellino Title: A Sport Commitment Model Perspective on Adult Tennis Players’ Participation Frequency and Purchase Intention Abstract: Although sport commitment has received wide spread theoretical and empirical attention over the past 15 years, its application to adult sport participants has gone largely ignored. This study examined the determinants of adult tennis players’ motivation to continue involvement using the sport commitment model (Scanlan, Carpenter, Schmidt, Simons, & Keeler, 1993) as a theoretical framework, and extended the model to participation frequency and purchase intention. Based on previous research using the sport commitment model, a revised direct/indirect model, in which enjoyment was the mediator of the relationships between determinants and level of commitment, was also tested. Data were gathered via a web-based questionnaire from community tennis association members (N = 537). Relationships among variables were tested and a comparison of models was tested using structural equation modelling. With the sport commitment model, personal investment, enjoyment, involvement opportunities, and social support were found to be significant predictors of sport commitment, while commitment significantly predicted participation frequency and purchase intention. Tests of the direct/indirect model indicate acceptable model fit, although not as good as the original model. However, this model suggests involvement alternatives and social constraints on tennis enjoyment. Results can be used to develop customer-oriented marketing strategies targeted for the adult tennis participant. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 253-278 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70014-1 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70014-1 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:10:y:2007:i:3:p:253-278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lisa Kihl Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Kihl Title: Moral Codes, Moral Tensions and Hiding behind the Rules: A Snapshot of Athletic Administrators’ Practical Morality Abstract: Sport administrators working in highly formalised sport organisations presumably have their moral decisions guided by strict rules, regulations, and standards of conduct. Challenges arise when organisational standards and values contradict administrators’ personal moralities. In such cases administrators must learn how to weigh these different values and standards and make “good decisions.” The purpose of this study was to examine athletic administrators’ morality as it pertains to how they think about right and wrong and how they discerned different moral values in carrying out their various professional roles and responsibilities. Interviews with 10 compliance officers from each of the institutions in a large athletic conference in the United States were carried out. The findings showed that the respondents displayed an individual normative system comprised of professional and personal moral values. Their respective normative systems reflected an overall practical morality that drew from addressing moral challenges in their compliance work. These respective values created various tensions for the compliance officers when deciding right from wrong, fulfilling their compliance officer role, and interpreting rules. The findings also showed that some individuals “hide behind the rules” in order to shed themselves of moral responsibilities. The nature of the results has implications for sport management ethics curriculum and how we train individuals in relation to enhancing their practical morality and ability to address the diversity of moral challenges that arise within respective sport professions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 279-305 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70015-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70015-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:10:y:2007:i:3:p:279-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steven J. Jackson Author-X-Name-First: Steven J. Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson Author-Name: Michael P. Sam Author-X-Name-First: Michael P. Author-X-Name-Last: Sam Title: “Yes, Prime Minister” and the Dilemmas of Sport Policy Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 307-323 Issue: 3 Volume: 10 Year: 2007 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70016-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70016-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:10:y:2007:i:3:p:307-323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeffrey L. Stinson Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey L. Author-X-Name-Last: Stinson Author-Name: Dennis R. Howard Author-X-Name-First: Dennis R. Author-X-Name-Last: Howard Title: Winning Does Matter: Patterns in Private Giving to Athletic and Academic Programs at NCAA Division I-AA and I-AAA Institutions Abstract: In a study of “big-time” athletic programs, Stinson and Howard (2004) documented a shift in donor giving patterns toward increased support of athletic programs at the apparent expense of giving to academic programs. The shift toward greater athletic giving was most evident at those schools with major football programs. This study's primary purpose is to determine whether the changes found at the Division I-A level are also evident at schools that compete at the Division I-AA or I-AAA level. Linear mixed models indicate that successful athletic programs influence both the number of donors making gifts to an institution and the average dollar amount of those gifts. However, unlike the giving patterns at I-A football schools, winning football and men's basketball teams have direct effects on both athletic and academic gifts. Rather than producing a crowding-out effect, athletic success appears to enhance support for both athletic and academic programs. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-20 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70101-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70101-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:11:y:2008:i:1:p:1-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vassil Girginov Author-X-Name-First: Vassil Author-X-Name-Last: Girginov Author-Name: Ivan Sandanski Author-X-Name-First: Ivan Author-X-Name-Last: Sandanski Title: Understanding the Changing Nature of Sports Organisations in Transforming Societies Abstract: The paper examined the process of changing in three Bulgarian national sport organisations (NSO) in swimming, weightlifting and field hockey, as the country is undergoing fundamental political, economic and social transformations from state socialism (1945-1989) to democratisation (1990-present). Drawing on the contextualist approach to organisational change (Pettigrew, 1985) the study was concerned with understanding long-term processes in their context. Analysed were NSOs’ conceptual orientation, structures, resources, capabilities and outcomes. Changing was unveiled through the interplay between three levels of analysis - wider political and economic, sport sector, and organisation-specific. The history of changing unfolded over a 25 years period and followed three stages of crisis of governability (1980-1989), crisis displacement (1989-1997) and identity search (1998-2004). Changing was determined by tensions generated in the previous socialist sport system, the new forces in the NSOs’ context, and by managers’ interpretation of events, and was a discovery process. The three NSOs followed different change patterns of shrinking, insulation and expansion. Two key reasons were responsible for those differences - the institualisation of the broader political and sport sector contexts, and NSOs’ choice to pursue narrow elitism (specialism) or the broader aims of sports development (generalism). The contextualist approach allowed us to appreciate the historical, contextual and processual nature of changing and to discuss the role of managers and various forces in shaping its course and outcomes. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 21-50 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70102-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70102-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:11:y:2008:i:1:p:21-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jules Woolf Author-X-Name-First: Jules Author-X-Name-Last: Woolf Title: Competitive Advantage in the Health and Fitness Industry: Developing Service Bundles Abstract: Supporting services augment the value of a business's core service, provide points of differentiation, and create a competitive advantage over competitors. Fitness clubs offer a number of supporting services, including sport participation opportunities. Fitness tests are a common supporting service. This study examined interest in fitness tests and related supporting services. Moreover, because customised programs are harder to imitate, optimal combinations of desired services were investigated. Further, K-means cluster analysis identified seven meaningfully differentiated customer groups. MANOVA and chi-square analyses indicated that clustered groups differed based on demographic and psychographic variables. The study demonstrates that (1) consumers desire supporting services, (2) distinct bundles of supporting services can be identified, and (3) consumers desiring distinct bundles of services are have distinct demographic and psychographic profiles. Fitness providers can develop distinct, desirable bundles of supporting services and can develop more tailored marketing strategies based on these consumer profiles. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 51-75 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70103-7 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70103-7 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:11:y:2008:i:1:p:51-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. Floyd Jones Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Floyd Jones Author-Name: Dana D. Brooks Author-X-Name-First: Dana D. Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks Author-Name: Jennifer Y. Mak Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Mak Title: Examining Sport Management Programs in the United States Abstract: Analysis of sport management programs is important for potential students as well as for the future development of sport management as an academic discipline. The historical evolution of sport management programs in the United States moved from the physical education model to a more business-oriented curriculum. Given this historical development, debate exists among sport management professionals regarding administrative housing of current and future sport management programs. The purposes of this study were to: (1) Provide an overview of the development of U.S. sport management programs, (2) Provide a snapshot of sport management programs including admissions requirements and faculty profiles, and (3) Analyse critical issues facing the field of sport management. A random sample of 137 institutions offering undergraduate sport management programs in the United States were invited to participate in the study; 50 usable surveys were returned. Results indicate a lack of diversity (racial and gender) among sport management faculty, and a large proportion of part-time faculty without a terminal degree in the field. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 77-91 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70104-9 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70104-9 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:11:y:2008:i:1:p:77-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pamm Kellett Author-X-Name-First: Pamm Author-X-Name-Last: Kellett Author-Name: Anne-Marie Hede Author-X-Name-First: Anne-Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Hede Title: Developing a Sport Museum: The Case of Tennis Australia and the Tennis Heritage Collection Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 92-117 Issue: 1 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70105-0 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70105-0 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:11:y:2008:i:1:p:92-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shannon Hamm Author-X-Name-First: Shannon Author-X-Name-Last: Hamm Author-Name: Joanne MacLean Author-X-Name-First: Joanne Author-X-Name-Last: MacLean Author-Name: Lisa Kikulis Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Kikulis Author-Name: Lucie Thibault Author-X-Name-First: Lucie Author-X-Name-Last: Thibault Title: Value Congruence in a Canadian Nonprofit Sport Organisation: A Case Study Abstract: At a time when company ethics and accountability continue to affect organisations, it is important for managers to understand the values held by their employees (Abbott, White, & Charles, 2005). Consequently, researchers focussing on the communications, manufacturing and academic settings have acknowledged the need for increased investigation of values and value congruence (cf. Abbott et al., 2005; Finegan, 2000; Jung & Avolio, 2000). The purpose of this study was to examine the level of value congruence between employees and their nonprofit sport organisation. A single case study design using qualitative and quantitative approaches (i.e., document analysis, observations, surveys and interviews) was adopted. The results of the study indicated congruent and incongruent terminal and instrumental value levels between employees and those stated or perceived as the organisation’s values. Congruent terminal values included self-respect, social recognition, freedom and inner harmony, while incongruent values included accomplishment, wisdom, equality and family security. Congruent instrumental values included ambitious, courageous, forgiven, and honest, while incongruent values included self-controlled, helpful, logical and capable. The authors discuss the implications of their findings and provide recommendations for future use of mixed methods and longitudinal research design to further understand the role of employee values and value congruence within organisations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 123-147 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70106-2 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70106-2 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:11:y:2008:i:2:p:123-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gregory C. Jones Author-X-Name-First: Gregory C. Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: George B. Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: George B. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Title: The Impact of Sport Management Students’ Perceptions of Study Abroad Programs on Their Intentions to Study Abroad Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine students’ perceptions of sport management study abroad programs through the application of social cognitive career theory. Two studies were conducted. The focus of Study 1 (n = 19) was to qualitatively assess the factors that facilitate (i.e., supports) or impede (i.e., barriers) intentions to study abroad. Study 2 (n = 71) incorporated the results from Study 1, providing a quantitative aspect to the research. The results of the observed path analysis yielded strong support for the model: supports and barriers were associated with study abroad self-efficacy, which was, in turn, positively associated with interest in such activities. Finally, interest was strongly associated with choice goals. Implications for sport management education are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 149-163 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70107-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70107-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:11:y:2008:i:2:p:149-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Meungguk Park Author-X-Name-First: Meungguk Author-X-Name-Last: Park Author-Name: Brian A. Turner Author-X-Name-First: Brian A. Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Author-Name: Donna L. Pastore Author-X-Name-First: Donna L. Author-X-Name-Last: Pastore Title: Effective Public Service Advertisements to Attract Volunteers for the Special Olympics: An Elaboration Likelihood Perspective Abstract: As many sport organisations are frequently in great need of volunteers, it is important for sport marketers to develop effective public service advertisements (PSAs) to attract volunteers. The purpose of this study was to expand and test a theory of persuasion for PSAs designed to lead people to help with the Special Olympics. More specifically, this study was designed to broaden the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) by incorporating a newly added personality variable, empathic tendency, and to show how this variable affects audiences’ information processing of PSAs. In order to test the ELM, a three-way, 2 (empathy: high v low) x 2 (argument quality: strong v weak) x 2 (peripheral cue: celebrity v non-celebrity status) factorial design was used. A total of 102 male and 119 female students participated (n = 221). The results indicated that both high empathy subjects and low empathy subjects were motivated to process the persuasive messages, suggesting that both groups followed the central route to processing. Involvement was found to significantly influence the argument processing of low empathy subjects. Celebrity status did not serve as a peripheral cue in this study. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 165-192 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70108-6 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70108-6 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:11:y:2008:i:2:p:165-192 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yong Jae Ko Author-X-Name-First: Yong Author-X-Name-Last: Jae Ko Author-Name: Sue M. Durrant Author-X-Name-First: Sue M. Author-X-Name-Last: Durrant Author-Name: John Mangiantini Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Mangiantini Title: Assessment of Services Provided to NCAA Division I Athletes: Development of a Model and Instrument Abstract: In the United States, student-athlete welfare was adopted as a basic principle by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in 1995 (NCAA, 2005). In addition, the NCAA required that Division I institutions provide academic programs and career/life skills programs as well as athletic skills programs. These directives have resulted in the development of a complex array of services for student-athletes. As no studies have assessed the full range of services now provided to student-athletes, the purpose of this study was to develop a Model for Assessment of Services in Intercollegiate Athletics (MASIA) with an accompanying survey instrument. A total of 422 student-athletes, the entire population of one NCAA Division I-A institution, were surveyed for the model tests. Results of the structural and measurement model tests suggest that the MASIA is a reasonable fit to the data and that the survey scale developed to test the model is psychometrically sound. Implications and limitations of this study are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 193-214 Issue: 2 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 5 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70109-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70109-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:11:y:2008:i:2:p:193-214 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ida E. Berger Author-X-Name-First: Ida E. Author-X-Name-Last: Berger Author-Name: Norman O’Reilly Author-X-Name-First: Norman Author-X-Name-Last: O’Reilly Author-Name: Milena M. Parent Author-X-Name-First: Milena M. Author-X-Name-Last: Parent Author-Name: Benoit Séguin Author-X-Name-First: Benoit Author-X-Name-Last: Séguin Author-Name: Tony Hernandez Author-X-Name-First: Tony Author-X-Name-Last: Hernandez Title: Determinants of Sport Participation Among Canadian Adolescents Abstract: This paper explores adolescent sport participation. Using the most recently available national statistics, the paper presents a concise and current description of sport participation among Canadian adolescents aged 15 to 19; traces the trends in Canadian adolescent participation from 1992 to 2005 and identifies some of the most important correlates of participation for this age category. Using the qualitative method of netnography, the paper then considers the meaning and role of these core factors in the sport behaviours of adolescents as revealed in online narratives. This study’s quantitative findings highlight the impact of household context, gender, community context, self-perceptions and competing behaviours on sport participation. The netnography articulates a complicated picture of stress, social role conflict and susceptibility to external influence. The results suggest that research and managerial effort should be expended to develop targeted programs that use the household as the unit of analysis and that “position” sport within the context of the lived experiences of today’s adolescents. This means fitting sport into the time-challenged, gender-stereotyped, highly-technologised, cyber-filled lives of today’s youth. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 277-307 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70113-X File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70113-X File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:11:y:2008:i:3:p:277-307 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Author-Name: Kalliopi Popi Sotiriadou Author-X-Name-First: Kalliopi Author-X-Name-Last: Popi Sotiriadou Author-Name: B. Christine Green Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Christine Green Title: Sport Development. Systems, Policies and Pathways: An Introduction to the Special Issue Abstract: Fundamentally sport development is about participation and promoting the opportunities and benefits of participation. Participation in sport and physical activity spans a wide range of contexts including the wholesomeness associated with the freedom of children’s play to the modification of sport to allow children to be children a little longer. The cycle of participation continues to junior and youth sport, where the rules, regulations and traditions of a sport become the foundation to protecting the “institution” of sport, to participation in senior competitions and ultimately, to elite and professional sport. Sport development research and practice therefore is concerned with all these manifestations of the sport experience. It logically follows that the purview of sport development is quite large and potentially complex. Moreover, it is possible to identify at least five themes that could be used to categorise sport development research. These themes include; policy, development through sport, development of sport, future patterns of sport delivery and marketing in terms of the relationship between professional sport and participation. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 217-223 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70110-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70110-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:11:y:2008:i:3:p:217-223 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mick Green Author-X-Name-First: Mick Author-X-Name-Last: Green Author-Name: Shane Collins Author-X-Name-First: Shane Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Title: Policy, Politics and Path Dependency: Sport Development in Australia and Finland Abstract: Sport development as a public policy priority has historically been on the periphery of governments’ political agendas. This is not the case in the early twenty-first century however. Over the past decade, in nations as diverse as Canada, China, Germany, Norway, Poland, Singapore and the United Kingdom, public policies for sport development-related activity have increased in salience. This article reviews and analyses national sport development policy (across the mass-elite sport spectrum) in Australia and Finland; two countries with quite distinct political, cultural and sporting backgrounds. The analysis explores whether a path dependency approach can help towards a better understanding of sport development activity in each country. Our conclusions suggest that Australia (elite sport) and Finland (Sport for All) have remained on quite specific sport development pathways with little deviation, despite a few programs created in Australia to increase the levels of sport participation for targeted groups such as school children, women and indigenous Australians. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 225-251 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70111-6 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70111-6 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:11:y:2008:i:3:p:225-251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Skinner Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Skinner Author-Name: Dwight H. Zakus Author-X-Name-First: Dwight H. Author-X-Name-Last: Zakus Author-Name: Jacqui Cowell Author-X-Name-First: Jacqui Author-X-Name-Last: Cowell Title: Development through Sport: Building Social Capital in Disadvantaged Communities Abstract: Traditional delivery of sport development programs, especially at the community level, faces particular challenges under neoliberal ideology. While several issues are evident, this paper addresses only the issue of development through sport for disadvantaged communities. It reviews models where sport was employed to develop better community and citizen life outcomes and to deal with social issues previously addressed through “welfare state” processes. These new models flow out of neoliberalist state agendas to assist in fostering social inclusion and in building positive social capital in disadvantaged communities. Examples from England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Canada are analysed and the implications for the Australian context are discussed. The discussion focuses on best practice success factors such as policy and strategy, partnerships, places and spaces, community/social development, evaluation and monitoring and sustainability. The role of traditional sports clubs and local government in delivering social inclusion programs and the emerging provision of community based sport activities by community/social development organisations is detailed. The implications for sport management, in terms of community development, community sport development and sport policy, are also discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 253-275 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70112-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70112-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:11:y:2008:i:3:p:253-275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stacy Warner Author-X-Name-First: Stacy Author-X-Name-Last: Warner Author-Name: Laurence Chalip Author-X-Name-First: Laurence Author-X-Name-Last: Chalip Author-Name: Jules Woolf Author-X-Name-First: Jules Author-X-Name-Last: Woolf Title: Fan Development Strategy: The Austin Wranglers’ Game Plan Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 309-330 Issue: 3 Volume: 11 Year: 2008 Month: 9 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70114-1 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(08)70114-1 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:11:y:2008:i:3:p:309-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sally Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Title: “It was all ‘smile for Dunedin!”’: Event Volunteer Experiences at the 2006 New Zealand Masters Games Abstract: The increasing reliance on volunteers by sport events has led to interest in this aspect of volunteering. The purpose of this research was to develop and utilise a conceptual framework based on the critical paradigm to examine multiple meanings associated one aspect of the sport event volunteer experience, volunteer training and associated learning. Using the critical tools of de-naturalisation, anti-performativity, and reflexivity, the study considered this aspect of volunteering from both volunteer and co-ordinator standpoints. Qualitative research methods were undertaken to examine training and learning experiences of volunteers at the ACC ThinkSafe. Sixteen volunteers were interviewed in four focus groups. The volunteer co-ordination team were interviewed in a fifth focus group. Co-ordinators’ and volunteers experiences of generic training, the need for role related training, and informal learning opportunities were analysed. It was found that, in order for learning to be an integral part of the volunteer experience, training needs to be re-conceptualised to explicitly include learning. Future research is discussed, calling for further utilisation of this framework to ascertain its usefulness in examining sport event volunteers’ experiences. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 26-33 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2008.09.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2008.09.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:1:p:26-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Samuel Y. Todd Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Y. Author-X-Name-Last: Todd Author-Name: Damon P.S. Andrew Author-X-Name-First: Damon P.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Andrew Author-Name: Sara E. Sowieta Author-X-Name-First: Sara E. Author-X-Name-Last: Sowieta Title: A Personnel Management Case Study in a Canadian National Sport Organisation Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 49-56 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2008.09.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2008.09.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:1:p:49-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric D. Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Eric D. Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Title: The Maintenance of Masculinity Among the Stakeholders of Sport Abstract: Feminist and hegemony theorizing are used to explicate how sport and its ancillary organizations and occupations have managed to reproduce its masculinized nature despite the gains of second wave feminism that characterizes the broader culture. The author shows that contemporary sporting institutions largely originated as a political enterprise to counter the first wave of feminism, and describe how gender-segregation and self-selection permits sports’ gatekeepers to near-exclusively draw upon a relatively homogenous group of hyper-masculine, over-conforming, failed male athletes to reproduce the institution as an extremely powerful gender-regime. The author suggests that, because orthodox notions of masculinity are institutionally codified within sport, it will take more than affirmative action programs to bring gender equality off the pitch; it will also require gender-integration on the pitch. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 3-14 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2008.09.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2008.09.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:1:p:3-14 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marlene A. Dixon Author-X-Name-First: Marlene A. Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Title: From Their Perspective: A Qualitative Examination of Physical Activity and Sport Programming for Working Mothers Abstract: Research has long demonstrated the benefits of participation in sport, exercise, and physical activity, which include lower mortality and morbidity (National Heart Foundation of Australia, 2001; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996). Still, research demonstrates that 60-80% of adults are not active at a level sufficient to derive health benefits (Armstrong, Bauman, & Davies, 2000; Bowles, Morrow, Leonard, Hawkins, & Couzelis, 2002; Pate et al., 1995), and working mothers may face particular challenges in pursuing physical activity and sport (Jackson & Henderson, 1995). Utilizing the exercise psychology and women's leisure literatures, this study examines not only the barriers or constraints to participation, but also the ways that working mothers negotiate these barriers and, very practically, the ways that sport managers can better structure program offerings to increase access for this group (Bauman, Smith, Maibach, & Reger-Nash, 2006; Jackson & Henderson, 1995; Shaw, 1994). Forty-four working mothers from a university in the Southwestern United States participated in focus group inquiry regarding their physical activity and sport participation, barriers to participation, ways that they negotiated those barriers, and recommendations for change. Results indicated that rigid scheduling, guilt, and narrow programming constrained activity participation, and those constraints varied by marital status and social class. Negotiations included reframing entitlement to participation, garnering social support, and combating rigid work structures. Specific programming recommendations for sport managers as well as implications for social change are also discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 34-48 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2008.09.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2008.09.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:1:p:34-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Lock Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lock Author-Name: Simon Darcy Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Darcy Author-Name: Tracy Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Tracy Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Title: Starting with a clean slate: An analysis of member identification with a new sports team Abstract: Soccer in Australia underwent a series of changes following a Federal Government inquiry into its future. A report into the Structure, Governance and Management of Soccer in Australia (2003) recommended a process of structural change, aimed at repositioning and re-branding soccer as association football. The restructure yielded the replacement of the National Soccer League with the A-League, five new Australian teams and a concerted attempt to separate soccer from its ethnic ties in the antipodes. This paper examines member identification in relation to a specific A-League club’s members. Using the Sports Spectator Identity Scale (Wann & Branscombe, 1993) to measure sport fan identity in a new team context, a survey of club members of Sydney FC (n = 510), was undertaken. Survey findings indicated that members of Sydney FC reported relatively strong team identification in the first year of the new competition, with some nuanced differences based on age and income. The SSIS demonstrated a good level of fit in relation to a new sports team, although it is evident that rivalries and identification with a new team need time to develop fully. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 15-25 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2008.09.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2008.09.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:1:p:15-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 2-2 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(09)00012-6 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(09)00012-6 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:1:p:2-2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Thanks to Reviewers Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(09)00019-9 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(09)00019-9 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pamm Kellett Author-X-Name-First: Pamm Author-X-Name-Last: Kellett Author-Name: Roslyn Russell Author-X-Name-First: Roslyn Author-X-Name-Last: Russell Title: A comparison between mainstream and action sport industries in Australia: A case study of the skateboarding cluster Abstract: The action sport industry is a high growth sector that attracts the lucrative Generation Y market. Although there is a growing body of literature that examines the characteristics and traits of the Generation Y market as consumers of action sports, little is known about the supply side of the action sports industry. This paper illustrates through the example of the skateboarding sport cluster, that this sector has evolved in an organic, almost chaotic manner very different to that of the mainstream sports industry. Entrepreneurs have taken advantage of the open system, the lack of formal boundaries and the risk loving nature of the market to grow the sector into a very profitable industry. The paper specifically illustrates the differences to mainstream sports in relation to provision of facilities, program development and pathways and the roles of suppliers, councils and program developers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 66-78 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2008.12.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2008.12.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:2:p:66-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karla A. Henderson Author-X-Name-First: Karla A. Author-X-Name-Last: Henderson Title: A paradox of sport management and physical activity interventions Abstract: Managers of sports programs, facilities, and organizations can have a role in promoting health through physical activity participation. From the perspective of a leisure scientist who has examined various dimensions of leisure-time physical activity, this paper aims to appraise the status of how sports as potential physical activity interventions have been examined, particularly in the sport management literature. Although the purpose of many sport management organizations is to encourage spectatorship, sports have always offered significant opportunities for children and adults to be more physically active. Sports are a motivator for physical activity because they are enjoyable to participants. Therefore, research done by academics in sports management could reflect more about how mass participation recreational sports can serve as interventions to promote healthy physical activity behavior for individuals and within communities. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 57-65 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2008.12.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2008.12.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:2:p:57-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Justine B. Allen Author-X-Name-First: Justine B. Author-X-Name-Last: Allen Author-Name: Sally Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Title: “Everyone rolls up their sleeves and mucks in”: Exploring volunteers’ motivation and experiences of the motivational climate of a sporting event Abstract: Research examining volunteer motivation and satisfaction has been criticised for the limited explanation of the cognitive and social processes that may underpin the proposed relationships among motivation, satisfaction, performance and retention (Costa, C.A., Chalip, L., Green, B.C., & Simes, C. (2006). Reconsidering the role of training in event volunteers’ satisfaction. Sport Management Review, 9(2), 165–182.; Cuskelly, G., Hoye, R., & Auld, C. (2006). Working with volunteers in sport. Theory and practice. London: Routledge.). Self-determination theory (SDT) (Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.; Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000a) has proven useful in both for- and not-for-profit domains (e.g., Baard, P.P. (1994). A motivational basis for consulting with not-for-profit organizations: A study of church growth and participation. Consulting Psychology Journal, 46(3), 19–31.; Deci, E.L., Connell, J.P., & Ryan, R.M. (1989). Self-determination in a work organisation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(4), 580–590.; Hollembeak, J., & Amorose, A. J. (2005). Percevied coaching behaviors and college athletes’ intrinsic motivation: A test of self-determination theory. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(1), 20–36.) and appears particularly suited to understanding volunteer motivation. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78.). Therefore the purpose of this study was to examine sport event volunteers’ motivation and experiences of the motivational climate at a large sport event using self-determination theory. The participants were volunteers at the NZ Master's Games held biannually in Dunedin, NZ. They participated in focus group interviews in which their experiences as volunteers at the event were discussed. In general, the findings support tenets of self-determination theory. Participants reported intrinsic motivation toward volunteering but also forms of extrinsic motivation toward some volunteer tasks. With regard to the motivational climate, volunteers experienced support for their autonomy, and felt that their competence and sense of relatedness were fostered. These findings suggest that SDT is a viable framework for examining volunteer motivation. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 79-90 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2008.12.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2008.12.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:2:p:79-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chien Mu Yeh Author-X-Name-First: Chien Mu Author-X-Name-Last: Yeh Author-Name: Tracy Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Tracy Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Russell Hoye Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Hoye Title: Board roles in organisations with a dual board system: Empirical evidence from Taiwanese nonprofit sport organisations Abstract: Research on the roles of the board of unitary board systems is well established, while explorations of dual board systems are very limited. We know little about nonprofit sport organisations board roles in countries such as Taiwan that operate with a dual board structure. In consequence, this study explored the roles taken by the board of directors and the board of supervisors in Taiwanese nonprofit sport organisations. Four overarching board of director roles were identified: manage vision and purpose; board duty; human resource and fundraising; and stakeholder focus. For the board of supervisors two primary functions emerged: monitoring results; and board duty and process. The findings of the study extend our understanding of the governance of nonprofit sport organisations and the differences that exist between dual board and single board systems of governance. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 91-100 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2008.12.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2008.12.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:2:p:91-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brianna Smith Author-X-Name-First: Brianna Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Team power3: Building the market for a multisport organization Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 101-109 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2008.12.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2008.12.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:2:p:101-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brianna Smith Author-X-Name-First: Brianna Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Team power3: Building the Market for a multisport organization Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 110-112 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2008.12.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2008.12.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:2:p:110-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 2 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(09)00039-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(09)00039-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:2:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Veerle De Bosscher Author-X-Name-First: Veerle Author-X-Name-Last: De Bosscher Author-Name: Paul De Knop Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: De Knop Author-Name: Maarten van Bottenburg Author-X-Name-First: Maarten Author-X-Name-Last: van Bottenburg Author-Name: Simon Shibli Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Shibli Author-Name: Jerry Bingham Author-X-Name-First: Jerry Author-X-Name-Last: Bingham Title: Explaining international sporting success: An international comparison of elite sport systems and policies in six countries Abstract: The aim of this article is to explore the relationship between elite sport policy systems (inputs and throughputs) and success in international competitions (outputs). A conceptual model of the sports policy factors, which lead to international sporting success, was implemented in an empirical environment in a pilot study with six nations. The study has sought to operationalise nine pillars, or key drivers in elite sport systems, into measurable concepts, which can be aggregated into an overall score for each pillar. In addition to a national sport policy questionnaire, athletes, coaches and performance directors were also involved in the collection of qualitative and quantitative data. Although the results are inconclusive, the findings suggest that some pillars could be regarded as possible drivers of an effective system because they were prioritised in the most successful sample nations: financial resources (pillar 1), athletic and post-career support (pillar 5), training facilities (pillar 6) and coach development (partly pillar 7). Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 113-136 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.01.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.01.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:3:p:113-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kalliopi (Popi) Sotiriadou Author-X-Name-First: Kalliopi (Popi) Author-X-Name-Last: Sotiriadou Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Title: Australian Elite Athlete Development: An Organisational Perspective Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine and map the process of Australian elite athlete development from an organisational perspective, that of 35 national sporting organisations (NSOs). Research on elite development has focused on the significance of economic and cultural factors (macro-level studies) and the role of sport science and athletes’ close environment (micro-level studies) in fostering success. In an effort to depict elite athlete development processes in a more inclusive way, this paper offers an evaluation of the ways elite athletes are nurtured from an Australian NSOs perspective adopting a meso-level approach (e.g., programs). The study is based on a document analysis examining 74 annual reports from 35 NSOs over a period of four years, before and after the Sydney Olympic Games and offers a generic framework of the Australian elite athlete development process. The resulting framework shows that various interested groups are involved with nurturing elite athletes through either initiating or implementing specially designed programs or other strategies that cultivate success, and helps broaden the definition of elite development. The implications of successful elite athlete development include increased finances and public profile for sports as well as the creation of pathways to increase interest in sport. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 137-148 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.01.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.01.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:3:p:137-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Min Kil Kim Author-X-Name-First: Min Kil Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: James J. Zhang Author-X-Name-First: James J. Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Yong Jae Ko Author-X-Name-First: Yong Jae Author-X-Name-Last: Ko Title: Dimensions of Market Demand Associated with Taekwondo Schools in North America: Development of a Scale Abstract: Since the introduction of martial arts in the United States, the sport of Taekwondo (TKD) has rapidly grown and developed. Although the elevated interest in this sport has increased the magnitude of the TKD market, no systematic studies have been conducted to investigate the market demand variables associated with TKD schools in North America. To a great extent, lack of study has been due to the unavailability of a viable measure. The purpose of this study was to identify the dimensions of market demand for TKD schools and develop the Scale of Market Demand Associated with Taekwondo School (SMD-TKD). Research participants (N = 205) were TKD school members who were 18 years and older from 22 TKD schools in major cities of Florida. A factor analysis using principal component extraction and varimax rotation produced six factors with 51 items returned (i.e., Personal Benefits, School Operation, Instruction Quality, Program Offering, Locker Room, and Cultural Learning). Multiples regression analysis revealed that all market demand factors, except for Program Offering and Cultural Learning, were positively (p < .05) predictive of TKD consumption, suggesting that the SMD-TKD is useful for marketing studies on TKD consumers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 149-166 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.01.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.01.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:3:p:149-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Milena M. Parent Author-X-Name-First: Milena M. Author-X-Name-Last: Parent Author-Name: Denise Olver Author-X-Name-First: Denise Author-X-Name-Last: Olver Author-Name: Benoit Séguin Author-X-Name-First: Benoit Author-X-Name-Last: Séguin Title: Understanding Leadership in Major Sporting Events: The Case of the 2005 World Aquatics Championships Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to begin understanding leadership within a major sporting event. A case study of the 2005 Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) World Aquatics Championships was built by means of interviews and archival material, using a multi-stakeholder perspective. Findings highlighted that core elements of upper-management level leadership in events were best described by the multiple-linkage leadership theory, which includes task commitment, ability and role clarity, work organization, cooperation and mutual trust, resources and support, and external coordination as the six intervening variables. While charismatic and transformational leadership styles surfaced as contributing to the overall success of an event, the multiple-linkage leadership theory offered a more comprehensive understanding of leadership in major sporting events from a multi-stakeholder perspective. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 167-184 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.01.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.01.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:3:p:167-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joe Cobbs Author-X-Name-First: Joe Author-X-Name-Last: Cobbs Author-Name: Stephen McKelvey Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: McKelvey Title: The practice of brand extension through licensing: The Spalding Challenge Abstract: This teaching note presents instructors with several avenues for incorporating the case study, “The Practice of Brand Extension through Licensing: The Spalding Challenge,” into their classrooms. By proposing classroom demonstrations and exercises based on the authors’ experience as well as selected readings that correspond directly to the theoretical applications of brand equity, brand extensions and licensing strategy, and stakeholder analysis, the case note provides the foundation for achieving comprehensive learning outcomes. In addition, the note concludes by outlining what steps Spalding actually took to address the licensing dilemma presented in the case, thereby offering the instructor a finishing tool with which to illustrate the practical application of the concepts presented. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 193-198 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.04.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.04.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:3:p:193-198 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joe Cobbs Author-X-Name-First: Joe Author-X-Name-Last: Cobbs Author-Name: Stephen McKelvey Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: McKelvey Title: The practice of brand extension through licensing: The Spalding challenge Abstract: In this case study, the Russell Corporation's acquisition of Spalding creates an opportunity for Spalding's marketing staff to reevaluate their licensing strategy. Prior ownership has heavily leveraged the equity of the Spalding brand to generate maximum licensing revenues with a minimal concern for the long-term impact on the brand. Placed in the position of Spalding's Vice President for Marketing, the reader must grapple with strategic licensing factors such as the rise of the big-box retailer in distribution channels and product category congruence across extensions. Ultimately, with several licensing contracts up for renewal, a decision on the future direction of the Spalding brand must be outlined and defended in a presentation to the executives at Russell. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 185-192 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.04.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.04.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:3:p:185-192 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 3 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(09)00058-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(09)00058-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:3:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barbara Humberstone Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Author-X-Name-Last: Humberstone Title: Sport management, gender and the ‘bigger picture’ Abstract: This paper focuses mainly on a the author's current experience of Higher Education and of a module concerned with gender, difference, sport and leisure made available to students studying for sport and leisure management degrees. It reviews the changed nature of the curriculum in the shifting socio-economic climate, suggesting that the neo-liberal1 turn influencing Higher Education in UK is reinforcing an organisational (university) culture which is counter productive to fostering critical gender and race awareness in both staff and students within restructured sport management programs. The approach I adopt in writing this paper is partly auto/ethnographic and as such, on occasion, it looks at the previous research and current experiences through the eyes and emotions of a senior woman academic located within a changing ‘new’ university culture. Auto/ethnography as research approach and autobiography as learning medium are considered. Like this abstract, I move in and out of centring myself in the text whilst interweaving writing in a more neutral ‘academic’ form. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 255-262 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.03.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.03.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:4:p:255-262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Legg Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Legg Author-Name: G. Foster Author-X-Name-First: G. Author-X-Name-Last: Foster Author-Name: Stephen A. Greyser Author-X-Name-First: Stephen A. Author-X-Name-Last: Greyser Author-Name: B. Walsh Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Walsh Title: The Business of Sports: Text and Cases on Strategy and Management Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 271-272 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.02.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.02.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:4:p:271-272 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pamm Kellett Author-X-Name-First: Pamm Author-X-Name-Last: Kellett Author-Name: A.A. Thompson Author-X-Name-First: A.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Author-Name: Jr.A.J. Strickland Author-X-Name-First: Jr.A.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Strickland Author-Name: J.E. Gamble Author-X-Name-First: J.E. Author-X-Name-Last: Gamble Title: Crafting and Executing Strategy: The Quest for Competitive Advantage Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 269-270 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.02.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.02.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:4:p:269-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Farah R. Palmer Author-X-Name-First: Farah R. Author-X-Name-Last: Palmer Author-Name: Sarah I. Leberman Author-X-Name-First: Sarah I. Author-X-Name-Last: Leberman Title: Elite athletes as mothers: Managing multiple identities Abstract: Mothers’ voices are often silent in the sports literature, especially as elite athletes. This research used a symbolic interactionist approach and semi-structured interviews to explore the experiences of nine elite female athletes in New Zealand who were also mothers at the time of competing. The specific objectives were to explore how motherhood impacted on the identity of elite athletes, how they negotiated their multiple identities and roles, and how support systems were utilized to encourage and retain elite athletes as mothers. The women managed their multiple identities and negotiated constraints such as guilt, lack of time and limited organizational support by emphasizing how integral sport was to their sense of self. They highlighted the mutual benefits of motherhood to their sport aspirations and vice versa, by utilizing time/space management strategies, and by creating and accessing strong support networks which sometimes included organizational support. There was a move towards the integration of multiple identities and a focus on how women's choices in leisure and sport were realized for future research and theory development. Sport management practices and policies that create opportunities for mothers to achieve and maintain elite athlete status are also mentioned. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 241-254 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.03.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.03.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:4:p:241-254 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeff Greenhill Author-X-Name-First: Jeff Author-X-Name-Last: Greenhill Author-Name: Chris Auld Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Auld Author-Name: Graham Cuskelly Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Cuskelly Author-Name: Sue Hooper Author-X-Name-First: Sue Author-X-Name-Last: Hooper Title: The impact of organisational factors on career pathways for female coaches Abstract: Government and sport organisations have spent considerable resources on increasing the number of female coaches in sport, yet women are still significantly under-represented in this sector. Research directed towards understanding why females remain involved in coaching in the Australian sport system has tended to focus on individual barriers and motivations, with generally less attention given to the organisational setting in which coaches work. To examine why there continues to be low numbers of female coaches in elite sport, Kanter's (Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic) organisational theory of homologous reproduction was used to guide a case study of a state sport organisation (SSO). Results indicated that organisational strategies, prevailing hegemonic masculinity, and systemic barriers in the SSO were sustaining male coaching dominance in the organisation whilst marginalizing women. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 229-240 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.03.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.03.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:4:p:229-240 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sally Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Author-Name: Justine B. Allen Author-X-Name-First: Justine B. Author-X-Name-Last: Allen Title: The experiences of high performance women coaches: A case study of two Regional Sport Organisations Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of high performance female coaches and their managers. These experiences were examined through an analysis of the organisational values that related to the management of high performance women coaches. Specifically, organisational values were identified as powerful discourses that were key to framing coaches’ and managers’ organisational experiences, and also through which managers and coaches influence those experiences. The research utilised a case study approach of two Regional Sport Organisations in New Zealand. Commonalities and contradictions experienced by coaches and their managers were analysed. Additionally, analysis across the two organisations was undertaken. It was found that coaches and their managers do not just reflect their organisational values. Rather, they are at times active in constructing them. In order to consider and facilitate change in the management of high performance coaches, there is a need to consider this process of the creation of organisational values. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 217-228 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.03.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.03.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:4:p:217-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Berit Skirstad Author-X-Name-First: Berit Author-X-Name-Last: Skirstad Title: Gender policy and organizational change: A contextual approach Abstract: The purpose of this article is to draw upon Pettigrew's contextualist approach to organizational change to examine the implications of gender policy on the imbalance between female and male board members in sport organizations. The paper is based on a case study of the General Assembly (GA) of Sports in Norway over more than three decades. The central focus is on the evolution of gender equality as expressed in changes in the relevant statutes of the sport organization, the preparatory work for the changes, the environment in which the changes have occurred, and the process itself with its critical incidents and the behaviour of key actors. The period of study is divided into three according to which approach was mainly used for promoting equality: equal rights (1971–1984), positive action (1984–1994), and gender mainstreaming (1994–2007). The study facilitates an understanding of how change has been achieved. Evolutionary or incremental change has impacted organized sport resulting in a more equal gender balance, with the proportion of women delegates increasing from 8% to 39% in the General Assembly of Sports. Despite this considerable development, a proposal for a 40% quota of women in all sport organizations was turned down by the Executive Board and not put before the General Assembly in 2007. It is suggested that Pettigrew's contextualistic approach helps in seeing the processes of change more clearly, and who are the key-persons and incidents involved in the process. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 202-216 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.03.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.03.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:4:p:202-216 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sean Gorman Author-X-Name-First: Sean Author-X-Name-Last: Gorman Author-Name: R. Lapchick Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Lapchick Title: 100 Pioneers: African-Americans Who Broke Color Barriers in Sport Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 267-268 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.03.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.03.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:4:p:267-268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ron Garland Author-X-Name-First: Ron Author-X-Name-Last: Garland Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Author-Name: Hans Westerbeek Author-X-Name-First: Hans Author-X-Name-Last: Westerbeek Author-Name: Shayne Quick Author-X-Name-First: Shayne Author-X-Name-Last: Quick Author-Name: Daniel Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Title: Strategic Sport Marketing Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 265-266 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.04.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.04.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:4:p:265-266 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Author-Name: V. Girginov Author-X-Name-First: V. Author-X-Name-Last: Girginov Title: Management of Sports Development Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 263-264 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.04.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.04.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:4:p:263-264 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emma Sherry Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Sherry Author-Name: F. Coalter Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: Coalter Title: A Wider Social Role for Sport: Who´s Keeping the Score? Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 273-274 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.05.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.05.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:4:p:273-274 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simone Fullagar Author-X-Name-First: Simone Author-X-Name-Last: Fullagar Author-Name: Kristine Toohey Author-X-Name-First: Kristine Author-X-Name-Last: Toohey Title: Introduction to gender and sport management special issue: Challenges and changes Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 199-201 Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.09.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.09.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:4:p:199-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: i-i Issue: 4 Volume: 12 Year: 2009 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(09)00082-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(09)00082-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:12:y:2009:i:4:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandra Schidor Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra Author-X-Name-Last: Schidor Author-Name: Eric C. Schwarz Author-X-Name-First: Eric C. Author-X-Name-Last: Schwarz Author-Name: Jason D. Hunter Author-X-Name-First: Jason D. Author-X-Name-Last: Hunter Title: Advanced Theory and Practice in Sport Marketing Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 82-83 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.08.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.08.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:82-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: May Kim Author-X-Name-First: May Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: James J. Zhang Author-X-Name-First: James J. Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Dan Connaughton Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Connaughton Title: Modification of the Volunteer Functions Inventory for application in youth sports Abstract: The purpose of this study was to modify the Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) to be specifically applicable to assess volunteer motivation in youth sport settings. Based on a comprehensive review of literature, the VFI items were first modified to reflect the context of youth sports. Testing of measurement properties was accomplished through two studies. In Study One, the modified VFI was administered to volunteers (N = 515) of a nationwide youth soccer organization. Data were randomly split into two-halves: one for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with principal-axis extraction and oblique rotation, and the other for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with maximum likelihood estimation. In the EFA, six factors emerged which were consistent with the dimensions of the VFI; however, 12 items were eliminated due to double loading or misspecification, resulting in 18 items being retained. The CFA revealed that the data fit the 6-factor model well. In Study Two, the resolved scale was re-validated through a sample of 262 volunteers of local youth sport leagues. Overall, findings of these two studies suggest that the modified VFI for youth sports is a valid and reliable scale. This scale may be adopted to study various volunteer motivation issues associated with youth sport organizations and events. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 25-38 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.04.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.04.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:25-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andy Rudd Author-X-Name-First: Andy Author-X-Name-Last: Rudd Author-Name: R. Burke Johnson Author-X-Name-First: R. Burke Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Title: A call for more mixed methods in sport management research Abstract: Despite the popularity and strong advocacy for combining quantitative and qualitative methods, few mixed methods approaches are found in the sport management research. As a result, this article examines the frequency with which mixed methods research has been used in recent sport management research, and demonstrates ways in which mixed methods can help improve the validity of research findings in sport management related topics. Because research in sport management often is concerned with causal questions, this article provides mixed methods designs for improving causal inference. Examples are provided from three areas of sport management research, including marketing, organizational behavior, and finance. The designs that are provided are based on the mixed methods design dimensions of time order and priority of quantitative and qualitative data. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 14-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.06.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.06.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:14-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aaron C.T. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Aaron C.T. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Bob Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Title: The special features of sport: A critical revisit Abstract: In the world of contemporary sport it is commonly claimed that at its elite end at least, sport's management is complex because the product it delivers to participants and fans is so idiosyncratic. This claim is accompanied by the view that while professional sport is in large part just another form of business, it has a range of special features that demand a customised set of practices to ensure its effective operation. This article aims to re-examine this view in the light of sport's commercial and socio-cultural developments over the last decade. It initially proposes that while both business and sport are concerned with widening market share, building profits, and strengthening brands, the presumption that sport has a monopoly over the delivery of intense emotional experiences, tribal belonging, and strong interpersonal relationships, is difficult to defend. The article concludes that while sport's economic and social progress has created an industry that is built around complex bureaucracies that turn over many thousands of millions of dollars every year, it has also created a more diverse and heterogeneous system of structures and experiences that are difficult to conflate to a handful of neat special features. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-13 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.07.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.07.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:1-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carl S. Bozman Author-X-Name-First: Carl S. Author-X-Name-Last: Bozman Author-Name: Lada V. Kurpis Author-X-Name-First: Lada V. Author-X-Name-Last: Kurpis Author-Name: Chris Frye Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Frye Title: Hoopfest: Using longitudinal economic impact data to assess the success of a strategic reorientation Abstract: The authors report the economic impact of a strategy change for a nonprofit sport association, Hoopfest, over an eight year period. Hoopfest organizes the largest annual 3-on-3 basketball tournament in the world. The study employs an economic impact methodology because the local community expressed a concern with related economic development issues. An initial assessment indicated the two-day tournament had an overall economic impact on the region of about seventeen million dollars. Twenty-two thousand people competed in the tournament and at least another one hundred thousand people watched the event. Hoopfest officials were challenged by a simple question: how could they enhance the economic benefits of this basketball tournament? Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 65-81 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.04.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.04.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:65-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sue Brown Author-X-Name-First: Sue Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: James C. Sarros Author-X-Name-First: James C. Author-X-Name-Last: Sarros Title: Contemporary Perspectives on Leadership: Focus and Meaning for Ambiguous Times Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 84-85 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.07.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.07.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:84-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Keith Jakee Author-X-Name-First: Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Jakee Author-Name: Martin Kenneally Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Kenneally Author-Name: Hamish Mitchell Author-X-Name-First: Hamish Author-X-Name-Last: Mitchell Title: Asymmetries in scheduling slots and game-day revenues: An example from the Australian Football League Abstract: This article investigates three related questions: first, whether the Australian Football League exhibits attendance asymmetries across the available playing slots; second, whether various subgroups of teams in the AFL have equal access to the more highly attended time slots; and, third, whether asymmetries in the first two phenomena can drive meaningful asymmetries in match-day revenues across clubs. We find that asymmetries exist not only across the various playing slots, but also in various teams’ access to the more highly attended slots. Further, by providing some novel estimates of revenue streams from television and gate receipts, we show that these asymmetries can drive substantial differences in game-day revenues. A key implication is that scheduling should be treated with the same critical analysis as the many other factors that affect the financial performance of clubs. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 50-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.09.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.09.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:50-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joris Drayer Author-X-Name-First: Joris Author-X-Name-Last: Drayer Author-Name: Nathan T. Martin Author-X-Name-First: Nathan T. Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Title: Establishing legitimacy in the secondary ticket market: A case study of an NFL market Abstract: As a result of the occasional unethical business practices of its members, such as price gouging and ticket fraud, the secondary ticket market for sporting events has struggled to gain legitimacy from the perspective of leagues, teams, and consumers. However, as this industry has grown exponentially in the past decade with the advent of the Internet, entities that resell tickets have implemented several strategies for improving the negative images resulting from these unethical practices. As primary and secondary ticketing operations continue to merge through secondary market sponsorships, teams and other sport properties must carefully consider public perceptions of this market before determining their own level of involvement with it. Understanding what strategies the members of the secondary market use to repair and enhance these perceptions is the first step in making that judgment. The purpose of this study was to examine the legitimacy-building strategies in a National Football League (NFL) market for each segment of the secondary ticket market (scalpers, licensed ticket brokers, and secondary ticket market websites). Additionally, a new strategy for legitimacy-building (legitimacy acquisition) is also presented. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 39-49 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.09.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.09.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:39-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(09)00105-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(09)00105-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joris Drayer Author-X-Name-First: Joris Author-X-Name-Last: Drayer Author-Name: Stephen L. Shapiro Author-X-Name-First: Stephen L. Author-X-Name-Last: Shapiro Author-Name: Brendan Dwyer Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Dwyer Author-Name: Alan L. Morse Author-X-Name-First: Alan L. Author-X-Name-Last: Morse Author-Name: Joel White Author-X-Name-First: Joel Author-X-Name-Last: White Title: The effects of fantasy football participation on NFL consumption: A qualitative analysis Abstract: The growth of fantasy sports into a multi-billion dollar industry has made it an important component of the sports industry. Sport leagues must acknowledge the impact fantasy sports have on the way its participants consume their sport. This study examines the impact of fantasy football on the consumption of NFL-related products and services using an adapted version of the attitude/behavior model developed [Fazio, R. H., Powell, M. C., & Herr, P. M. (1983). Toward a process model of the attitude–behavior relation: Accessing one's attitude upon mere observation of the attitude object. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(4), 723–735]. Using qualitative methods, the data indicate that fantasy football participants utilized various media sources, specifically the Internet, television, cellular telephones, and a variety of print media, at much higher levels as a result of their interest and participation in fantasy football. Further, contrary to previous literature on fan loyalty, team and player outcomes were found to alter perceptions towards a favorite team or a fantasy team. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 141-153 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.02.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.02.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:141-153 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric W. MacIntosh Author-X-Name-First: Eric W. Author-X-Name-Last: MacIntosh Author-Name: Alison Doherty Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Doherty Title: The influence of organizational culture on job satisfaction and intention to leave Abstract: This investigation examined the impact of organizational culture on job satisfaction and intention to leave the organization through a survey of fitness staff. Organizational culture is commonly known as the values, beliefs and basic assumptions that help guide and coordinate member behaviour. The Cultural Index for Fitness Organizations (CIFO) was developed to measure organizational culture in the fitness industry specifically. Exploratory factor analysis revealed eight factors that represent cultural dimensions common to this context: staff competency, atmosphere, connectedness, formalization, sales, service-equipment, service-programs, and organizational presence. Path analysis was used to examine the relationship among the organizational culture factors, job satisfaction and intention to leave. Results produced a partially mediated model of organizational culture that explained 14.3% of the variance in job satisfaction and 50.3% of the variance with intention to leave the organization. The findings highlight the multidimensionality of organizational culture and its complexity in the fitness industry. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 106-117 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.04.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.04.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:106-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nico Schulenkorf Author-X-Name-First: Nico Author-X-Name-Last: Schulenkorf Title: The roles and responsibilities of a change agent in sport event development projects Abstract: There is increasing evidence that NGOs and Government agencies are turning to sport events as a tool for reconciliation and inter-community development (Burnett, 2006; Gasser & Levinsen, 2004; Stidder & Haasner, 2007; Sugden, 2006), yet the different roles and responsibilities of the organising ‘change agent’ within development projects have not received much empirical investigation. To address this gap, this paper analyses the different roles and responsibilities of an international sport event change agent in the ethnically divided Sri Lanka. Following an interpretivist mode of inquiry, findings of this research are derived from the analysis of 2 focus groups and 35 in-depth interviews with Sinhalese, Tamil, Muslim and international event stakeholders.Findings suggest that the change agent holds nine key roles and responsibilities in the inter-community development process. These are being an agent for community participation; a trust builder; a networker; a leader; a socially responsible advocate; a resource developer; a proactive innovator; a financial supporter; and a strategic planner for the long-term sustainability of projects. This research suggests that it is important to fulfil these roles to secure active community participation, to achieve positive socio-cultural event impacts and outcomes, and to provide a strategic framework for sustainable inter-community development. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 118-128 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.05.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.05.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:118-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Emery Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Emery Title: Past, present, future major sport event management practice: The practitioner perspective Abstract: The last decade has seen unprecedented demand to host major sport events, since they can potentially fulfil multi-levelled economic, social, and political agendas. However, despite their universal appeal and long history of implementation, the emergent industry is too often associated with examples of mismanagement. In the light of these continuing major sport event management incidents, the purpose of this study is to provide a review of current management practice and to place this in some sense of temporal context by reflecting on the historical as well future development of the evolving industry.Adopting a practitioner focus at the local organising committee level, a self-administered postal questionnaire was sent to 178 major sport event organisers from 11 countries. Based upon a stratified sample of the 20 priority sports of England, the most senior manager of these sport governing bodies and local authority hosts was invited to participate in the study. Providing a questionnaire response rate of 26% a second phase of data collection was undertaken. This entailed 10 in-depth face-to-face semi-structured interviews selected on the basis of a geographical convenience sample (50 mile radius of author) of returned questionnaire respondents.The findings reveal that current success is based upon effective and efficient management of the tripartite relationship of sport, media, and the event funders, as well as limiting chance occurrences. Reflecting on the historical and future drivers of the event industry, it was further concluded that a better understanding of economics, technology and culture are fundamental to ensuing a safer and new era of global professionalism. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 158-170 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.06.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.06.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:158-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Russell Hoye Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Hoye Author-Name: Matthew Nicholson Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholson Title: Sport stadia governance Abstract: This case concerns the fictional city of Urbanville, the state capital of Northern Australia, a pseudonym for one of Australia's eight States and Territories, where the State and municipal governments have decided to invest $600 M in the construction of a new sport stadium. The case explores the question of how the stadium will be governed once it has been constructed. The case outlines the key issues and challenges posed by Urbanville's existing sport stadia infrastructure; current issues among stakeholders and their use of existing stadia in Urbanville; and possible choices for the governance arrangements of the new stadium. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 171-178 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.07.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.07.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:171-178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin K. Byon Author-X-Name-First: Kevin K. Author-X-Name-Last: Byon Author-Name: James J. Zhang Author-X-Name-First: James J. Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Daniel P. Connaughton Author-X-Name-First: Daniel P. Author-X-Name-Last: Connaughton Title: Dimensions of general market demand associated with professional team sports: Development of a scale Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop the Scale of Market Demand to assess general market demand factors affecting the consumption of professional team sports, which was completed through the following five steps: (a) formulation of a theoretical framework, (b) development of a preliminary scale, (c) exploratory factor analysis (EFA), (d) confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and (e) examination of predictive validity through conducting a structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. Following a community intercept method, professional sport consumers (N = 453) in four southeastern metropolitan areas responded to the scale. Data were randomly split into two halves: one for EFA and the other for CFA. In the EFA with alpha extraction and promax rotation, six factors with 31 items emerged: opposing team, home team, game promotion, economic consideration, sport epitome, and schedule convenience. In the CFA with maximum likelihood estimation, five factors with 17 most pertinent items were retained, without the sport epitome factor. This five-factor model displayed good fit to the data, discriminant validity, and high reliability. The SEM revealed that home team, opposing team, and game promotion were predictive of game re-attendance behaviour. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 142-157 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.07.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.07.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:142-157 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cindy Wiersma Author-X-Name-First: Cindy Author-X-Name-Last: Wiersma Author-Name: Lisa Masteralexis Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Masteralexis Author-Name: Carol Barr Author-X-Name-First: Carol Author-X-Name-Last: Barr Author-Name: Mary Hums Author-X-Name-First: Mary Author-X-Name-Last: Hums Title: Principles and Practice of Sport Management Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 179-180 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:179-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel F. Mahony Author-X-Name-First: Daniel F. Author-X-Name-Last: Mahony Author-Name: Mary A. Hums Author-X-Name-First: Mary A. Author-X-Name-Last: Hums Author-Name: Damon P.S. Andrew Author-X-Name-First: Damon P.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Andrew Author-Name: Stephen W. Dittmore Author-X-Name-First: Stephen W. Author-X-Name-Last: Dittmore Title: Organizational justice in sport Abstract: Research on organizational justice in sport has evolved during the past fifteen years. Much of that research has focused on the perceived fairness of equity, equality, and need when making resource distributions (distributive justice) in intercollegiate athletics. Generally, those involved with intercollegiate athletics believe resource decisions based on equality and need are the most fair, but decisions appear to be based on different principles. Scholars have also begun examining the fairness of decision-making processes (procedural justice) and the communication of those decisions (interactional justice), and how organizational justice impacts organizational outcomes, such as job satisfaction. Additionally, research has expanded to include sport settings beyond intercollegiate athletics. This article summarizes the state of research by first reviewing the general organizational justice literature to conceptually describe the constructs of interest before providing a detailed examination of sport management specific research. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research on organizational justice in sport management. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 91-105 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:91-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Thank you reviewers for Sport Management Review in calendar year 2009 Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 87-89 Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(10)00019-7 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(10)00019-7 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:87-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: i-i Issue: 2 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(10)00021-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(10)00021-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:2:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Walker Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Author-Name: Milena M. Parent Author-X-Name-First: Milena M. Author-X-Name-Last: Parent Title: Toward an integrated framework of corporate social responsibility, responsiveness, and citizenship in sport Abstract: This article examined the concepts of corporate social responsibility, corporate social responsiveness, and corporate citizenship (CSR1, CSR2, and CC, respectively) in relation to the activities reported by organizations in the sport industry. We expand on the idea that social involvement differs amongst sport organizations based on type, scope, direction, and target audiences. Therefore, in contrast to the majority of positivist models of social responsibility, we propose an integrated model of social involvement which notably includes the spatial (i.e., geographical) orientation of social involvement in sport. To begin distinguishing between the various forms of social involvement, we content analyzed the websites of nearly 100 sport entities to provide both typicality and a systematic variety of teams, leagues, and organizations to reveal general social involvement practices in the industry. We conclude that social involvement varies considerably in the sport industry and this variation can be partially explained by geographical reach, stakeholder influences, and business operations of the organizations. For example, multinational organizations are more likely to adopt CC activities than those operating in more localized context and the magnitude and scope of the social involvement tends to reflect the profile and size of the organization. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 198-213 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.03.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.03.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:198-213 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: May Kim Author-X-Name-First: May Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Galen T. Trail Author-X-Name-First: Galen T. Author-X-Name-Last: Trail Title: The effects of service provider employment status and service quality exchange on perceived organizational image and purchase intention Abstract: Volunteers are a major labor source in sports; however, the impact of volunteers on organizational image or on customers’ repatronage intentions has not been studied. An experimental study (2 × 3 factorial design) was employed to explore the effect of Employment Status of the service provider and perceived Quality of Service Exchange on Perceived Organizational Image and Intention to Attend a Game with 461 college students who were potential customers of college sports. Quality of Service Exchange included Technical Aspects (presenting of information vs. presenting of no information) and Relational Aspects (willingness to help vs. unwillingness to help). Results showed that both Perceived Organizational Image and Intention to Attend a Game were primarily determined by Quality of Service Exchange. Employment Status and the interaction term between Employment Status and Quality of Service Exchange only minimally influenced the two dependent variables. This suggests that potential customers of college sports did not distinguish the service of volunteers from that of paid-employees. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 225-234 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.06.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.06.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:225-234 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pamela Wicker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Wicker Author-Name: Christoph Breuer Author-X-Name-First: Christoph Author-X-Name-Last: Breuer Author-Name: Tim Pawlowski Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Pawlowski Title: Are sports club members big spenders? Abstract: This paper analyses the sport expenditures of people who are members of non-profit sports clubs (N = 10,013) in Germany. Adult members, active in 21 sports, were asked about their sport expenditure relating to several defined categories. The results show that members spend an average of €1610 per year on their chosen sport. Sport specific analyses reveal big differences in expenditure between sports, ranging from badminton (€338) to equestrian (€7902). According to sport-specific regression analyses, personal income, level of performance, and weekly time of participation are the main predictors of sport-specific expenditures. Compared to other studies, these results show that the financial status of members of non-profit sports clubs is very strong. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 214-224 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.07.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.07.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:214-224 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Leberman Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Leberman Author-Name: T. Taylor Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: A. Doherty Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Doherty Author-Name: P. McGraw Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: McGraw Title: Managing People in Sport Organizations: A Strategic Human Resource Management Perspective Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 305-306 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.09.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.09.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:305-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sean Phelps Author-X-Name-First: Sean Author-X-Name-Last: Phelps Title: Communicating the need for a new field of dreams: If we don’t rebuild it will they go? Abstract: Convincing the public to finance a stadium is often contentious and even more so in smaller communities with limited funding options. In this case study of Cobb Field, the city of Billings, Montana must address the disrepair of its municipally owned baseball stadium. The field is used by a minor league professional baseball team, two American Legion teams, and a university program. Cobb Field is in violation of the rules that govern minor league professional baseball, and must seek waivers each year to allow the professional team to remain. As a result, community leaders are concerned the team could relocate. The city council wants a new stadium, but must seek approval for a tax increase from a community that has recently rejected levies for schools, libraries, and museums. Students should ponder what public relations strategies are available to the supporters of a new stadium while considering the needs, wants, and desires of the various stakeholders involved. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 296-304 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.09.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.09.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:296-304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Clare Hanlon Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: Hanlon Author-Name: Tony Morris Author-X-Name-First: Tony Author-X-Name-Last: Morris Author-Name: Susan Nabbs Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Nabbs Title: Establishing a successful physical activity program to recruit and retain women Abstract: Increasingly, health organisations and governing bodies in developed countries are paying serious attention to the problem of adult inactivity. Many of the programs designed to increase levels of activity, particularly amongst target populations, such as women, have not been systematically assessed for their effectiveness in recruiting women and helping them maintain activity levels. The purpose of this study was to determine what attracted and sustained women to participate in physical activity programs. Responses from a survey to sport and recreation program providers identified 64 successful programs in the state of Victoria, Australia. Eight of these programs were purposively selected for case study analysis. Data was collected from a focus group with women participants from each of these eight programs. Six core themes emerged from inductive content analysis of the focus groups. The most frequent participant responses related to the social aspects of the exercise environment. Women in the focus groups valued instructor professionalism and instructors’ technical knowledge, however, it was their awareness and sensitivity that participants appreciated most. This exploratory study is important because it reflects the voices of women talking about what made physical activity programs successful for them. The study raises critical questions that should be examined systematically through large-scale survey research and field-based intervention studies, which in turn should stimulate program development to encourage women in physical activity. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 269-282 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:269-282 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen L. Shapiro Author-X-Name-First: Stephen L. Author-X-Name-Last: Shapiro Author-Name: Chrysostomos Giannoulakis Author-X-Name-First: Chrysostomos Author-X-Name-Last: Giannoulakis Author-Name: Joris Drayer Author-X-Name-First: Joris Author-X-Name-Last: Drayer Author-Name: Chien-Hsin Wang Author-X-Name-First: Chien-Hsin Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Title: An examination of athletic alumni giving behavior: Development of the Former Student-Athlete Donor Constraint Scale Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to develop a scale to measure the degree to which college athletic donation barriers exist for former student-athletes. The Former Student-Athlete Donor Constraint Scale (FSADCS) was created to further examine donor constraint themes found in a previous qualitative investigation. An analysis of the construct validity of the FSADCS was conducted with 243 former student-athletes from a NCAA Division I institution. The FSADCS was developed through thematic content analysis, item generation, expert review, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and additional validity and reliability testing. CFA supported a 5-factor, 27-item structure (Lack of Importance, Disconnect, Communication Issues, Experience Issues, and Dissatisfaction). Additional validity and reliability tests also supported the FSADCS. The findings of this study illustrate the importance of developing a framework for understanding potential barriers which influence charitable contribution behavior for a unique population within the prospective donor market. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 283-295 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.12.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.12.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:283-295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jackie Heffernan Author-X-Name-First: Jackie Author-X-Name-Last: Heffernan Author-Name: Danny O’Brien Author-X-Name-First: Danny Author-X-Name-Last: O’Brien Title: Stakeholder influence strategies in bidding for a professional sport franchise license Abstract: This paper examines an application for a franchise license in Australia's professional rugby league competition, the National Rugby League (NRL). Frooman's (1999) typology of stakeholder influence strategies is used to analyse the negotiation of resource relationships between a Gold Coast franchise bid team and its key stakeholders. Primary data came from 12 interviews with nine key actors in the bid process; these were buttressed by secondary data. Frooman's typology provided a useful heuristic, but did not fully account for the critical role of firm legitimacy in stakeholders’ choice of influence strategies. The bid team negotiated stakeholders’ initial direct withholding strategies by creating access to the intangible resource of legitimacy. This subsequently provided access to material resources such as finance, a new stadium, and, ultimately, a franchise license. The findings are of note to practitioners and scholars interested professional sport and stakeholder theory. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 255-268 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:255-268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aaron C.T. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Aaron C.T. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Bob Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Author-Name: Sunny Oliver-Bennetts Author-X-Name-First: Sunny Author-X-Name-Last: Oliver-Bennetts Author-Name: Sharyn McDonald Author-X-Name-First: Sharyn Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald Author-Name: Lynley Ingerson Author-X-Name-First: Lynley Author-X-Name-Last: Ingerson Author-Name: Alastair Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Alastair Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Author-Name: Geoff Dickson Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Dickson Author-Name: Paul Emery Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Emery Author-Name: Fiona Graetz Author-X-Name-First: Fiona Author-X-Name-Last: Graetz Title: Contextual influences and athlete attitudes to drugs in sport Abstract: This article reports on 11 narrative-based case histories which sought to: (1) uncover the attitudes of players and athletes to drugs in sport, and (2) explore contextual factors influencing the formation of those attitudes as informed by social ecology theory. Overall, participants viewed the use of banned performance-enhancing substances as cheating, ‘hard’ non-performance-enhancing recreational or illicit substances as unwise, legal non-performance-enhancing substances as acceptable, and legal performance-enhancing substances as essential. In short, attitudes were sometimes quite libertarian, and contingent upon first, the legality of the substance, and second, its performance impact. Results also indicated that athletes’ attitudes about drugs were fundamentally shaped by sport's culture. Other significant factors included its commercial scale, closely identifiable others, early experiences and critical incidents of players and athletes, and their level of performance. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 181-197 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:181-197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lesley Ferkins Author-X-Name-First: Lesley Author-X-Name-Last: Ferkins Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Title: Developing board strategic capability in sport organisations: The national–regional governing relationship Abstract: It is well established that the strategic function is a central role of the non-profit sport board. Little is known, however, about board strategic capability in any context. This study investigated how boards of national sport organisations might develop their strategic capability. “Interpretive” action research focusing on the case of Tennis New Zealand (TNZ) found that the board's strategic role is significantly impacted by its inter-organisational relationships. In particular, the board's ability to enact its strategic priorities could be enhanced by creating a more collaborative partnership with its regional entities and engaging in a power-sharing approach that seeks to develop regional capability. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 235-254 Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:235-254 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: i-i Issue: 3 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(10)00041-0 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(10)00041-0 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:3:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George B. Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: George B. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Title: Understanding the under-representation of African American coaches: A multilevel perspective Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive, multilevel framework for understanding the under-representation of African Americans as head coaches of university athletic teams. I argue that factors at the macro-level (i.e., institutionalized practices, political climate, stakeholder expectations), meso-level (i.e., prejudice on the part of decision makers, discrimination, leadership prototypes, organizational culture of diversity), and micro-level (i.e., head coaching expectations and intentions, occupational turnover intentions) all impact this phenomenon. The framework's applicability for policy development and changes initiatives is also discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 395-406 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.07.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.07.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:395-406 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lesley Ferkins Author-X-Name-First: Lesley Author-X-Name-Last: Ferkins Author-Name: J. Coakley Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Coakley Author-Name: C. Hallinan Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Hallinan Author-Name: S. Jackson Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson Author-Name: P. Mewett Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Mewett Title: Sports in Society: Issues and Controversies in Australia and New Zealand Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 435-436 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.10.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:435-436 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alana Thomson Author-X-Name-First: Alana Author-X-Name-Last: Thomson Author-Name: Simon Darcy Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Darcy Author-Name: Sonya Pearce Author-X-Name-First: Sonya Author-X-Name-Last: Pearce Title: Ganma theory and third-sector sport-development programmes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth: Implications for sports management Abstract: Sport-development programmes provide opportunities for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth to excel and overcome social inequities. In Australia, all levels of government have identified sport-development programmes in their policy responses as a method to redress inequity amongst this population. Yet, a recent report has shown that national sport organisations have been more reactive in establishing anti-discrimination policy and less proactive in cultivating culturally inclusive programmes and meaningful sporting experiences (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 2007). At the same time, neo-liberal approaches to policy in Australia have seen the emphasis on grassroots community sport-development shift to third-sector organisations. However, little research has examined how the third-sector organisations operate with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities and how culturally inclusive the programmes they deliver are for the communities in which they operate. Three case studies with the objectives of analysing organisational approaches to: structure and governance; sport-development philosophies; and cultural inclusiveness of the programmes, are presented here. The case studies were informed by the cultural lens of Ganma, a theory belonging to the Yolngu community of Yirrkala (Marika, Ngurruwutthun, & White, 1992). The case study method included in-depth interviews with programme leaders, reviews of management information systems and programme observation. The findings provided evidence of the importance of culturally inclusive programmes through governance and an informal lived approach to philosophy and culture. The implications for sports management are discussed, including: the benefits of involving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people at the board level; the need for collaboration between local communities and partners; the explicit need to empower local communities to develop the skills to sustain programmes and outcomes; and the maintenance of mutually beneficial interactions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 313-330 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:313-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Larena Hoeber Author-X-Name-First: Larena Author-X-Name-Last: Hoeber Title: Experiences of volunteering in sport: Views from Aboriginal individuals Abstract: Our understandings of volunteering in sport can be challenged and broadened by examining the experiences of those whose volunteer efforts go unrecognized or unnoticed. In the mainstream sport system, one such under-represented and under-researched sector is the Aboriginal community. The purpose of this paper is to examine the experiences of Canadian Aboriginal individuals as sport volunteers. The paper is based on a re-analysis of data collected for two related research projects. The first study consisted of nine focus groups with Aboriginal individuals who volunteered for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal sport organizations. The second study involved five focus groups with Aboriginal individuals who volunteered at one of two multi-sport events. The data were manually coded on the dimensions of intended beneficiaries, structure, remuneration, and free choice (Cnaan, Handy, & Wadsworth, 1996). There was little discussion of the issue of free choice, however most participants spoke of choosing the organizations, venues, and sports they wanted to help. The primary beneficiaries of their volunteer efforts were Aboriginal communities and Aboriginal youth. While they helped out formal organizations and events, their preference in those organizations was for relatively unstructured positions, for not being managed, and for a fun and relaxed environment. Volunteering was generally understood as unpaid work; yet, there was discussion of the growing trend of paying Aboriginal individuals to volunteer. These findings illustrate a broader and alternative understanding of volunteering in sport and have implications for the management of sport volunteers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 345-354 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:345-354 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Akilah R. Carter Author-X-Name-First: Akilah R. Author-X-Name-Last: Carter Author-Name: Algerian Hart Author-X-Name-First: Algerian Author-X-Name-Last: Hart Title: Perspectives of mentoring: The Black female student-athlete Abstract: The purpose of this study was to understand Black female collegiate athletes’ perception of mentors and the characteristics of their current mentors. Understanding their definition of a mentor and the persons whom fulfill the psychosocial and career mentor roles will provide insight on the mentor–mentee relationship. In addition, the researchers found it necessary to ascertain the persons whom fulfill the athletic mentor role due to the collegiate athletic status. This study is approached from a critical feminist lens, utilizing a qualitative questionnaire to capture and analyze the voice and perceptions of the Black female athletes (n = 38) from two Division I universities. Critical race theory and Black feminist thought were employed to capture the “multiple jeopardies” of the Black female athlete, thus recognizing race, or racism, and gender, or sexism, are at the fore of their daily experiences. The findings revealed Black female athletes’ definitions of a mentor were characterized by the traditional mentor qualities such as a guide, a supporter, and a role model. Further analysis indicated the women had three distinctly different persons to fulfill each mentor dimension to include: career/academic support, psychosocial support, and athletic support. However, the characteristics of those persons who fulfilled each dimension were family members, with greater influence by the coach on the athletic support dimension. Based on the findings it would benefit administrators to recognize these characteristics and persons of influence when providing support services and developmental programs for the Black female collegiate athlete. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 382-394 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:382-394 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James T. Allen Author-X-Name-First: James T. Author-X-Name-Last: Allen Author-Name: Dan D. Drane Author-X-Name-First: Dan D. Author-X-Name-Last: Drane Author-Name: Kevin K. Byon Author-X-Name-First: Kevin K. Author-X-Name-Last: Byon Author-Name: Richard S. Mohn Author-X-Name-First: Richard S. Author-X-Name-Last: Mohn Title: Sport as a vehicle for socialization and maintenance of cultural identity: International students attending American universities Abstract: Immigrants can utilize sport as a vehicle for maintaining cultural identity. Conversely, sport participation provides immigrants with opportunities for adopting an entirely new culture. Previous research also suggests that sport provides individuals with opportunities for attaining social capital. While this can be a beneficial situation for some individuals, sport is also promoting elitism and serving as a powerful mechanism for exclusion. Globalization has led large numbers of foreign nationals to seek educational opportunities in the United States. Due to the increase in the number of international students and the lack of empirical studies, the need to study their participation in sport is greater than ever. It is critical that sport managers ensure that these students are provided opportunities for socialization and cultural expression through sport. Thus far, there have been no holistic approaches that have examined international students with regards to socialization, cultural identity, and adaptation to multicultural environments through sport. The present study is grounded in sociological theories that are widely recognized. For the purpose of the study, a scale measuring cultural identity and adaptation to multicultural environments was developed based on literature review, exploratory factor analysis, and parallel analysis. The two factors retained; cultural maintenance through sport and adaptation to a multicultural environment through sport, were found to be valid and reliable measures of sport participation behavior among international students in the United States. A MANOVA test revealed that males scored significantly higher on the cultural maintenance through sport factor than females. Practitioners involved in campus recreational sport are encouraged to utilize findings from the current study to enhance their programming efforts for international students. Furthermore, implications for sport managers are discussed with regards to promoting cultural diversity and inclusion. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 421-434 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:421-434 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pooja Sawrikar Author-X-Name-First: Pooja Author-X-Name-Last: Sawrikar Author-Name: Kristy Muir Author-X-Name-First: Kristy Author-X-Name-Last: Muir Title: The myth of a ‘fair go’: Barriers to sport and recreational participation among Indian and other ethnic minority women in Australia Abstract: The latest national data shows that ethnic minority women in Australia have the lowest rates of sport and recreational participation, raising doubt about whether everyone has “a fair go” to participate. This article explores the types of barriers perceived or experienced by Indian women in Sydney, compared to a larger group of culturally and linguistically diverse women across Australia. Support was found for socio-cultural, access, resource and interpersonal constraints. Moreover, it appears that Indian and other ethnic minority women generally perceive access to sport as equal, but not necessarily the opportunity to participate, indicating a level of social exclusion. The researchers suggest that promoting an image of cultural diversity in the institution of sport can significantly stimulate the interest and participation of Indian and other migrant women. This may not only benefit their personal health and wellbeing, but it may also increase their sense of social inclusion in sport (and) in Australia. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 355-367 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:355-367 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alison Doherty Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Doherty Author-Name: Janet Fink Author-X-Name-First: Janet Author-X-Name-Last: Fink Author-Name: Sue Inglis Author-X-Name-First: Sue Author-X-Name-Last: Inglis Author-Name: Donna Pastore Author-X-Name-First: Donna Author-X-Name-Last: Pastore Title: Understanding a culture of diversity through frameworks of power and change Abstract: The benefits of a diverse workforce are realized when an organization is characterized by a culture of diversity; for example, where there is respect for differences, flexibility, an orientation toward people vs. tasks, and equifinality. The purpose of this study was to identify personal and group forces that act on, or have the potential to act on, a culture of diversity. Personal interviews were conducted with 11 personnel in athletic departments in NCAA Division III institutions. An integrated model of power and change guided the interpretation of employees’ perceptions and experiences with regard to organizational culture and diversity, and the further identification of individual and group driving and restraining forces at both surface and deep levels. Findings are discussed relative to pertinent theory and organizational implications are proposed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 368-381 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.01.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:368-381 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John F. Borland Author-X-Name-First: John F. Author-X-Name-Last: Borland Author-Name: Jennifer E. Bruening Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer E. Author-X-Name-Last: Bruening Title: Navigating barriers: A qualitative examination of the under-representation of Black females as head coaches in collegiate basketball Abstract: Although sport management researchers have produced findings with regard to diversity in the leadership positions of college athletics, this examination has focused separately on gender (Inglis, Danylchuk, & Pastore, 1996; Inglis, Danylchuk, & Pastore, 2000; Knoppers, Meyer, Ewing, & Forrest, 1991; NCAA, 2009a, b,c; Sartore & Cunningham, 2007) or race (Cunningham & Sagas, 2004a, 2004b; Cunningham, Sagas, & Ashley, 2001; Cunningham, Bruening, & Straub, 2006). The current study, framed by intersectionality, identifies barriers contributing to the under-representation of Black women in head coaching jobs in Division I women's basketball in the United States. The assistant coaches cited access discrimination, lack of support, and prevalent stereotypes as barriers. In negotiating these barriers, the women discussed the importance of networking, mentoring and presenting “a proper image” for big-time athletics. To eradicate these barriers, the women recommended expanding job pools; more mentoring by athletic department personnel; and more development programs offered for young Black females. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 407-420 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.05.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.05.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:407-420 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Farah R. Palmer Author-X-Name-First: Farah R. Author-X-Name-Last: Palmer Author-Name: Tina M. Masters Author-X-Name-First: Tina M. Author-X-Name-Last: Masters Title: Māori feminism and sport leadership: Exploring Māori women's experiences Abstract: This paper utilizes Māori Feminism from an Indigenous, intersectionality perspective in order to give four Māori women sport leaders an opportunity to voice their experiences, especially with regards to ethnocultural and gendered identities. In particular, this paper explores pathways for these Māori women into and within sport leadership. It identifies barriers they experienced and strategies used to negotiate them; it analyses the affect of various identities during their experiences of sport leadership; and it critically analyses the impact that socio-cultural and structural factors have had on the well-being of these Māori women, and their effectiveness within the sport organizations they worked. The findings suggest the participants had a strong passion for sport, experienced mana (status and prestige) due to their sporting experiences and were motivated to take on leadership roles in order to give back (mahi aroha) to sport and/or their Māori communities. Barriers they faced included being whakaiti (modest and humble) in a male-dominated, highly competitive setting, institutional racism, sexism, marginalization due to their ethnocultural and gendered identities, as well as limited resources and lack of support from governing bodies. These barriers were negotiated by having suitable mentors, utilising their sporting and community networks, by brokering relationships with members of the governing body, adopting a partnership approach, and challenging ethnocultural and gendered expectations. All of the participants incorporated aspects of Māori culture and values such as whanaungatanga (kinship), manaakitanga (support) and aroha (compassion) into their leadership style and organizational culture with mainly positive outcomes. Catering to the quadruple bottom line (economic, environmental, social and cultural measures of business success) and adhering to culturally preferred ways of communicating and consulting did, however, place additional strain on these women. The participants reflected a hybrid style of leadership that integrated values and behaviours associated with their sporting, gendered and ethnocultural identities. Further studies on indigenous women in sport leadership need to take place in order to bring to the fore socio-cultural and structural issues that arise due to the intersecting of Indigeneity and gender. In addition, the combined impact that diversity management and gender equity policies have on Indigenous women needs investigating in order to progress the ‘managing diversity’ discussion in sport. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 331-344 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.06.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.06.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:331-344 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daryl Adair Author-X-Name-First: Daryl Author-X-Name-Last: Adair Author-Name: Tracy Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Tracy Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Simon Darcy Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Darcy Title: Managing ethnocultural and ‘racial’ diversity in sport: Obstacles and opportunities Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 307-312 Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.06.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.06.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:307-312 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: i-i Issue: 4 Volume: 13 Year: 2010 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(10)00060-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(10)00060-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:13:y:2010:i:4:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheranne Fairley Author-X-Name-First: Sheranne Author-X-Name-Last: Fairley Author-Name: B. David Tyler Author-X-Name-First: B. David Author-X-Name-Last: Tyler Title: The Kia Amateur Australian Open: Lessons for sponsor activation and event management Abstract: The case follows Jordana Hudson, an entrant in the 2007 Kia Amateur Australian Open, as she wins and is subsequently disqualified from the US national qualifying tournament. Kia's core business is that of automobile manufacturing, but when Kia assumes the role of event organizer as part of its sport sponsorship activation strategy, Kia experiences complications that were likely not considered when the activation strategy was being formulated. Jordana's situation exposes the challenges a firm can face in its sponsorship activation, as well as the potential branding and event management issues that arise for the sport property. This case gives students the opportunity to consider the theoretical and practical challenges inherent in event management, co-branding, and sponsorship activation. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 25-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.09.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.09.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:25-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masayuki Yoshida Author-X-Name-First: Masayuki Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshida Author-Name: Jeffrey D. James Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey D. Author-X-Name-Last: James Title: Service quality at sporting events: Is aesthetic quality a missing dimension? Abstract: The service quality construct has been long understood as a combination of the quality of a service outcome and the quality of the interactions between customers, frontline employees, and the service environment. Although service quality has been described as a multidimensional, multi-level factor model, the aesthetic aspect of service quality still remains unexplored. The current study is one of the first attempts to develop measures for capturing three dimensions of service quality: aesthetic, technical, and functional. Data were collected from sport spectators in Japan (n = 283) and the United States (n = 343). The results provide evidence for a seven-factor model of service quality, which underlies the three second order dimensions. Furthermore, the effects of the three primary dimensions on respective criterion variables are reported. Including the aesthetic dimension, the results extend previous service quality research that has focused primarily on the functional and technical aspects. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 13-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.06.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.06.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:13-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Do Young Pyun Author-X-Name-First: Do Young Author-X-Name-Last: Pyun Author-Name: Jeffrey D. James Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey D. Author-X-Name-Last: James Title: Attitude toward advertising through sport: A theoretical framework Abstract: An important goal of advertising is designing effective campaigns that foster favorable attitudes toward a product. Attitude toward a product is influenced by one's attitude toward an advertisement. Previous research examining attitude toward advertising in general and in specific mediums (e.g., TV and online) has found that consumers’ attitudes toward advertising have become increasingly negative. The researchers propose that sport is one advertising platform that may be utilized to foster positive attitudes toward advertising. A conceptual framework of attitude toward advertising through sport derived from the phenomenon of attitude toward advertising in general and in specific mediums is introduced. The proposed model includes antecedents (beliefs), a consequence (attitude toward the ad), and attitude toward sport as a moderator of the relationship between beliefs about and attitude toward advertising through sport. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 33-41 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2009.12.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2009.12.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:33-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick Bouchet Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchet Author-Name: Guillaume Bodet Author-X-Name-First: Guillaume Author-X-Name-Last: Bodet Author-Name: Iouri Bernache-Assollant Author-X-Name-First: Iouri Author-X-Name-Last: Bernache-Assollant Author-Name: Faycel Kada Author-X-Name-First: Faycel Author-X-Name-Last: Kada Title: Segmenting sport spectators: Construction and preliminary validation of the Sporting Event Experience Search (SEES) scale Abstract: This study's goal was to create and test a tool for identifying different types of sport spectators. Based on four types of sporting-event consumers – aesthete, interactive, supporter, and opportunist – we developed the Sporting Event Experience Search Scale (SEES). We conducted an empirical investigation involving two sporting events with both live and mediated types of attendance. Although the first validation step failed to support the four-type structure for the mediated context, the scale appeared to be relevant in a live-attendance context. The SEES scale should therefore allow sporting-event managers to analyse the nature and then the expectations of sport spectators by identifying which sporting event consumption type is dominant. This study consequently proposes four marketing axes corresponding to the four consumption patterns. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 42-53 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.02.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.02.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:42-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeoung-Hak Lee Author-X-Name-First: Jeoung-Hak Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Hyun-Duck Kim Author-X-Name-First: Hyun-Duck Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Yong Jae Ko Author-X-Name-First: Yong Jae Author-X-Name-Last: Ko Author-Name: Michael Sagas Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Sagas Title: The influence of service quality on satisfaction and intention: A gender segmentation strategy Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of consumers’ service quality perceptions on satisfaction, revisit intention and the role of gender in the context of high profile golf club business. Specifically, the researchers investigated (1) the role of gender in predicting their service quality perceptions and (2) the relationship between quality perceptions and satisfaction and intention. A total of 528 golf club members participated in the study. Seventy one percent of the respondents (n = 375) were male while twenty nine percent of the respondents were female golfers (n = 153). Results showed that Tangibles and Empathy were critical service quality dimensions for determining satisfaction of both male and female golfers. Female golfers tended to pay more attention to physical representations, cleanliness and appearance of service encounters. The findings of this study may suggest meaningful implications (e.g., developing market segmentation and promotional strategies) for managers in the golf industry. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 54-63 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.02.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.02.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:54-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James J. Zhang Author-X-Name-First: James J. Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Eddie T.C. Lam Author-X-Name-First: Eddie T.C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lam Author-Name: Beth A. Cianfrone Author-X-Name-First: Beth A. Author-X-Name-Last: Cianfrone Author-Name: Ryan K. Zapalac Author-X-Name-First: Ryan K. Author-X-Name-Last: Zapalac Author-Name: Stephen Holland Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Holland Author-Name: Debbie P. Williamson Author-X-Name-First: Debbie P. Author-X-Name-Last: Williamson Title: An importance–performance analysis of media activities associated with WNBA game consumption Abstract: Since its inception, the WNBA league and its teams have made tremendous efforts to improve their community image through high-quality mass media performance in an effort to promote consumer awareness, interest, and consumption of their game products. However, the relevance and effectiveness of these efforts remains unknown. Due to lack of financial stability, ticket sales, and spectator retention, today WNBA faces great challenges in its sustainability. The purpose of this study was to examine the importance and relevance of mass media performances associated with WNBA game consumption. Through qualitative research procedures, a questionnaire was developed that contained eight media performance, six game consumption, and 10 demographic variables. Following the conceptual framework of the ‘expectancy disconfirmation theory’, the media performance variables were phrased into two versions: importance and performance. Spectators (N = 1431) from five regular season home games of a WNBA team responded to the questionnaire, which was randomly split into two halves: one for EFA and the other for CFA. Two identical factors emerged in the EFA and CFA for the two media performance versions: Visual Media and Audio Media. An EFA was also conducted for the game consumption variables, resulting in one game consumption factor. One-sample t-tests with adjusted alpha level revealed that the mean Visual Media and Audio Media scores in both versions were significantly (p < .05) greater than the midpoints of the factors, indicating that media performance was considered important and satisfactory by WNBA consumers. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the media performance factors in both versions and their congruence scores were positively (p < .05) predictive of game consumption, further indicating the importance and relevance of media performance to the success of WNBA games. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 64-78 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.03.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.03.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:64-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eivind Å. Skille Author-X-Name-First: Eivind Å. Author-X-Name-Last: Skille Title: Change and isomorphism—A case study of translation processes in a Norwegian sport club Abstract: This article builds upon former research into sport organizations, which has revealed how institutional fields become uniformed through isomorphic processes, and at the same time how organizations undergo change. In this article change in a Norwegian football club is studied first by considering the organization as a mixture of rational, natural and open systems, and second, by applying a neo-institutional perspective of translation. Through document analysis, observation and interviews, it was found that change in the sport club's policy is based on the interplay between internal discussions and external influence. When the focal football club should develop a model for development of players, aiming at taking into account both elite orientation and mass participation, the solution was found by mimicking ideas from other organizations in the institutional field. Hence, the article shows how decision-making processes within one sport club's board are related to translations (Campbell, 2004) of ideas in the regional field of similar clubs, more particularly those conceived as successful. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 79-88 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.03.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.03.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:79-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Donghun Lee Author-X-Name-First: Donghun Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Galen T. Trail Author-X-Name-First: Galen T. Author-X-Name-Last: Trail Author-Name: Hyungil H. Kwon Author-X-Name-First: Hyungil H. Author-X-Name-Last: Kwon Author-Name: Dean F. Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Dean F. Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Title: Consumer values versus perceived product attributes: Relationships among items from the MVS, PRS, and PERVAL scales Abstract: Consumer values and the perceived attributes of a product elicit consumptive behaviors. The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to test the psychometric properties of three scales (MVS; Richins & Dawson, 1992; PRS, Richins, 1994; PERVAL scale, Sweeney & Soutar, 2001) that measure consumer values and the perceived attributes of a product within a licensed sport merchandise (LSM) setting, and (b) to examine the relationships among items across the three scales for commonalities, and to examine the relationships between consumer values (CV) and perceived product attributes (PPA). Statistical analyses indicated that the psychometric properties of the MVS, PRS, and PERVAL scales could be improved substantially. A principal components analysis (PCA) indicated nine interpretable dimensions; five that could be categorized as CV dimensions (Social Approval, Materialism, Covetousness, Prestige/Status, and Escape) and four that could be categorized as PPA dimensions (Price/Quality, Nostalgia, Craftsmanship, and Aesthetic Beauty). Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 89-101 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.05.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.05.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:89-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marvin Washington Author-X-Name-First: Marvin Author-X-Name-Last: Washington Author-Name: Karen D.W. Patterson Author-X-Name-First: Karen D.W. Author-X-Name-Last: Patterson Title: Hostile takeover or joint venture: Connections between institutional theory and sport management research Abstract: One of the current dominant theories in the management literature is institutional theory. Scholars within the institutional theory tradition have examined the creation and evolution of institutions, the impact that institutions have on organizations and their actions, and the constraints that institutions place on arenas of organizational activity. Much of institutional theory is reflected within in the sport management literature. However, we argue in this review piece, that there is more to institutional theory than the concepts that are currently being used in the sport management literature. First, we provide a review of the dominant concepts of institutional theory, and a summary of how institutional theory has been used in the sport management literature. Then we offer two broad discussion points about the use of institutional theory in sport management research. The first point is a call for further elaboration of institutional theory in sport management by examining issues of institutional change and organizational field dynamics. The second is point as to suggest that scholars extend the use of institutional theory into different types of sport management questions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-12 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.06.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.06.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:1-12 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Call for Papers: Sport Governance Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 102-102 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(11)00005-2 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(11)00005-2 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:102-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(11)00008-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(11)00008-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terry Engelberg Author-X-Name-First: Terry Author-X-Name-Last: Engelberg Author-Name: James Skinner Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Skinner Author-Name: Dwight H. Zakus Author-X-Name-First: Dwight H. Author-X-Name-Last: Zakus Title: Exploring the relationship between commitment, experience, and self-assessed performance in youth sport organizations Abstract: Youth sport organizations are dependent on the work of dedicated volunteers to function efficiently. However, these organizations are facing increasingly stringent management and legislative challenges and a closer scrutiny on their performance by sport governing bodies and other regulatory agencies. This study examined the links between organizational commitment, commitment to the volunteer role, and two aspects of volunteer performance (involvement and knowledge). A sample drawn from Little Athletics centre volunteers in Queensland in a variety of roles completed a survey instrument to assess the above links. Findings show that organizational commitment and experience as a centre volunteer predicted involvement, and that commitment to the role and experience predicted knowledge. These findings suggest that commitment to a volunteer role may be an important aspect of the volunteers’ identity and therefore closely linked to time devoted to organizational activities; commitment to the organization itself may better explain volunteers’ knowledge of organizational functioning. The findings are discussed in relation to the need to view commitment as an attachment to a volunteer role, as well as to an attachment to the organization as a whole. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 117-125 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.05.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.05.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:117-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheranne Fairley Author-X-Name-First: Sheranne Author-X-Name-Last: Fairley Author-Name: B. David Tyler Author-X-Name-First: B. David Author-X-Name-Last: Tyler Author-Name: Pamm Kellett Author-X-Name-First: Pamm Author-X-Name-Last: Kellett Author-Name: Kari D’Elia Author-X-Name-First: Kari Author-X-Name-Last: D’Elia Title: The Formula One Australian Grand Prix: Exploring the triple bottom line Abstract: This case highlights issues associated with the Formula One (F1) Australian Grand Prix held in the city of Melbourne, Victoria. The event receives substantial government funding and therefore the worth of the event receives consistent public scrutiny. Jim Kranger, CEO of the Victorian Major Events Corporation, is put in charge of assessing the value of the event to the State of Victoria. The results of Kranger's report will determine whether the government will continue to financially support the event. Kranger realizes that he must consider economic, social, political, and environmental issues. The case highlights the challenges that Major Events Corporations, and by extension, the government face in providing public funding to a sport event. The case also highlights the problems with economic impact studies and the need to focus on the triple bottom line approach by examining the economic, social, and environmental issues associated with the event. Further, the case highlights issues relating to the use of secondary data sources to make decisions. The case encourages students to consider the theoretical and practical issues at the cross-section of sport event, destination, and stakeholder management. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 141-152 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.07.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.07.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:141-152 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Walker Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Author-Name: Bob Heere Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Heere Title: Consumer Attitudes toward Responsible Entities in Sport (CARES): Scale development and model testing Abstract: The advancement of empirical research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been hindered by the lack of an appropriate measure of CSR perceptions among sport consumers. Consequently, researchers have yet to fully explore the ways in which consumer's attitudes impact their responses to CSR. This article first describes (in Study 1) the development and validation of a self-report scale designed to measure consumer attitudes toward CSR in sport. Two data collections were conducted to test the seven-item, Likert-type Consumer Attitudes toward Responsible Entities in Sport (CARES) scale with two dimensions (i.e., cognition and affect). Evidence is presented confirming the scale's internal consistency, validity, and dimensionality. In the second phase, Study 2 examined the influence of the scale dimensions on actual consumer purchasing using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results suggest that the attitude scale for CSR can be a useful tool for sport academicians to gauge the effects of social efforts and social policy formation. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 153-166 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.08.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.08.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:153-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher N. Annala Author-X-Name-First: Christopher N. Author-X-Name-Last: Annala Author-Name: Jason Winfree Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Winfree Title: Salary distribution and team performance in Major League Baseball Abstract: This paper presents evidence that payroll inequality within a team is negatively related to on field performance, in terms of team winning percentages in Major League Baseball. This relationship is increasing over time during the sample period and robust to changes in the relationship between payroll and winning. We find strong evidence that, in levels, total team payroll and team specific Gini coefficients are nonstationary. The results also indicate that there exists a structural break in the relationship between payroll, inequality, and winning percent following the strike of 1994–1995. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 167-175 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.08.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.08.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:167-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anthony A. Beaton Author-X-Name-First: Anthony A. Author-X-Name-Last: Beaton Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Author-Name: Lynn Ridinger Author-X-Name-First: Lynn Author-X-Name-Last: Ridinger Author-Name: Jeremy Jordan Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy Author-X-Name-Last: Jordan Title: Sport involvement: A conceptual and empirical analysis Abstract: The conceptual roots of involvement are considered to better understand the construct's use in sport management research and practice. Sport involvement is conceptualized as a multifaceted construct representing the degree to which participation in a sport activity becomes a central component of a person's life and provides both hedonic and symbolic value. An empirical analysis of marathon runners (N = 3117) was conducted using three involvement facets of hedonic value, centrality and symbolic value to classify participants into theoretically meaningful groups within the broader, stage-based theoretical framework of the Psychological Continuum Model. The classification revealed behavioural differences suggesting runners with stronger psychological connections increasingly engage in the frequency, depth and breadth of running-related behaviours. Managerial implications are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 126-140 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.07.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.07.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:126-140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nels Popp Author-X-Name-First: Nels Author-X-Name-Last: Popp Author-Name: David Pierce Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Pierce Author-Name: Mary A. Hums Author-X-Name-First: Mary A. Author-X-Name-Last: Hums Title: A comparison of the college selection process for international and domestic student-athletes at NCAA Division I universities Abstract: The purpose of this study was to uncover the most important factors in the college selection process for international student-athletes attending NCAA Division I universities in the United States and to compare those factors with ones indicated by domestic student-athletes. A sample of 355 student-athletes, including 192 internationals, from 15 NCAA Division I schools were surveyed using a 39-item questionnaire. Among individual scale items, international student-athletes rated amount of athletic scholarship and personality of the head coach as the two most important items, while domestic student-athletes rated a degree from the school leading to a good job and the overall reputation of the school as the two top items. A factor analysis was utilized to reduce the 39 items to five factors, which explained nearly 50% of the variance in the college selection process. International student-athletes rated school attributes significantly lower than domestic student-athletes. Also, female student-athletes, regardless of residency status, rated academic factors significantly higher than males. Meanwhile, males rated athletics experience factors significantly higher than females. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 176-187 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.08.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.08.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:176-187 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pamela Wicker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Wicker Author-Name: Christoph Breuer Author-X-Name-First: Christoph Author-X-Name-Last: Breuer Title: Scarcity of resources in German non-profit sport clubs Abstract: Non-profit sport clubs face several challenges including those relating to human resources, financial capabilities, networks and infrastructural elements. In order for clubs to realise their capacity to respond to encountered challenges, it is imperative for club executives and sport federations to have an improved understanding of the clubs’ resource structure and ability to deploy resources. Drawing on the concept of organisational capacity as well as Resource Dependency Theory, the objectives of this study are to provide empirical evidence of the resources of non-profit sport clubs and to show that these clubs are characterised by scarce resources. A large sport club survey in Germany (n = 13,068) was used as the data set for this study. The results indicate that sport clubs seem to have organisational capacity, as they have many different types of resources at their disposal that which can be ascribed to four capacity dimensions. The analysis of longitudinal data reveals changes in resources that indicate particularly human resources (volunteers) and infrastructure resources become more scarce over the course of time. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 188-201 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.09.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.09.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:188-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jon Welty Peachey Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Welty Peachey Author-Name: Jennifer Bruening Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Bruening Title: An examination of environmental forces driving change and stakeholder responses in a Football Championship Subdivision athletic department Abstract: Change is a constant in the sport industry, with numerous forces driving and inhibiting the change process. To add to our conceptual understanding of forces driving and inhibiting change, this qualitative case study investigated environmental forces driving change agent decision making, as well as employee and student-athlete responses to organisational change, in a Division I Football Championship Subdivision athletic department in the U.S. Findings revealed that forces for change included competitive pressures from conference affiliation, economic conditions in a turbulent environment, and alumni, parents and fans. Themes shaping stakeholder responses to change were organisational history and tradition, institutional support and politics, and concerns for legitimacy of the organisation. Stakeholders also had homogenous and heterogeneous responses, based on self-interest, symbolic predispositions and sense of collective identity. A discussion situating the findings in the broader sport context is provided, as well as suggestions for future research and practice. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 202-219 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.09.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.09.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:202-219 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kenneth K. Chen Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth K. Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: James J. Zhang Author-X-Name-First: James J. Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Title: Examining consumer attributes associated with collegiate athletic facility naming rights sponsorship: Development of a theoretical framework Abstract: Facility naming rights sponsorship is one of the fastest growing and most valuable forms of sponsorships. The limited opportunities in major league professional sports have led corporations to seek opportunities with college sports. Although collegiate athletics have become increasingly attractive for sponsorship investment, they have also been laden with potentially negative side effects. How university stakeholders perceive and respond to stadium naming rights sponsorship is a major concern for both corporations and college administrators. This study reviewed the relevant literature to propose a theoretical framework incorporating multidimensional factors of assessing consumers’ perspectives (i.e., beliefs about naming rights sponsorship, attitudes toward commercialization, team and stadium identification, perception of financial status, and perceived fit) of naming rights sponsorship effectiveness. The relationships among variables were examined by reviewing related theories and previous research findings. The derived theoretical framework is expected to provide a research direction for comprehensively examining how stakeholders of intercollegiate athletic programs perceive and respond to corporate naming rights sponsorship of sport facilities. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 103-116 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.10.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.10.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:103-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheila N. Dr.Nguyen Author-X-Name-First: Sheila N. Author-X-Name-Last: Dr.Nguyen Author-Name: C. Ostroff Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Ostroff Author-Name: T. Judge Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: Judge Title: Perspectives on Organizational Fit Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 220-221 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.11.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.11.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:220-221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 2 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(11)00031-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(11)00031-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joe Cobbs Author-X-Name-First: Joe Author-X-Name-Last: Cobbs Title: Legal battles for sponsorship exclusivity: The cases of the World Cup and NASCAR Abstract: Theorists have emphasized brand differentiation in achieving a competitive advantage through sponsorship, and managers of sports sponsorships have recognized product category exclusivity as among the most valued rights afforded sponsoring firms. Yet the proliferation of sponsorships in the sports marketplace poses a challenge to sponsors attempting to establish a unique brand position apart from the clutter. The competition between corporate rivals for sponsorship exclusivity in the world's highest profile sporting arenas has begun to spill into the courtroom. The purpose of this paper is to review the cases of MasterCard versus FIFA, and AT&T versus NASCAR, and discuss the relevance of these contract disputes to sponsorship scholars and practitioners. Specifically, the courts’ finding of irreparable harm faced by the excluded sponsor offers an intriguing legal recognition of the theorized goodwill and inimitability of corporate affiliation with a specific sponsored enterprise. The cases also contribute an opposing view of best practices, where legal ramifications arise from treating sponsorship as a property-based resource and neglecting the relational dimensions of collaborative communication, trust, and commitment emphasized by contemporary sponsorship theory. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 287-296 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.01.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.01.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:3:p:287-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bob Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Author-Name: Daryl Adair Author-X-Name-First: Daryl Author-X-Name-Last: Adair Author-Name: Aaron Smith Author-X-Name-First: Aaron Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Drivers of illicit drug use regulation in Australian sport Abstract: Most Australian sport stakeholders not only believe that government regulation is a good thing, but also assume that intervention in the drug-use problem will improve sport's social outcomes and operational integrity. In this paper we examine the regulation of illicit drug use in Australian sport through an interrogation of two cases: the Australian Football League and the National Rugby League. Using Pierre Bourdieu's conceptual frames of social field, capital, and habitus, we aim to secure a clearer understanding of the drivers of Australian sport's illicit drug regulations by (1) identifying those stakeholders who set the drug regulation agenda, (2) revealing the values and dispositions that underpin these regulations, and (3) explaining how dominant stakeholders go about sustaining their position and marginalising those stakeholders with opposing drug regulation claims. Our results show that Australian sport's drug-use regulations are driven by a set of values and dispositions that views sport as an instrument for shaping the character of its participants, and drugs as a threat to sport's moral fabric and good standing. The dominant stakeholders, comprising the Commonwealth Government, its sport agencies, and the major governing bodies for sport, imposed these values and dispositions on peripheral stakeholders by designing a drugs-in-sport social field that yielded capital and power to only those participants who endorsed these values and dispositions. Peripheral stakeholders – including players, their agents, and drug-treatment professionals – who mostly shared different values and dispositions, were sidelined, and denied the opportunity of adding to their already limited supplies of capital, power, and policy making influence. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 237-245 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.02.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.02.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:3:p:237-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dana Ellis Author-X-Name-First: Dana Author-X-Name-Last: Ellis Author-Name: Teresa Scassa Author-X-Name-First: Teresa Author-X-Name-Last: Scassa Author-Name: Benoit Séguin Author-X-Name-First: Benoit Author-X-Name-Last: Séguin Title: Framing ambush marketing as a legal issue: An Olympic perspective Abstract: This paper examines the emerging trend of host countries using legislation to protect the Olympic brand and control ambush marketing. More specifically, it will discuss Canada's Olympic and Paralympic Marks Act in depth. Issues related to framing ambush marketing as a legal issue as opposed to a business issue are examined. The consequences of placing ambush marketing in a legal context are considered from a legal and a business management perspective. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 297-308 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.02.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.02.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:3:p:297-308 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joris Drayer Author-X-Name-First: Joris Author-X-Name-Last: Drayer Title: Examining the effectiveness of anti-scalping laws in a United States market Abstract: ► This qualitative research examines the effectiveness of anti-scalping laws. ► Laws focused on restricting resale prices are largely ineffective. ► A federal law governing ticket resale is unlikely. ► Almost every entity in the ticketing industry now supports ticket resale. ► Future laws should focus on ticket acquisition rather than place restrictions on resale.The secondary ticket market has existed for decades. Historically, this industry has been dominated by street scalpers located outside of venues and by local and regional ticket brokers. These individuals often took advantage of uninformed consumers and charged extremely high prices or sold fraudulent or misrepresented tickets. Subsequently, state governments created laws protecting consumers from such behavior. More recently, however, this industry has grown as the Internet has facilitated transactions in a safe and secure environment which has led to the increased legitimacy of the industry. Despite this growth in size and sophistication, existing anti-scalping laws remain. Given the significantly altered form of the industry, it is important to examine the appropriateness of these laws and their effect on current industry practices. The findings of the current study suggest that these laws do little to accomplish what they were originally set out to do: protect consumers. Instead, they serve as minor inconveniences for those engaging in ticket resale and major frustrations for those attempting to enforce the laws as written. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 226-236 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.04.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.04.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:3:p:226-236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel P. Connaughton Author-X-Name-First: Daniel P. Author-X-Name-Last: Connaughton Author-Name: J.O. Spengler Author-X-Name-First: J.O. Author-X-Name-Last: Spengler Author-Name: James J. Zhang Author-X-Name-First: James J. Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Michael S. Carroll Author-X-Name-First: Michael S. Author-X-Name-Last: Carroll Title: An examination of AED implementation and related risk management practices in high school athletic departments Abstract: ► We examined AED implementation in high school athletic departments in one US state. ► We examined risk management practices and perceived constraints to AED implementation. ► Few athletic departments had implemented an AED program. ► Major constraints were costs, and lack of industry standard and liability information. ► Some departments were not complying with industry standards or immunity provisions.This study examined AED implementation, related risk management practices, and perceived constraints to AED implementation in high school athletic departments in one southern state in the United States. High school administrators (N = 269) participated in this study. Descriptive statistics, chi-square analyses, tests of point-biserial correlation coefficients, and t-tests revealed that a majority of the respondents were athletic directors (75.5%), at public schools (75.0%), CPR certified (65.9%), had worked in their current position for 10 years or less (72.2%), and had no or limited knowledge of their state's AED immunity laws (79%). Significantly (p < .05) more of the respondents indicated that their high school athletic departments did not have an AED(s). Significantly (p < .05) more schools with an AED(s) were not following American Heart Association AED program implementation guidelines. Also, some schools were not fully complying with the state's AED legislative immunity provisions and therefore may not be afforded certain liability protections. The primary perceived constraints to AED implementation were (a) associated financial costs (purchase, maintenance, certifications, staff training), (b) concern that having an AED(s) was not a current standard industry practice, (c) lack of information about protection from liability, (d) lack of information regarding required AED training and certification, and (e) lack of information regarding related supervisory responsibilities. Given the importance of AEDs as lifesaving devices and the increased implementation of AEDs in schools and athletic departments, these findings may assist AED education and promotional efforts targeted toward school and athletic administrators. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 258-268 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.04.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.04.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:3:p:258-268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Lamont Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Lamont Author-Name: Nerilee Hing Author-X-Name-First: Nerilee Author-X-Name-Last: Hing Author-Name: Sally Gainsbury Author-X-Name-First: Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Gainsbury Title: Gambling on sport sponsorship: A conceptual framework for research and regulatory review Abstract: Commercial gambling providers (CGPs) have recently intensified the promotion of their products and services through sport sponsorship. Consequently, gambling products and services now gain substantial exposure to large audiences via media broadcasts of sport. Due to the mainstream appeal of some sports, television audiences and fan-bases can include youth, at-risk and problem gamblers, who may be prompted to gamble, or to increase their gambling, by the direct marketing, alignment of gambling with a ‘healthy’ activity and increased normalisation of gambling. Therefore, sport sponsorship by CGPs promotes a potentially risky behaviour and may exacerbate the public health issue of problem gambling. Regulatory measures have been implemented by governments and private organisations in relation to sport sponsorship by tobacco companies in recognition of the potential harmful impacts of this form of marketing. Subsequently, the involvement of ‘unhealthy products’ including alcohol, junk food and gambling in sport sponsorship has been publicly questioned. This may lead to further regulatory changes that would directly affect the management of sport organisations. Few studies have examined these issues and there is little knowledge of the impacts that sport sponsorship arrangements have on society. Research is needed to inform prudent decision-making about the appropriate regulation of sport sponsorship. This paper reviews the current gambling sport sponsorship landscape and proposes a conceptual framework aimed at facilitating a systematic, interdisciplinary research agenda for examining corporate social responsibility issues pertinent to the sponsorship of sport by CGPs. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 246-257 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.04.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.04.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:3:p:246-257 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Thorpe Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Thorpe Title: CEOs and domestic tribunals—The rights and risks of penalising athletes for off-field misconduct Abstract: Modern sports management necessitates the use of disciplinary systems to both dissuade and to penalise athletes who engage in off-field misconduct. Athlete misconduct threatens the financial viability of a club or sport, team morale and the image of the sport in the eyes of the public. Domestic Tribunals or penalisation through a Chief Executive Officer are the most commonly utilised methods for dealing with athlete misconduct. Each method concerns the law of contract to involve certain legal rights and risks. This article examines both methods with a view to informing sports officials of the legal rights and risks associated with the penalisation of athletes for offences of off-field misconduct. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 269-286 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:3:p:269-286 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Jonson Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Jonson Author-Name: Russell Hoye Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Hoye Title: Sport law and regulation Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 223-225 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:3:p:223-225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 3 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(11)00053-2 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(11)00053-2 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:3:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryan T. Wang Author-X-Name-First: Ryan T. Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: James J. Zhang Author-X-Name-First: James J. Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Yosuke Tsuji Author-X-Name-First: Yosuke Author-X-Name-Last: Tsuji Title: Examining fan motives and loyalty for the Chinese Professional Baseball League of Taiwan Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine social motivations of Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) consumers and their relationships with fan loyalty. A questionnaire was developed based on the Sport Interest Inventory (SII) (Funk, Ridinger, & Moorman, 2003) with proper modification to measure the unique market environment of the CPBL. The final questionnaire included a total of 18 fan motives, two loyalty constructs (attitudinal and behavioural domains), and demographic variables. Research participants (N = 346) were CPBL consumers, who voluntarily responded to an on-line survey. The result of a confirmatory factor analysis revealed a strong psychometrical property of the SII. The result of structural equation modeling indicated strong predicting power of fan motives on fan loyalty. Discussions are presented with regard to theoretical relevance and managerial practice. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 347-360 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.12.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.12.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:347-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael D. Clemes Author-X-Name-First: Michael D. Author-X-Name-Last: Clemes Author-Name: Gregory J. Brush Author-X-Name-First: Gregory J. Author-X-Name-Last: Brush Author-Name: Mark J. Collins Author-X-Name-First: Mark J. Author-X-Name-Last: Collins Title: Analysing the professional sport experience: A hierarchical approach Abstract: Strategically managing spectator perceptions of service quality and understanding how these perceptions affect value, satisfaction and behavioural intentions is very important if sports organisations are going to succeed in today's competitive entertainment environment. As a response to variations in the service quality dimensions found in previous sport and leisure studies, outcome focused sport satisfaction and process-dominant service quality factors are integrated with higher order attitudinal and behavioural constructs to develop a hierarchical model of the professional sport experience. Eleven first-order sub-dimensions are present in the hierarchical factor structure. The study's findings also support inclusion of the second-order primary dimensions of service quality: interaction quality, physical environment quality and outcome quality. Fanship (enduring involvement), service quality, value, satisfaction and behavioural intentions are found to be positively related. The third-order hierarchical model significantly improves on the explanatory power of previous service quality and sport spectator satisfaction models. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 370-388 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.12.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.12.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:370-388 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vassilios Ziakas Author-X-Name-First: Vassilios Author-X-Name-Last: Ziakas Author-Name: Carla A. Costa Author-X-Name-First: Carla A. Author-X-Name-Last: Costa Title: Event portfolio and multi-purpose development: Establishing the conceptual grounds Abstract: While sport events usually hold a prominent position within a host community's event portfolio, little is known about how they can be synergised with other event genres to maximise their overall contribution. As event portfolios remain a neglected area of study, there is a gap in the sport and event management literatures regarding the nature and implementation of event portfolios and their implications for the management of sport events. The potential of an event portfolio is that it may function as a system assembling different event stakeholders in a network and serving multiple purposes through the employment of joint strategies pursuant to the attainment and magnification of specific ends. This requires that the different events be cross-leveraged within the portfolio for multi-purpose development. Consequently, this paper conceptualises event portfolios as multi-purpose developmental tools for host communities and stresses the need for a holistic approach to be adopted in their study. With this in mind, literature on event leverage, sport event tourism as well as inter-organisational networks is reviewed and integrated. On this basis, a multi-disciplinary comprehensive framework for the study of event portfolios and a research agenda are proposed. Main directions for future research include exploring the nature and character of event portfolios, investigating event interrelationships, explicating inter-organisational relationships of events networks and learning how to build community capacity in event portfolio management. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 409-423 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.09.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.09.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:409-423 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joris Drayer Author-X-Name-First: Joris Author-X-Name-Last: Drayer Author-Name: Stephen L. Shapiro Author-X-Name-First: Stephen L. Author-X-Name-Last: Shapiro Title: An examination into the factors that influence consumers’ perceptions of value Abstract: Recent trends in ticketing, such as dynamic ticket pricing, indicate a fundamental shift towards demand-based pricing strategies. As such, research is needed to understand the factors that may influence the price that consumers are willing to pay for tickets. Using the contingent valuation method (CVM), the current study examined the value that consumers placed on a ticket to a National Basketball Association game. Previous CVM research suggests that valuations differ based on whether the participant is on the buy side or the sell side of the transaction. Therefore, the current study examined the difference between buyer and seller valuations in addition to identifying factors that influenced these valuations. Results indicated a strong difference between buyer and seller valuations, which is consistent with previous CVM studies. Further, the factors that influenced these valuations, including the printed price on the ticket, also differed based on whether the participant was buying or selling the ticket. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 389-398 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.11.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.11.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:389-398 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George B. Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: George B. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Title: The LGBT advantage: Examining the relationship among sexual orientation diversity, diversity strategy, and performance Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among sexual orientation diversity, diversity strategy, and organizational performance. Data were gathered from 780 senior-level athletic administrators in 239 organizations. Moderated regression analysis indicated that, while main effects were not observed, there was a significant sexual orientation diversity × proactive diversity strategy interaction. Organizations with high sexual orientation diversity and that followed a strong proactive diversity strategy outperformed their peers in objective measures of performance. Results are discussed in terms of contributions, implications, and future directions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 453-461 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.11.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.11.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:453-461 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam J. Karg Author-X-Name-First: Adam J. Author-X-Name-Last: Karg Author-Name: Heath McDonald Author-X-Name-First: Heath Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald Title: Fantasy sport participation as a complement to traditional sport consumption Abstract: Most sporting codes encourage participation in fantasy sport, even though few earn revenue directly from it. There is a lack of empirical evidence to determine whether this is good practice for although fantasy sport can increase consumer involvement and education, it may also compete with other forms of sport consumption for a consumer's limited resources. This paper begins to address the question of whether fantasy sport competes with, or complements other forms of sport consumption by comparing fantasy sport players with non-players. Three survey-based studies are used to identify the degree of fan participation in fantasy sport and measure the attitudes and behaviours of fantasy sport players compared to non-players. The findings indicate fantasy sport players are very different from non-players, more so than previous studies suggest. Fantasy sport players scored higher on all tested consumption measures relating to both attitudes (e.g., points of attachment, team identification, loyalty), and behaviour (e.g., game attendance, television viewing, secondary spend). These studies provide evidence that fantasy sport involvement complements traditional sport consumption amongst current fantasy sport players, both for general fans of the sport, as well as highly involved consumers. Whether fantasy sport participation is a consequence of, or antecedent to, heavy sport consumption cannot be determined from this data, but evidence and guidance for future research that examines causality is provided. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 327-346 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.11.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.11.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:327-346 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Title: A bibliometric analysis of four sport management journals Abstract: Citation analysis is a powerful tool to better understand the intellectual foundations of a field and to identify those journals publishing the majority of important articles. The purpose of this study was to identify the most frequently cited sport management and non-sport management journals based on an analysis of the reference lists of manuscripts published in the Journal of Sport Management, Sport Marketing Quarterly, European Sport Management Quarterly and Sport Management Review. Results showed that the Journal of Sport Management was the most cited journal followed by Sport Marketing Quarterly. Three management journals, three marketing journals, two sport sociology journals and two psychology journals were identified as the most cited non-sport management journals. In-field citations to seven core sport management journals accounted for 16.4 percent of all citations, raising questions about the balance between citations within the field compared to those from outside the field. Focus of the sport management and marketing journals was also considered in relation to factors impacting on citation trends. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 434-452 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.11.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.11.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:434-452 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cheryl Mallen Author-X-Name-First: Cheryl Author-X-Name-Last: Mallen Author-Name: Chris Chard Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Chard Title: A framework for debating the future of environmental sustainability in the sport academy Abstract: This study develops a framework for debating the constituent elements in sport environmental sustainability (sport-ES). The framework for the debate utilizes appreciative theory; a definition of ES by the United Nations (UN) Brundtland Report (1987); an application of Küskű’s (2007) and Özen and Kűskü’s (2009) concept of environmental citizenship, paradoxes, uncertainties and trade-offs based on the literature, Busch and Hoffmann's (2009) environmental dimensions and six areas of environmental uncertainty, the extension of the areas of environmental uncertainty by the authors of this manuscript and a vision of the future (Belz, 2006). This framework provides eight key questions for debate on topics such as the definition of sport-ES and sport environmental citizenship, constraints within the natural environment (including the extent, importance and consequences of the limitations) and actions aimed at conserving the natural environment (including the level of response, actions, alternatives and consequences) by the years 2050–2060. The authors of this manuscript hope to generate energetic debate among sporting scholars, undergraduate and graduate sport management students and practitioners. The implication is that this framework is a starting place for debate. It is now up to the members in the sport academy to determine the extent of the debate, the visions conceived, strategies designed for managing arising paradoxes and if there will be a race to enact the visions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 424-433 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.12.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.12.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:424-433 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Seungbum Lee Author-X-Name-First: Seungbum Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Patrick Walsh Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Walsh Title: SWOT and AHP hybrid model for sport marketing outsourcing using a case of intercollegiate sport Abstract: This study examined sport marketing outsourcing decision making using a SWOT and AHP hybrid model. Strengths are perceived more importantly than weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Financial return is the most important decision making factor for outsourcing in this case study.Given the importance and prevalence of commercialization in intercollegiate sport, outsourcing sport marketing functions has become a popular business decision with the possibility of becoming more popular in the future. Yet, there is a lack of research about outsourcing in sport marketing with respect to decision making factors when determining whether or not to outsource some aspects of an organization's marketing functions. Thus, the purpose of this case study is to examine sport marketing outsourcing decision-making factors using a SWOT and AHP combined model. These results indicate that decision makers at this institution consider strengths, or potential positive outcomes, more importantly than weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Specifically, financial return is the most important decision making factor for decision makers whereas cost minimization is not as important. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 361-369 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.12.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.12.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:361-369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Coyte G. Cooper Author-X-Name-First: Coyte G. Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper Author-Name: Erianne A. Weight Author-X-Name-First: Erianne A. Author-X-Name-Last: Weight Title: Participation rates and gross revenue vs. promotion and exposure: Advertisement and multimedia coverage of 18 sports within NCAA Division I athletic department websites Abstract: ► Advertisements and multimedia are a critical element of website coverage. ► Men's and women's basketball dominate coverage from an equity standpoint. ► Men's football is underrepresented in coverage from a financial standpoint.Athletic department websites have become a centerpiece of institutional athletic marketing efforts. Every Division I NCAA athletic department currently has a website, and these websites have become a significant element in communication brand-building efforts (NCAA Members, 2006). A primary benefit of athletic department websites is the ability to promote their overall product through the provision of equitable coverage to each of the teams housed within their department through individual team pages. The purpose of this study was to identify the advertisement and multimedia coverage of individual teams on NCAA Division I intercollegiate athletic home websites and contrast the coverage with participation rates and team gross revenue. Twenty Division I (10 programs [FBS]; 10 programs [FCS]) athletic websites were selected based on sport offerings, and data were gathered during three weeks of each of the three sport seasons (Fall, Winter, and Spring) featured during the academic school year (N = 420). Overall, from an equity perspective, the results demonstrated that men's and women's basketball, and football received significantly more multimedia and promotional coverage when in comparison to the teams that received negative coverage differences. In contrast, when analyzing the coverage from a financial standpoint, the results confirmed that football was underrepresented. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 399-408 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.12.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2010.12.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:399-408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Gee Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Gee Author-Name: M. Hopwood Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Hopwood Author-Name: P. Kitchin Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Kitchin Author-Name: J. Skinner Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Skinner Title: Sport Public Relations and Communication Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 462-463 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:462-463 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Trish Bradbury Author-X-Name-First: Trish Author-X-Name-Last: Bradbury Author-Name: J. Miller Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Author-Name: T. Seidler Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: Seidler Title: A practical guide to sport management internships Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 464-464 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:464-464 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexis Lyras Author-X-Name-First: Alexis Author-X-Name-Last: Lyras Author-Name: Jon Welty Peachey Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Welty Peachey Title: Integrating sport-for-development theory and praxis Abstract: In recent years there has been a growing social movement toward the use of non-traditional sport practices as a vehicle for social change, reaching communities with messages in ways traditional sport practices cannot. However, scholars have suggested that the effectiveness of sport to promote positive social change has been minimal. The absence of scientific evidence and an undergirding theoretical framework of how sport can work for social change indicate significant gaps between theory and practice. Thus, the purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we provide the theoretical foundations of sport-for-development theory (SFDT) to showcase how sport interventions can most effectively promote social change and development. Secondly, we utilise the SFDT programme recommendations as a blueprint to compare and contrast two sport interventions that use sport as a vehicle to promote positive social change, one at the global and the other at the local level. Based on this analysis, suggestions for future research and practice are provided. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 311-326 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:311-326 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Beissel Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Beissel Author-Name: M. Nagel Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Nagel Author-Name: R. Southall Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Southall Title: Introduction to Sport Management: Theory and Practice Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 465-466 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:465-466 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Thank You to the Reviewers for Sport Management Review - 2011 Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 309-310 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(11)00078-7 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(11)00078-7 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:309-310 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 4 Volume: 14 Year: 2011 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(11)00080-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(11)00080-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:4:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Woosoon Kim Author-X-Name-First: Woosoon Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Matthew Walker Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Title: Measuring the social impacts associated with Super Bowl XLIII: Preliminary development of a psychic income scale Abstract: ► Initial validation including face and content validity tests and a pilot test resulted in 42 scale items across seven factors. ► A principal component analysis identified 32 items under 5 factors. ► A 5-factor model with 22 items resulted after a confirmatory factor analysis. ► Sport events will generate community pride, excitement, and attachment, and improve community infrastructure. ► Enhanced community attachment is an addition to a model to assess the psychic income scale.Sport mega-events have taken on an elevated profile and assumed a key role as urban and regional development strategies. While a number of studies have investigated the potential impacts of these events, most (not surprisingly) have focused on economic, rather than non-economic outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the non-economic features associated with a high profile mega-event in the United States. Based on Crompton's (2004) psychic income paradigm and a comprehensive review of the extant literature, this article describes the development and validation of a self-report scale designed to measure the psychological impact of Super Bowl XLIII on the residents of Tampa Bay, Florida. The research method followed standard scale development techniques. Initial scale validation (i.e., face and content validity) was assessed through a panel of experts and a field test. Principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted; the results of which revealed that mega-event psychological impact can be examined using 22 items under five factors: (1) community pride as a result of enhanced image, (2) enhanced community attachment, (3) event excitement, (4) community excitement, and (5) pride in efforts to improve community infrastructure. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 91-108 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:91-108 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Meghan M. Casey Author-X-Name-First: Meghan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Casey Author-Name: Warren R. Payne Author-X-Name-First: Warren R. Author-X-Name-Last: Payne Author-Name: Rochelle M. Eime Author-X-Name-First: Rochelle M. Author-X-Name-Last: Eime Title: Organisational readiness and capacity building strategies of sporting organisations to promote health Abstract: ► We explored the implementation of health promotion within sporting organisations. ► A new strategy requiring sports organisations to implement change. ► Club development programs supported the implementation and sustainability of HP. ► Delivery of sport was a more immediate responsibility than health promotion. ► Change dependent upon organisational readiness; particularly climate and capacity.This paper explored the readiness of Victorian State Sporting Organisations (SSOs) in Australia to implement health promotion (HP) programs and sought to understand how they implemented capacity building strategies to promote health. Ten SSOs that received funding to develop and implement HP were recruited for the study. Interviews were conducted with key staff from SSOs and focus groups were undertaken with their Boards of Management. Factors analysed were SSO organisational readiness and capacity building strategies to implement change in organisational processes, organisation and resources, and systems and controls. SSOs made a concerted effort to create and support sport and recreation contexts that promote healthy behaviours. A number of SSOs achieved changes in their culture and systems by implementing formalised and systematic programs such as the club development program. The club development program supported the implementation and sustainability of HP throughout the organisational system of the SSO. These changes, however, were dependent upon organisational readiness; particularly climate and capacity, whereby financially “well off” SSOs had the capacity to engage in HP in a significant way. This paper highlights opportunities and challenges for policy makers to fund HP within sporting organisations; especially when the delivery of sport is a more immediate responsibility than HP. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 109-124 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.01.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.01.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:109-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Liam J.A. Lenten Author-X-Name-First: Liam J.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Lenten Author-Name: Wayne Geerling Author-X-Name-First: Wayne Author-X-Name-Last: Geerling Author-Name: László Kónya Author-X-Name-First: László Author-X-Name-Last: Kónya Title: A hedonic model of player wage determination from the Indian Premier League auction: Further evidence Abstract: ► Hedonic price models allow estimation of ‘fair values’ of professional cricketers in a unique open-auction framework, allowing inferences on bidding patterns. ► Players from India, with an X-factor and previous Twenty20 experience attracted systematic premiums in the auction. ► There is evidence of an economic ‘superstar’ effect—overbidding for star players and underbidding for lesser players.A range of cross-sectional models are estimated with a view to establishing the factors that determine the valuation of professional athletes in a highly-specialised sport, with an application to cricket's Indian Premier League (IPL). We distinguish between personal characteristic and playing ability factors, and with respect to the former, between ability in different forms of the sport. We find a number of interpretable variables that have explanatory power over auction values, while decomposition according to batting and bowling specialisations produces very different results depending on the use of either Test or One-Day International (ODI) variables. There is also possible evidence of inefficient bidding, insomuch that overbidding was somewhat correlated with players with higher realised values. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 60-71 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.01.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.01.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:60-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Janet S. Fink Author-X-Name-First: Janet S. Author-X-Name-Last: Fink Author-Name: Heidi M. Parker Author-X-Name-First: Heidi M. Author-X-Name-Last: Parker Author-Name: George B. Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: George B. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Author-Name: Jacquelyn Cuneen Author-X-Name-First: Jacquelyn Author-X-Name-Last: Cuneen Title: Female athlete endorsers: Determinants of effectiveness Abstract: ► Experimental study based on social role theory and match up hypothesis. ► Examined sport played and product endorsed on female athlete endorser effectiveness. ► Female athletes in gender inappropriate sports perceived as slightly less attractive. ► Sport played had no impact on perceptions of trustworthiness, expertise, or fit. ► Results suggest changing gender norms regarding female athletes and endorsements.In drawing from social role theory and the match-up hypothesis, the purpose of this study was to determine influential variables regarding the effectiveness of female athlete endorsers. A 2 (gender appropriate/gender inappropriate) × 2 (sport related product/non-sport related product) experiment was conducted with 296 participants from four different universities throughout the United States. Results indicated that type of sport had little effect on credibility measures. Further, the athlete's sport had no effect on athlete-product fit. The most important aspect relative to purchase intentions was the product being endorsed, not the sport in which the athlete competed. Results are discussed in terms of practical implications and theoretical considerations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 13-22 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.01.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.01.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:13-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Hugh Bednall Author-X-Name-First: David Hugh Author-X-Name-Last: Bednall Author-Name: Michael Valos Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Valos Author-Name: Stewart Adam Author-X-Name-First: Stewart Author-X-Name-Last: Adam Author-Name: Colin McLeod Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: McLeod Title: Getting Generation Y to attend: Friends, interactivity and half-time entertainment Abstract: ► Friends and sporting orientation affect sport attendance. ► Social networks offer promotional opportunities in new markets. ► Half-time activities have minimal effect on attendance.People from Generation Y, given their number and stage in the family life-cycle, represent a key emerging audience for major sports. The study focussed on the effect of friends and half time enhancements on likely attendance at matches. The sport domain was the Australian Football League (AFL), the elite Australian rules football competition. The enhancements being tested were half-time entertainments based on performers from well-known television talent shows, Australian Idol and It Takes Two. Scenarios with and without interactive participation, based on short messaging service (SMS) messages, were tested. The study used a general population sample of 909 Generation Y people in a traditional AFL market and one where AFL is not the major winter competition. Previous attendance and sport orientation were the major influences on attendance at major sports, including the AFL. Friends influenced likely attendance at a game, but no effects were found for half-time entertainments. People who attended matches with friends typically had social activities before and after the game. This suggested that one promotional strategy to expand existing markets was to find and engage the social networks of existing fans, making sport attendance a broader part of an overall social event. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 80-90 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.04.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.04.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:80-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirstin Hallmann Author-X-Name-First: Kirstin Author-X-Name-Last: Hallmann Title: Women's 2011 Football World Cup: The impact of perceived images of women's soccer and the World Cup 2011 on interest in attending matches Abstract: ► Image of World Cup is more positive than of women's soccer. ► Age is important for the perceived image of women's soccer and the Women's World Cup ► Gender influences the perception of the pre-event image of the Women's World Cup. ► Image indicators and age influence future behavior which applies as well to age.The popularity of women's soccer has increased in Germany since the inauguration of the sport in 1970 by the German Football Association. The purpose of this study is to analyze the current image of women's soccer in general and the pre-event image of the World Cup 2011 in particular, as well as the key drivers and indicators that trigger interest in attending women's soccer matches. The study sample consists of sport-interested individuals who were questioned concerning their attitudes and actions related to the attendance at women's soccer matches at different leisure facilities and sport events in Germany in 2009 (n = 1284). Additive image indexes were created in order to evaluate the respective images of women's soccer and the Women's World Cup. Regression analyses were applied to test the key drivers for interest in attending matches. The results suggest that age is important in determining the perceived image of women's soccer and the Women's World Cup and gender influences the perception of the pre-event image of the Women's World Cup. Moreover, various image indicators influence future behavior which applies as well to age. No differences were found regarding an effect of gender on future behavior. Regarding women's soccer it can be said that the more interesting, exciting and cheerful it is perceived to be, the higher the interest in attending matches. These attributes can be used in marketing communications to foster game attendance. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 33-42 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:33-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Olan Kees Martin Scott Author-X-Name-First: Olan Kees Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Scott Author-Name: Brad Hill Author-X-Name-First: Brad Author-X-Name-Last: Hill Author-Name: Dwight H. Zakus Author-X-Name-First: Dwight H. Author-X-Name-Last: Zakus Title: When the home team is not featured: Comparison of two television network commentaries during broadcasts of the 2006 FIFA World Football Cup Abstract: ► Framing strategies used by two national broadcasters were identified through a content analysis. ► Results revealed significant associations for the types of themes employed by television networks. ► Results also revealed associations for the use of nationalistic themes in both broadcasts.Broadcast commentary of sport contests is often seen as biased or “one-eyed” for the “home team”. This study sought to determine if this labelling was correct. Two different broadcasts of the national Dutch team's games during the 2006 Federation Internationale de Football Association's (FIFA) World Cup in Germany were compared. Both the Dutch Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (NOS) and Australian Special Broadcast Services (SBS) networks each televised this team's matches, together providing eight matches for analysis. First, the framing strategies used by each broadcaster were identified through a fourteen category thematic scale derived from the data. Secondly, a Chi-square analysis of the results revealed significant associations for the types of themes employed by the home network (NOS) and those of a neutral broadcaster (SBS). Results also revealed associations for the use of nationalistic themes in the commentary. These results have salience for sport management and sport media studies as audience size and therefore revenue generation is of import. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 23-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:23-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nico Schulenkorf Author-X-Name-First: Nico Author-X-Name-Last: Schulenkorf Title: Sustainable community development through sport and events: A conceptual framework for Sport-for-Development projects Abstract: ► Planning and evaluation framework for sport and event community projects. ► Flexible framework for understanding and measuring social impacts and long-term outcomes. ► Management framework for Sport-for-Development projects. ► Change agents and community participation.The number of aid organisations, NGOs and government agencies pursuing the Millennium Development Goals and seeking to improve the everyday needs and social life of disadvantaged communities has been growing over the past decade. Particularly in divided societies, Sport-for-Development projects have increasingly been staged to contribute to intergroup togetherness, social cohesion and community empowerment. While the analyses of individual sport and event initiatives highlights their capacity to impact positively on people and groups, they do not provide strategic guidelines, models or frameworks for community empowerment. However, such models are needed to foster practical research in the area of community development that can inform sport and event planning, management and leverage. In an attempt to fill this gap, this paper presents and discusses the Sport-for-Development (S4D) Framework, which can be used to guide the strategic investigation of sport and event projects and their contribution to understanding and measuring direct social impacts and sustainable social outcomes for (disparate) communities. The S4D Framework presents a holistic yet flexible management tool that can take account of cultural heterogeneity and program diversity, while shaping implementation, directing evaluation, and encouraging future planning of development initiatives. To conclude, this paper suggests different ways in which the S4D Framework can be empirically tested and validated through both qualitative and quantitative research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-12 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.06.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.06.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:1-12 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew J. Martin Author-X-Name-First: Andrew J. Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: S.B. Foster Author-X-Name-First: S.B. Author-X-Name-Last: Foster Author-Name: J.E. Dollar Author-X-Name-First: J.E. Author-X-Name-Last: Dollar Title: Experiential learning in sport management: Internships and beyond Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 140-141 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.06.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.06.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:140-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Turner Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Title: Regulation of professional sport in a changing broadcasting environment: Australian club and sport broadcaster perspectives Abstract: ► Regulation of professional sport in a changing broadcasting environment is examined. ► Vies from sport broadcasters and professional sport clubs were determined. ► Government (public) regulation and league (private) regulation perspectives were identified. ► Clubs and broadcasters accept their current regulatory environment.Broadcasting is undergoing massive changes with technology introducing new delivery opportunities and thereby more broadcasters into the equation. Emerging technology in the sport broadcasting environment is complicated by the existing league and broadcasting regulations. League-based regulations impact on income distribution and product distribution, while broadcasting regulations, largely imposed by the elected Federal Government of the day, are enacted to ensure that commercial and public interests are being supported. Introducing a stakeholder interest-based approach, the regulation affecting professional sport clubs and broadcasters was examined in order to identify how they would respond to the regulation imposed on them in the emerging broadcasting environment.In depth interviewing of senior managers of Australian Football League (AFL) and National Rugby League (NRL) clubs as well as sport broadcasters was undertaken with the data analysed, and emergent themes recorded. Results indicate that league, broadcaster and government regulations impact on the clubs and broadcasters in a variety of ways, with clubs facing regulation from the league and the broadcasters, while the broadcasters and league face regulation from the government legislation enacted. The results indicate that these organisations need to be aware of the conditions that arise from the existing and emerging broadcast regulatory environment in order to better understand and respond to it. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 43-59 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:43-59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nola Agha Author-X-Name-First: Nola Author-X-Name-Last: Agha Author-Name: Sheranne Fairley Author-X-Name-First: Sheranne Author-X-Name-Last: Fairley Author-Name: Heather Gibson Author-X-Name-First: Heather Author-X-Name-Last: Gibson Title: Considering legacy as a multi-dimensional construct: The legacy of the Olympic Games Abstract: ► Ensuring an Olympic legacy begins at the bid stage. ► Olympic legacy must be considered as a multi-dimensional construct. ► The mandate of all stakeholders must be part of any legacy strategy. ► Tangible and intangible Olympic legacies must be actively leveraged.The International Olympic Committee (IOC) requires cities that bid for the Olympic Games to formulate a legacy strategy. This case follows a sport professional tasked with developing an Olympic bid for their city. Specifically, the case considers various legacy outcomes including: destination image, tourism, cost, venues, housing, and social legacies. The case is written with anonymity of the actual city so that the instructor can adapt the case to a specific city. The case is particularly useful for courses covering sport tourism, stakeholder management, event management, or sport economics and finance. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 125-139 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:125-139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John Davies Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Davies Author-Name: J.T. DeSensi Author-X-Name-First: J.T. Author-X-Name-Last: DeSensi Author-Name: D. Rosenberg Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenberg Title: Ethics and Morality in Sport Management Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 142-142 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.011 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:142-142 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cathy Headley Author-X-Name-First: Cathy Author-X-Name-Last: Headley Author-Name: J. Nauright Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Nauright Author-Name: S. Pope Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Pope Title: The New Sport Management Reader Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 143-144 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.012 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:143-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin Mongeon Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Mongeon Author-Name: Jason Winfree Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Winfree Title: Comparison of television and gate demand in the National Basketball Association Abstract: ► This paper uses four linear regressions to analyze the differences between the determinants of economic demand for television audiences and gate attendance. ► We find that fans who watch the games on television are 4.5 times more sensitive to winning and that the demand for television audiences is decreased more by direct substitutes compared to gate demand. ► From our findings, particularly regarding winning and substitutes, enhanced models describing league and team behavior are prescribed.This study analyzes the differences between the determinants of economic demand for television audiences and gate attendance. Due to data availability problems, there are few studies focused on television demand for North American sports leagues, and most of those studies do not compare the differences between television and live game audiences. The primary determinants of demand that are compared are income, team quality, and both direct and indirect substitutes. Using data from the National Basketball Association (NBA), we find that fans who attend games live are inherently different from fans who watch games on television. Although insignificant to gate attendance, income is an inferior good to television audiences. Fans who watch the games on television are 4.5 times more sensitive to winning. The demand for television audiences is decreased more by direct substitutes compared to gate demand. However, demand for gate attendance is decreased more by indirect substitutes compared to television demand. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 72-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.09.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.09.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:72-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(12)00008-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(12)00008-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Milena M. Parent Author-X-Name-First: Milena M. Author-X-Name-Last: Parent Author-Name: Line Eskerud Author-X-Name-First: Line Author-X-Name-Last: Eskerud Author-Name: Dag Vidar Hanstad Author-X-Name-First: Dag Vidar Author-X-Name-Last: Hanstad Title: Brand creation in international recurring sports events Abstract: ► Examine the brand creation process in international recurring sports events. ► Comparative case study of Norwegian and Canadian cross-country ski events. ► Similarities: leaders’ skills/actions, event experience, institutional experiences. ► Differences: branding/marketing efforts, event history and impact. ► Findings extend Parent and Séguin's (2008) one-off event brand creation model.Although recurring sports events are held more frequently and by a larger number of cities than one-off events, little research has examined the branding process within recurring events. This paper addresses this gap by examining the brand creation process for international recurring sports events. Based on Parent and Séguin's (2008) model for one-off sports events, a comparative case study of the Alberta World Cup (Canada) and World Cup Drammen (Norway) cross-country ski events was conducted. Findings included similarities (leaders’ skills/value-based actions, induced event experiences, and institutional experiences) and differences (branding/marketing efforts, recognition of the sport, and nature of the event (success, media coverage, geographic location, and history/impact)). An expanded model of event brand creation is proposed, which can be applied to both one-off and recurring sports events in small and large North American and European cities. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 145-159 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:145-159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cheryl Mallen Author-X-Name-First: Cheryl Author-X-Name-Last: Mallen Author-Name: Chris Chard Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Chard Title: “What could be” in Canadian sport facility environmental sustainability Abstract: ► A vision of “what could be” is offered to aid in transforming the sport facility industry for environmental sustainability. ► Eight key frameworks were utilized to generate the framework for the vision. ► This vision aims to spawn debate to stimulate thinking and alternative approaches in environmental sustainability.Sport facilities need to consider transforming for ES as Etzion (2007) noted that all organizations are now confronted with the environmental degradation situation. This means that there is a need to shift to practices that support environmental sustainability (ES) or the safeguarding of the natural environment. To aid industries to transport for ES, several profit and not for profit organizations have recently devised voluntary systems or standards to drive advances. Some Canadian sport facilities, however, are engaged in various stages of transforming for ES, with or without participation in a standard certification program. The authors of this manuscript propose that a vision of where the industry could be can aid in transforming the industry. The vision offered is framed with the Precautionary Principle, Appreciative Theory, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007) and the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) Global Environment Outlook 4 (GEO4): Summary for Decision Makers (2007), an adaptation of Gunton and Joseph's (2007) manuscript “Toward a National Sustainable Development Strategy for Canada: Putting Canada on the Path to Sustainability Within a Generation”, the “Sustainable Value Framework” (Senge, Smith, Kruschiwitz, Laur, & Schley, 2008, p. 122), the Sport Event Environmental Performance Measure (Mallen, Stevens, Adams, & McRoberts, 2010) and the concept of Green Chemistry (Anastas & Warner, 1998; Iles, 2008). It is hoped that the vision presented spawns debate on sport facility ES. Additional research is needed to advance understandings in areas such as “What is the end point being sought in sport facility ES?” and “What is needed in terms of ES programs, measurements and reporting to reach a desired level of ES?” Time will tell if opportunities were taken to fully generate an impact concerning ES. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 230-243 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.10.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.10.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:230-243 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jackie Grieve Author-X-Name-First: Jackie Author-X-Name-Last: Grieve Author-Name: Emma Sherry Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Sherry Title: Community benefits of major sport facilities: The Darebin International Sports Centre Abstract: ► In this article we provide a case study of the community benefits of a sport facility (DISC). ► Impacts identified are social/psychic; community visibility and image; developmental and political. ► DISC provides noneconomic benefits to users: accessibility, exposure, participation and success. ► The DISC development had a positive effect on participants’ community and sporting experience.Community benefit is a term used frequently in an Australian government context to justify the construction of sport facilities that require initial and ongoing financial support from the community. The purpose of this research is to investigate the community benefit derived from the development of a new sport facility, in this case the Darebin International Sports Centre (DISC), Melbourne, Australia and examine community (user) perceptions to verify claims that the venue delivers a range of community benefits. Interviews were undertaken with both facility users and key stakeholders at the venue, and the data was qualitatively analysed to identify specific incidents and coded into concepts to identify predominate themes or patterns: social/psychic impacts; community visibility and image impacts; developmental impacts and political impacts. The findings of this study indicate that, from a user perspective, DISC provides an extensive range of noneconomic benefits such as increased accessibility, exposure, participation and success. The majority of facility users stated that the development of DISC has had a positive effect on their sport, sporting community and sporting experience. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 218-229 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.03.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.03.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:218-229 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jon Welty Peachey Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Welty Peachey Author-Name: Jennifer Bruening Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Bruening Title: Investigating ambivalence towards organisational change in a Football Championship Subdivision intercollegiate athletic department Abstract: ► Ambivalence was found to be a salient response to organisational change, in addition to resistance and acceptance. ► Antecedents to ambivalence included both intrapersonal and interpersonal factors. ► Perceived lack of institutional support was found to be a salient interpersonal antecedent to ambivalence. ► In addition to intrapersonal and interpersonal antecedents, managerial turnover and previous negative experience with change were found to be antecedents to ambivalence.To date, few scholars have examined organisational change in the sport industry, with the majority focusing on forces driving change. Only a handful have investigated responses to change, primarily centering upon factors contributing to resistance. Historically, most work in measuring attitudes has placed them on a bipolar continuum ranging from negative to positive. Recently, though, researchers have presented data to support an indifference-ambivalence attitudinal dimension characterised by evaluative tension. There have been few studies, however, that have examined ambivalence towards organisational change. Therefore, this research was undertaken to investigate ambivalence towards organisational change in a Football Championship Subdivision intercollegiate athletic department in the U.S. Through a case study, we demonstrate that ambivalence was a salient response to change, and that intrapersonal conflict, perceived lack of institutional support, managerial turnover, and previous negative experience with change served as antecedents. We then highlight the theoretical and practical significance of our study. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 171-186 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:171-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George Vagenas Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Vagenas Author-Name: Eleni Vlachokyriakou Author-X-Name-First: Eleni Author-X-Name-Last: Vlachokyriakou Title: Olympic medals and demo-economic factors: Novel predictors, the ex-host effect, the exact role of team size, and the “population-GDP” model revisited Abstract: ► Olympic team size (athletes) is the best single mediator–predictor of Olympic medals share. ► Best determinants are growth rate, unemployment, health expenditures, ex-host, and population. ► Growth rate, unemployment, and health expenditures are novel determinants. ► Labor force and inflation do not constitute significant determinants of Olympic success. ► The “population-GDP” model is lacking completeness in explaining the number of Olympic medals won.The present study revisited the problem of estimating Olympic success by critical demo-economic indicators. The sample consisted of the 75 winner countries at the Athens 2004 Olympic Games (not previously analyzed). Medal totals were log-linearly regressed on land, population, GDP, urban population, inflation, growth rate, unemployment, labor force, health expenditures, ex-host, and team size. Multiple regression assumptions were tested with proper diagnostics including collinearity. Olympic team size was the best single predictors of Olympic medals (R2 = 0.690, p < 0.001), and as an alternative criterion variable was significantly regressed on population, growth rate, health expenditure, and unemployment (R2 = 0.563, p < 0.001). Medal totals were significantly regressed on population, ex-host, health expenditure, growth rate, and unemployment (R2 = 0.541, p < 0.001). The classical population-GDP model extracted only 28% of the variance in total medals (R2 = 0.277, p < 0.001), and this was slightly improved when combined with unemployment (R2 = 0.365, p < 0.001). It appears that the size of the Olympic team plays the role of transmitting the composite impact of a country's size and economy to the end-phase of Olympic success. Winning Olympic medals depends on the combined potential of population, wealth, growth rate, unemployment, ex-host, and social-sport expenditures. Larger and wealthier countries win more medals by “producing” larger Olympic teams as a result of possessing more athletic talents and better support for social and sport related activities. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 211-217 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.07.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.07.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:211-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Love Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Love Author-Name: Damon P.S. Andrew Author-X-Name-First: Damon P.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Andrew Title: The intersection of sport management and sociology of sport research: A social network perspective Abstract: ► Important connections exist between sport management and sociology of sport. ► Empirical evidence of these connections is found in coauthorship patterns. ► Certain scholars act as key connectors in the fields. ► Rates of collaboration have been rising in sport management. ► The future relationship between these fields is ripe for further collaboration.Numerous scholars have highlighted important connections between the sport management and sociology of sport disciplines. Heeding calls from scholars in both fields to utilize social network analysis as a lens of inquiry, the purpose of the current study was to empirically explore the relationship between sport management and sociology of sport via coauthorship patterns. Specifically, we analyzed coauthorship patterns in three of the oldest and most highly regarded journals in each field from 1987 to 2009. Through the use of social network analysis, the descriptive results present a view of coauthorship patterns in both fields and highlight influential actors in the network who appear to transcend and connect both disciplines. The information yielded by this research provides insight useful for exploring the historical development of the fields, assessing the current state of the fields, and imagining how the fields might grow and prosper in the future. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 244-256 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:244-256 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Lock Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lock Author-Name: Kevin Filo Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Filo Title: The downside of being irrelevant and aloof: Exploring why individuals do not attend sport Abstract: ► We explore reasons that individuals choose not to attend sport. ► Open-ended questionnaire responses illustrated team-based values and characteristics underpinning non-attendance. ► Non-attendance was associated with apathetic or disidentified cognitive responses. ► Data were used to develop a conceptual model displaying perceptions of sporting teams on a spectrum ranging from positive through to neutral (apathetic) and negative (disidentified) ones.Understanding what influences an individual to transition from awareness that a sport team exists to attraction to that team is of critical importance in the management and development of consumer bases. Determining the factors that prevent individuals at a stage of awareness from becoming attracted is of equal importance. In this paper we use a social identity approach to explore reasons for non-attendance. Qualitative data were gathered from a mixed-method online survey administered to registered participants in a large football (soccer) association in New South Wales. The questionnaire included an open-ended question allowing individuals who had not attended a match during the previous 12 months to elaborate on the reasons that they did not attend. The seventy-five individuals who responded to this open-ended question comprise the sample for this research. Data highlighted that cognitive apathy and disidentification were both salient cognitive responses associated with individuals who did not attend. Furthermore, club values and characteristics were shown to influence team-based perceptions. The findings present implications for sport teams to overcome cognitive apathy and disidentification through organisation-initiated efforts to disseminate information and promote the team, as well as efforts to align team characteristics and values with consumer perceptions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 187-199 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:187-199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pamela Wicker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Wicker Author-Name: Joachim Prinz Author-X-Name-First: Joachim Author-X-Name-Last: Prinz Author-Name: Tassilo von Hanau Author-X-Name-First: Tassilo Author-X-Name-Last: von Hanau Title: Estimating the value of national sporting success Abstract: ► We examine the value of national sporting success using contingent valuation method. ► Willingness-to-pay for winning the 2010 Football World Cup is assessed. ► Average WTP amounts to €26. ► Intangible factors (e.g., identification with country) significantly influence WTP.The sporting success of athletes and national teams is associated with a feel-good-factor among the population. These positive social effects can be regarded as public goods that entail a certain value for the population. The value of public or non-market goods can be estimated using the contingent valuation method (CVM). A theoretical model is developed based on the consumption capital theory. This model explains the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for winning the 2010 Football World Cup as a function of sport-related and football-specific consumption capital as well as intangible and socio-economic factors. Within a survey of German citizens (n = 3049), the value of winning the 2010 Football World Cup is assessed using CVM. The model is tested using regression analyses to identify the significant determinants of WTP. The results reveal half of the respondents stated a WTP that amounted to €26 on average. The findings of a mixed-effects logistic as well as an alternative Tobit regression model show that intangible factors such as identification with the country and with the national team as well as individual and national importance of a good result significantly influence individuals’ WTP. Based on the findings of this study, it can be recommended that policy makers invest in national teams and athletes as national sporting success can generate a feel-good-factor among the population and make people happier. Additionally, it can impact on peoples’ perceptions and expectations about current and future economic situations which in turn determine macro-economic outcomes. Moreover, such estimations could be integrated into cost-benefit terms that are carried out for sport events. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 200-210 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:200-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura M. Hatfield Author-X-Name-First: Laura M. Author-X-Name-Last: Hatfield Author-Name: A.L. Baltzell Author-X-Name-First: A.L. Author-X-Name-Last: Baltzell Title: Living in the Sweet Spot: Preparing for Performance in Sport and Life Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 261-262 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:261-262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Turner Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Author-Name: B. Schultz Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Schultz Author-Name: P.H. Caskey Author-X-Name-First: P.H. Author-X-Name-Last: Caskey Author-Name: C. Esherick Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Esherick Title: Media Relations in Sport Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 259-260 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:259-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kyle Bunds Author-X-Name-First: Kyle Author-X-Name-Last: Bunds Author-Name: Yu Kyoum Kim Author-X-Name-First: Yu Kyoum Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: B. Dabscheck Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Dabscheck Title: Reading Baseball: Books, Biographies, and the Business of the Game Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 257-258 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.010 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:257-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heather J. Gibson Author-X-Name-First: Heather J. Author-X-Name-Last: Gibson Author-Name: Kyriaki Kaplanidou Author-X-Name-First: Kyriaki Author-X-Name-Last: Kaplanidou Author-Name: Sung Jin Kang Author-X-Name-First: Sung Jin Author-X-Name-Last: Kang Title: Small-scale event sport tourism: A case study in sustainable tourism Abstract: ► Small-scale events can be a form of sustainable tourism for communities. ► An event portfolio can contribute economically, socially, and environmentally. ► Support existence of a Type E event in Gratton et al.’s (2000) event typology.Scholars have suggested that small-scale sports events may be a sustainable form of tourism development for communities (e.g., Higham, 1999). The purpose of this study was to examine six small-scale sports events and the work of a local sports commission in the context of the three pillars of sustainability: economic, social, and environmental. Small-scale sports events are largely competitor or parent-as-spectator based, often annual, and attract little media attention. The six events were: a marathon, Senior Games, archery, soccer, softball, and swimming. The participants or spectators of the six events were surveyed onsite or online over an 18-month period and additional data from the sports commission, where relevant, were included. Sample sizes ranged from n = 68 to n = 447. The results suggest that a small-scale sports event portfolio consistent with a community's infrastructure and human and cultural capital may be a viable form of sustainable tourism development. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 160-170 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:160-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 2 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(12)00031-9 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(12)00031-9 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:2:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stacy Warner Author-X-Name-First: Stacy Author-X-Name-Last: Warner Author-Name: Jacob K. Tingle Author-X-Name-First: Jacob K. Author-X-Name-Last: Tingle Author-Name: Pamm Kellett Author-X-Name-First: Pamm Author-X-Name-Last: Kellett Title: An administrative mess: A case study from the officiating community Abstract: ► Teaching case study focused on management of officials. ► Useful for strategic management, organisational behaviour, HRM, or officiating courses. ► Issues involve leadership, strategy, policy, PR, work-family and sexual harassment. ► Case is based on observation, interviews, and conversation with numerous officials.This case is written for instructors of classes focused on strategic management, organisational behaviour, human resource management, and/or an officiating course. The case highlights the numerous administrative processes a new employee in a sport organisation would face. Although the case is fictional it is based on the authors’ personal and professional experiences in athletics administration and officiating, and further draws upon the authors’ research in the area of officiating. Consequently, this case study was constructed based on first-hand observation, interviews and conversation with numerous officials and administrators, and through the examination of documents frequently used to manage officials. As a result, the case provides an opportunity for students to critically evaluate and address: (1) a sport organisation's policies and procedures; (2) issues related to human resource management within a sport setting; (3) the managerial response after an organisational failure. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 368-380 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.11.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.11.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:368-380 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Author-Name: Anthony Beaton Author-X-Name-First: Anthony Author-X-Name-Last: Beaton Author-Name: Kostas Alexandris Author-X-Name-First: Kostas Author-X-Name-Last: Alexandris Title: Sport consumer motivation: Autonomy and control orientations that regulate fan behaviours Abstract: ► The importance of understanding sport consumer motivation and the lack of sound conceptual and theoretical frameworks is reviewed. ► The concept of motivation was delineated into the three sub-components of needs, motives, and goals. ► This paper is the first known application of Self-Determination Theory to sport consumer behaviour. ► The amount of explained variance in behaviour was more than double that reported in previous literature.The vast majority of research on sport consumers fails to utilize a theoretical understanding of motivation to examine behaviour. Self-Determination Theory was used to develop a new understanding of sport consumer motivation. Sport consumer motivation is conceptualized as representing autonomy and control orientations that energize a desire to engage in sport goal directed behaviour to acquire positive benefits. A multi-attribute survey instrument was designed to measure five motivational sub-types and administered to three samples of sport consumers, with the goal of testing for reliability and validity (N = 1222). Structural equation modelling analysis revealed that control orientation of sport motivation regulates desired benefits of socialization and diversion. In contrast, autonomy orientation of motivation regulates desired benefits of performance, esteem and excitement. Sport consumer motivation explained over 60% of the variance in game attendance, media usage, wearing team related clothing and purchasing team related merchandise. Results illustrate how sport consumer motivation represents intrinsically motivated behaviour that treats sport consumption activity as an end in itself as well as extrinsically motivated behaviour as the engagement in an activity is to obtain a separable instrumental outcome from the activity itself. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 355-367 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.11.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.11.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:355-367 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Galen T. Trail Author-X-Name-First: Galen T. Author-X-Name-Last: Trail Author-Name: Yu-Kyoum Kim Author-X-Name-First: Yu-Kyoum Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Harry Hyungil Kwon Author-X-Name-First: Harry Hyungil Author-X-Name-Last: Kwon Author-Name: Michelle Gacio Harrolle Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Gacio Author-X-Name-Last: Harrolle Author-Name: Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove Author-X-Name-First: Jessica R. Author-X-Name-Last: Braunstein-Minkove Author-Name: Ron Dick Author-X-Name-First: Ron Author-X-Name-Last: Dick Title: The effects of vicarious achievement on BIRGing and CORFing: Testing moderating and mediating effects of team identification Abstract: ► We tested whether team identification moderated the relationship between vicarious achievement and basking in reflected glory (BIRGing) or cutting off reflected failure (CORFing). ► We also compared the moderated models to models that indicate that team identification mediates the relationship between need for vicarious achievement and BIRGing/CORFing. ► The support for all of the models is based on the intersection of three theories: identity theory, self-esteem theory and achievement motivation theory. ► Using Jöreskog's (2000) analysis protocols, we found that there were no interaction effects for the moderated models. ► Using Zhao et al.’s (2010) strategy, we found indirect-only mediation for both BIRGing and CORFing.The purpose of our study was to test whether team identification moderated the relationship between vicarious achievement and basking in reflected glory (BIRGing) or cutting off reflected failure (CORFing). In addition, we compared the moderated models to models that indicate that team identification mediates the relationship between need for vicarious achievement and BIRGing/CORFing. The support for all of the models is based on the intersection of three theories: identity theory, self-esteem theory, and achievement motivation theory. Individuals (n = 151) affiliated with two Mid-Eastern universities completed a questionnaire before and after the 2006 Bowl Championship Series (BCS) National Championship football game. Using Jöreskog's (2000) analysis protocols, we found that there were no interaction effects for the moderated models. Using Zhao et al.’s (2010) strategy, we found indirect-only mediation for both BIRGing and CORFing. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 345-354 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.11.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.11.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:345-354 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuhei Inoue Author-X-Name-First: Yuhei Author-X-Name-Last: Inoue Author-Name: Aubrey Kent Author-X-Name-First: Aubrey Author-X-Name-Last: Kent Title: Investigating the role of corporate credibility in corporate social marketing: A case study of environmental initiatives by professional sport organizations Abstract: ► We investigate the role of corporate credibility in understanding how professional sport teams might influence consumer pro-environmental behavior. ► Organizational and program characteristics will determine the corporate credibility of the teams in supporting environmental protection. ► Corporate credibility will influence consumer pro-environmental behavior. ► Corporate credibility will have a greater effect on pro-environmental behavior for consumers with less environmental concerns.The purpose of this study is to understand how professional sport organizations might influence consumer voluntary behavior through their corporate social marketing (CSM) initiatives by focusing on the role of corporate credibility. The study examined consumer responses to environmental initiatives by two professional sport teams, and showed that organizational and program characteristics were associated with the corporate credibility of the teams in supporting environmental protection (i.e., environmental credibility). Environmental credibility, in turn, was found to have a positive association with consumer pro-environmental behavior measured by daily recycling involvement and recycling intentions during the teams’ home games. The results further revealed that environmental credibility was more strongly associated with recycling intentions during games for respondents who were less involved in environmental issues. Together, these findings suggest that professional sport organizations can be an effective vehicle for socially beneficial behavior by increasing their credibility in CSM involvement. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 330-344 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.12.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.12.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:330-344 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pamela Wicker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Wicker Author-Name: Christoph Breuer Author-X-Name-First: Christoph Author-X-Name-Last: Breuer Author-Name: Ben Hennigs Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Hennigs Title: Understanding the interactions among revenue categories using elasticity measures—Evidence from a longitudinal sample of non-profit sport clubs in Germany Abstract: ► The interactions among revenue categories of non-profit sport clubs are examined. ► Revenue elasticities are estimated. ► Donations crowd in revenues from sport supply (e.g., membership and service fees). ► Revenues from economic activities crowd out revenues from other supply. ► Public subsidies crowd in revenues from economic activities and donations.The revenue composition of for-profit and non-profit organisations is fundamentally different. Non-profit organisations have diversified revenues and must therefore manage an income portfolio. For the management of the income portfolio of a non-profit sport club it is not only important that sufficient revenues are available, but also where they come from as complex interactions exist among different revenue sources. These interactions are referred to as crowd-out effects (increases in one revenue source lead to decreases in another source) and crowd-in effects, respectively. The interactions among revenue categories of non-profit sport clubs were analysed using a longitudinal dataset from a nationwide sport club survey in Germany (n = 5026). Elasticity measures were calculated within a regression framework which provided information about the nature and significance of interactions. The results revealed a significant positive interaction between revenues from donations and sport supply (e.g., membership and service fees) pointing towards a crowd-in effect, i.e., increased revenues from donations have crowded in revenues from sport supply. Moreover, increased revenues from subsidies were found to crowd in revenues from donations and economic activities (e.g., sponsorship). Significant negative interactions were observed for revenues from economic activities and other supply suggesting that increased revenues from economic activities have crowded out revenues from other supply. The findings indicated an increased level of commercialisation supporting a modernisation of German clubs. Furthermore, the uncertainties have increased and therefore sport clubs have to consider the level of uncertainty of their revenue sources when they manage their income portfolio. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 318-329 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.12.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.12.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:318-329 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura J. Burton Author-X-Name-First: Laura J. Author-X-Name-Last: Burton Author-Name: John Borland Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Borland Author-Name: Stephanie M. Mazerolle Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie M. Author-X-Name-Last: Mazerolle Title: “They cannot seem to get past the gender issue”: Experiences of young female athletic trainers in NCAA Division I intercollegiate athletics Abstract: ► We evaluated the experiences of young, female athletic trainers in Division I intercollegiate athletics. ► We used post-structural feminism to examine the organizational practices of Division I athletic training. ► Our participants experiences indicate that Division I athletic training programs operates as gendered organizations. ► Gender stereotyping and power were used to constrain female athletic trainers working within Division I intercollegiate athletics.Within Division I intercollegiate athletics, women hold 46.4% of graduate assistant and 47% of assistant athletic trainer positions, yet hold only 18.8% of head athletic trainer positions. The purpose of this study was to explore whether issues of power and gender stereotyping contribute to the lack of women in head athletic training positions in intercollegiate athletics. Data were gathered from 14 female athletic trainers at Division I universities through semi-structured interviews and follow-up questions based on those interviews and were analyzed using post-structural feminism as the theoretical framework. The findings revealed that male coaches used gender stereotypes to challenge the professional competence of our participants along with formal and informal work practices to reinforce power over the professional lives of our participants. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 304-317 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.01.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.01.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:304-317 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Hautbois Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Hautbois Author-Name: Milena M. Parent Author-X-Name-First: Milena M. Author-X-Name-Last: Parent Author-Name: Benoit Séguin Author-X-Name-First: Benoit Author-X-Name-Last: Séguin Title: How to win a bid for major sporting events? A stakeholder analysis of the 2018 Olympic Winter Games French bid Abstract: While understanding the planning and hosting of major sporting events is a popular research area, less is known about the bid process despite the potential economic and political spinoffs. Some studies offer criteria for successful bids and even consider the stakeholder network as a key factor. Considering the importance of the stakeholder network, we delve deeper into this area. Using the power, legitimacy and urgency framework by Mitchell et al. (1997), we examine the 2018 Olympic Winter Games’ French national bid competition (four candidacies) to analyse the stakeholder relationships, identify their salience and then determine stakeholder-based bid key success factors. Archival material and 28 interviews were analysed. We notably found that to increase the probability of winning, no actor alone should have a definitive status, the sport stakeholder group should have at least the expectant status, and no strategic stakeholder should have the latent status. We also find that a three-level analysis of the stakeholder network allows for a greater understanding of the bid governance and process dynamics at play, which help to elucidate a successful bid. We contribute to the literature by (a) showing how stakeholder salience analysis can assist in understanding the bid network governance structure; (b) demonstrating that stakeholder salience depends on the level which is analysed (local, between bids, and with the event owner), the stage (deciding to bid, national bid competition, national bid win/international competition), and the case/context; and (c) determining stakeholder-based key bid success factors such as who should and should not be more salient in the bid process. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 263-275 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.01.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.01.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:263-275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patti Millar Author-X-Name-First: Patti Author-X-Name-Last: Millar Author-Name: Julie Stevens Author-X-Name-First: Julie Author-X-Name-Last: Stevens Title: Management training and national sport organization managers: Examining the impact of training on individual and organizational performances Abstract: ► Need to manage off-the-field performance as much as on-the-field performance. ► Training improved learning, individual and organizational performances. ► A progression to performance change was identified over a 3 month time period. ► Results highlight the need for continual workforce development in Canadian sport organizations.Within sport, a tremendous amount of effort is committed to the on-the-field performance of athletes and coaches, neglecting the off-the-field performance and development of sport managers. This study examines the impact of human resource training on the performance of five Canadian national sport organizations (NSO) and their managers (N = 22). Data were collected on three outcome variables (learning, individual performance, organizational performance) and three mediating variables (motivation to transfer, training design, organizational climate) at three time measures (pretraining, post-training1, post-training2). Results indicate that training improves the learning and individual performance of sport managers, as well as the organizational performance of NSOs. Varying relationships were found at each of the three time measures, demonstrating that a progression to training-related performance change exists. Implications and future research directions are discussed and highlighted the need for on-going training opportunities for Canadian sport managers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 288-303 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.01.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.01.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:288-303 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lionel Frost Author-X-Name-First: Lionel Author-X-Name-Last: Frost Author-Name: Peter Schuwalow Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Schuwalow Author-Name: Luc Borrowman Author-X-Name-First: Luc Author-X-Name-Last: Borrowman Title: Labour market regulation and team performance: The Victorian Football League's Coulter Law, 1930–1970 Abstract: ► We test whether non-compliance with VFL regulations improved team performance. ► Player turnover is used as a proxy for individual wage rates. ► Clubs lost players to minor leagues regardless of compliance with regulations. ► Performance was affected by loss and replacement of players, not wage structure.The Coulter Law was a set of Victorian Football League (VFL) recruiting and payment rules that operated from 1930 to 1970 and set maximum wages for individual players. Testing of the conventional view – that most VFL clubs breached these rules to maximise the utility derived from winning games – is hampered by the unavailability of individual wage data. We develop a model that observes connections between player turnover and team performance at three VFL clubs. The ways that clubs managed team payrolls in a regulated labour market are not sufficient to explain variations in team performance. Clubs lost experienced players to minor leagues, regardless of whether they complied with the Coulter Law. The ability of clubs to develop replacement players had a stronger influence on team performance. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 276-287 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.01.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.01.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:276-287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Julie D. Lanzillo Author-X-Name-First: Julie D. Author-X-Name-Last: Lanzillo Author-Name: E. Sirakaya-Turk Author-X-Name-First: E. Author-X-Name-Last: Sirakaya-Turk Author-Name: M. Uysal Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Uysal Author-Name: W. Hammitt Author-X-Name-First: W. Author-X-Name-Last: Hammitt Author-Name: J.J. Vaske Author-X-Name-First: J.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Vaske Title: Research Methods for Leisure, Recreation and Tourism Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 385-386 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:385-386 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas J. Aicher Author-X-Name-First: Thomas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Aicher Author-Name: T. Hinch Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: Hinch Author-Name: J. Higham Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Higham Title: Sport Tourism Development Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 383-384 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:383-384 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khalid Ballouli Author-X-Name-First: Khalid Author-X-Name-Last: Ballouli Author-Name: J. Sanderson Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanderson Title: It's a Whole New Ballgame: How Social Media is Changing Sports Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 381-382 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:381-382 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 3 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(12)00077-0 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(12)00077-0 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:3:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amy Giddings Author-X-Name-First: Amy Author-X-Name-Last: Giddings Author-Name: Kate Alexander Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Alexander Author-Name: Anne Stafford Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Stafford Title: Children and Organised Sport Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 538-539 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:538-539 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric MacIntosh Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: MacIntosh Author-Name: Kirsty Spence Author-X-Name-First: Kirsty Author-X-Name-Last: Spence Title: An exploration of stakeholder values: In search of common ground within an international sport and development initiative Abstract: ► Interviews with 39 key stakeholders uncovered 12 values influencing behavior for this sport and development initiative. ► Evidence of congruent and incongruent values emerged which have implications for the management of this initiative. ► Nuance between stakeholders perception of values was also found. ► Instrumental values shaped behavior in regards to the pursuit of desired end-states.The purpose of this study was to uncover the values of the Commonwealth Games Association's of Canada's international sport and development (IDS) initiative. Interviews were conducted with 39 key program stakeholders (e.g., IDS organizational leaders, host organizational leaders, intern alumni) involved in the management and operations of the initiative. Certain values were espoused by the organization through written documentation while others were perceived by stakeholders and were described as instrumental toward achieving desired end-states. In general, evidence of both congruent and incongruent values emerged through interview data. Nuance between stakeholder groups was also found, which in turn exposed areas of operations requiring further managerial attention. The complex interplay of values uncovered in this study contributes to the research on values in sport management and the emergent area of using sport as a means toward various developmental goals. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 404-415 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.03.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.03.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:404-415 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy B. Kellison Author-X-Name-First: Timothy B. Author-X-Name-Last: Kellison Author-Name: Michael J. Mondello Author-X-Name-First: Michael J. Author-X-Name-Last: Mondello Title: Organisational perception management in sport: The use of corporate pro-environmental behaviour for desired facility referenda outcomes Abstract: ► Corporate pro-environmental behaviour can enhance a professional sports team's reputation. ► Organisations seeking public stadium financing can benefit from engaging in perception management. ► Desired Voting Outcomes Framework is proposed to illustrate influence of perception management.The subsidisation of professional sport facilities has inspired deeply contentious debates. In North America, these debates have culminating historically in a vote by referendum. In order to obtain a favourable outcome, sport organisations have relied largely on controversial means, including using the influence of urban regimes, disseminating unreliable economic impact analyses to the public, or using political influence to circumvent the democratic process. In this paper, organisational perception management is proposed as an alternative approach to these tactics. This strategy is defined and illustrated using corporate pro-environmental behaviour in sport to demonstrate professional sport organisations can protect their images, reputations, and identities and obtain favourable referenda outcomes. From this analysis, the Desired Voting Outcomes Framework is presented, illustrating that effective organisational perception management can interrupt anticipated no-voters’ decision-making processes, leading to a reconsideration of voters’ judgments. Furthermore, the organisation's longterm reputation is sustained due, in part, to the perceived legitimacy of referenda. Implications of this framework and directions for future research are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 500-512 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.01.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.01.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:500-512 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Hutchinson Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Hutchinson Author-Name: Gregg Bennett Author-X-Name-First: Gregg Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Title: Core values brand building in sport: Stakeholder attitudes towards intercollegiate athletics and university brand congruency Abstract: ► Investigation of stakeholder attitudes toward athletic department behavioral congruency with university core values. ► Findings revealed perceived lack of congruency between athletic department behavior and institutional core values. ► Implications include the potential justification for separate academic and athletic brand images. ► Implications further propose an increase in core value advertisement and ownership for brand insulation.The purpose of this case study was to investigate stakeholder attitudes toward athletic department behavioral congruency with the stated core values of a major BCS1 university located in the Southwestern portion of the United States. Research has indicated that positive and negative attitudes toward intercollegiate athletics can contribute to the perceptions of congruency with the established university mission and values. Over time, however, the increase in negative attitudes attributed to athletic department behavior brings into question their congruency with the university core values. Document analysis and personal interviews (N = 13) were conducted with individuals from each of six university internal and external stakeholder groups. Findings revealed four primary themes: (a) Excellence Equals Winning, (b) For Public Relations Purposes Only, (c) Separation and Isolation of the Athletic Department, and (d) Lack of Leadership from the Top-Down. Implications and future research concerning university brand image and core value accountability are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 434-447 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:434-447 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Chard Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Chard Author-Name: Cheryl Mallen Author-X-Name-First: Cheryl Author-X-Name-Last: Mallen Title: Examining the linkages between automobile use and carbon impacts of community-based ice hockey Abstract: ► We consider the carbon impact of automobile usage for two minor ice hockey teams in Ontario. ► Carbon calculators are used to establish benchmarks for carbon footprints. ► Awareness of carbon footprints can spur pro-environmental behaviours and actions. ► Individuals and sport managers are called to reduce carbon footprints.Fossil fuels used in automobiles have generated over 15% of the carbon emissions worldwide (Nascimento et al., 2009) and driving represents the human activity contributing the most to air pollution (Barkenbus, 2009; Wiederkehr, 1995). As such, the purpose of this study was to generate understandings concerning the environmental impacts of ice hockey at the community level. Specifically, interviews with parents (n = 32) of minor “rep” ice hockey players on two teams (16 parents from “A” level and 16 parents from “AAA” level) in Ontario, Canada were conducted to elicit information on automobile usage for “away” game travel. Using this information, two carbon footprint calculators were employed (CarbonZero and PlanetAir) to ascertain the carbon footprint of these hockey players. The results of the investigation show that the teams journeyed 44,036 (“A” team) and 33,477 (“AAA” team) kilometres, respectively, for “away” games and the total environmental impact of this travel was approximately 20 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2). Organizational and individual behavioural initiatives, to mitigate impacts, are discussed as are future research initiatives about this important issue. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 476-484 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:476-484 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rodney L. Caughron Author-X-Name-First: Rodney L. Author-X-Name-Last: Caughron Author-Name: H. Gammelsæter Author-X-Name-First: H. Author-X-Name-Last: Gammelsæter Author-Name: B. Senaux Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Senaux Title: The Organization and Governance of Top Football Across Europe Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 540-540 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:540-540 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masayuki Yoshida Author-X-Name-First: Masayuki Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshida Author-Name: Brian Gordon Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Gordon Title: Who is more influenced by customer equity drivers? A moderator analysis in a professional soccer context Abstract: Despite the recent progress in understanding consumer moderators, much of this work has focused on the satisfaction-behavioral intentions link. There is a lack of research regarding the potential moderating effects of consumer variables on the relationship between the three dimensions of customer equity (value, brand, and relationship equity) and behavioral intentions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine how the effects of value, brand, and relationship equity on consumer behavioral intentions are enhanced by demographic (age and gender) and relational (season-ticket purchase) moderators. Furthermore, this study views brand equity as a psychological moderator and attempts to investigate the moderating effects of brand equity on the relationships between value equity, relationship equity, and behavioral intentions. Data were collected from spectators at a professional soccer event in Japan (n = 383). The results indicate that the effect of brand equity on behavioral intentions is positive and significant, while relationship equity has positive effects on both brand equity and behavioral intentions. A series of moderator analyses using the multi-group SEM method revealed that the influences of brand and relationship equity on behavioral intentions are stronger for younger consumers, men, and season-ticket holders than for older consumers, women, and non-season-ticket holders. Moreover, the moderator analyses verified that the effect of value equity on behavioral intentions was positive and significant only for those spectators belonging to the low brand equity categorization. The research findings, contributions, and directions for future research are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 389-403 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.03.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.03.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:389-403 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael E. Pfahl Author-X-Name-First: Michael E. Author-X-Name-Last: Pfahl Author-Name: Andrew Kreutzer Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Kreutzer Author-Name: Mike Maleski Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Maleski Author-Name: Jeff Lillibridge Author-X-Name-First: Jeff Author-X-Name-Last: Lillibridge Author-Name: Jeff Ryznar Author-X-Name-First: Jeff Author-X-Name-Last: Ryznar Title: If you build it, will they come?: A case study of digital spaces and brand in the National Basketball Association Abstract: This case addresses the relationship between sport and digital spaces by introducing students to strategic marketing processes related to developing a team-managed fan website. The case was created in conjunction with three former members of the Cleveland Cavaliers who helped create http://www.cavfanatic.com/, the official fan site of the team. Key areas addressed within the case study are brand development, brand communication, and brand extension. The case follows a new hire, Natalie, as she joins the new media team of http://www.cavfanatic.com/. The sport marketers she works with review the development of the website and provide information on the strategic development process they went through. In the end, Natalie is charged with looking forward and developing further strategies to continue to engage the Cavaliers fans and to develop the CavFanatic brand. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 518-537 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.03.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.03.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:518-537 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joris Drayer Author-X-Name-First: Joris Author-X-Name-Last: Drayer Author-Name: Daniel A. Rascher Author-X-Name-First: Daniel A. Author-X-Name-Last: Rascher Author-Name: Chad D. McEvoy Author-X-Name-First: Chad D. Author-X-Name-Last: McEvoy Title: An examination of underlying consumer demand and sport pricing using secondary market data Abstract: ► The purpose of the study is to understand demand, consumer surplus, and pricing (in)efficiency. ► Secondary market prices, instead of number of transactions, explain changes in consumer demand. ► Data indicate that NFL teams may be able to sell 20,000 additional seats for each game. ► There is approximately $260,000 in consumer surplus per game that is captured by resellers.The growth of the secondary ticket market has given sport managers a new way to understand consumer demand for tickets. In the secondary market, transaction prices and the number of transactions are highly variable and respond directly to consumer preferences, making it ripe for exploration. Using secondary market data for the NFL provided by a secondary market firm, the purpose of the current study is to understand a variety of traditional sport economics issues such as demand, consumer surplus, and pricing (in)efficiency. Results show that secondary market prices, instead of number of transactions, respond to the factors commonly associated with consumer demand. Further, the data indicate that teams may be able to sell 20,000 additional seats for each game. However, given that teams cannot easily add this number of seats (and may not want to given the NFL's blackout rule), there is approximately $260,000 in consumer surplus per game that is captured by resellers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 448-460 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.03.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.03.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:448-460 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brad Hill Author-X-Name-First: Brad Author-X-Name-Last: Hill Author-Name: B. Christine Green Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Christine Green Title: Repeat participation as a function of program attractiveness, socializing opportunities, loyalty and the sportscape across three sport facility contexts Abstract: ► We examined differences across facilities in terms of program attractiveness, socializing opportunities, loyalty and sportscape factors on repeat participation. ► Differences emerged among factors across facilities and with varied affects on participation frequency. ► Sportscape factors had most impact on participation frequency at health and fitness centers.Effects of sport facility services of program attractiveness, socializing opportunities customer loyalty, and the sportscape on frequency of participation at three different types of sport facilities; special purpose – health and fitness centers, single-purpose – tennis, golf or swim pool amenities, and multi-use – gymnasia were examined. The purpose of the study was to identify differences between, and effects on, participation at different types of participant sport facilities due to service quality. Data were collected on a sample of 1199 participants from a mid-sized east coast Australian city. Linear restrictions testing determined that the three sport facility types were significantly different in the ways in which the constructs affect repeat participation. The sportscape has the most impact on participation frequency at fitness facilities, and minimal impact on participation at multi-sport facilities. Implications for retaining customers at each facility type are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 485-499 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.03.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.03.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:485-499 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Petróczi Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Petróczi Author-Name: Kjetil K. Haugen Author-X-Name-First: Kjetil K. Author-X-Name-Last: Haugen Title: The doping self-reporting game: The paradox of a ‘false-telling’ mechanism and its potential research and policy implications Abstract: ► Game theory is applicable to self-reporting surveys. ► The best strategy for all agents (athletes) would be lying about doping use. ► Lying on surveys could result in false negative as well as false positive answers. ► These potential distortions should be considered in self-reported doping prevalence.Establishing a requirement for, justifying public spending on, and evaluating the effectiveness of anti-doping policies all accentuate the need for reliable estimates of doping prevalence in sport. To date, despite considerable effort and much empirical research, this critical information is still not available. Methodological concerns that make doping epidemiology research difficult have been noted, and to some degree addressed in relation to under-reporting bias. In this paper, we use a simple game model to outline a potential responding behaviour among self-reporting athletes on the use of doping that could potentially invalidate any prevalence estimation arising from self-reports. We show a paradoxical situation in which a potential strategic behaviour inevitably leads to a game where the ‘lying’ is a dominant strategy for both doping users and non-users. A slightly more advanced look at the situation might possibly alter this seemingly absurd conclusion, however not in a direction offering any easy solutions for empirical doping research. Although we acknowledge that the proportions of respondents engaging in false telling are likely to vary across samples and differ between doping users and clean athletes, our simple model effectively draws attention to a neglected side of evasive responding in surveys. The response bias that potentially could lead to under- and over-reporting should be considered when self-reported prevalence rates are used to inform anti-doping prevention and intervention policies. Survey methodologies that are able to account for potential distortions would make a considerable contribution to doping research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 513-517 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.04.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.04.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:513-517 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sam Spector Author-X-Name-First: Sam Author-X-Name-Last: Spector Author-Name: Chris Chard Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Chard Author-Name: Cheryl Mallen Author-X-Name-First: Cheryl Author-X-Name-Last: Mallen Author-Name: Craig Hyatt Author-X-Name-First: Craig Author-X-Name-Last: Hyatt Title: Socially constructed environmental issues and sport: A content analysis of Ski Resort Environmental Communications Abstract: ► This manuscript focused on the USA ski industry and examined Ski Resorts Environmental Communications (SRECs) stated on each of 82 resort websites. ► The communications were rated for their prominence, breadth and depth based on the environmental categories in the USA Sustainable Slopes Program (SSP) Charter. ► The results provide an assessment of the level of environmentally responsible actions by the ski resorts.The United Nations (UN) purported that “whenever a person engages in sport there is an impact on the environment” (UN, 2010, n.p.). The purpose of this research was to examine the safeguarding of the natural environment, or environmental sustainability (ES), in sport by studying the level of environmentally responsible actions for ski resorts in the USA. Specifically, this manuscript focused on the USA ski industry and examined Ski Resorts Environmental Communications (SRECs) stated on each of 82 resort websites. The methods included rating these communications for their prominence, breadth and depth based on the environmental categories in the USA Sustainable Slopes Program (SSP) Charter. Based on both these SREC ratings and the grades assigned to each resort by the Ski Area Citizen's Coalition (SACC), the resorts were classified as inactive, exploitive, reactive, or proactive using an adaption of Hudson and Miller's (2005) model. The results provide an assessment of the level of environmentally responsible actions by the ski resorts. Several directions for future research have been brought forward from this study, including the need to examine motivations behind ski resort publications on environmental communications and the likelihood of skiers selecting resorts based on the environmental communications posted on websites. A concentration of research is needed to develop further understandings concerning the contemporary issue of ES in sport. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 416-433 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.04.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.04.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:416-433 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jessie Brouwers Author-X-Name-First: Jessie Author-X-Name-Last: Brouwers Author-Name: Veerle De Bosscher Author-X-Name-First: Veerle Author-X-Name-Last: De Bosscher Author-Name: Popi Sotiriadou Author-X-Name-First: Popi Author-X-Name-Last: Sotiriadou Title: An examination of the importance of performances in youth and junior competition as an indicator of later success in tennis Abstract: ► The relationship between youth results (U14 and U18) and professional tennis success. ► Good youth performances increase the chance for later success but are not a precondition. ► Competition results at young ages are not a good criteria for talent selection.Talent identification at a young age is deemed essential for many national sporting organisations to increase the chances of success for their players on the international stage. Talent identification methods can be imprecise and national tennis associations and coaches often identify talent based on performances at youth tournaments and junior rankings. However, not much is known about the relationship between the international competition performances of young tennis players and later success. This relationship is explored in this study using comparisons based on: (a) the results of 3521 players at U14 youth tournaments; (b) the rankings of 377 junior players (U18) by the International Tennis Federation; (c) the rankings of 727 professional male players by the Association of Tennis Professionals; and (d) the rankings of 779 professional players by the Women's Tennis Association. Junior performances (U18) and performances at youth tournaments (U14) appear to have a low success rate in predicting later success. No distinct age was found at which players should start to perform in order to be successful at the professional level. It is concluded that even though good performances at young ages increase athletes’ chances to become elite players, they are not a precondition for achieving later success. Therefore, this study informs talent scouts, sport development officers, coaches and high performance managers of the role that performances at international youth competitions may play in talent identification in tennis. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 461-475 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.05.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.05.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:461-475 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: i-i Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(12)00101-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(12)00101-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Thank you to the Reviewers Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 387-388 Issue: 4 Volume: 15 Year: 2012 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(12)00108-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(12)00108-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:15:y:2012:i:4:p:387-388 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheranne Fairley Author-X-Name-First: Sheranne Author-X-Name-Last: Fairley Author-Name: Kevin Snyder Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Snyder Author-Name: Pamm Kellett Author-X-Name-First: Pamm Author-X-Name-Last: Kellett Author-Name: Brad Hill Author-X-Name-First: Brad Author-X-Name-Last: Hill Title: When professional athletes change sports: Sport development, sanctity of contract, and restraint of trade in the NRL Abstract: ► Sport development practices and pathways that allow player movement across codes and nations. ► Elite sport development and skills transfer between sports Contractual considerations for athletes and teams involved in international transfers. ► Consequences of salary cap restraints for teams and athletes.This case study provides insight into a current issue faced by sporting leagues—the movement of professional players to different sports. As the case illustrates, the movement of professional players across sport codes can have a profound impact on the management of sport development, the management of player contracts, and legal issues in restraint of trade. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 111-119 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.12.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.12.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:111-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Packianathan Chelladurai Author-X-Name-First: Packianathan Author-X-Name-Last: Chelladurai Title: A personal journey in theorizing in sport management Abstract: The purpose of this article was to articulate the process of theorizing. For the author, theory development begins with a discontent and discomfort with existing formulations on a topic. In drawing from this premise, the author provides an overview of the theory development process he undertook, highlighting five examples: geographic versus functional centrality, athletic teams as coalitions, defining the field of sport management, organizational effectiveness, and leadership. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 22-28 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.12.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.12.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:22-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Janet S. Fink Author-X-Name-First: Janet S. Author-X-Name-Last: Fink Title: Theory development in sport management: My experience and other considerations Abstract: ► Theory development in sport management requires innovation, space for multiple theoretical perspectives and/or research paradigms, and the context of sport must be woven into the work. ► A process of theory development is forwarded. ► Constraints to theory development in sport management are discussed.This article is designed to generate thought about the development of theory in sport management. A basic overview of theory and theory development is offered along with the author's thoughts on features necessary for generating strong theoretical contributions. Further, the author provides the strategies she utilizes when engaging in these academic endeavors. Finally, the article concludes with a discussion of potential barriers to the development of theory within the field of sport management. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 17-21 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.12.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.12.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:17-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alison Doherty Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Doherty Title: Investing in sport management: The value of good theory Abstract: This paper reflects on why and how there should (continue to) be an investment in sport management by investing in the application and development of theory. Good theory does not just describe, it explains. Thus, in a fundamentally applied field like sport management it is important that the body of knowledge is derived from theory-based and theory-building research. It is equally important that practice and student learning is founded on good theory that guides explanation, prediction and effective management of the sport enterprise. The paper focuses particularly on how, as scholars, we can invest in theory through research, whether it is borrowing, adapting, and extending theory from other disciplines, or generating new theory within sport management that is intentionally relevant to the field. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 5-11 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.12.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.12.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:5-11 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard L. Irwin Author-X-Name-First: Richard L. Author-X-Name-Last: Irwin Author-Name: Timothy D. Ryan Author-X-Name-First: Timothy D. Author-X-Name-Last: Ryan Title: Get real: Using engagement with practice to advance theory transfer and production Abstract: ► Discusses cultural gap between academia and practice. ► Authors discuss sport management curriculum and instruction. ► Authentic connection needed between academia and practice. ► Authors give strategies on practitioner engagement.The purpose of this paper is to illustrate that strengthening links with practice through authentic and collaborative instruction, research and professional service, significantly reduces these two gap-enhancing problems and represents an ideal opportunity to apply, test and, perhaps most importantly, generate theory. Authenticity, or connectivity with practice, through the use of practical content as well as interaction, provides a valuable mechanism for enhancing, if not accelerating, knowledge production and transfer. The sport management literature widely supports the merits of experiential learning, as an authentic method of advancing knowledge acquisition. Moreover, while sport academia and sport business may comprise distinct cultures, there is a common purpose for research: an understanding of unique, emerging phenomena. As such, authentic research and learning environments have the potential to yield multiple benefits that include (a) enriching student learning outcomes, (b) fostering healthy relationships with industry, (c) establishing a mechanism for external funding, (d) serving as a platform for scholarship, and (e) challenging faculty to upgrade instructional methods and content; ultimately enhancing professional competency and connectivity of faculty and students alike, and thus, advancing the discipline. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 12-16 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.12.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2011.12.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:12-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George B. Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: George B. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Title: Theory and theory development in sport management Abstract: Sport Management Review has been the sport management leader in publishing literature reviews and new theoretical frameworks. Despite these advances, scholars have not critically examined theory and its place in sport management scholarship. The purpose of this scholarly exchange is to address these issues, such that five scholars were invited to discuss how they conceptualize theory, the role of theory in the academia, and the process in which they engage when developing their own theories. This article provides an overview of the topic and introduces the articles. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-4 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.01.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.01.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:1-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard McGrath Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: McGrath Author-Name: R. Cashman Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Cashman Author-Name: S. Darcy Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Darcy Title: Benchmark Games: The Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 120-121 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:120-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masayuki Yoshida Author-X-Name-First: Masayuki Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshida Author-Name: Jeffrey D. James Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey D. Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: J. Joseph Cronin Jr Author-X-Name-First: J. Joseph Author-X-Name-Last: Cronin Jr Title: Sport event innovativeness: Conceptualization, measurement, and its impact on consumer behavior Abstract: ► We developed a conceptual model of sport event innovativeness. ► Data were collected in a spectator sport context. ► The results provide evidence for the proposed multi-dimensional conceptualization. ► The findings also suggest sport event innovativeness influences consumer outcomes.Although scholars have had a long-standing interest in product innovation based on technological development, limited attention has been devoted to the study of the innovation of sport event experiences. Two quantitative studies, from the consumer's perspective, were completed to validate the proposed conceptualization of sport event innovativeness composed of six dimensions (player performance, respectful access, self-service technology, aesthetic environment, fan community, and loyalty program), and to examine the hypothesized relationships impacting consumer behavior. Including the dimensions of player performance, fan community, and loyalty program, extends previous research that has focused primarily on technology and process-based innovations. The results indicate the effects of the six dimensions on overall innovativeness are contingent on a consumer's age. The ideas merit further research with respect to formulating an explanation of what factors contribute most to connecting consumers to sport organizations through innovative sport event experiences. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 68-84 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.03.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.03.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:68-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pamela Wicker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Wicker Author-Name: Kirstin Hallmann Author-X-Name-First: Kirstin Author-X-Name-Last: Hallmann Author-Name: Christoph Breuer Author-X-Name-First: Christoph Author-X-Name-Last: Breuer Title: Analyzing the impact of sport infrastructure on sport participation using geo-coded data: Evidence from multi-level models Abstract: ► The impact of sport facilities on sport participation is analyzed. ► Data on individuals (micro level) and sport facilities (macro level) were collected. ► Data on both levels are geo-coded and multi-level analyses are performed. ► Swimming pools are a significant determinant for sport participation. ► The provision of sport fields is important to participation in sport clubs.Sport policies aiming at increasing mass participation and club participation have stressed the importance of sport infrastructure. Previous research has mainly analyzed the influence of individual factors (age, income, etc.) on sport participation. Although a few studies have dealt with the impact of sport facilities on sport participation, some methodological shortcomings can be observed regarding the integration of sport infrastructure into the research design. Oftentimes, subjective measures of infrastructure are employed, leading to biased results, for example inactive people have a worse perception of the actual supply of facilities. In fact it is important to measure the available sport infrastructure objectively using a quantitative approach and integrate it into statistical models. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of individual and infrastructure variables on sport participation in general and in sport clubs using geo-coded data following a multi-level design. For this purpose, both primary data (individual level) and secondary data (infrastructure level) were collected in the city of Munich, Germany. A telephone survey of the resident population was carried out (n = 11,175) and secondary data on the available sport infrastructure in Munich were collected. Both datasets were geo-coded using Gauss–Krueger coordinates and integrated into multi-level analyses. The multi-level models show that swimming pools are of particular importance for sport participation in general and sport fields for participation in sport clubs. Challenges and implications for a more holistic modeling of sport participation including infrastructure variables are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 54-67 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.05.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.05.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:54-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heath McDonald Author-X-Name-First: Heath Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald Author-Name: Adam J. Karg Author-X-Name-First: Adam J. Author-X-Name-Last: Karg Author-Name: Andrea Vocino Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Vocino Title: Measuring season ticket holder satisfaction: Rationale, scale development and longitudinal validation Abstract: ► Identifies components of season ticket holder experiences that influence satisfaction. ► STH satisfaction developed as a multi-dimensional construct. ► Scale development uses EFA, CFA and longitudinal modelling on three years of data. ► Five constructs developed that STHs use to assess the season ticket package. ► Scale provides measure by which clubs can effectively evaluate and manage STH attitudes.Season tickets are examples of sports subscription products, research into which is very limited. Given the nature of subscription markets, there is sufficient reason to expect that the relationship between service quality, satisfaction and renewal might operate differently from transactional markets. This paper seeks to address this deficiency in the research by developing and verifying a scale that identifies and measures the components of professional sport club season ticket packages that are most influential on buyer satisfaction. Survey data were collected over three consecutive years from season ticket holders (STHs) supporting the same team. Three research phases were undertaken using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to develop and refine the scale, and a stage of longitudinal modelling to explore levels of invariance within the scale over multiple years. The result is a 19-item scale measuring overall satisfaction as well as five key constructs by which STHs assess the season ticket package: service, home ground, on-field performance, club administration, and personal involvement. The scale provides a parsimonious and robust measure by which sport teams can identify the most effective way to manage STHs’ attitudes towards their subscription products, regardless of fluctuations in on-field performance or playing personnel. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 41-53 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.05.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.05.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:41-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicholas D. Theodorakis Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas D. Author-X-Name-Last: Theodorakis Author-Name: Kostas Alexandris Author-X-Name-First: Kostas Author-X-Name-Last: Alexandris Author-Name: Nikolaos Tsigilis Author-X-Name-First: Nikolaos Author-X-Name-Last: Tsigilis Author-Name: Serafim Karvounis Author-X-Name-First: Serafim Author-X-Name-Last: Karvounis Title: Predicting spectators’ behavioural intentions in professional football: The role of satisfaction and service quality Abstract: ► We examined the relationships among service quality, satisfaction and fans’ behavioural intentions in professional soccer. ► Both process and outcome quality dimensions significantly influenced fans’ satisfaction, with the technical one being the most influential. ► Fans’ satisfaction influenced their behavioural intentions.The present study aimed to examine the relationships among service quality, satisfaction and spectators’ behavioural intentions, in the context of professional football. Using Gronroos’ (1984) theoretical framework, service quality was conceptualized in terms of technical (outcome) and functional (process-related) quality. Outcome quality was measured with two dimensions: game quality and team performance, while five dimensions were used to measure functional quality (tangibles, responsiveness, reliability, access and security). Three hundred and fifty (N = 350) spectators of a professional football game in Greece participated in the study. The results provided support of the two total service quality model used. Furthermore, outcome quality was shown to have a stronger influence on spectators’ satisfaction levels than functional quality; finally, satisfaction was shown to partially mediate the relationship between service quality and spectators’ behavioural intentions. These results contribute to our theoretical understanding of the factors that predict spectators’ loyalty in professional football. Sport marketing implications are also discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 85-96 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.05.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.05.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:85-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Madjid Tavana Author-X-Name-First: Madjid Author-X-Name-Last: Tavana Author-Name: Farshad Azizi Author-X-Name-First: Farshad Author-X-Name-Last: Azizi Author-Name: Farzad Azizi Author-X-Name-First: Farzad Author-X-Name-Last: Azizi Author-Name: Majid Behzadian Author-X-Name-First: Majid Author-X-Name-Last: Behzadian Title: A fuzzy inference system with application to player selection and team formation in multi-player sports Abstract: ► Player selection and team formation in multi-player sports is a complex problem. ► We propose a two-phase framework for player selection and team formation in soccer. ► The first phase evaluates the players with a fuzzy ranking method. ► The second phase evaluates the players’ combinations with a fuzzy inference system. ► A case study is used to illustrate the performance of the proposed approach.The success or failure of any team lies in the skills and abilities of the players that comprise the team. The process of player selection and team formation in multi-player sports is a complex multi-criteria problem where the ultimate success is determined by how the collection of individual players forms an effective team. In general, the selection of soccer players and formation of a team are judgments made by the coaches on the basis of the best available information. Very few structured and analytical models have been developed to support coaches in this effort. We propose a two-phase framework for player selection and team formation in soccer. The first phase evaluates the alternative players with a fuzzy ranking method and selects the top performers for inclusion in the team. The second phase evaluates the alternative combinations of the selected players with a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) and selects the best combinations for team formation. A case study is used to illustrate the performance of the proposed approach. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 97-110 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.06.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.06.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:97-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ramón Spaaij Author-X-Name-First: Ramón Author-X-Name-Last: Spaaij Title: Cultural diversity in community sport: An ethnographic inquiry of Somali Australians’ experiences Abstract: ► Explores the sport participation experiences of people from refugee backgrounds. ► Sport providers need to address interpersonal and structural barriers. ► Understand refugee settlement as a two-way process. ► Build trusting relationships with new arrivals and their families.Sport organisations aim to grow the participation of culturally and linguistically diverse communities, including newly arrived people from refugee backgrounds. Drawing on multi-sited ethnographic research conducted by the author at community sport organisations in the multicultural city of Melbourne, this paper examines the key factors that affect the sport participation experiences of Somali Australians. It is shown that interpersonal and structural barriers to sport participation predominate, and that the significance of these barriers varies according to age, gender and time in Australia. The paper concludes that in order to foster inclusive sporting environments in which people from refugee backgrounds can participate in a safe, comfortable and culturally appropriate way, refugee settlement needs to be understood as a two-way process of mutual accommodation requiring adaptation on the part of both the migrant and the host society. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 29-40 Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.06.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.06.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:29-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: i-i Issue: 1 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(12)00125-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(12)00125-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:1:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adrien Bouchet Author-X-Name-First: Adrien Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchet Author-Name: Michael Troilo Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Troilo Author-Name: Jon Welty Peachey Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Welty Peachey Title: Major League Baseball and the Dominican Republic: What is in the best interest of the players? Abstract: This case is about Major League Baseball and the Dominican Republic. We explore how Major League Baseball has used this Caribbean island as an inexpensive labor market and the social problems of the situation. Specifically, we examine Corporate Social Responsibility, the leadership of Sandy Alderson, ethics and the various stakeholders involved. We also look into possible reform alternatives while addressing the central question: What is in the best interest of the players? Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 236-250 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.04.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.04.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:236-250 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirstin Hallmann Author-X-Name-First: Kirstin Author-X-Name-Last: Hallmann Author-Name: Christoph Breuer Author-X-Name-First: Christoph Author-X-Name-Last: Breuer Author-Name: Benedikt Kühnreich Author-X-Name-First: Benedikt Author-X-Name-Last: Kühnreich Title: Happiness, pride and elite sporting success: What population segments gain most from national athletic achievements? Abstract: ► Of the respondents, 66.2% felt proud and 65.6 were happy when German athletes were successful at major events. ► Effects of elite sporting success vary based on particular socio-demographic characteristics. ► Several population segments benefit more: women, those with a low educational background and low income, and immigrants.Elite sports are widely considered by national governments as a merit good through which many benefits to society as whole can be fostered through the stimulation of ‘national pride’ and ‘happiness’ (or ‘wellbeing’). The aim of this paper is to analyze what factors influence perceived national pride and happiness when athletes succeed at major national and/or international competitions. Based on a nation-wide survey, data was collected from n = 2006 randomly selected Germans by means of a computer assisted telephone interview. The results reveal that 66.2% respondents felt proud and 65.6% respondents were happy when German athletes were successful at major events. National pride and happiness were significantly explained through interest in elite sports, sport participation and socio-economic variables. The results reveal that there are differences between the perception of pride and that of happiness. Women, individuals with a low educational background, and low income and individuals having a migration background are the population segments who gain most from the sporting success of elite athletes. The results show in particular that the funding of elite sports and elite athletes can be considered as policy tool for social integration. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 226-235 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.07.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.07.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:226-235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joyce O. Olushola Author-X-Name-First: Joyce O. Author-X-Name-Last: Olushola Author-Name: D. Floyd Jones Author-X-Name-First: D. Floyd Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Marlene A. Dixon Author-X-Name-First: Marlene A. Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Author-Name: B. Christine Green Author-X-Name-First: B. Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Green Title: More than basketball: Determining the sport components that lead to long-term benefits for African-American girls Abstract: ► A successful sport for development program targeting African-American girls was examined. ► The program positively affected the educational attainment of its participants. ► Four key program components necessary for success: Family, Education, Discipline, and Civic Engagement. ► Program success was associated with fidelity to program values, flexibility rather than standardization, and consistency of mission and implementation.Sport participation has the capacity to enhance the athletic and academic performance of adolescents. However, African-American participants have not enjoyed the positive academic benefits that are common among other populations. Sport is a popular developmental intervention for African-American youth, yet sport programs do not always render the intended benefits (Coalter, 2007). The purpose of this study was to determine the components of school-based sport programs that create long-term benefits for African-American girls. A high school basketball program based on positive youth development served as the program site. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with current and former players and program stakeholders. Four key values underpin the success of the program: family, education, discipline, and civic engagement. The results indicate that successful programs need flexible—not standard—design commitment to program values, and consistency in mission and implementation. Implications for the design and implementation of sport programs to improve the athletic and academic performance of African-American girls are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 211-225 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.07.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.07.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:211-225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katie Misener Author-X-Name-First: Katie Author-X-Name-Last: Misener Author-Name: Alison Doherty Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Doherty Title: Understanding capacity through the processes and outcomes of interorganizational relationships in nonprofit community sport organizations Abstract: ► This study explored the processes and outcomes of interorganizational relationships in community sport organizations. ► Trust, consistency, balance, and engagement were found to be key relationship attributes. ► Outcomes of relationships included improvements to program/service quality and operations, and enhancing community presence.Engaging in relationships with other organizations is one way for nonprofit community sport organizations (CSOs) to acquire needed resources, knowledge, and other social benefits while achieving important public purposes and building community cohesion. This study explored the processes and outcomes of interorganizational relationships in CSOs through semi-structured interviews with presidents of these organizations (N = 20). The findings revealed key relationship processes including trust, consistency, balance, and engagement as well as specific management skills. The findings also revealed that relationships impacted CSOs through enabling improvements to program/service quality and operations, and enhancing community presence. The study contributes to the interorganizational relationship literature and our understanding of how relationships advance organizational goals in this small nonprofit context. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 135-147 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.07.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.07.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:135-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Seungmo Kim Author-X-Name-First: Seungmo Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Damon P.S. Andrew Author-X-Name-First: Damon P.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Andrew Title: Organizational justice in intercollegiate athletics: Perceptions of coaches Abstract: Research indicates sport industry employees encounter organizational justice, or fairness perceptions, during resource distributions on the basis of what was distributed (distributive justice), how the distribution decision was reached (procedural justice), and how the distribution decision was communicated to the employee (interaction justice). This study's purpose was to explore coaches’ perceptions of fairness regarding current resource distribution systems in intercollegiate athletics in terms of types of sport (high profile sports vs. low profile sports) and participant gender (male participant sports vs. female participant sports). A total of 260 coaches from National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, II, and III institutions in the United States responded through online surveys assessing three dimensions of organizational justice: distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. Subsequently, tests for discriminant validity prompted the consolidation of the procedural and interactional justice dimensions. MANOVA tests found: (a) no significant main effect nor interaction effect for distributive justice and (b) main effects of type of sport and participant gender, but no interaction effect for procedural justice. Practical and broader theoretical implications for these findings are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 200-210 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.08.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.08.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:200-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carolyn J. Cordery Author-X-Name-First: Carolyn J. Author-X-Name-Last: Cordery Author-Name: Dalice Sim Author-X-Name-First: Dalice Author-X-Name-Last: Sim Author-Name: Rachel F. Baskerville Author-X-Name-First: Rachel F. Author-X-Name-Last: Baskerville Title: Three models, one goal: Assessing financial vulnerability in New Zealand amateur sports clubs Abstract: ► We model three different theoretical constructs of financial vulnerability and apply these to amateur sports clubs. ► Utilising longitudinal data from golf and football clubs we are able to assess changes in key ratios over time. ► Each model's predictive variables and explanatory strengths differ, due to differences in these sports. ► Variables to monitor include: over-reliance on external (non-member) revenue, increasing debt, and excessive expenditure.Financial vulnerability is a critical issue for nonprofit sports clubs due to clubs’ increasing costs and impediments to generating sufficient income. The first objective of this study is to derive a conceptual understanding of financial vulnerability for sports clubs by assessing three financial vulnerability models, two of which have previously been applied in the nonprofit sector generally. Two models are based on revenue patterns and expenditure, and the third is based on movements in Net Assets over four years. A second objective is to identify determinants of financial vulnerability within amateur sports clubs, focusing specifically on golf and football.The data to test these models were derived from the financial reports of 227 amateur sports clubs in New Zealand (98 football and 129 golf clubs). Each of the three models results in different predictive variables and has different explanatory strengths. For example, football clubs that were financially vulnerable under Model 1: Program Expenditure had declining revenues from members and trading, as well as high administration costs. Conversely, declining reserves are predictive in financially vulnerable golf clubs using Model 2: Net Assets. Model 3: Net Earnings was generalizable to both football and golf clubs. The explanatory variables were different between these sports, due to their different asset base and propensity to employ paid staff. The common variables those with oversight responsibilities should monitor against financial vulnerability are: an undue reliance on external, rather than member-based revenue, increasing debt, and excessive expenditure. Further research could extend this model to other sports and other jurisdictions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 186-199 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.08.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.08.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:186-199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Nicholson Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholson Author-Name: Kevin Brown Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Russell Hoye Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Hoye Title: Sport's social provisions Abstract: ► This paper examined the social provisions of individuals’ involvement in sport and non-sport community organisations. ► Social support developed through sport organisations was found to be stronger than that developed through non-sport community organisations. ► Differences in the type, tenure and intensity of involvement in sport organisations had no significant impact on the strength of support developed.This paper explores the relationship between sport and social capital by reporting on research that examined the social provisions of individuals’ involvement in sport and non-sport community organisations. Data were collected on levels of involvement in community sport and other third sector organisations, selected demographic variables, and a measure of social support using the Social Provisions Scale (Cutrona, 1984, 1986; Cutrona & Russell, 1987). The findings support the contention that social support developed through involvement in sport organisations is stronger than that developed through involvement in non-sport community organisations, but reveal that differences in the type, tenure and intensity of involvement in sport organisations had no significant impact on the strength of support developed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 148-160 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.08.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.08.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:148-160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jun Woo Kim Author-X-Name-First: Jun Woo Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Jeffrey D. James Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey D. Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Name: Yu Kyoum Kim Author-X-Name-First: Yu Kyoum Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: A model of the relationship among sport consumer motives, spectator commitment, and behavioral intentions Abstract: ► The link between hedonic motives and affective commitment is defined as an emotional relationship. ► The link between psychological connection motives and continuance commitment is defined as a self-interest relationship. ► The link between the motives of social influence and normative commitment is defined as a social influence relationship. ► The key drivers of sport consumer behaviors are affective commitment, continuance commitment, and/or normative commitment.The concept of commitment in sport marketing has largely been regarded as unidimensional. In the broader study of organizational behavior, commitment has been studied as a multidimensional construct. The multiple dimensions of commitment construe that one's behavior can be conveyed by different psychological states, comparable to those found to characterize different forms of commitment. The multidimensional perspective appears to yield more detailed and relevant information regarding a consumer's commitment in predicting specific behaviors. In past decades, a variety of researchers in organizational psychology and organizational behavior have investigated the relationship between motivation and commitment in order to better understand the two processes and their impact on behavior. However, there have been few attempts to integrate the two domains in order to demonstrate how motives and commitment combine to influence sport consumer behavior. Accordingly, a model of commitment and its relationship to sport consumer motives (i.e., antecedent) and behavioral intentions (i.e., consequence) is proposed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 173-185 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.08.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.08.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:173-185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaedeock Lee Author-X-Name-First: Jaedeock Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Mauricio Ferreira Author-X-Name-First: Mauricio Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira Title: A role of team and organizational identification in the success of cause-related sport marketing Abstract: ► Examine the direct and moderating impacts of team and organizational identification on attitudes toward CRSM. ► Respondents showed more positive attitudes toward high-fit CRSM messages. ► Team identification and organizational identification had different moderating effects of sport/cause fit on attitudes. ► Sport/cause fit had a greater impact on attitudes when consumer affinity toward the sport team was more positive. ► Sport/cause fit played a significant and positive role when consumers showed low affinity toward the cause.As sport marketers are increasingly engaging in cause-related sport marketing (CRSM) programs, there is a growing interest in understanding what CRSM characteristics and circumstances can lead to success. This study extends prior research by examining the direct and moderating impacts of team identification and cause organizational identification on consumer attitudes toward cause related sport marketing (CRSM) programs using intercollegiate sport contexts in the United States. A two groups (high vs. low-fit CRSM messages), between subject, and post-test only experiment (N = 309) denoted that respondents showed more positive attitudes toward high-fit CRSM messages and both team identification and cause organizational identification had different moderating effects of sport/cause fit on attitudes. Fit between a sport team and a cause had a greater impact on attitudes when consumer affinity toward the sport team was more positive. However, fit had little or no impact when consumer affinity toward the cause was positive, but it played a significant and positive role when consumers showed low affinity toward the cause. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 161-172 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.09.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.09.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:161-172 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P.J. Kitchin Author-X-Name-First: P.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Kitchin Author-Name: P. David Howe Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: David Howe Title: How can the social theory of Pierre Bourdieu assist sport management research? Abstract: ► Practice theory will assist the development of sport management research. ► Reviews the previous uses of Bourdieu in the organized sport literature. ► Proposes Bourdieu's conjoined conceptual and methodological framework for further research in sport management.Currently there are some key issues that highlight the negative underbelly of sport and of those who manage it. Entrenched gender and racial inequality, corruption, and the marginalization of individuals and groups from organized sport suggest that the study of sport management requires a wider social and ethical dimension to its analyses. In attempting to develop critical research into sport management we ask how can the social theory of Pierre Bourdieu assist sport management research? This paper explicates the benefits of Bourdieu to sport management by suggesting a dynamic, relational approach to the implementation of his practice theory. We introduce the foundations of his opus and review their previous application in the study of organized sport. Drawing on these concepts we recommend adopting a longitudinal, critical, and ethnographic approach for a more nuanced understanding of how complex phenomena impact on the management of sport. This paper presents conceptual and methodological implications in conjunction with a call for further research to increase our critical understanding of sport management. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 123-134 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.09.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.09.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:123-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lance C. Hatfield Author-X-Name-First: Lance C. Author-X-Name-Last: Hatfield Author-Name: S.A. Hall Author-X-Name-First: S.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Hall Author-Name: W. Cooper Author-X-Name-First: W. Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper Author-Name: L. Marciani Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Marciani Author-Name: J.A. McGee Author-X-Name-First: J.A. Author-X-Name-Last: McGee Title: Security Management for Sports and Special Events: An Interagency Approach to Creating Safe Facilities Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 253-254 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:253-254 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Trish Bradbury Author-X-Name-First: Trish Author-X-Name-Last: Bradbury Author-Name: M. Li Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: E.W. MacIntosh Author-X-Name-First: E.W. Author-X-Name-Last: MacIntosh Author-Name: G.A. Bravo Author-X-Name-First: G.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Bravo Title: International Sport Management Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 251-252 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:251-252 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 2 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(13)00021-1 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(13)00021-1 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:2:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brianna L. Newland Author-X-Name-First: Brianna L. Author-X-Name-Last: Newland Author-Name: Matthew T. Bowers Author-X-Name-First: Matthew T. Author-X-Name-Last: Bowers Title: Managing a confederation of rivals Abstract: This case highlights sport development issues within a free market environment where natural rivals compete for scarce resources (i.e., athletes). Set in a fictional environment of sport clubs grappling with the development of a network of clubs and coaches to support the growth of youth sport in the area, the case explores the challenges of two independent levels of policy-making – national and grassroots levels – for increased participation and elite development. At the national level, policy strategies and participation proliferation are best served when organizations work together; however, this becomes a challenge when organizations that implement these policies at the grassroots level compete for scarce resources. The resulting natural rivalries must be properly managed to meet larger objectives for growth. The case encourages students to consider the theoretical and practical issues for sport development at the grassroots and national level. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 388-396 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.06.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.06.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:3:p:388-396 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheranne Fairley Author-X-Name-First: Sheranne Author-X-Name-Last: Fairley Author-Name: Pamm Kellett Author-X-Name-First: Pamm Author-X-Name-Last: Kellett Title: Branding and positioning Australian rules football for participation growth in North America Abstract: Founded in 1996, the United States Australian Football League is a participation-based, amateur league that has the goal of increasing awareness, interest and participation in the sport of Australian rules football in the United States. The league has encountered challenges in creating awareness of, and therefore building participation in the sport. Lack of exposure and awareness of the sport in the United States sport marketplace is a fundamental barrier to growing participation. The USAFL has experienced difficulties in building participation because there is limited awareness and knowledge of the sport and league in the US, in addition to also a general confusion about, and lack of understanding of the sport of Australian rules football. These challenges have hindered the growth of the game in the US. The case provides students with the opportunity to consider the challenges inherent in positioning a sport in a foreign context. The case invites students to consider issues of creating awareness of a sport and branding it from the perspective of the President of the USAFL (an Australian ex-patriot) and a fellow board member (an American citizen). By comparing and contrasting the perspectives of an individual from the sport's country of origin (where the sport is immensely popular), and an individual from the sport's new cultural context encourages students to critically challenge assumptions about the popularity of sports, and explore strategies that may more effectively brand and position a sport within a new cultural context. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 397-406 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.06.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.06.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:3:p:397-406 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gary Howat Author-X-Name-First: Gary Author-X-Name-Last: Howat Author-Name: Guy Assaker Author-X-Name-First: Guy Author-X-Name-Last: Assaker Title: The hierarchical effects of perceived quality on perceived value, satisfaction, and loyalty: Empirical results from public, outdoor aquatic centres in Australia Abstract: ► The main statistical analysis included partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). ► This study assumes a hierarchical, multidimensional scheme for perceived quality. ► Overall satisfaction fully mediates the impact of perceived quality and perceived value on behavioural intentions.Drawing on the literature on service quality, value, satisfaction, and loyalty, the present study assumes a hierarchical, multidimensional scheme for perceived quality focussing on four process dimensions of service quality. The aim of this study is to test a comprehensive model of perceived quality on loyalty in the context of public aquatic centres in Australia. Using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) on a sample of 961 repeat customers of three outdoor public aquatic centres, results from this study reveal that four first-order process quality dimensions—facility presentation, core services, secondary services and staff—are significant in determining their higher-order perceived quality construct, with facility presentation and staff having the strongest influence. Moreover, the results of the present study indicate that overall satisfaction fully mediates the impact of perceived quality and perceived value on loyalty (behavioural intentions), with perceived quality having the strongest influence on overall satisfaction and loyalty. The present study provides an enhanced conceptualisation of the perceived quality construct in the context of public aquatic centres and contributes to the debate on the relationships among service quality, satisfaction, value, and loyalty in the sport and leisure context. In addition to strengthening theoretical understandings, the present study offers a service quality model that allows aquatic centre managers to identify specific attributes of the service that can be managed to influence loyalty more favourably. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 268-284 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.10.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.10.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:3:p:268-284 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam G. Pfleegor Author-X-Name-First: Adam G. Author-X-Name-Last: Pfleegor Author-Name: Chad S. Seifried Author-X-Name-First: Chad S. Author-X-Name-Last: Seifried Author-Name: Brian P. Soebbing Author-X-Name-First: Brian P. Author-X-Name-Last: Soebbing Title: The moral obligation to preserve heritage through sport and recreation facilities Abstract: ► We establish that sport/recreation facilities are significant sources of heritage. ► We establish that communities are morally obligated to protect this heritage. ► We establish that sport/recreation facilities are value-laden structures. ► Sport managers must be ethically/historically conscious during preservation.The preservation of heritage through renovation projects of sport and recreation facilities is a recent phenomenon. We are not generally prompted to think of sport and recreation venues as cultural objects to preserve or as hosts to heritage, yet, they appear to be significant sources of heritage for communities and fan nations (Mason, Duquette, & Scherer, 2005; Rosentraub & Ijla, 2008). Noting facilities have the ability to preserve heritage, the aim of this paper is to review contemporary philosopher Peter Singer's (1993) perspective on moral obligation to highlight the potential to protect heritage through sport and recreation facility management practices. We argue that communities and constituents may have a moral obligation to preserve heritage through sport and recreation facilities due to the value they possess. Appropriately, preservation is defined and framed as a managerial activity to assure the survival social, political, and cultural records. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 378-387 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.10.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.10.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:3:p:378-387 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuhei Inoue Author-X-Name-First: Yuhei Author-X-Name-Last: Inoue Author-Name: Joseph E. Mahan III Author-X-Name-First: Joseph E. Author-X-Name-Last: Mahan III Author-Name: Aubrey Kent Author-X-Name-First: Aubrey Author-X-Name-Last: Kent Title: Enhancing the benefits of professional sport philanthropy: The roles of corporate ability and communication strategies Abstract: ► We examine how the benefits of professional sport philanthropy are enhanced. ► Corporate ability of a sport team increases consumer donation intention to its supporting cause. ► Perceived corporate ability negatively interacts with team identification. ► A donation of a large amount of money for a cause creates positive attitudes for a sport team.Building upon scholarly work on corporate associations, social identity, and corporate philanthropy, this study aimed to: (1) identify the effect of perceived corporate ability (CA) associations of professional sport organizations (PSO) on consumer support of their nonprofit partners and (2) understand communication strategies that enable PSOs to gain greater business benefits from their philanthropic activities. The results of an experiment supported the role of perceived CA in influencing consumer intentions to donate to a PSO's nonprofit partner, and further showed that this perception had a greater effect when respondents’ identification with the PSO was low. The finding also indicated that a message describing a PSO's donation of a large amount of money for a cause could create positive attitudes toward the PSO. These findings extend recent work on professional sport philanthropy by demonstrating that—under certain conditions—such an activity can enhance benefits for both PSOs and their nonprofit partners. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 314-324 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.10.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.10.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:3:p:314-324 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason P. Doyle Author-X-Name-First: Jason P. Author-X-Name-Last: Doyle Author-Name: Kevin Filo Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Filo Author-Name: Heath McDonald Author-X-Name-First: Heath Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Title: Exploring sport brand double jeopardy: The link between team market share and attitudinal loyalty Abstract: ► The first paper to explore the applicability of the established double jeopardy marketing phenomenon to the sport context. ► High market share team fans possess significantly stronger brand association perceptions and attitudinal loyalty scores than low market share team fans. ► Extends sport literature by offering insights into sport consumer loyalty and the impact of environmental influencers. ► We offer theoretical and practical contributions and direction for future research.Marketers are charged with the responsibility of attracting consumers and encouraging loyalty for their brands. Double jeopardy, a marketing law observed across numerous product and service settings, contends that loyalty is largely influenced by a brand's market share. There have been suggestions that sport may be one of the few areas immune to such effects, providing researchers with an opportunity to test how sport brand loyalty may be impacted by market share. The current research capitalises on this opportunity by assessing the effects of market share on attitudinal loyalty reported by a sample of 794 Australian sport fans. ANOVA tests revealed that fans of high market share brands displayed higher levels of attitudinal loyalty towards their favourite teams in comparison to small market share team fans. Further tests revealed that differences existed in terms of the brand association perceptions held by high and small market share team fans, and how these contributed to predicting attitudinal loyalty. Consequently, sport marketers should be cognisant of double jeopardy effects when evaluating sport brands and formulating marketing strategies, though future research is needed to determine the full applicability of double jeopardy within the sport context. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 285-297 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.11.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.11.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:3:p:285-297 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Luis Paramio-Salcines Author-X-Name-First: Juan Luis Author-X-Name-Last: Paramio-Salcines Author-Name: P.J. Kitchin Author-X-Name-First: P.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Kitchin Title: Institutional perspectives on the implementation of disability legislation and services for Spectators with Disabilities in European professional football Abstract: ► Examines the nexus between sport management, disability sport and institutional theory. ► Outlines the implementation of policies to increase services for Spectators with Disabilities across European professional football. ► Examines the challenges faced by the incipient managerial position of the Disability Liaison Officer.Contemporary national and international football governing bodies and professional football clubs are expected to comply with stadium accessibility laws and regulations. They are also required to demonstrate that they are responsible to all their customers, including those who experience impairment and/or disability as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies. One strategy to address stadium accessibility and wider-equity issues for spectators with disabilities (SwD) and their companions, is through appointing the ‘incipient managerial position’ of the Disability Liaison Officer (DLO). This exploratory paper is motivated by a paucity of studies examining impairment and/or disability within sport management. Drawing on institutional theory (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983; Friedland & Alford, 1991) this paper seeks to address this gap by examining the implementation of disability legislation in professional football within England, Germany and Spain. This paper critically reviews both the actions of the governing bodies and clubs to interpret and implement services for Spectators with Disabilities (SwD). Our findings revealed a significant variance in the depth of policy implementation between these countries. This variation was due to the relationship between the prevailing institutional logic and the management of accessibility which resulted, or did not result in isomorphism occurring. The article concludes with implications for the management of sport and a call for further research into the implementation of equity policies. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 337-348 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.11.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.11.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:3:p:337-348 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Author-Name: Lesley Ferkins Author-X-Name-First: Lesley Author-X-Name-Last: Ferkins Author-Name: Liz Smythe Author-X-Name-First: Liz Author-X-Name-Last: Smythe Title: Sport governance encounters: Insights from lived experiences Abstract: This study explored sport governance practice from the lived experience of one informant spanning a 30-year period in the governance of two sport organisations (basketball and cricket). Hermeneutic phenomenology, the methodological framework used for this study, seeks to grasp the everyday world, and draw insight and meaning from it. The method involves a series of in-depth interviews with one research participant, supplemented by document analysis. Interviews were analysed using an interpretative process which blended the world views of both the participant and researchers. The participant lived through an era of increasing professionalisation within sport. His narrative, which tapped into his governance expertise at state, national and international levels, provides insights into the transition from an amateur to a commercial culture, referred to in this paper as ‘two worlds colliding’. From this narrative, three related themes were identified and labelled, ‘volunteer and cultural encounters’; ‘structural encounters’; and ‘adversarial encounters’. In drawing on hermeneutic philosophy, and highlighting that which has been hidden from view, direction for future research and practice within the sport governance domain is offered. These directions invite scholars to think about future sport governance research as it relates to federated structures and how collaborative governance theory can sharpen the focus in this domain. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 349-363 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:3:p:349-363 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Larena Hoeber Author-X-Name-First: Larena Author-X-Name-Last: Hoeber Author-Name: Shannon Kerwin Author-X-Name-First: Shannon Author-X-Name-Last: Kerwin Title: Exploring the experiences of female sport fans: A collaborative self-ethnography Abstract: ► We examined the gendered experiences of two female sport fans using collaborative self-ethnography. ► Both negotiated their definition of being a sport fan. ► Both saw themselves, at times, as outsiders in the sport fan world. ► Both marginalised other women at sport events.Hegemonic masculinity would suggest that sport fandom is the exclusive domain of men and women are subordinate. Yet, it is apparent that women make up a significant portion of the professional sport spectator market. As such, it is important to systematically examine the role of hegemonic masculinity in the female sport fan experience. The purpose of this paper was to document, explore, and reflect upon personal experiences of female sport fans using a collaborative self-ethnography approach. Over a period of 3 months, we documented our experiences attending professional sport events (e.g., Major League Baseball, Canadian Football League) in the United States and Canada. Analysis of the data occurred through a process of sharing and critical reflection of our narratives. We identified three common themes that defined our experiences as female sport fans: (a) negotiating our definition of being a sport fan, (b) female sport fan as “the outsider”, and (c) marginalisation of other women. Our work provides some insight into the lived experiences of female sport fans. Discussion of the findings is intended to shed light on the conversation regarding hegemonic masculinity within the sport fan literature. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 326-336 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:3:p:326-336 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katie Rowe Author-X-Name-First: Katie Author-X-Name-Last: Rowe Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Author-Name: Lesley Ferkins Author-X-Name-First: Lesley Author-X-Name-Last: Ferkins Author-Name: Erica Hinckson Author-X-Name-First: Erica Author-X-Name-Last: Hinckson Title: Sport development and physical activity promotion: An integrated model to enhance collaboration and understanding Abstract: ► Opportunities exist for enhanced collaboration across physical activity and sport management research. ► Socio-ecological theory and sport development concepts may be brought together to advance knowledge. ► A conceptual framework is proposed, bringing together concepts from physical activity and sport development literature. ► The proposed framework may be applied in a range of sport, recreation and physical activity participation settings.As inactivity and obesity levels continue to rise, calls are being made for sport development action to be further directed towards capitalising on the value of community participation for health and social benefits. This paper seeks to highlight a current disconnect between physical activity and sport management research, and identify opportunities for collaboration. To date, the sport management literature has predominantly focused on sport as a form of entertainment with spectatorship outcomes, where professional codes are a commonly used setting of research inquiry. There has been less focus on organisational issues related to participation in sport and recreation. This is identified as a gap, given the current push towards increasing focus on sport and recreation promotion for community wellbeing. The present paper sought to examine physical activity and sport management research, to identify commonalities and potential for integration and co-operation. The outcome of this review is a conceptual framework, integrating socio-ecological models, taken from physical activity research, and sport development concepts derived from sport management theory. The proposed conceptual framework seeks to provide sport management researchers with direction in their efforts to promote participation in sport, recreation and physically active leisure domains, particularly for community wellbeing purposes. Furthermore, such direction may also enhance the capacity of researchers to capitalise on opportunities for collaboration and integration across domains of inquiry. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 364-377 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:3:p:364-377 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sylvia Trendafilova Author-X-Name-First: Sylvia Author-X-Name-Last: Trendafilova Author-Name: Kathy Babiak Author-X-Name-First: Kathy Author-X-Name-Last: Babiak Author-Name: Kathryn Heinze Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn Author-X-Name-Last: Heinze Title: Corporate social responsibility and environmental sustainability: Why professional sport is greening the playing field Abstract: ► Findings show associative environmental management behavior among professional sport organizations in North America. ► Media played a role in defining the type and extent of environmental sustainability efforts in professional sport. ► Scrutiny, regulation, and normative and associative pressures force the adoption of environmentally friendly behaviors. ► Although not yet taken for granted, environmental practices are contributing to the legitimacy of professional sport.In this study, we explore institutional forces affecting environmental sustainability in professional sport teams and leagues in North America. Interviews with sport executives and executives from partner groups, 122 websites and organizational documents, and 56 media reports were examined. Data revealed how environmental management practices are being diffused in professional sport organizations. Evidence indicated associative behavior among sport organizations with respect to environmental management. Data also illustrated that media played a role in driving and defining the type and extent of involvement in professional sport teams’ environmental sustainability efforts. We discuss environmental sustainability as it affects a team's or league's CSR related initiatives (i.e., averting legal recourse, saving money, as well as building stronger relationships with stakeholders (e.g., customers, fans, local communities, federal governments and corporate partners)), and speculate how these efforts might evolve and inform the development of environmental sustainability in organizations in the sport, service and entertainment sectors. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 298-313 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:3:p:298-313 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roger Pielke Author-X-Name-First: Roger Author-X-Name-Last: Pielke Title: How can FIFA be held accountable? Abstract: ► IFA has come under increasing pressure for governance reform. ► The paper evaluates possible mechanisms of accountability. ► This paper finds that there are limited means to hold FIFA accountable. ► Reform will likely come from a combination of indirect legal, market and public reputational means.The Fédération Internationale de Football Association, or FIFA, is a non-governmental organization located in Switzerland that is responsible for overseeing the quadrennial World Cup football (soccer) competition in addition to its jurisdiction over other various international competitions and aspects of international football. The organization, long accused of corruption, has in recent years been increasingly criticized by observers and stakeholders for its lack of transparency and accountability. In 2011 FIFA initiated a governance reform process which will come to a close in May 2013. This paper draws on literature in the field of international relations to ask and answer the question: how can FIFA be held accountable? The paper's review finds that the answer to this question is “not easily.” The experience in reforming the International Olympic Committee (IOC) more than a decade ago provides one model for how reform might occur in FIFA. However, any effective reform will require the successful and simultaneous application of multiple mechanisms of accountability. The FIFA case study has broader implications for understanding mechanisms of accountability more generally, especially as related to international non-governmental organizations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 255-267 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:3:p:255-267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Betul Sekendiz Author-X-Name-First: Betul Author-X-Name-Last: Sekendiz Author-Name: W. Jennings Author-X-Name-First: W. Author-X-Name-Last: Jennings Title: Olympic Risks Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 409-410 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.01.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.01.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:3:p:409-410 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sally Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Author-Name: A. Gillentine Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gillentine Author-Name: R.E. Baker Author-X-Name-First: R.E. Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Author-Name: J. Cuneen Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Cuneen Title: Critical Essays in Sport Management: Exploring and Achieving a Paradigm Shift Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 407-408 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.01.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.01.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:3:p:407-408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial Board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 3 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(13)00044-2 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(13)00044-2 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:3:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Morrow Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Morrow Author-Name: Leigh Robinson Author-X-Name-First: Leigh Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson Title: The FTSE-British Olympic Association Initiative: A resource dependence perspective Abstract: ► Corporate partnerships are a rational strategy for NGBs to acquire critical resources. ► Evidence of both partners benefitting despite the power imbalance between them. ► Evidence of mutual dependency between the partners.The Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE)-British Olympic Association (BOA) Initiative, a partnership scheme initiated in 2007 between a number of FTSE 100 companies and Olympic National Governing Bodies (NGBs) in the UK, seeks to improve the effectiveness of the Olympic NGBs delivery and subsequent performance through the provision of support in-kind from the corporate partner. The paper uses resource dependency theory to analyse the partnerships within the Initiative, focusing primarily on the operation and benefits of those partnerships from the perspective of the Olympic NGBs. Despite being the less powerful party in the partnership, the NGBs are able to use the partnerships to acquire critical resources. While the benefits received by the companies are softer and more social in nature, nevertheless they demonstrate mutual dependency between the partners. This knowledge provides an incentive for NGBs to engage in co-optation and constraint activities as a way to strengthen the dependency relationships and protect their position. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 413-423 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.01.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.01.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:4:p:413-423 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Popi Sotiriadou Author-X-Name-First: Popi Author-X-Name-Last: Sotiriadou Title: Sport development planning: The Sunny Golf Club Abstract: Sport development is about helping people from all backgrounds to start playing a sport, to stay in their chosen sport, and to succeed at it. Sport development planning is a process for achieving these goals. However, due to a lack of sport-specific planning tools, sport organisations have long borrowed and applied generic management principles, theories and models (such as situation analysis and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis). As sport management is an established field of study, generic management principles alone are insufficient and the need to develop sport-specific practices and theories is clear. This fictional case study, involving the sport development officer of a local golf club in Queensland, Australia, uses a sport development planning (SDP) process that blends traditional planning processes with sport-specific analyses of the attraction, retention/transition and nurturing (ARTN) of participants. The SDP process and its embedded ARTN processes form a theoretical framework which points students towards a three-way analysis of (a) sport development stakeholders, (b) sport development strategies, and (c) sport development pathways that drive the ARTN of participants. This case study challenges students to develop a plan for a sport organisation using a structured and empirically derived approach. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 514-523 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.09.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.09.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:4:p:514-523 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily S. Sparvero Author-X-Name-First: Emily S. Author-X-Name-Last: Sparvero Author-Name: Stacy Warner Author-X-Name-First: Stacy Author-X-Name-Last: Warner Title: ‘What about the community impact?’: The Corpus Christi ‘hook’ Abstract: This case study draws on theory in the following areas (1) public financing of sport facilities and in particular, the method of bonds and the impact on and involvement of local taxpayers, (2) community impact of minor league sport teams, and (3) leveraging of sport teams and facilities. This case is centered on Justin Drew, the president of the Corpus Christi Hooks, who must work with city officials to ensure that his minor league baseball team does not lose local support. The city of Corpus Christi helped finance the Hooks’ stadium a few years prior, and now with new members on City Council, tough economic times, and a history of folded professional sports teams in the city, Drew must be proactive in seeing that the Hooks do not meet a similar fate.The case presents a common challenge confronted by communities that host professional sport teams. In many cases, cities must provide some level of public financing for sport facilities in order to attract or retain a team. To gain public support, various promises are made about the potential for the team to transform the community. However, once public funding is secured and a team and facility is in place, it is unclear who has the responsibility for delivering on these promises. The situation presented in this case is not unique. In fact, similar claims are made about the impact of a sports team, regardless of the size of the host community or the type of team. This case gives students the opportunity to measure impact and also think critically about how to leverage a sports team to create value for the community. Although the characters in the case are fictitious the case draws upon actual facts and data from public records regarding Corpus Christi and their minor league baseball team, the Hooks; thus, providing students with a realistic dilemma to consider. The case is intended for use in Sport Finance/Economics and Sport Policy courses, but could also be adapted for other courses such as Sport Marketing, Sport Communication, Facilities and Event Management or even Research Methods. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 524-532 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2012.11.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2012.11.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:4:p:524-532 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Norm O’Reilly Author-X-Name-First: Norm Author-X-Name-Last: O’Reilly Author-Name: Denyse Lafrance Horning Author-X-Name-First: Denyse Author-X-Name-Last: Lafrance Horning Title: Leveraging sponsorship: The activation ratio Abstract: ► This research explores an area of identified research and practitioner need: sponsorship activation. ► The study involves data provided by a leading sponsor corporation. ► The work seeks to establish the ‘activation ratio’ – commonly used in practice. ► Background literature on sponsorship and sponsorship activation provide the basis for the study. ► Practical applications are provided in the form of a suggested framework for the corporation of interest.The accelerated growth of sponsorship has brought increased attention and scrutiny to this relatively new area of marketing and communications strategy. In turn, researchers have focused on defining, understanding and measuring the various aspects of sponsorship. However, detailed research related to the ‘how’ of sponsorship implementation remains limited. A key aspect of implementation is known as activation, which refers to the investment by the sponsor above and beyond the fee required to acquire the official rights to that sponsorship. Activation is normally referred to as a ratio of the additional investment to the cost of the rights fees. Previous studies have offered recommended activation ratios ranging from 1:1 to as high as 8:1 in order to fully reap the rewards of sponsorship. This research seeks to enhance our understanding of sponsorship activation via an in-depth case study, a typical method for exploratory research of this nature. Specifically, we ask (i) what drives activation, (ii) what are the best methods of activation, and (iii) how much should be spent on activation? Findings suggest that management decisions regarding activation focus on the custom development of quality strategies versus increasing the activation ratio. Indeed, a formula based on a variety of factors is recommended since activation tactics and their appropriateness to a specific sponsorship are the cornerstones of sponsorship success. Overall, results present a four-step model including activation drivers, strategic considerations, activation spending, and sponsorship outcomes. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 424-437 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.01.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.01.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:4:p:424-437 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Graham Cuskelly Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Cuskelly Author-Name: Russell Hoye Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Hoye Title: Sports officials’ intention to continue Abstract: ► Examines stress, commitment and organisational support amongst early career sports officials. ► Tests the efficacy of an organisational support programme in relation to intention to continue. ► Using quasi-experimental design finds that stressors and commitment explain intention to continue. ► Perceived organisational support does not explain any additional or unique variance in intention to continue.With governments in many western countries implementing sport policy programmes directed at increasing levels of participation, stress is being placed on the capacity of sport systems to provide sufficient numbers of appropriately accredited officials. However, with declining numbers of officials, particularly early career officials, sport organisations are also facing management problems in relation to the retention of existing officials. Using a quasi-experimental 2 × 2 field-based research design this study explored the efficacy of organisational support aimed at increasing retention of early career sports officials. The research addressed two questions: (1) Do stressors of officiating, commitment and organisational support predict the intention of early career officials to continue officiating? and (2) What is the efficacy of organisational support in increasing the intention of early career officials to continue officiating? The results support previous research that stressors and commitment explain intention to continue. Intention to continue was found to be a stable construct that was not influenced by an organisational support programme. Despite significant zero-order relationships between organisational support and intentions to continue, organisational support explained no additional or unique variance above that explained by commitment and stressors of officiating. The results provide the basis for further research as well as insights for developing organisational support and retention strategies for sports officials. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 451-464 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.01.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.01.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:4:p:451-464 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Lock Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lock Author-Name: Kevin Filo Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Filo Author-Name: Thilo Kunkel Author-X-Name-First: Thilo Author-X-Name-Last: Kunkel Author-Name: James Skinner Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Skinner Title: Thinking about the same things differently: Examining perceptions of a non-profit community sport organisation Abstract: ► Individuals reacted positively or negatively to CSOs when they maintained existing values and beliefs about what a CSO should do. ► Positive and negative reactions are more likely when individuals maintain higher levels of interest in key dimensions (sport and community) of a CSO. ► The extent that CSOs are perceived to be legitimate increased significantly as perceptions of organisational image improved. ► To improve image perceptions, CSOs need to be acutely aware of the dimensions on which legitimacy is judged.This paper explores the differing perceptions and identity responses (identification, apathy and disidentification) that potentially exist in relation to one non-profit Community Sport Organisation (CSO), and whether they explain variations in individuals’ existing values and beliefs, sport interest, community identification and views about one organisation's legitimacy. Data were collected using a quantitative online survey (n = 390), then analysed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) to test three hypotheses investigating whether existing values and beliefs, shared community values, local players, organisational practices and sport interest varied based on perception of organisational image and identity response. Based on the contributions of this study, non-profit CSOs should spend time developing understanding of the key dimensions that make them relevant to constituents and to decipher the values and beliefs that underpin what external audiences expect from organisations. In addition, understanding specifically what a CSO's audience expects is fundamental if the organisation is to be perceived as legitimate in relation to its purpose. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 438-450 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.02.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.02.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:4:p:438-450 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Johanna A. Adriaanse Author-X-Name-First: Johanna A. Author-X-Name-Last: Adriaanse Author-Name: Toni Schofield Author-X-Name-First: Toni Author-X-Name-Last: Schofield Title: Analysing gender dynamics in sport governance: A new regimes-based approach Abstract: This paper explores gender dynamics in sport governance with reference to boards of National Sport Organisations (NSOs) in Australia. It is based on a recent study, underpinned by governance and gender theory. Central is the notion of a gender regime, which is characterised by four interwoven dimensions: production, power, emotional and symbolic relations. When applied to governance dynamics in sport boards, this concept permits identification of how gender works. The study involved an audit of 56 NSOs and in-depth interviews with board directors and chief executive officers (n = 26; 9 women and 17 men) from five NSOs. This paper reports on the results of three NSOs. The data suggest that directors’ participation in sport governance was not uniform in terms of gender dynamics. Three gender regimes were identified: masculine hegemony, masculine hegemony in transition and gender mainstreaming in process. Only the latter provided significant opportunities for gender equality in governance while the former two imposed significant constraints. Central to the regime associated with gender equal governance was a combination of presence of women on the board, the occupation of influential board roles by women, active support of women directors by influential men on the board and a commitment to equality in governance as equal participation by both men and women. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 498-513 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.01.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.01.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:4:p:498-513 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Calvin Nite Author-X-Name-First: Calvin Author-X-Name-Last: Nite Author-Name: John N. Singer Author-X-Name-First: John N. Author-X-Name-Last: Singer Author-Name: George B. Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: George B. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Title: Addressing competing logics between the mission of a religious university and the demands of intercollegiate athletics Abstract: •We examined a private, religiously affiliated university's methods for managing institutional logics.•Institutional logics were religious education and athletic requirements.•University oversight prioritized logics within the athletic department.•University culture influenced dominant logics within the athletic department.•Reframing competing logics was effective for alleviating tensions between logics.The purpose of this study was to examine the strategies within a faith-based university for managing competing institutional logics of its NCAA Division II affiliated athletic department. Utilizing a case study methodology, the authors collected data from athletic department members and university administrators and faculty. Within the context of this study, our data indicated that the religious academic culture of the university often conflicted with the athletic expectations of winning and marketing the university. Our findings indicated certain strategies that were effective for resolving the conflicting logics within the athletic department. Particularly, members of the athletic department drew from the strong religious culture of the university to guide their operations. The implications of this research within the field of sport management and broader organizations are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 465-476 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.03.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.03.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:4:p:465-476 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Dawson Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson Author-Name: Pamm Phillips Author-X-Name-First: Pamm Author-X-Name-Last: Phillips Title: Coach career development: Who is responsible? Abstract: •We explore how sport policy discourse and agendas impact coach career development.•Coaches’ careers are not part of policy discourse in sport development.•Coaches’ careers are integral to the development of the Australian sport workforce.Career development is crucial to the success of individuals, organizations and industries. As such, in many professions there are prescribed career development processes underpinned by legal and institutional policies that drive managerial practice. Although there has been sustained interest in understanding career development for athletes and building managerial strategies to assist in the process, there is little empirical knowledge about career development of coaches, and how management may assist in the process. The aim of this study is to explore the way in which sport policy discourse and agendas have impacted coach career development. This study demonstrates that coaches’ careers are not part of the policy discourse despite their important role in athlete performance, career development and sport organization development and success. Coaches are the key performance managers in sport and yet they are ignored by sport policy makers and managers when considering the development of the Australian sport workforce. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 477-487 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.03.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.03.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:4:p:477-487 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea N. Eagleman Author-X-Name-First: Andrea N. Author-X-Name-Last: Eagleman Title: Acceptance, motivations, and usage of social media as a marketing communications tool amongst employees of sport national governing bodies Abstract: •Employees accept social media regardless of age or position in the NGB.•No difference in motivation to use social media existed amongst NGB employees.•NGBs seem to use social media as a communications tool more than a marketing tool.National governing bodies (NGB) of sport are not-for-profit organisations that typically receive less mainstream media coverage and have much smaller marketing budgets than mainstream professional sports. Therefore, they must seek alternative methods from mainstream media and traditional marketing in order to increase brand awareness and reach fans and stakeholders. While all sport organisations stand poised to benefit from social media, NGBs seem to be a segment of the sport industry uniquely positioned to capitalise on social media's benefits. Because there is currently no known literature on NGBs’ use of social media, this study examined the role that social media plays within NGBs in the United States including employees’ acceptance of social media, motivations to use social media, and the organisation's current usage of social media. An online survey was distributed to NGB employees in the spring of 2012, and results revealed that contrary to studies on other sport organisations, NGB employees reported high levels of acceptance and motivation to use social media regardless of demographic factors. Additionally, NGBs seemed to use social media as a communications tool to a greater degree than as a marketing tool. Implications for international and niche sport organisations are presented in the conclusion. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 488-497 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.03.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.03.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:4:p:488-497 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(13)00074-0 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(13)00074-0 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:4:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Thank you to Reviewers for Sport Management Review - 2013 Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 411-412 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(13)00081-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(13)00081-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:4:p:411-412 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Russell Hoye Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Hoye Author-Name: Aaron C.T. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Aaron C.T. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Matthew Nicholson Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholson Author-Name: Bob Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Author-Name: Hans Westerbeek Author-X-Name-First: Hans Author-X-Name-Last: Westerbeek Author-Name: Adam S. Beissel Author-X-Name-First: Adam S. Author-X-Name-Last: Beissel Title: Sport Management: Principles and Applications Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 533-534 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.11.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.11.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:4:p:533-534 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B.L. Parkhouse Author-X-Name-First: B.L. Author-X-Name-Last: Parkhouse Author-Name: B.A. Turner Author-X-Name-First: B.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Author-Name: K.S. Miloch Author-X-Name-First: K.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Miloch Author-Name: Ellen J. Staurowsky Author-X-Name-First: Ellen J. Author-X-Name-Last: Staurowsky Author-Name: Karen Weaver Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Weaver Author-Name: Brett Burchette Author-X-Name-First: Brett Author-X-Name-Last: Burchette Title: Marketing for Sport Business Success Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 535-536 Issue: 4 Volume: 16 Year: 2013 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.11.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.11.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:16:y:2013:i:4:p:535-536 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pamela Wicker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Wicker Author-Name: Christoph Breuer Author-X-Name-First: Christoph Author-X-Name-Last: Breuer Title: Exploring the organizational capacity and organizational problems of disability sport clubs in Germany using matched pairs analysis Abstract: •The organizational capacity of disability sport clubs in Germany is analyzed.•Disability sport clubs are compared to other clubs using matched pairs analysis.•These clubs are large clubs providing disability sport and also other sports.•They differ regarding infrastructure, planning, and network capacity.•Strategic planning can reduce organizational problems of disability sport clubs.Previous research examining people with disabilities has mainly looked at participation barriers and has formulated implications for sport providers; however, the supply side has been largely neglected. The purpose of this study was to explore the organizational capacity and organizational problems of clubs that provide sport for people with disabilities (referred to as ‘disability sport clubs’). The conceptual model of organizational capacity was used as a theoretical framework. Within a German sport club sample (n = 19,345), a sub-sample of disability sport clubs (n = 521) was identified. The idea was to compare disability sport clubs with other sport clubs; however, comparing a small sub-sample with a large rest-sample may inevitably lead to statistical significance. Therefore, a matched pairs analysis was applied. Since disability sport clubs were significantly larger in terms of members and sports and were located in bigger communities, statistical twins were identified in the dataset that were similar in size and location. The results showed that clubs providing sport for people with disabilities are not specific disability sport clubs. Evidently, these are large multi-sports clubs that have greater capacity for catering for older adults and low-income people, for strategic planning, and for establishing relationships with other institutions in the community than their statistical twins. The regression results indicated that strategic planning significantly contributed to the reduction of several organizational problems of disability sport clubs. The findings have implications for policy makers, club management, and sport management scholars. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 23-34 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.03.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.03.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:23-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Popi Sotiriadou Author-X-Name-First: Popi Author-X-Name-Last: Sotiriadou Author-Name: Pamela Wicker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Wicker Title: Examining the participation patterns of an ageing population with disabilities in Australia Abstract: •Constraints of participation of people with disabilities in Australia are examined.•Intrapersonal constraints (e.g., type and restriction of disability, age) are critical.•Also structural constraints (i.e., education) are important.•People with high workloads who are in a relationship participate less frequently.•Participants can be grouped into three clusters, non-participants into two clusters.Social policies facilitate equity of access for participation in physical activity by all groups of people in society. While the sport participation of able-bodied people has been widely examined, much less attention has been given to the participation of people with disabilities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the patterns of participation in physical activity of people with disabilities. Based on the leisure constraint theory, a theoretical framework is developed that describes participation as a function of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints. The framework is tested using a comprehensive sample of people in Australia from 2009 and 2010. From the dataset a sub-sample of people with disabilities was identified (n = 4342). As 78.1% of participants were aged 45 years and older, the sample represents an ageing population and a selected segment of the population of people with disabilities. Therefore, generalisations to disability sport need to be made with caution. The results show that 57% of the respondents participate in physical activity for an average of 4 h per week. The regression results indicate that the type of disability, the extent to which the person is restricted by the disability, age, gender, and education have a significant effect on participation. People with high workloads who are in a relationship participate less frequently. The cluster analysis resulted in two non-participant clusters and three participant clusters. The results inform policy makers and sport managers on ways to better support the participation of people with disabilities and specifically target their needs. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 35-48 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.04.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.04.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:35-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P.J. Kitchin Author-X-Name-First: P.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Kitchin Author-Name: P. David Howe Author-X-Name-First: P. David Author-X-Name-Last: Howe Title: The mainstreaming of disability cricket in England and Wales: Integration ‘One Game’ at a time Abstract: •Examines the nexus between policy and its interpretation and implementation by sport managers.•Outlines how a high profile British NGB has managed the process of integration.•Reveals a case highlighting the difficulties of aiming for true integration in organized sport.Disability sport in Great Britain has, since its genesis over sixty years ago, gained greater public profile with each passing decade. Arguably, this is a result of a more direct, interventionist approach from the British government and the Sport Councils into the field of disability sport over the past twenty years. In this paper we highlight a case of integration within sport by examining the process of mainstreaming disability cricket within England and Wales. Following a review of the extant literature in this area we will draw upon Bourdieu's practice theory in order to examine the impact of the implementation of policy on the management of issues of disability in mainstream cricket. Longitudinal ethnographic data (including participant observation and semi-structured interviews) was collected on the organizations involved in this mainstreaming process. Informants were either involved in the delivery of disability cricket or in the management of disability sports partnerships. Preliminary findings suggest that true integration is still unrealized. Whether the policy seeks true integration or whether mainstreaming is simply another modernizing process seeking greater efficiencies from sport organizations is unclear. Nevertheless a number of institutional pressures from the proximal and distal external environments have provided support for generating mainstreaming initiatives at management levels. In addition to these findings we argue that an additional outcome of this research is to demonstrate the suitability of a relational approach for conceptualizing policy, its interpretation by sport managers and the implementation strategies that follow. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 65-77 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.05.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.05.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:65-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ellen J. Staurowsky Author-X-Name-First: Ellen J. Author-X-Name-Last: Staurowsky Author-Name: C. Clayton Stoldt Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Clayton Stoldt Author-Name: S.W. Dittmore Author-X-Name-First: S.W. Author-X-Name-Last: Dittmore Author-Name: S.E. Branvold Author-X-Name-First: S.E. Author-X-Name-Last: Branvold Title: Sport public relations: Managing stakeholder communication Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 94-95 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.06.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.06.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:94-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shane Gibson Author-X-Name-First: Shane Author-X-Name-Last: Gibson Author-Name: David Hassan Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Hassan Author-Name: Jim Lusted Author-X-Name-First: Jim Author-X-Name-Last: Lusted Title: Managing sport: Social and cultural perspectives Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 92-93 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:92-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam G. Pfleegor Author-X-Name-First: Adam G. Author-X-Name-Last: Pfleegor Author-Name: Robert L. Simon Author-X-Name-First: Robert L. Author-X-Name-Last: Simon Title: The Ethics of Coaching Sports: Moral, Social, and Legal Issues, First Edition Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 90-91 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:90-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shia Ping Kung Author-X-Name-First: Shia Ping Author-X-Name-Last: Kung Author-Name: Peter Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Title: The use of public sports facilities by the disabled in England Abstract: •Three most participated sports – swimming, using fitness equipment and keep fit.•Dominated by females, whites, 45+ year olds and NS-SEC 1&2.•More likely to own leisure card, participate regularly and in organised activities.•Females, 35 year olds and NS-SEC 3 are harder to please.•The industry weaknesses relate to cleanliness and water temperature in the pool.Disabled sports participants are a small proportion of sports participants at English public sports centres; but they are important to the social inclusion agenda. This paper aims to provide a detailed insight into the preferences and behaviour of disabled sports participants.It investigated whether there were statistical differences: first, between the disabled sports participants and the non-disabled sports participants in terms of (1) social demographics, (2) patterns of participation, (3) travel, (4) sports activities and (5) customer satisfaction; and second, between age, ethnic, socio-economic and gender groups of their subsamples, on (2), (4) and (5) again. Disability is defined as having any long term illness or health problem which limits a person's daily activities or the work that a person can do. The data collected through the National Benchmarking Service, for 458 sports centres from 2005 to 2011, revealed that about 9% of over 150,000 sports participants were disabled. Swimming, using fitness equipment and keep fit related exercises were the top three most frequently stated main sports activities by the disabled. It was also more likely for the disabled to participate in organised activities, own a leisure card and participate regularly when compared with the non-disabled participants. In addition, the disabled were also more likely than the non-disabled to travel to the centre by public transport, from home and travel a longer journey time. The industry weaknesses as identified by the disabled relate to physical evidence of the sports centres, particularly cleanliness attributes. Measures that can be taken to increase sports participation by the disabled include competent support at sports centres, promotions through discount schemes or leisure cards, and free transportation to sport centres in catchment areas with high proportions of disabled in their population. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 8-22 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:8-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hannah K. Macdougall Author-X-Name-First: Hannah K. Author-X-Name-Last: Macdougall Author-Name: Sheila N. Nguyen Author-X-Name-First: Sheila N. Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen Author-Name: Adam J. Karg Author-X-Name-First: Adam J. Author-X-Name-Last: Karg Title: ‘Game, Set, Match’: An exploration of congruence in Australian disability sport sponsorship Abstract: •Congruence was relevant to all sponsorship management stages, except measurement.•An emphasis was placed by sponsors on mission and value congruence.•Sport for Athletes With Disability (AWD) have its own attributes that can be leveraged by commercial partners.The effectiveness of sponsorship communications, and thereby the success of corporate sponsorship management, is considerably influenced by the multi-faceted, theoretical concept of congruence. In this paper, sponsors’ management approaches to disability sport relationships are presented, as well as an examination of the role congruence plays in the sponsorship process. The aim of the study was to investigate whether, and where, congruence was a consideration when examining the end-to-end sponsorship management of disability sport properties in Australia. Semi-structured interviews were used to assess congruence within each stage of the sport sponsorship management framework – strategy, objectives, selection, implementation and measurement. The various forms of congruence were found to align with past work of sponsorship in regards to congruence prominence within the management framework. A key distinguishing factor of disability sport sponsorship relationships was the emphasis placed by sponsors on mission and value congruence. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 78-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.09.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.09.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:78-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Cottingham Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Cottingham Author-Name: Michael S. Carroll Author-X-Name-First: Michael S. Author-X-Name-Last: Carroll Author-Name: Dennis Phillips Author-X-Name-First: Dennis Author-X-Name-Last: Phillips Author-Name: Kostas Karadakis Author-X-Name-First: Kostas Author-X-Name-Last: Karadakis Author-Name: Brian T. Gearity Author-X-Name-First: Brian T. Author-X-Name-Last: Gearity Author-Name: Dan Drane Author-X-Name-First: Dan Author-X-Name-Last: Drane Title: Development and validation of the motivation scale for disability sport consumption Abstract: •Spectators of discussions with practitioners and an extensive literature review identified 12 possible motives related to spectatorship of wheelchair basketball.•EFA and CFA analyses identified 9 significant motives related to spectator attendance.•Spectators of wheelchair basketball are motivated by traditional factors (i.e. drama) as well as disability specific motives (inspiration) > inspiration and supercrip image are separate motives which influence attendance.While there is a growing body of knowledge on disability sport consumer behavior (Byon, Carroll, Cottingham, Grady, & Allen, 2011; Byon, Cottingham, & Carroll, 2010), these studies used scales explicitly designed for non-disability sport contexts, showing only reasonable model fit and not examining factors specific to the disability sport consumer experience. This publication represents the first attempt to identify specific disability sport motives and develop a scale, the Motivation Scale for Disability Sport Consumption (MSDSC). Newly identified disability sport motives include inspiration, supercrip image and disability cultural education. These were examined in conjunction with factors from Trail and James (2001) and Trail (2010). Data were collected at the 2011 collegiate wheelchair basketball championships; results were collected to conduct exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results indicated that a 9-factor model was most appropriate. Significant motives included physical attraction, drama, escape, inspiration, physical skill, social interaction, violence, and supercrip image. The model fit was improved over the Byon studies and was comparable to relevant non-adaptive motive studies (Lee, Trail, & Anderson, 2009; Trail & James, 2001; Robinson, Trail, & Kwon, 2004). This scale represents a tool for practitioners and academics to effectively examine spectators of disability sport. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 49-64 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.11.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.11.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:49-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Misener Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Misener Author-Name: Simon Darcy Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Darcy Title: Managing disability sport: From athletes with disabilities to inclusive organisational perspectives Abstract: Disability is a complex multidimensional social construct. In a sporting context, people with a disability often face a multitude of barriers to participation in sport and achievement in sport. While other marginalised populations have received attention in the field of sport management, disability has received very little, or been used primarily as a context. This special issue focuses on “managing disability sport” rather than the medical, human performance or sociocultural issues facing people with disability. The collection of papers herein focus on management issues that centre on constraints to sport participation, supply side attributes, participant behaviours, consumption of disability sport, policy implementation, and sponsor congruence. We situate these papers in the context of further challenging researchers to think beyond disability as a context in their research and engage in the critical discussions necessary to advance the agenda of managing disability sport. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-7 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.12.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.12.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:1-7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(14)00004-7 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(14)00004-7 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Gerke Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Gerke Author-Name: Nicolas Chanavat Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas Author-X-Name-Last: Chanavat Author-Name: Maureen Benson-Rea Author-X-Name-First: Maureen Author-X-Name-Last: Benson-Rea Title: How can Country-of-Origin image be leveraged to create global sporting goods brands? Abstract: •We investigate brand creation factors in two sporting goods sectors.•Sport is a location-specific determinant of Country-of-Origin (CoO) image.•CoO image with sport product category-country associations enables brand creation.•We extend the stakeholder model of brand creation by location-specific factors.While much marketing research has focused on brand creation and management, less is known about the creation of sport brands. This paper complements the stakeholder model of branding and brand creation, which highlights the role of a firm's stakeholders in the analysis of brands, by including country-specific factors based on location and Country-of-Origin (CoO). Using a sample of innovative New Zealand-based firms, our qualitative study uses a comparative case method in two subsector settings to investigate how they have built outdoor sport brands based on that country's particular country-specific factors. We show how firms are able to leverage New Zealand's strong sport product category-country associations to create brand value. Our findings confirm that CoO image together with sport product category-country associations enables the creation of brands in sport product categories. Our paper contributes to theory and practice by extending understanding of brand creation by demonstrating the importance of location and product category. Further research directions are suggested. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 174-189 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.06.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.06.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:174-189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michelle Brimecombe Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Brimecombe Author-Name: Marshall J. Magnusen Author-X-Name-First: Marshall J. Author-X-Name-Last: Magnusen Author-Name: Kyle Bunds Author-X-Name-First: Kyle Author-X-Name-Last: Bunds Title: Navigating the storm: A counterproductive work behavior and leadership case study in a Division I FBS School Abstract: The “Navigating the storm” case study is positioned in the context of a North American, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I FBS marketing department. The case study scenario revolves around Steve, an ambitious graduate assistant (GA) who was recently promoted to the Marketing and Promotions Game Day Director, as he interacts with his team of employees and prepares for the first home football game of the season. This personnel management case study is centered on the interaction of six important areas: transformational leadership and implementing a leadership vision, counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs), organizational justice perceptions, equity theory, leader–member exchange (LMX) theory, and hiring processes. In reading this case study, answering the provided questions, and engaging in the suggested teaching activities, sport management students should develop an applied understanding of how these six areas come together to impact human performance in a sport industry job setting. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 219-237 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.03.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.03.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:219-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Clare Hanlon Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: Hanlon Author-Name: Tony Morris Author-X-Name-First: Tony Author-X-Name-Last: Morris Author-Name: Susan Nabbs Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Nabbs Title: Program providers’ perspective: Recruitment and retention strategies for women in physical activity programs Abstract: •We examine program providers’ key perceptions on encouraging women in physical activity programs.•The first core theme to emerge was creating an environment for women to exercise.•The second core theme was facilitating involvement.•The third core theme was promoting the program to the community.•Programs need to link with several related community organisations.This paper examined the perceptions from eight program providers in Victoria, Australia regarding the recruitment and retention of women in physical activity programs. Eight case studies were conducted. Each involved an in-depth interview with a provider of a successful physical activity program for women. Inductive content analysis generated common themes related to key aspects that enable the recruitment or retention of women. Three core themes were identified, namely creating an environment for women to exercise; facilitating involvement; and promoting the program to the community. In this study, we applied the social-ecological model to determine the levels of influence and the opportunities in the core themes to further enable the recruitment and retention of women in physical activity programs. A key conclusion was that links with several related community organisations leads to both the successful recruitment and the enhanced retention of women in physical activity programs. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 133-144 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.04.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.04.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:133-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Scott Tainsky Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Tainsky Author-Name: Shannon Kerwin Author-X-Name-First: Shannon Author-X-Name-Last: Kerwin Author-Name: Jie Xu Author-X-Name-First: Jie Author-X-Name-Last: Xu Author-Name: Yilun Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Yilun Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Title: Will the real fans please remain seated? Gender and television ratings for pre-game and game broadcasts Abstract: •This study examines how television audience composition varies by gender for pre-game and game broadcasts.•Our findings support the previously held notion of how female pre-game viewership may be used to establish veritable fan status.•Determinants of intra-match viewership are then analyzed via a series of regression models, with more of the variance explained as games progress.•We compare the resulting coefficient estimates of demand determinants for each gender and discuss both the similarities and differences found between female and male fans.Previous analysis of fan motivation suggests a number of differences exist in the sport spectatorship of female and male fans, however discrepancies are present in the collective findings. We extend the literature by drawing on sport economic demand research, testing how specific game characteristics influence consumption patterns for each gender. Through the examination of NCAA football game broadcasts, our results support the importance of female pre-game viewership to establish fan status. By contrast, among the many variables tested, gendered-differences in the impact on game viewership are evident only with respect to income and local team participation. Moreover, we do not find differences related to anticipated or actual game competitiveness. We conclude that within game viewership patterns are essentially similar for female and male fans and offer thoughts regarding the practical implications of this research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 190-204 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.04.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.04.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:190-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Akiko Arai Author-X-Name-First: Akiko Author-X-Name-Last: Arai Author-Name: Yong Jae Ko Author-X-Name-First: Yong Jae Author-X-Name-Last: Ko Author-Name: Stephen Ross Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Ross Title: Branding athletes: Exploration and conceptualization of athlete brand image Abstract: •The current issues of athlete brand management are discussed.•The study provides a theoretical understanding of athlete brand image.•A conceptual model of athlete brand image (MABI) is developed.•The model identifies key dimensions of athlete brand image.In this study, the current issues of athlete brand management are discussed and the construct of athlete brand image is conceptualized. A conceptual model of athlete brand image (MABI) is developed incorporating three key dimensions: athletic performance, attractive appearance, and marketable lifestyle. These dimensions are defined by an athlete's on-field characteristics, attractive external appearance, and off-field marketable attributes. This study contributes to the sport branding literature by providing the first comprehensive conceptual framework of athlete brand image and offering managerial implications for building and managing the brand image of individual athletes. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 97-106 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.04.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.04.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:97-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ulrik Wagner Author-X-Name-First: Ulrik Author-X-Name-Last: Wagner Author-Name: Kasper Møller Pedersen Author-X-Name-First: Kasper Møller Author-X-Name-Last: Pedersen Title: The IOC and the doping issue—An institutional discursive approach to organizational identity construction Abstract: •We examine the construction of organizational identity of the IOC when confronted with doping in sport.•We embed our study in a new institutional and discourse analytical set-up.•After the 1988 Seoul doping scandal the IOC employs a warfare genre.•The 1998 doping scandal reveals the failure of the IOC war against drugs in sport.•The World Anti-Doping Agency is an outcome of the IOC institutionalization failure.To show why the 1998 doping scandals led to the establishment of the World Anti-Doping Agency, this paper investigates how the IOC has created its organizational identity once confronted with the emergence of doping in sport. The paper endorses a new institutional understanding of organizations, which is combined with a critical discourse analytical framework. Through a systematic reading of the Olympic Review between 1960 and 2003 four main anti-doping discourses are outlined: health scientific, ethical, legal and educational discourses construct the meaning-providing horizon of IOC anti-doping commitment. The 1988 Ben Johnson doping incident is crucial for the understanding of the organizational changes occurring 10 years later. Immediately following the Seoul Olympic Games the IOC applies a warfare genre, which frames anti-doping as a declaration of war and constructs a narrative of the IOC as leading a successful battle against doping. The 1998 doping scandals reveal the opposite. Subsequently, WADA can be labelled IOC's institutionalization failure. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 160-173 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.05.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.05.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:160-173 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen L. Shapiro Author-X-Name-First: Stephen L. Author-X-Name-Last: Shapiro Author-Name: Joris Drayer Author-X-Name-First: Joris Author-X-Name-Last: Drayer Title: An examination of dynamic ticket pricing and secondary market price determinants in Major League Baseball Abstract: •We examined market factors that influence ticket price.•Pricing determinants were focused on dynamic ticket pricing and secondary market prices.•Four regression models were developed to examine demand-based price determinants.•A variety of factors significantly influenced dynamic ticket price and secondary market price. Determinants ranged from 10 to 13 variables in each model.•Significant variables included an emphasis on team and individual performance factors, ticket-related factors, and time-related factors.Over the past several years, professional sport organizations have started to shift from cost-based ticket pricing strategies to a demand-based focus, where price considerations are driven, in part, by market demand. Dynamic ticket pricing (DTP), where prices fluctuate daily based on market factors, evolved from this transition. The motivation for DTP stems from the significant growth of the secondary ticket market, where ticket prices are almost completely demand driven. One issue with this strategy is the limited understanding of specific factors that influence dynamically priced tickets and secondary market tickets. The current study examined price determinants in the primary market where DTP has been implemented and comparable tickets in the secondary market. Four regression models were developed for this purpose. The first two models examined factors influencing dynamic ticket price. Both DTP models were found to be significant, explaining 91.4% and 70.8% of the variance in dynamic price, respectively. The second two models examined factors influencing secondary market ticket price. Both secondary market models were found to be significant, explaining 82.7% and 79.7% of the variance in secondary market price, respectively. There were many consistencies between models, including an emphasis on team and individual performance factors, ticket-related factors, and time-related factors. However, there were a number of unique aspects to each model, which may help sport managers develop pricing strategies that better reflect market demand for sport Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 145-159 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.05.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.05.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:145-159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Milena M. Parent Author-X-Name-First: Milena M. Author-X-Name-Last: Parent Author-Name: Darlene MacDonald Author-X-Name-First: Darlene Author-X-Name-Last: MacDonald Author-Name: Gabriel Goulet Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel Author-X-Name-Last: Goulet Title: The theory and practice of knowledge management and transfer: The case of the Olympic Games Abstract: •We examine knowledge management/transfer theory and practice.•The setting is Olympic Games organizing committees and their stakeholders.•We develop a knowledge management and transfer model for the setting.•Information and knowledge concepts should be placed on a continuum not hierarchy.•Knowledge tailoring is an important activity for external knowledge transfer.The purpose of this paper was to examine the theory and practice of knowledge management processes, using the Olympic Games as the empirical setting and the Olympic Games Organizing Committee and its stakeholders as participants. The case study of the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Winter Games was inductively and deductively content analyzed, resulting in the development of a knowledge management and transfer process model for Olympic Games organizing committees and their stakeholders. Moreover, we found that the information and knowledge concepts should be placed on a continuum from explicit to tacit (with experience); practitioners do not distinguish between knowledge management activities as researchers do; socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization mechanisms can be found when tailoring knowledge for a stakeholder; and knowledge sources, reasons, organizational culture, and especially individuals are important when implementing knowledge management/transfer processes. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 205-218 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.06.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.06.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:205-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Craig M. Crow Author-X-Name-First: Craig M. Author-X-Name-Last: Crow Author-Name: R. Horrow Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Horrow Author-Name: K. Swatek Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Swatek Title: Beyond the Scoreboard: An Insider's Guide to the Business of Sport Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 238-239 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.06.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.06.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:238-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bill Gerrard Author-X-Name-First: Bill Author-X-Name-Last: Gerrard Author-Name: B.C. Alamar Author-X-Name-First: B.C. Author-X-Name-Last: Alamar Title: Sports Analytics: A Guide for Coaches, Managers and Other Decision Makers> Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 240-241 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.06.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.06.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:240-241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pamm Phillips Author-X-Name-First: Pamm Author-X-Name-Last: Phillips Author-Name: Brianna Newland Author-X-Name-First: Brianna Author-X-Name-Last: Newland Title: Emergent models of sport development and delivery: The case of triathlon in Australia and the US Abstract: •Examines the emerging models of sport development in triathlon in Australia and the US.•Illustrates the increasing involvement of third party organisations and local councils in sport development and delivery.•Third party organisations taking over activities that would normally be the responsibility of the respective governing bodies.•Governing bodies are grappling with finding relevance and legitimacy in triathlon.•Implications for sport management research, practice, and education are discussed.Sport development is a core concern for all nations as they seek to enhance elite performance and cultivate opportunities for mass participation. In the sport of triathlon, new models for sport development have been shown to exist where third party organisations have a critical role in the delivery of it. Using institutional theory as a framework, the purpose of this study was to explore the emerging models of sport development in triathlon. A case study of triathlon in Australia and in the United States was used. The results illustrated emerging models of sport development in both the US and Australia. Third party organisations as well as local councils have become increasingly involved in the creation and implementation of programmes and activities that would normally be the responsibility of a governing body. As such, the organisational fields and institutional logics in triathlon are rendering governing bodies irrelevant. Governing bodies are grappling with finding relevance and legitimacy in triathlon. Implications for sport management research, practice, and education are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 107-120 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.07.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.07.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:107-120 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tim Pawlowski Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Pawlowski Author-Name: Paul Downward Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Downward Author-Name: Simona Rasciute Author-X-Name-First: Simona Author-X-Name-Last: Rasciute Title: Does national pride from international sporting success contribute to well-being? An international investigation Abstract: •One specific aspect of public policy is to argue that investment in international sporting success creates pride from success, which contributes to subjective well-being.•This paper addresses this hypothesis by focusing on a variable which directly measures pride felt from sporting success to control for possible endogeneity.•The findings suggest that the hosting of events may be more important than success at them.•Therefore, the goals of public sector investment in elite sports are shown to be more distinct than implied in much of the policy literature.The sports industry is viewed as being of growing economic significance, reflected in its promotion in public policy. One specific aspect of this policy is to argue that investment in international sporting success creates pride from sporting success, which contributes to subjective well-being (SWB). However, though it has been argued that indicators of sporting success, such as the number of medals won at major sports events like the Olympics, act as a proxy for pride from sporting success, there have not been any direct tests of this hypothesis. Controlling for the impact of physical activity, attendance at sports events and other standard covariates, this paper addresses this hypothesis by focusing on a variable which directly measures pride felt from sporting success (Pride) by individuals. Because of the possibility that a latent characteristic such as nationalism, or overall national pride, might be linked to both Pride and SWB, i.e. an endogeneity problem is present, an instrumental variable technique is employed. The findings do not support the hypothesis that pride following from sporting success can contribute distinctly to SWB. Moreover, the hosting of events may be more important than success at them, a point suggested by the positive association between attendance at sporting events and SWB. As such the goals of public sector investment in both hosting major sports events as well as investment in sports development to achieve international sporting success are shown to be more distinct than implied in much of the policy announcements and require more careful scrutiny. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 121-132 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.06.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.06.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:121-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 2 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(14)00024-2 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(14)00024-2 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:2:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geoff Nichols Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Nichols Author-Name: Peter Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: David Barrett Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Barrett Author-Name: Ruth Jeanes Author-X-Name-First: Ruth Author-X-Name-Last: Jeanes Title: Youth sport volunteers in England: A paradox between reducing the state and promoting a Big Society Abstract: •The paper uses survey data to outline the challenges volunteers within youth sport are facing.•It demonstrates how volunteering in youth sport epitomises the values espoused by the Big Society.•It emphasises how important continued investment by the state is to maintain work within the voluntary sector.This paper uses the example of volunteers in clubs promoting youth sport to consider the role of the UK Government in promoting a general civic activism as part of a ‘Big Society’. The UK government advocates the replacement of public sector provision by a greater role for volunteers. Exemplary of the ‘grassroots’ organisations which epitomise ‘Big Society’ ideals are the 64,000 volunteer-run sports clubs in which almost 1.5 million volunteers support over 5.3 million junior participants in England. These clubs face problems which state intervention could alleviate; and this state support may in fact be critical to maintain the structures which provide the opportunity for so much volunteering to take place. The government's desire to increase volunteer activity can be seen to be at odds with other policy intentions such as cost-cutting, and with wider trends affecting volunteerism such as professionalisation. Thus the paper illustrates the complex, even paradoxical relationship between promoting civic activism and the role of the state. The example of youth sport volunteers also suggests that policies to promote a Big Society will need to deal with more fundamental questions about the role of volunteering. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 337-346 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.09.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.09.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:337-346 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ted B. Peetz Author-X-Name-First: Ted B. Author-X-Name-Last: Peetz Author-Name: T. Newman Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: Newman Author-Name: J.F. Peck Author-X-Name-First: J.F. Author-X-Name-Last: Peck Author-Name: C. Harris Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Author-Name: B. Wilhide Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Wilhide Title: Social Media in Sport Marketing Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 390-390 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.06.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.06.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:390-390 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Felix Mutter Author-X-Name-First: Felix Author-X-Name-Last: Mutter Author-Name: Tim Pawlowski Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Pawlowski Title: Role models in sports – Can success in professional sports increase the demand for amateur sport participation? Abstract: •We develop a theoretical framework of sporting role models.•Ordered response regression models were applied to analyze whether professional sports success could motivate sport participation.•The results of a primary survey show that a motivational effect of professional sports on sport participation exists.•Increasing age and experience will decrease the motivational effect of professional sports.•A higher relevance of professional sports will increase the motivational effect of professional sports.The determinants of the demand for sport participation have been extensively analyzed. This study intends to complement these determinants by examining the question of whether the success of professional athletes can spill over on the demand for amateur sport participation. A theoretical framework of sporting role models was developed and subsequently tested with a stated preference approach and primary data of N = 1413 amateur soccer players from Germany. The results show that past success of both the female and the male German national soccer teams had increased the demand for amateur soccer only slightly. However, present (hypothetical) success of the national teams considerably increases the demand for the frequency of soccer participation of already active players. The estimation of ordered logit regression models validates the constructed framework. Availability and relevance of the role models as well as similarity to the role models are the main predictors of their motivational effect. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 324-336 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.07.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.07.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:324-336 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heath McDonald Author-X-Name-First: Heath Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald Author-Name: Adam J. Karg Author-X-Name-First: Adam J. Author-X-Name-Last: Karg Title: Managing co-creation in professional sports: The antecedents and consequences of ritualized spectator behavior Abstract: •We conduct the first longitudinal examination of sport ritual behavior using mixed methods.•Rituals are found to form quickly, and involve adaptations of existing behavior to suit the new teams.•Fan rituals play a key role in building customer involvement and identification among those who participate, but also benefit those who do not participate directly.•Management of rituals to avoid possible negative impacts is best done by encouraging fan groups to enforce positive group norms.Ritual behaviors connected to sporting events and teams are a commonplace example of ‘co-creation’. While largely positive, some of these ritual behaviors can be against team and public interests. This raises the issue of if, and how, teams should seek to manage rituals. This paper reports on two studies of sports fans undertaken to examine: (a) how widespread ritual behavior is; (b) how rituals form and why; and (c) the relationship between engagement in ritual behavior and other desirable attitudes and behaviors. The main findings are that ritualized behaviors are very common, largely fan-developed, and can form very quickly. A positive relationship was found to exist between ritual behavior and outcomes such as satisfaction, team identification, merchandize expenditure and game attendance. Longitudinal tracking of individual fans suggests that ritual behaviors drive those outcomes, rather than the inverse. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 292-309 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.07.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.07.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:292-309 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terry Eddy Author-X-Name-First: Terry Author-X-Name-Last: Eddy Title: Measuring effects of naming-rights sponsorships on college football fans’ purchasing intentions Abstract: •College football fans were surveyed about their attitudes toward naming rights.•Attitudes toward sponsorship predicted sponsor purchase intentions.•Strong football tradition could hurt purchase intentions for a naming-sponsor.•These attitudes are not universal, and vary between institutions.Corporate sponsorship is now commonplace across the college athletic landscape; however, the introduction of naming-rights sponsorships for college football stadiums has been a significantly slower process. Although there are several Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) programs that have secured naming-rights partners (i.e. University of Minnesota), this practice is still the exception rather than the norm, which is also true in many other global sport contexts. In order to better understand this phenomenon, the goal of this study was to investigate fans’ attitudes related to sponsorship, tradition, and commercialism in college football. The results indicated fans that had more positive attitudes toward sponsorship had more positive behavioral intentions toward both the football program and a potential naming rights partner. On the other hand, those who had more positive perceptions of the institution's football tradition and venue had more negative behavioral intentions. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, as well as suggestions for future research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 362-375 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:362-375 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pamm Phillips Author-X-Name-First: Pamm Author-X-Name-Last: Phillips Author-Name: Paul Turner Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Title: Water management in sport Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 376-389 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:376-389 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eddie T.C. Lam Author-X-Name-First: Eddie T.C. Author-X-Name-Last: Lam Author-Name: John Bae Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Bae Title: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Purchaser Style Inventory for Sport Products (PSISP) Abstract: •To date, none of the consumer shopping behavior measuring instruments has been validated.•This is the first study in the field to cross validate a purchaser style inventory, the PSISP.•Confirmatory factor analysis shows that the model provides good fit to the data.•We confirm that the revised PSISP (PSISP-II) is a reliable inventory for measuring consumer decision styles in purchasing sport products.Consumers are bombarded every day by numerous promotion messages, and their decision making in purchasing sport goods or services is frequently confused by these advertised information (Lysonski, Durvasula, & Zotos, 1996). For this reason, research in consumer decision-making styles has become increasingly popular. In 2009, Bae, Lam, and Jackson developed the Purchaser Style Inventory for Sport Products (PSISP) to identify consumers’ shopping behaviors. However, the PSISP was exploratory in nature. The purpose of this study was to validate the PSISP using confirmatory factor analysis. Participants (N = 455) were college students in the southern region of the United States. Fit indices (e.g., CFI = .92, SRMR = .068, RMSEA = .065: 90% CI = .062; .068) indicated the model provided reasonable fit to the data. After model respecification, the 37-item PSISP-II model significantly (p < .001) improved and included nine latent factors: Quality, Brand, Fashion, Recreation, Price, Impulse, Confusion, Habit, and Endorsement. It was concluded that the PSISP-II was a reliable scale in measuring consumer decision-making styles in purchasing sport products. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 254-264 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:254-264 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cody T. Havard Author-X-Name-First: Cody T. Author-X-Name-Last: Havard Title: Glory Out of Reflected Failure: The examination of how rivalry affects sport fans Abstract: •Qualitatively investigated rivalry in United States intercollegiate athletics in direct and indirect competitive settings.•Identified socialization, in-group bias, sense of satisfaction, and out-group indirect competition as major themes.•Glory Out of Reflected Failure (GORFing) asserts that fans will rejoice a rival team's defeat in indirect competition.•GORFing extends research into disidentification, in-group bias, and schadenfreude.•Supports using social identity theory to investigate the rivalry phenomenon.Most studies on participant or fan rivalry have employed quantitative methods to investigate the phenomenon (Kilduff, Elfenbein, & Staw, 2010; Kimble & Cooper, 1992; Smith & Schwartz, 2003). The current study adds to the existing literature by using qualitative analysis to investigate the way fans make meaning of the rivalry. Intercollegiate football and men's basketball fans in the United States were interviewed about their perceptions of their favourite and rival teams, and the enjoyment they experienced when someone other than their favourite team defeated the identified rival. Social identity theory guided the investigation (Tajfel, 1974), and four themes were identified regarding fan reactions to rivalry: (1) socialisation, (2) in-group bias, (3) sense of satisfaction and (4) out-group indirect competition. Further, Glory Out of Reflected Failure (GORFing) extends research on disidentification (Elsbach & Bhattacharya, 2001), in-group bias (Tajfel, 1969; Turner, 1982), and schadenfreude (Heider, 1958) and asserts that fans will rejoice when their rival team has been defeated in indirect competition. Findings from the current study provide academics and administrators many avenues to further the understanding of fan social psychology and sport rivalry. Theoretical and practical implications of the current study along with areas for future research are presented. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 243-253 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.09.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.09.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:243-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Hutchinson Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Hutchinson Author-Name: Adrien Bouchet Author-X-Name-First: Adrien Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchet Title: Achieving organizational de-escalation: Exit strategy implementation among United States collegiate athletic departments Abstract: •This study investigated de-escalation exit among eight Division I institutions.•Participants interviewed included decision makers involved in exit implementation.•Importance of providing objective data in a non-consulting manner.•Exit implementation should consider the most timely departure possible.•Decision makers did not engage in impression management.Given the increasing commitment associated with NCAA Division I participation, higher learning institutions in the United States have recently engaged in initial stages of de-escalation behavior, or the reversal of escalating commitment via project termination or redirection. However, difficulty arises upon implementation of the selected alternative exit strategy. Applying escalation of commitment theory, this collective case study explored exit strategy implementation among institutions (N = 8) having achieved organizational de-escalation. Participants (n = 32) included decision makers involved in athletics exit strategy implementation. NVivo 9 was employed for analyzing collected data throughout the course of a three-step coding process. Findings revealed the importance of presenting stakeholders with objective data concerning the true costs of participation in a non-consulting manner. Additionally, exit implementation should consider the most timely departure possible, accounting for project-specific consequences potentially hindering de-escalation achievement. Finally, decision makers at institutions incorporating newly formed athletic-related initiatives did not exhibit impression management in de-institutionalizing the former course of action. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 347-361 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.09.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.09.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:347-361 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Barrie Houlihan Author-X-Name-First: Barrie Author-X-Name-Last: Houlihan Title: Achieving compliance in international anti-doping policy: An analysis of the 2009 World Anti-Doping Code Abstract: •Challenges the optimistic assessment of the level of global support for policy towards doping in sport.•Critically examines the key concepts of adherence/acceptance, implementation and compliance.•Evaluates the effectiveness of current tools used by WADA and UNESCO to assess compliance.•Suggests strategies for improving the measurement of compliance and for deepening compliance with the World Anti-Doping Code.Despite the rapid acceptance by sports organisations of the World Anti-Doping Code and ratification by governments of the UNESCO Convention Against Doping in Sport there remains a concern that formal implementation disguises shallow compliance or depth of commitment. The paper distinguishes between adherence, implementation and compliance and examines the ways in which compliance has been measured by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and UNESCO. The aims of the paper are to evaluate the effectiveness of the current procedures for measuring and enhancing compliance and to suggest ways in which measurement could be improved and compliance strengthened. The research is based on an analysis of survey tools used by WADA and UNESCO to assess implementation and compliance; an analysis of recent International Observer reports published by WADA; and a series of interviews with anti-doping staff in international and national anti-doping organisations. The research found that the current survey tools are better at assessing formal implementation than depth of compliance and that recent International Observer reports indicate a significant concern with inadequate compliance among some event organisers and some participating countries. The factors that affect compliance are reviewed and suggestions are made regarding the strengthening of the monitoring of compliance, the improvement in compliance with the formal requirements of the Code and the deepening of day to day compliance. It is concluded that the rapid acceptance of the Code and Convention has masked the more difficult issue of developing the depth of commitment that is necessary to tackle the more complex issue of trafficking and the increasingly sophisticated doping strategies of some athletes. It is argued that changes are needed to the current monitoring and compliance systems if the current momentum in anti-doping policy is to be maintained. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 265-276 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.10.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.10.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:265-276 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason P. Doyle Author-X-Name-First: Jason P. Author-X-Name-Last: Doyle Author-Name: Robin D. Pentecost Author-X-Name-First: Robin D. Author-X-Name-Last: Pentecost Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Title: The effect of familiarity on associated sponsor and event brand attitudes following negative celebrity endorser publicity Abstract: •Investigates the potential impact of negative celebrity endorser publicity on attitudes towards associated event and sponsor brands.•Negative stimulus materials highlighting a celebrity endorser's transgression resulted in weakened attitudes whereas neutral stimulus did not.•Contributes knowledge to sport sponsorship research and extends research into the sport event category.•Provides a number of theoretical and managerial contributions surrounding sport sponsorship relationship management.This research examined how familiarity with a brand influences how negative publicity related to a celebrity endorser is perceived. Specifically, the current research determined if familiarity with event and sponsor brands may temper any negative consequences of being linked with negative celebrity endorser publicity. Two studies were conducted to investigate this aim. Study 1 (n = 136) used unfamiliar brands and indicated attitudes towards the selected sponsor and the event brands were significantly reduced after negative publicity surrounding an associated celebrity endorser emerged. In contrast, individuals not exposed to negative publicity did not report reduced attitude scores. Study 2 (n = 272) used unfamiliar and familiar brands and found that negative publicity surrounding celebrity endorsers has the capacity to weaken attitudes towards associated event and sponsor brands. However, any negative impact was tempered by an individual's familiarity with the respective brand, indicating brand familiarity has a moderating effect on brand attitudes within the sports marketplace. This research furthers understandings related to sport sponsorship theory by assessing the role of brand familiarity in tempering information transference. Additionally, the paper provides insights to the events category which has not been researched previously. Brand managers can use this information to develop proactive and reactive strategies to employ to protect their brands when celebrity endorsers attract negative publicity. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 310-323 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.10.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.10.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:310-323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shannon Kerwin Author-X-Name-First: Shannon Author-X-Name-Last: Kerwin Author-Name: Trevor Bopp Author-X-Name-First: Trevor Author-X-Name-Last: Bopp Title: Exploring cognitive restructuring: A multi-foci leadership perspective Abstract: •Shared leadership may assist in managing cognitive restructuring in teams.•Shared leadership is an ongoing process that requires continuous management.•Leaders are involved in mentoring behaviors that are essential in cognitive restructuring.•Followers are equal partners in the cognitive restructuring process.Athletics teams operate in contexts where team culture fluctuates with constant change (i.e., player turnover). In such dynamic sport environments, a strong leadership core needs to be in place to effectively navigate changes in team culture. The purpose of this study was to use the multi-foci perspective of leadership to explore the values and shared leadership qualities associated with proactively managing cognitive restructuring. A case study approach was used to examine a female sport team that recently encountered a shift in team culture. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with players and coaches (N = 31) who represented both leaders and followers from a shared leadership perspective. The findings contribute to sport management theory by defining the complexity of cognitive restructuring and establishing the necessity of shared leadership (i.e., leaders and followers) during this stage of the change process. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 277-291 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.11.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.11.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:277-291 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael L. Naraine Author-X-Name-First: Michael L. Author-X-Name-Last: Naraine Author-Name: B. Schultz Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Schultz Author-Name: P.H. Caskey Author-X-Name-First: P.H. Author-X-Name-Last: Caskey Author-Name: C. Esherick Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Esherick Title: Media Relations in Sport Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 391-392 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:391-392 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 3 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(14)00056-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(14)00056-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:3:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steffen Herm Author-X-Name-First: Steffen Author-X-Name-Last: Herm Author-Name: Hans-Markus Callsen-Bracker Author-X-Name-First: Hans-Markus Author-X-Name-Last: Callsen-Bracker Author-Name: Henning Kreis Author-X-Name-First: Henning Author-X-Name-Last: Kreis Title: When the crowd evaluates soccer players’ market values: Accuracy and evaluation attributes of an online community Abstract: •This research describes how an online community with interest in professional soccer evaluates players’ market values.•The community's market-value estimates are excellent predictors of actual transfer fees.•The community evaluations can largely be predicted using an econometric model that contains two blocks of determinants.•Blocks: measures that are directly related to players’ talent and variables that result from judgments by external sources.•Organizing variables into these two blocks provides a more differentiated look at the popularity of players.Evaluating the value of athletes to determine whether they should be transferred from one club to another has become a major challenge for managers of sports teams. In the context of German soccer, aficionados have built a large online community that evaluates professional soccer players’ market values. The community has become the main source for reporting market values in the media and has a strong impact on sports economy: it is used in real market transactions and wage negotiations, indicating the power of crowd wisdom in the sports management context.This research describes the evaluation process of the community, investigates the accuracy of its estimated market values, and shows which attributes are most important for market-value evaluations. After demonstrating that the community's market-value estimates can predict actual transfer fees, we show that community evaluations can largely be explained by an econometric model that contains two blocks of determinants: variables that are directly related to players’ talent and variables that result from judgments by external sources (e.g., journalists). Reorganizing variables that were used in previous studies into two blocks (talent vs. external determinants) provides a more differentiated look at the popularity of players than recent literature on the “superstar phenomenon.” Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 484-492 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.12.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.12.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:484-492 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sevastia Avourdiadou Author-X-Name-First: Sevastia Author-X-Name-Last: Avourdiadou Author-Name: Nicholas D. Theodorakis Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas D. Author-X-Name-Last: Theodorakis Title: The development of loyalty among novice and experienced customers of sport and fitness centres Abstract: •We examined the effect of service quality and satisfaction on customer loyalty across different consumption stages.•Data was collected in the context of sports and fitness centres.•Our results indicated that service quality was a major driver of loyalty only for novice customers.•Satisfaction was found to be a major driver of customers’ future behaviours for both groups; however, its impact was significantly greater among experienced customers.Researchers suggest that as consumption progresses, consumers’ needs change. However, previous studies have shown few insights into the effect of service quality and satisfaction on customer loyalty across different consumption stages. This study examines the impact of service quality and satisfaction on customer loyalty among novice and experienced customers in the context of sports and fitness centres. Altogether, 426 customers of a public sports and fitness centre in Greece participated in the study. The results indicate that service quality consistently affects overall satisfaction across both customer groups; service quality is a major driver of loyalty only for novice customers, while overall satisfaction is a major driver of customers’ future behaviours; however, its impact is significantly greater among experienced customers. These findings contribute positively to our understanding of how service quality and satisfaction are developed and influence customer retention in different consumption stages. The practical implications and limitations of this study are also discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 419-431 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:419-431 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ian O’Boyle Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: O’Boyle Author-Name: Mary A. Hums Author-X-Name-First: Mary A. Author-X-Name-Last: Hums Author-Name: Joanne C. Maclean Author-X-Name-First: Joanne C. Author-X-Name-Last: Maclean Title: Governance and Policy in Sport Organizations Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 546-547 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:546-547 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicole M. LaVoi Author-X-Name-First: Nicole M. Author-X-Name-Last: LaVoi Author-Name: M.L. Sartore-Baldwin Author-X-Name-First: M.L. Author-X-Name-Last: Sartore-Baldwin Title: Sexual Minorities in Sports: Prejudice at Play Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 548-548 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:548-548 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Constantino Stavros Author-X-Name-First: Constantino Author-X-Name-Last: Stavros Author-Name: Matthew D. Meng Author-X-Name-First: Matthew D. Author-X-Name-Last: Meng Author-Name: Kate Westberg Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Westberg Author-Name: Francis Farrelly Author-X-Name-First: Francis Author-X-Name-Last: Farrelly Title: Understanding fan motivation for interacting on social media Abstract: •Contribute to emerging research on the nature of social media use by fans.•Detail key motives fans exercise from the social media enabled connection to the team.•Discuss how social media can be used to further facilitate interaction in sport.•Identify implications for sport managers to further relational goals with fans.Social media provide fans with an additional means to engage with their team and are a valuable forum for sport organizations to better understand fan motivations and strengthen fan relationships. This study contributes to emerging research on the nature of social media use by revealing the motivations underpinning the desire of fans to communicate on the Facebook sites of several National Basketball Association (NBA) teams. Our findings indicate that fans exercise four key motives as they draw value from the social media enabled connection to the team: passion, hope, esteem and camaraderie. Further, and in light of our understanding of these motives, we identify how this platform can be used to facilitate interaction, a key construct in relationship marketing. A content analysis, using a netnographic methodology, was undertaken to explore online comments by fans of eight purposefully selected NBA teams over a two-week period during the off-season. This period represents strong potential for isolating highly identified fans who are motivated to seek engagement and interaction. Implications for sport managers to further relational goals are identified. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 455-469 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.11.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.11.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:455-469 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erik Thibaut Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Thibaut Author-Name: Steven Vos Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Vos Author-Name: Jeroen Scheerder Author-X-Name-First: Jeroen Author-X-Name-Last: Scheerder Title: Hurdles for sports consumption? The determining factors of household sports expenditures Abstract: •The household production theory performs well in explaining sports consumption.•Two-stage approaches are needed to analyze household sports consumption.•Higher educated households more often spend money on sports participation.•Higher educated households do not spend higher amounts of money on sports.•Other influencing factors are family income and sports club membership.The purpose of this article is to explore the determining factors of household expenditures on sports participation. Due to a relatively large amount of zero-expenditures, simple regression methods are not suited. Because of methodological reasons, the two-step Heckman approach is used over the Tobit approach and the Double Hurdle approach. The participation decision (spend money or not) is influenced by sports participation of the parents, family income, education, sports club membership, and sports frequency. Determining factors of the intensity decision (amount of money that is spent on sports participation) are family income, sports participation of parents during their youth, sports club membership, sports frequency, age of youngest child, and household size. Moreover, the results indicate that a two-stage approach is needed because it gives a more in-depth insight in the household spending behavior. For example, higher educated households more often spend money on sports participation. However, this research demonstrates that once higher educated households have decided to spend money on sports participation, the amount of money spent does not differ from lower educated households. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 444-454 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.12.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.12.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:444-454 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katie Misener Author-X-Name-First: Katie Author-X-Name-Last: Misener Author-Name: Alison Doherty Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Doherty Title: In support of sport: Examining the relationship between community sport organizations and sponsors Abstract: •Scales were developed to measure elements of the relationship process and outcomes.•Operational competence predicted impact on operations and community presence.•Operational competence further enhanced the impact of long-standing sponsorships.•Operational competence was required to a lesser extent than other process elements.Sponsorships are a critical resource for nonprofit community sport organizations (CSOs) that are increasingly experiencing pressure to generate funding beyond their traditional source of membership revenues. In order to optimize this alternative source, it is important to understand the nature of the relationship between CSOs and sponsors and its impact on those clubs. Scales were developed, and presidents of CSOs (N = 189) completed a corresponding survey that measures the extent to which clubs’ relationship with their key sponsor was characterized by various elements of the relationship process and relationship outcomes. Operational competence was a consistent predictor of the impact of the sponsor relationship on club program/operations and community presence, and further enhanced the impact of long-standing sponsorships. Notably, operational competence was perceived to be required to a lesser extent in CSO–sponsor relationships than in the other process elements. Implications for effective CSO–sponsor relationships and directions for future research are presented. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 493-506 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.12.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.12.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:493-506 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cecilia Stenling Author-X-Name-First: Cecilia Author-X-Name-Last: Stenling Title: The emergence of a new logic? The theorizing of a new practice in the highly institutionalized context of Swedish voluntary sport Abstract: •Two problems were constructed to legitimize drive-in sport.•Three principles were prescribed as the ideal way to organize drive-in sport.•Drive-in sport was legitimized through social constructionist, interpretive processes.•The theorization was productive of and produces societal ideals, norms, and values.•Theorization is a necessary precursor to emergence and change in logics.The purpose of this article is to contribute to the understanding of the emergence and change in institutional logics by analyzing the theorization (e.g., Greenwood, Suddaby, & Hinings, 2002) of a new and distinctly “different” practice in Swedish voluntary sport: drive-in sport. The article builds on data from 29 interviews with key actors involved in the organizing of drive-in sport in four municipalities. The findings show that two problems were constructed to legitimize drive-in sport: norm-breaking behavior displayed by youth during weekend nights, and organized sport's failure to live up to a sport-for-all ideal. The findings also show that it is perceived that in order for drive-in sport to be the solution to both these problems, the activities need to be arranged in a particular way. The findings are discussed in relation to recent developments in Swedish organized sport as an institutional context. Additionally, the discussion puts forth the value of the theorization concept in terms of furthering our understanding of the social-constructionist interpretive processes that underpin the broader processes of change documented in previous sport-related studies of change in institutional logics. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 507-519 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.12.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.12.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:507-519 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Denise L. Parris Author-X-Name-First: Denise L. Author-X-Name-Last: Parris Author-Name: Michael L. Troilo Author-X-Name-First: Michael L. Author-X-Name-Last: Troilo Author-Name: Adrien Bouchet Author-X-Name-First: Adrien Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchet Author-Name: Jon Welty Peachey Author-X-Name-First: Jon Welty Author-X-Name-Last: Peachey Title: Action sports athletes as entrepreneurs: Female professional wakeboarders, sponsorship, and branding Abstract: This teaching case explores the sport of wakeboarding to examine how its female practitioners need to become entrepreneurial in order to make a living from the sport. Students ponder the financial pressures of becoming a professional female wakeboarder, and how to sustain momentum once one turns professional. The significance and inter-relationship of sponsorship and self-branding/promotion figure prominently. Costs of competing are high in the best of circumstances, and nearly insurmountable without corporate backing. Obtaining such support requires a healthy degree of marketing oneself. The female riders offer a number of anecdotes and recollections providing salience to issues concerning sustainability and gender inequity. Male riders may earn up to four times more on tour than female riders and there is pressure to adapt to the “boys’ club” to advance one's career. Earning a living through involvement in wakeboarding is difficult for women. Models of entrepreneurism are provided to guide student discussion in developing strategies to overcome issues for female wakeboarders making the sport financially attractive for female competitors. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 530-545 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.12.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.12.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:530-545 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Millicent Kennelly Author-X-Name-First: Millicent Author-X-Name-Last: Kennelly Author-Name: Kristine Toohey Author-X-Name-First: Kristine Author-X-Name-Last: Toohey Title: Strategic alliances in sport tourism: National sport organisations and sport tour operators Abstract: •We demonstrate how national sport organisations can facilitate development of sport tourism around major sport events.•Strategic alliances between national sport organisations and sport tour operators can produce mutual benefits.•Flexible, ‘bottom-up’ strategic alliances with tour operators may allow sport organisations to capitalise on sport tourism.This qualitative case study provides a sport-oriented perspective of sport tourism. It examines a strategic alliance between an Australian national sport organisation (NSO), the Australian Rugby Union (ARU), and a sport tour operator (STO), FanFirm. The study contributes insights into how NSOs can facilitate and develop sport tourism for major events through alliances with STOs. Findings indicate that by collaborating with the STO, the ARU accrued a range of intangible and financial benefits, which in turn provided an impetus for ongoing maintenance of the strategic alliance. In addition, the alliance was perceived to deliver advantages beyond the NSO–STO nexus, with rugby fans and host governments of rugby events also benefiting. The study demonstrates that sport organisations can play a role in maximising the tourism outcomes of major events and also suggests that smaller-scale, ‘bottom-up’ cross-sector alliances can contribute to maximising tourism outcomes of major sport events. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 407-418 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.01.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.01.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:407-418 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martin Schnitzer Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Schnitzer Author-Name: Sabrina Scheiber Author-X-Name-First: Sabrina Author-X-Name-Last: Scheiber Author-Name: Madeleine Lang Author-X-Name-First: Madeleine Author-X-Name-Last: Lang Author-Name: Elisabeth Brandstetter Author-X-Name-First: Elisabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Brandstetter Author-Name: Martin Kopp Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Kopp Title: Perception of the new competition formats in the Innsbruck 2012 Youth Olympic Games sports programme—A spectators’ perspective Abstract: •YOG spectators perceive the level of performance at new competitions as very high.•Watching an event from start to finish results in an increased entertainment level.•Spectators’ eustress scores are higher at action-packed events.•Spectators lack an understanding of the competition rules for new event formats.•Ski Halfpipe and Snowboard Slopestyle have potential for future development.The Youth Olympic Games (YOG) was initiated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 2007 aiming to reach out to a younger target group. Besides the introduction of a Culture and Education Programme the creation of new competition formats was an important initiative. The objective of this study was to assess the spectators’ perception of the new sports competitions at the first Winter YOG 2012 in Innsbruck, Austria. The aim was to understand how the Games were perceived by on-site spectators attending the event. For this purpose a quantitative research approach was chosen. Based on an extensive literature review a paper questionnaire was developed and distributed among the spectators during the YOG in Innsbruck. The results revealed that the Level of Performance was perceived very positively across all competitions. Regarding the Entertainment Value, Future Development, Eustress and Rules the spectators’ perception differed between the various competitions. The findings from the study in hand provide important insights for future organisers of sports events and other related stakeholders (federations and sports clubs) with respect to the implementation of new sports competitions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 432-443 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.01.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.01.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:432-443 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Darcy Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Darcy Author-Name: H. Maxwell Author-X-Name-First: H. Author-X-Name-Last: Maxwell Author-Name: M. Edwards Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Author-Name: J. Onyx Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Onyx Author-Name: S. Sherker Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Sherker Title: More than a sport and volunteer organisation: Investigating social capital development in a sporting organisation Abstract: •The study examines the development of social capital in a sport and volunteer organisation.•The research design uses an interpretive qualitative framework.•The study confirms the development of collective and individual components to social capital.•Social capital is founded on bonding prior to bridging with other community organisations.•Human capital is used by individuals for both personal and other community benefits.This paper presents the findings of a study that examines the development of social capital within an Australian sporting organisation, Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA). The study draws on the social capital literature across the not-for-profit sector and specific sport management social capital research. The research design incorporated an interpretive approach with data collected nationally from eight focus groups with key SLSA staff, board members and ‘toes in the sand’ volunteers. The findings provide fresh insights into the development and understanding of social capital within a sporting organisation. Both bonding and bridging were important social capital outcomes of the organisation's activities, albeit with important implications for antecedents and process. The data presented strong evidence for arguing that within the organisation bonding within the club comes first, which importantly provides a very strong sense of belonging and mutual support for club members, from volunteers through to the board. The strength of bonding provides a powerful base for subsequent bridging capital to the local, regional and national stakeholder communities that are associated with the organisation. Further, social capital develops in both the collective and individual, with leveraging of individual skills contributing to human capital development, which is closely connected to and inseparable from social capital. The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical implications for social capital generally and social capital in a sporting context. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 395-406 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.01.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.01.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:395-406 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thilo Kunkel Author-X-Name-First: Thilo Author-X-Name-Last: Kunkel Author-Name: Jason P. Doyle Author-X-Name-First: Jason P. Author-X-Name-Last: Doyle Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Title: Exploring sport brand development strategies to strengthen consumer involvement with the product – The case of the Australian A-League Abstract: •Sport brands can use three general strategies to develop their brand.•Brand development strategies can be used to influence consumer-based brand associations.•Leagues need to consider their clubs in their brand development approach.•Consultation of highly involved consumers also benefits other consumer segments.The branding of sport leagues represents an emergent area of scholarship. The current research capitalised on an opportunity to explore the strategies sport leagues can implement to develop their brand and consequently better satisfy their consumers. The Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) was used to guide the examination of sport brand development strategies recommended by consumers of a sport league. Mixed method data were collected from football consumers in Australia (N = 230). Seven themes were uncovered through qualitative content analysis representing three brand development strategies – market penetration, market development and product development. The study contributes to sport management literature by (1) identifying strategies that can be used to position sport brands; (2) indicating how these strategies may be used to influence consumers’ brand associations; (3) demonstrating the close brand relationship between leagues and their clubs and (4) enhancing market research sampling knowledge. The study also provides sport managers with strategic brand management directions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 470-483 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.01.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.01.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:470-483 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mathew Dowling Author-X-Name-First: Mathew Author-X-Name-Last: Dowling Author-Name: Jonathon Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Jonathon Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Author-Name: Marvin Washington Author-X-Name-First: Marvin Author-X-Name-Last: Washington Title: Understanding the concept of professionalisation in sport management research Abstract: It has been 80 years since the concept of professionalisation began to take root within the sociology and management disciplines. Similarly, the study of the professionalisation of sport has a relatively prominent and longstanding history within the discipline of sport management. Notwithstanding its continued usage and importance, there has been little systematic attempt to examine how the concept has been operationalised within sport management. In light of this recognition, this review piece draws upon extant sport management, sociological and managerial literature to (i) explore the various ways in which the concept of professionalisation has been employed within sport management, and in doing so, (ii) identifies potential research gaps and future avenues of inquiry within the sport management discipline. The review identifies three broad classifications of professionalisation (organisational, systemic, occupational) and calls for more research surrounding broader conceptualisations of professionalisation that remain relatively unexplored by sport management scholars. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 520-529 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:520-529 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(14)00075-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(14)00075-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Thank you to Reviewers Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 393-394 Issue: 4 Volume: 17 Year: 2014 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(14)00081-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(14)00081-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:17:y:2014:i:4:p:393-394 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael B. Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Michael B. Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Title: The role of sport in community capacity building: An examination of sport for development research and practice Abstract: •SFD builds capacity via social interaction, skill building, and empowerment.•SFD may be less effective developing shared values and critical learning cultures.•There is a need for evidence of capacity building outcomes in North America.•Sport practitioners need grounding in developmental components of SFD programs.•Participatory action research may better promote capacity building through SFD.Population health promotion and preventing disease remain important global policy goals. Because of the complex nature of health, and the recognition of the limits of individual-oriented health promotion strategies, recent decades have seen increased interest by public health researchers and practitioners in community-level approaches to health promotion. Increasingly, community-level approaches have been based upon the theoretical concept of community capacity. Community capacity is seen as a critical mechanism for supporting and promoting community-level health and through the sport for development (SFD) model, there is evidence of sport being an important practice for community development. However, little is known about the potential role of sport as a mechanism for building community capacity. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine the efficacy of sport to contribute to the process of community capacity building. Using seven established dimensions of community capacity, there is evidence that many SFD practices can effectively facilitate dimensions of community capacity when conducted in intentional, culturally relevant ways. Specifically, sport has demonstrated efficacy in building local skills, knowledge, and resources, increasing social cohesion, facilitating structures and mechanisms for community dialog, leadership development, and encouraging civic participation. More research is needed to understand sport's ability to promote capacity building through collective action, developing value systems that support democracy and inclusion, and encouraging critical reflection. To increase the usefulness of sport to support community health development, SFD principles should be included as part of sport management university curricula. Additionally, practitioners need grounding in community and human development research to support non-sport components of programs. Finally, participatory action research techniques should be used by researchers and practitioners. Sport-based development often generates high interest from residents, funders, and policy makers. By applying principles of community capacity building, sport may be uniquely positioned to enhance sustainable community health development initiatives. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 6-19 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:6-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shawn D. Forde Author-X-Name-First: Shawn D. Author-X-Name-Last: Forde Author-Name: Donna S. Lee Author-X-Name-First: Donna S. Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Cathy Mills Author-X-Name-First: Cathy Author-X-Name-Last: Mills Author-Name: Wendy Frisby Author-X-Name-First: Wendy Author-X-Name-Last: Frisby Title: Moving towards social inclusion: Manager and staff perspectives on an award winning community sport and recreation program for immigrants Abstract: •Case study of a sport and recreation organization's newcomer inclusion program.•Used a framework to examine organization role, success factors, and challenges.•Found that newcomers were expected to assimilate and fit into existing programs.•Success factors: staff champions, leisure counseling, partnerships, and outreach.•Challenges: addressing multiple barriers, partnerships, and short-term funding.This case study examined manager and staff perspectives on their local sport and recreation department's role, organizational practices, and challenges faced when developing and sustaining a wellness program for immigrants that received a program excellence award from a provincial recreation association in Canada. Data were collected through a document analysis and interviews with all 10 staff and managers involved in the development and implementation of the newcomer wellness program, an integrated intervention with a physical activity and sport component. The findings revealed that the recreation department largely adopted an assimilation role where newcomers were expected to fit into existing programs and the implications of this are discussed. Managers and staff pointed to four key organizational practices that fostered newcomer inclusion including: having multiple staff champions, using a leisure access counselling approach, developing community partnerships and outreach, and implementing culturally sensitive marketing. Challenges encountered were reducing multiple barriers to program participation, uncertainty about interculturalism, managing partnerships, and a reliance on short-term funding that threatened the sustainability of the program. We extend a theoretical framework on the organizational dimension of social inclusion, suggest ideas for future research, and discuss implications for community sport and recreation practitioners. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 126-138 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:126-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bronwen Dalton Author-X-Name-First: Bronwen Author-X-Name-Last: Dalton Author-Name: Rachel Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: John Robert Evans Author-X-Name-First: John Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Evans Author-Name: Steve Cochrane Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Cochrane Title: Australian Indigenous youth's participation in sport and associated health outcomes: Empirical analysis and implications Abstract: •We examine the relationship between sport and health among Indigenous youth.•Indigenous youth who participate in sport are 3.5 times more likely to report good health.•Respondents are 1.6 times more likely to have no probable serious mental illness.•Programs targeting sport participation hold potential to lift health outcomes.•We discuss these findings in terms of management, policy and practice.Analysis of the 2012 Mission Australia Youth Survey (MAYS) finds that among Indigenous youth aged 15–19 years there is a positive relationship between self-reported participation in sport and two health outcomes: rating of overall health and risk of mental health disorder. We find that Indigenous youth who participate in sport are 3.5 times more likely to report good general health and 1.6 times more likely to have no probable serious mental illness. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to potential future research and policy. In terms of research, the analysis illustrates the utility of brief and cost-effective measures of health outcomes that could be used in future evaluations of specific programs targeting Indigenous youth participation in sport. We also discuss the potential ramifications, for practitioners and management professionals, of the particular policy paths needed to address the current gaps in service delivery to Indigenous communities, and for the development of grassroots, evidence-based, well resourced, culturally sensitive, inclusive and community-led programs. This can, in part, be achieved by ensuring youth sport development programs are shaped by Indigenous youth themselves. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 57-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.04.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.04.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:57-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Cohen Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Cohen Author-Name: Jon Welty Peachey Author-X-Name-First: Jon Welty Author-X-Name-Last: Peachey Title: The making of a social entrepreneur: From participant to cause champion within a sport-for-development context Abstract: •We conducted a narrative inquiry within a sport-for-development context.•We illustrate the emergence of social entrepreneurship in a sport-for-development setting.•We examine factors of a sport-for-development initiative that lead to social entrepreneurship.The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a sport-for-development initiative, Street Soccer USA, on one of its most successful participants in order to understand her experiences, expectations, and motivations towards becoming a cause champion and social entrepreneur and continuing her activism. We adopted a narrative inquiry approach for this study in an effort to explore this topic in a detailed manner. Guided by previous literature within the field of social entrepreneurship, we found there were three specific background influences – sport, life, and traumatic experiences – which influenced her social entrepreneurial leanings. Within that context we show how the variables of people, opportunity, and capital intersect and lead towards the social value proposition of the social entrepreneur. Drawn from the findings, we provide theoretical and practical implications and directions for future research in the field of sport-for-development and social entrepreneurship. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 111-125 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.04.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.04.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:111-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jon Welty Peachey Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Welty Peachey Author-Name: John Borland Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Borland Author-Name: Jami Lobpries Author-X-Name-First: Jami Author-X-Name-Last: Lobpries Author-Name: Adam Cohen Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Cohen Title: Managing impact: Leveraging sacred spaces and community celebration to maximize social capital at a sport-for-development event Abstract: •It was found that both liminality and communitas emerged at this SFD event.•Five mechanisms and processes helped to achieve liminality and communitas.•Inclusive play was also important for achieving liminality and communitas.•Four tactics helped to leverage liminality for social capital development.The purpose of this investigation was to understand how a sport-for-development event can be leveraged socially, and if event organizers created the best possible experiences for homeless participants through the creation of communitas and thus, social capital. We also examined the mechanisms through which liminality is cultivated and communitas can emerge, along with the means for leveraging liminality. It was found that liminality was cultivated and communitas materialized at this SFD event, as event organizers employed various processes to foster a liminoid space and develop community. Additional tactics were employed to leverage liminality and associated communitas for social capital development. We contribute to the research literature on event leveraging and also make important contributions to theory development. Implications are drawn forth for theory, practice, and future research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 86-98 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:86-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: R. Meek Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Meek Author-Name: David Gallant Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Gallant Author-Name: Emma Sherry Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Sherry Title: Sport in Prison: Exploring the Role of Physical Activity in Correctional Settings Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 152-153 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:152-153 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jennifer E. Bruening Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer E. Author-X-Name-Last: Bruening Author-Name: Jon Welty Peachey Author-X-Name-First: Jon Welty Author-X-Name-Last: Peachey Author-Name: Justin M. Evanovich Author-X-Name-First: Justin M. Author-X-Name-Last: Evanovich Author-Name: Rhema D. Fuller Author-X-Name-First: Rhema D. Author-X-Name-Last: Fuller Author-Name: Cassandra J. Coble Murty Author-X-Name-First: Cassandra J. Coble Author-X-Name-Last: Murty Author-Name: Vernon E. Percy Author-X-Name-First: Vernon E. Author-X-Name-Last: Percy Author-Name: Lauren A. Silverstein Author-X-Name-First: Lauren A. Author-X-Name-Last: Silverstein Author-Name: Michael Chung Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Chung Title: Managing sport for social change: The effects of intentional design and structure in a sport-based service learning initiative Abstract: •SFD paired with service learning demonstrated how intentional design, structure, and management can enhance social capital development.•College students who continued involvement with SFD program beyond initial service learning course increased social capital development.•Findings address gap in the literature on role of SFD programs in social capital development and how that role can be effectively managed.The current study focused on addressing a gap in understanding the design, structure, and management of sport-for-development (SFD) initiatives, in this case an initiative rooted in sport-based service learning. Sport, and specifically SFD, has been shown to facilitate positive outcomes such as social capital development through expanding networks and community building. Some studies have focused on impacts on volunteers in sport and SFD programs. These volunteers have developed networks most often through informal relationship building activities. Building on this knowledge, the current mixed methods study investigated the social capital development of alumni of a college service learning through sport course. Survey data (n = 93) and individual interviews (n = 22) with participants who had completed at least one semester in the course indicated that social capital development was facilitated. In particular, the intentional design, structure, and management aspects of the course and program provided opportunities for social capital development. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 69-85 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.07.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.07.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:69-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jess Ponting Author-X-Name-First: Jess Author-X-Name-Last: Ponting Author-Name: Danny O’Brien Author-X-Name-First: Danny Author-X-Name-Last: O’Brien Title: Regulating “Nirvana”: Sustainable surf tourism in a climate of increasing regulation Abstract: •A response to the issue of crowding in a sport tourism context is analysed.•Physical carrying capacity regulation alone is inadequate to address crowding issues.•Current regulatory regimes fail to address behavioural management and social carrying capacity.•Vocational training and cultural interchange positioned as social adjuncts to purely physical capacity regulation.•Links between recreational carrying capacity and sustainability are highlighted.Indonesia's Mentawai Islands are widely regarded as a surfer's “Nirvana.” This paper uses qualitative interviews and participant observation to explore the politics of surf tourism recreational capacity management in the Mentawais, and the wider implications for Mentawaian host communities’ involvement in the surf tourism economy. While much of the Mentawaian surf tourism industry was vehemently opposed to a recently introduced capacity management model, the market responded favourably. There appear to be immediate advantages for government and local communities in incentivising low-volume, high-yield land-based surf tourism development, and social carrying capacity measures such as vocational training and cultural interchange emerge as viable adjuncts to purely physical carrying capacity regulation. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 99-110 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.07.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.07.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:99-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Gallant Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Gallant Author-Name: Emma Sherry Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Sherry Author-Name: Matthew Nicholson Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholson Title: Recreation or rehabilitation? Managing sport for development programs with prison populations Abstract: •There is limited research available on the aims, delivery mechanisms and outcomes of sport programs within the prison context.•Sport delivery in prisons appears to have three main objectives: health, rehabilitation, and inmate management.•Four case studies of sport for development programs in Australian prisons are used to discuss participation outcomes for inmates.•Implications for sport programs in prisons include scheduling, access and facilitating positive outcomes for inmate health and management.•Limited evidence for the impact of sport programs on inmate rehabilitation.The provision of sport and recreation programs to inmates within the prison system provides a unique context to investigate the role of sport in enacting social change. Three main aims of prison-based sport programs have been identified in research: inmate health and wellbeing, inmate rehabilitation, and inmate management. This paper presents four case studies of sport programs in prisons across Australia. Inmates completed qualitative interviews in order to investigate program outcomes, design, and delivery. Although the participants in the four case studies came from substantially different prison populations (male, female, Indigenous, intellectual disability, general population) and geographic locations, there were key themes across the groups. Outcomes for both inmates and prisons tended to focus on inmate health and wellbeing and inmate management. Sport and recreation programs appeared to have a positive influence on inmates’ health and behaviour; however, the efficacy of rehabilitation efforts through sport remains uncertain. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 45-56 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.07.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.07.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:45-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hazel Maxwell Author-X-Name-First: Hazel Author-X-Name-Last: Maxwell Author-Name: Carmel Foley Author-X-Name-First: Carmel Author-X-Name-Last: Foley Author-Name: Tracy Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Tracy Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Christine Burton Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Burton Title: The development of female Muslim life-savers Abstract: This teaching case illustrates the use of community development strategies to increase and enhance community sport participation of a targeted minority group. Royal Life Saving Society of Australia is presented here as an example of an organisation that embraced cultural change and developed a strategic approach to inclusive provision for individuals from marginalised population groups. The case is based on a community development framework that includes multiple facets: a shared concern about a social problem requiring action; encouraging the active participation of a marginalised group; forming public sector partnerships to pool resources and build political support; adopting collaborative principles of organising; collectively developing and implementing action plans; and re-conceptualising traditional ideas around accountability. The case facilitates the examination of the theoretical and practical considerations of adopting a community development approach in sport management. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 139-151 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.07.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.07.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:139-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steve Bullough Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Bullough Author-Name: Larissa E. Davies Author-X-Name-First: Larissa E. Author-X-Name-Last: Davies Author-Name: David Barrett Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Barrett Title: The impact of a community free swimming programme for young people (under 19) in England Abstract: •We examine the impact of a bespoke free swim programme for young people that focussed on addressing health inequalities and value for money for managers.•Removal of price had a market penetration impact.•The cost of subsidising swimming outside the national programme was six times more expensive than national programmes.•Other than health benefits for some participants, there was little change in any other, wider social impacts from the programme.A national free swimming programme for under 16s in England was a central government initiative to increase participation in 2008/09, although not all local authorities adopted it. One implemented a bespoke free swimming initiative (FSI) for under 19s in the community instead, aiming to improve the health of young people through the programme and provide value for money for managers. The FSI saw 33% of the eligible population participating at least once. However, the programme evaluation demonstrated that, despite cost being removed, participation decreased over the programme. Furthermore, the FSI had a large market penetration effect, where the majority of participants were already swimming regularly prior to the intervention. Overall, the programme provided some health benefits to the more engaged participants, but in terms of wider social benefit there was little evidence to suggest the intervention had any additional impact. The cost per swim of the community investment was almost six times more per head than the central government funded scheme, suggesting that widespread programming did not provide value for money when compared to a more targeted programme. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 32-44 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.09.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.09.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:32-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brennan K. Berg Author-X-Name-First: Brennan K. Author-X-Name-Last: Berg Author-Name: Stacy Warner Author-X-Name-First: Stacy Author-X-Name-Last: Warner Author-Name: Bhibha M. Das Author-X-Name-First: Bhibha M. Author-X-Name-Last: Das Title: What about sport? A public health perspective on leisure-time physical activity Abstract: In an effort to determine how sport could be better positioned on the public health agenda, three community physical activity programs aimed at combating obesity were examined to determine the benefits residents seek through their participation. Using a case study approach and critical framework, assumptions and presumed knowledge of these public health programs were drawn out through site visits and interviews. A total of 42 interviews with community leaders, program organizers, and residents in each community were conducted. The results reveal that new approaches need to be considered for promoting greater levels of participation in U.S. community sport and other leisure-time physical activity programs. Instead of the commonly emphasized benefits of physical health or appearance, the results demonstrate that hedonic rewards and opportunities for social interaction are two overlooked, yet primary benefits sought by participants. This research suggests that concerted efforts to focus on the hedonic feelings and social aspects can potentially lead to increased sport participation and holistic health. Such an approach may help better address vital public health policy issues while demonstrating the distinctiveness and utility of sport. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 20-31 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.09.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.09.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:20-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emma Sherry Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Sherry Author-Name: Nico Schulenkorf Author-X-Name-First: Nico Author-X-Name-Last: Schulenkorf Author-Name: Laurence Chalip Author-X-Name-First: Laurence Author-X-Name-Last: Chalip Title: Managing sport for social change: The state of play Abstract: •Sport can build social capacity and develop healthy communities.•Critically engages with sport management theory with sport for social change.•Discusses associated practical and policy implications for sport for social change.•Future research: local engagement, innovative methods and broader scope.Sport-for-development (SFD) provides a platform for sport to be used as a tool or “hook” to contribute to positive outcomes in areas including economic development, social inclusion, cultural cohesion, healthy lifestyles, education, gender equity, as well as reconciliation and peacebuilding. The area of sport for social change (SFSC) represents a sub-field of SFD that uses sport as a catalyst to build social capacity and develop socially and physically healthy communities. The Managing Sport for Social Change special issue of Sport Management Review brings together a collection of conceptual advances, empirical research papers and teaching case studies from a range of social and cultural perspectives, with a focus on managing sport for social change; aimed at engaging critically with sport management theory and praxis, and discussing associated practical and policy implications. Theoretical gaps and recommendations for future research, including: local engagement, innovative research methodology, and a broadening of the scope of research are also discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-5 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.12.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.12.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:1-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside Front Cover: Editorial Board/Aims and Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(15)00004-2 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(15)00004-2 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matt Dolf Author-X-Name-First: Matt Author-X-Name-Last: Dolf Author-Name: Paul Teehan Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Teehan Title: Reducing the carbon footprint of spectator and team travel at the University of British Columbia's varsity sports events Abstract: •We examine the carbon footprint of travel for small-scale varsity sports events.•We apply an LCA-based carbon footprint approach to refine methodology for events.•Car occupancy rates for event spectators were higher than industry average rates.•4% of out-of-town spectators constituted 52% of total spectator footprint.•Targeting long distance travel is the most effective way to reduce GHG emissions.The carbon footprint of spectator and team travel was analyzed at small-scale varsity sports events held at the University of British Columbia. Sport management literature suggests a need for quantitative environmental impact studies of events, in particular to seek out transport footprint reduction opportunities. This study applies a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)-based approach to increase methodological rigour and transparency. We analyze travel patterns of spectators and teams and put forward several scenarios for impact reduction. Results show that UBC spectators had a smaller footprint than teams on a per person basis but a larger overall carbon footprint. Although only 4% of the spectators travelled by air, this constituted 52% of total spectator impact. We find the biggest opportunities for footprint reductions by spectators and teams alike are strategies that (a) reduce long-distance air travel, (b) increase vehicle occupancy rates, and (c) encourage low-emission travel mode choices. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 244-255 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:244-255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura J. Burton Author-X-Name-First: Laura J. Author-X-Name-Last: Burton Title: Underrepresentation of women in sport leadership: A review of research Abstract: Despite increased participation opportunities for girls and women in sport, they are underrepresented in leadership positions at all levels of sport. The objective of this review is to provide a multilevel examination of available scholarship that contributes to understanding why there are so few women in leadership positions within sport. From a macro-level perspective, scholarship regarding the institutionalized practices of gender in sport is examined. The meso-level review includes stereotyping of leaders, issues of discrimination, and gendered organizational cultures. Finally research reviewed at the micro-level explores women's expectations in leadership positions, occupational turnover intentions, and the influence of symbolic interactionism on women's career advancement. In addition, the author identifies new research areas and additional recommendations for how best to increase the number of women in leadership positions in sport. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 155-165 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:155-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph E. Mahan III Author-X-Name-First: Joseph E. Author-X-Name-Last: Mahan III Author-Name: Won Jae Seo Author-X-Name-First: Won Jae Author-X-Name-Last: Seo Author-Name: Jeremy S. Jordan Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy S. Author-X-Name-Last: Jordan Author-Name: Daniel Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Title: Exploring the impact of social networking sites on running involvement, running behavior, and social life satisfaction Abstract: Social networking sites (SNS) are often shown to be influential in developing activity engagement as well as psychological well-being, but empirical evidence is scarce as to their effectiveness in a sport context. The current study examined the potential for SNS use to mediate the effects of physical activity involvement on (1) the level of regular exercise behavior, and (2) social life satisfaction. Results of an online survey (n = 3476) indicated that the influence of running involvement on both running behavior and social life satisfaction are partially mediated by use of running-related SNS. This general finding is reflective of the effects of social media in a specific sport context. Thus, this study demonstrates the theoretical potential for running-related social media to serve as an engagement platform that can augment the influence of involvement on the physical and mental benefits of participation in running. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 182-192 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:182-192 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T. Schlesinger Author-X-Name-First: T. Author-X-Name-Last: Schlesinger Author-Name: C. Klenk Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Klenk Author-Name: S. Nagel Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Nagel Title: How do sport clubs recruit volunteers? Analyzing and developing a typology of decision-making processes on recruiting volunteers in sport clubs Abstract: •Decisions were often a response to acute recruiting problems rather than a pursuit of strategic goals.•Only a few or individual actors played an active role in decision-making processes.•Decision-making processes were frequently shifted into informal decision-making situations.•Solutions to specific problems, clubs are oriented toward (proven) routines, or “successful” solutions from other clubs.•Sport clubs that can be characterized by more systematic procedure are more effective in solving personnel problems.Effective strategies for recruiting volunteers who are prepared to make a long-term commitment to formal positions are essential for the survival of voluntary sport clubs. This article examines the decision-making processes in relation to these efforts. Under the assumption of bounded rationality, the garbage can model is used to grasp these decision-making processes theoretically and access them empirically. Based on case study framework an in-depth analysis of recruitment practices was conducted in nine selected sport clubs. Results showed that the decision-making processes are generally characterized by a reactive approach in which dominant actors try to handle personnel problems of recruitment in the administration and sport domains through routine formal committee work and informal networks. In addition, it proved possible to develop a typology that delivers an overview of different decision-making practices in terms of the specific interplay of the relevant components of process control (top-down vs. bottom-up) and problem processing (situational vs. systematic). Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 193-206 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.04.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.04.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:193-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. Stewart Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Author-Name: A.C.T. Smith Author-X-Name-First: A.C.T. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Terry Engelberg Author-X-Name-First: Terry Author-X-Name-Last: Engelberg Title: Rethinking Drug Use in Sport: Why the War Will Never Be Won, Research in Sport, Culture and Society Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 317-318 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:317-318 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: R.M. Eime Author-X-Name-First: R.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Eime Author-Name: N. Sawyer Author-X-Name-First: N. Author-X-Name-Last: Sawyer Author-Name: J.T. Harvey Author-X-Name-First: J.T. Author-X-Name-Last: Harvey Author-Name: M.M. Casey Author-X-Name-First: M.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Casey Author-Name: H. Westerbeek Author-X-Name-First: H. Author-X-Name-Last: Westerbeek Author-Name: W.R. Payne Author-X-Name-First: W.R. Author-X-Name-Last: Payne Title: Integrating public health and sport management: Sport participation trends 2001–2010 Abstract: •We examine ten year sport and recreation participation levels and trends.•Participation in general levels of leisure time physical activity increased.•Organised and/or club based participation remained steady over the decade.•There is a need for improved sport participation data to inform policy development.In order to inform strategies to increase levels of physical activity (PA) for a healthier society, it is important to understand participation trends in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). Little is known about the context of LTPA participation, particularly from the perspective of “sport and recreation” (S&R) categories such as organised and club-based activities. The primary aim of this study is to contribute to the sport management literature by specifically examining PA participation levels and trends in Australia over a decade, for those aged 15 years and older, through the lens of S&R. This paper also discusses the potential synergy between the public health and sport management domains with regard to LTPA/S&R. The Australian Sports Commission provided data from the Exercise, Recreation and Sport Survey (ERASS), a population survey conducted quarterly from 2001 to 2010 by computer-assisted telephone interview. Participation in LTPA was analysed by year, gender and age, in three hierarchically related categories: (1) any LTPA participation, (2) participation in an organised context, and (3) organised participation in a club. Participation rates in any LTPA increased significantly over the decade. However, this was not matched by increases in organised and/or club participation, which largely remained steady over the 10-year period. Much of the organised participation was within a club setting, and participation in this context is more likely among males than females. There is some evidence that the overall level of LTPA is increasing, which is positive for health, but there was generally no increase in club-based participation, resulting in sport contributing relatively less to overall population LTPA. However, the depth of information available from population surveys regarding club-based LTPA is insufficient to draw definitive conclusions, or make important strategic decisions about sport and health policy. There is a critical need for more comprehensive sport participation data to provide the evidence for improved programme and policy development. An avenue for this to occur may be through the integration of participation data from peak sport organisations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 207-217 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:207-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason Mazanov Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Mazanov Author-Name: Dennis Hemphill Author-X-Name-First: Dennis Author-X-Name-Last: Hemphill Author-Name: James Connor Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Connor Author-Name: Frances Quirk Author-X-Name-First: Frances Author-X-Name-Last: Quirk Author-Name: Susan H. Backhouse Author-X-Name-First: Susan H. Author-X-Name-Last: Backhouse Title: Australian athlete support personnel lived experience of anti-doping Abstract: •Support personnel lived experience of anti-doping diverges from policy.•Support personnel need greater assistance from anti-doping organisations.•Support personnel report normalisation of doping early in athletic careers.Athlete support personnel (ASP) implement drug control policies for sport, such as anti-doping. Interviews with 39 ASP reveal how differences between policy and practice play out in their “lived experience” of anti-doping. While most ASP support the ideology underlying anti-doping at a “common sense” level (using popular drug and sporting discourses such as “drugs are bad” and sporting virtue), they are critical of anti-doping practice. Combined with no direct experience with doping, ASP saw doping as a rare event unlikely to emerge in practice. Most ASP took a laissez-faire approach to anti-doping, relying on managers to know what to do in the unlikely event of a doping incident. Despite broadly supporting the ideas of anti-doping, ASP raised concerns around implementation with regards to Athlete Whereabouts and recreational drug use. In response to hypothetical doping events, a number of ASP would seek to persuade the athlete to discontinue doping rather than meet mandatory reporting obligations. Part of this extended from conflicts between professional and anti-doping obligations (e.g. mandatory reporting and patient confidentiality). ASP demonstrate anti-doping policies are in tension with a practice that systematically normalises substance based performance enhancement early in sporting careers. Anti-doping agencies need to do more to engage with ASP as the “front line” of drug management in sport, including resolving contradictions across policies and in practice. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 218-230 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:218-230 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew L. Goldsmith Author-X-Name-First: Andrew L. Author-X-Name-Last: Goldsmith Author-Name: Matthew Walker Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Title: The NASCAR experience: Examining the influence of fantasy sport participation on ‘non-fans’ Abstract: •The path analytic model framed the mixed-method investigation of fantasy sport participation.•Fantasy sport participation influenced sport non-fan perceptions, attitudes, and intentions.•As a result of fantasy participation, attitudes toward NASCAR influenced word-of-mouth.•Identification yielded the highest amount of explained variance on patronage intentions.•Focus group data indicated fantasy participation notably strengthened sport non-fan attitudes.While NASCAR has traditionally been among the most watched sports in the US, the brand has suffered due to economic conditions and waning interest. As a result, NASCAR has focused its promotional efforts on new marketing and revenue-generating strategies to raise awareness of the sport. One way to increase awareness is through fantasy sports, which have seen a marked uptick in global popularity. However, using fantasy sports to activate involvement among self-described non-fans of a particular sport remains a relatively unexplored area. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of fantasy sports on attitude and certain behavioral factors using a mixed-method, comparison group design. Employing the path analytic model to examine relationships among variables, results indicate significant differences between study conditions and regression analyses show how patronage intentions were influenced. Focus group data buttress the quantitative results and support the use of fantasy sports as a way to convert self-identified sport non-fans into involved fans. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 231-243 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:231-243 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elsa Kristiansen Author-X-Name-First: Elsa Author-X-Name-Last: Kristiansen Author-Name: Berit Skirstad Author-X-Name-First: Berit Author-X-Name-Last: Skirstad Author-Name: Milena M. Parent Author-X-Name-First: Milena M. Author-X-Name-Last: Parent Author-Name: Ivan Waddington Author-X-Name-First: Ivan Author-X-Name-Last: Waddington Title: ‘We can do it’: Community, resistance, social solidarity, and long-term volunteering at a sport event Abstract: •Exploratory case study of ski flying volunteering in Vikersund, Norway.•The local community is characterized by a high level of social integration.•Ski flying is a focus of local pride and identification within the community.•Communitas and social solidarity reinforced by resistance to outsiders’ hostility.Much research on volunteers has focused on who the volunteers are, and what motivates them on an individual level. This study, however, aims to contextualize the long-term commitment found in a whole community of volunteers and to explain this pattern of collective volunteering not in terms of individual motivations but in terms of broader social processes. Data gathered from interviews with volunteers in Vikersund, Norway, and the analysis of local and national press coverage in the years leading up to the 2013 World Cup in Ski flying in Vikersund suggest that long-term volunteering can be understood in terms of (i) a high level of social integration (socialization, institutionalization); (ii) the creation of a collective identity focused around the ski flying hill; and (iii) the maintenance and reinforcement of strong community identity and social solidarity by local resistance to the perceived hostility of outside organizations. This focus on the broader community/social processes has implications for researchers examining sport event volunteers as well as managers of recurring sport events wishing to retain volunteers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 256-267 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:256-267 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M.P. Pritchard Author-X-Name-First: M.P. Author-X-Name-Last: Pritchard Author-Name: J.L. Stinson Author-X-Name-First: J.L. Author-X-Name-Last: Stinson Author-Name: Katharine Hoskyn Author-X-Name-First: Katharine Author-X-Name-Last: Hoskyn Title: Leveraging Brands in Sport Business Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 319-320 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:319-320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terry Engelberg Author-X-Name-First: Terry Author-X-Name-Last: Engelberg Author-Name: Stephen Moston Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Moston Author-Name: James Skinner Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Skinner Title: The final frontier of anti-doping: A study of athletes who have committed doping violations Abstract: •18 doping athletes were interviewed.•Processes of moral disengagement are used to facilitate doping.•Doping is ‘normalized’ in some sports.•Existing deterrents to doping are not perceived as credible.Although the use of banned drugs in sport is not a new phenomenon, little is known about the experiences and perceptions of athletes who have committed anti-doping rule violations. This study qualitatively explored the experiences of 18 athletes (from the sports of bodybuilding, powerlifting, cricket, sprint kayak, rugby league, and swimming) who had committed anti-doping violations. Themes explored included motivations for initiating and maintaining doping, the psychology of doping, deterrents to doping, and views on current anti-doping policy. In most cases doping had started early in their careers. The perceived culture of the sport was considered central to the ‘normalization’ of doping, particularly in bodybuilding. When explaining their decision to dope, athletes engaged in processes or moral disengagement (including advantageous comparison, minimizing consequences and diffusion of responsibility). Ironically, moral arguments were perceived as the most effective deterrents to doping. Findings are discussed in relation to the difficulties in establishing credible deterrents and suggestions for the future development of anti-doping policy. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 268-279 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:268-279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geoff Dickson Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Dickson Author-Name: Michael Naylor Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Naylor Author-Name: Sean Phelps Author-X-Name-First: Sean Author-X-Name-Last: Phelps Title: Consumer attitudes towards ambush marketing Abstract: •We investigate consumer attitudes to ambush marketing using a representative sample of New Zealanders.•Consumer attitudes towards ambush marketing not influenced by industry of the ambusher.•Consumer attitudes towards ambush marketing not influenced by demographics.•Majority perceive ambush marketing as unethical, inappropriate but not annoying.•The results are largely consistent with previous research.Studies of consumer attitudes towards ambush marketing are in conclusive and have not investigated whether those attitudes are industry specific. Rather than just refer to ‘an organisation’ (i.e. non-industry specific), an industry-specific approach specifies the organisation's core business activity. We propose that individuals expect a higher standard of advertising from banks as compared to beer companies and that this would be reflected in more negative attitudes towards banks that engage in questionable promotional practices. A demographically and geographically representative sample of New Zealanders (n = 514) was surveyed one week following the final match of the 2011 Rugby World Cup. Three items measuring consumer attitudes towards ambush marketing were adapted from the work of Portlock and Rose (2009). These three items were further adapted to specify bank or beer companies. The results indicate that most individuals perceive ambush marketing as unethical and a practice that organisations should not utilise. However, no evidence was found to support the proposition that individuals hold banks to a higher standard than beer companies in terms of ambush marketing. Demographic variables – age, gender and location – were not significantly associated with differing attitudes. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 280-290 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.07.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.07.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:280-290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ian O’Boyle Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: O’Boyle Title: Developing a performance management framework for a national sport organisation Abstract: Organisational performance has become an imperative management function within the non-profit sport context as increased pressure is placed on these organisations to provide a quality service to stakeholders in an accountable and transparent manner. The case presented here examines the issue of developing and implementing a robust performance management tool that can potentially help national sport organisation managers with the multitude of performance challenges now facing these organisations. The theoretical underpinnings of a performance management tool are presented followed by background information to a fictional national sport organisation (Racquetball Australia) and views from the CEO of the organisation in relation to the topic of performance management. The case is written from a fictional perspective so that instructors may adapt the case to suit the geographical context in which the class is taking place. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 308-316 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:308-316 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Norm O’Reilly Author-X-Name-First: Norm Author-X-Name-Last: O’Reilly Author-Name: Ida E. Berger Author-X-Name-First: Ida E. Author-X-Name-Last: Berger Author-Name: Tony Hernandez Author-X-Name-First: Tony Author-X-Name-Last: Hernandez Author-Name: Milena M. Parent Author-X-Name-First: Milena M. Author-X-Name-Last: Parent Author-Name: Benoit Séguin Author-X-Name-First: Benoit Author-X-Name-Last: Séguin Title: Urban sportscapes: An environmental deterministic perspective on the management of youth sport participation Abstract: •Sport participation is researched from an environmental deterministic perspective.•The study builds on previous work on the topic (Wicker et al., 2013).•Sport geography and central place theory are used to frame the study.•The concept of ‘gravitas’ is introduced and developed as a way of conceptualizing facility attractiveness.•The sportscape impacts youth sport participation with implications for policy and programs.This paper examines sport participation from an environmental perspective by considering the dynamic role of the sportscape (built-form and supporting infrastructure) in enabling, facilitating and promoting youth sport participation. Complementing recent work by Wicker et al. (2013), we conduct a case study of the ‘geography of sport’ in the Greater Toronto Area. In the process we introduce the concept of facility ‘gravitas’ to capture the attractiveness or ‘magnetism’ of sportscape entities and thereby acknowledge the multifaceted sets of environmental factors (including the bricks-and-mortar of facilities and the supporting mechanisms such as transportation, coaches and clubs) that influence sport participation. The results demonstrate that the geography of sport is not only about where sport venue built-forms are located, but also what types of sport infrastructure are available. To develop a better understanding of sport participation it is important to assess the capacity and quality of the sportscape along with other supporting structures and facilitators. The paper points to the implications for managers and policy makers from this perspective. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 291-307 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.07.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.07.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:291-307 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin Filo Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Filo Author-Name: Daniel Lock Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lock Author-Name: Adam Karg Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Karg Title: Sport and social media research: A review Abstract: The emergence of social media has profoundly impacted the delivery and consumption of sport. In the current review we analysed the existing body of knowledge of social media in the field of sport management from a service-dominant logic perspective, with an emphasis on relationship marketing. We reviewed 70 journal articles published in English-language sport management journals, which investigated new media technologies facilitating interactivity and co-creation that allow for the development and sharing of user-generated content among and between brands and individuals (i.e., social media). Three categories of social media research were identified: strategic, operational, and user-focussed. The findings of the review demonstrate that social media research in sport management aligns with service-dominant logic and illustrates the role of social media in cultivating relationships among and between brands and individuals. Interaction and engagement play a crucial role in cultivating these relationships. Discussion of each category, opportunities for future research as well as suggestions for theoretical approaches, research design and context are advanced. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 166-181 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:166-181 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside Front Cover : Editorial Board/Aims and scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 2 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(15)00031-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(15)00031-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:2:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khalid Ballouli Author-X-Name-First: Khalid Author-X-Name-Last: Ballouli Author-Name: Bob Heere Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Heere Title: Sonic branding in sport: A model for communicating brand identity through musical fit Abstract: The psychological and sociological dynamics of sport participation and sport spectatorship are presaged by and captured in the production and consumption of music. Yet, despite its ubiquity in organized sport, as well as its widely acknowledged significance in our contemporary social realities, few studies in sport marketing have examined the formative role of music in affecting sport consumer behaviour. As such, the field seemingly lacks theoretical and methodological direction in dealing with music as a means of effective marketing communication. Research is needed to inform academics and practitioners about the appropriate use and potential outcomes of music in sport marketing contexts. In this paper, the authors review current literature concerning the role of music in marketing and propose a conceptual framework for analyzing music in various sport marketing contexts using classical and modern theoretical approaches. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 321-330 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.03.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.03.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:321-330 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Janet S. Fink Author-X-Name-First: Janet S. Author-X-Name-Last: Fink Title: Female athletes, women's sport, and the sport media commercial complex: Have we really “come a long way, baby”? Abstract: The 2012 London Olympic Games were heralded as the “Year of the Woman” as every delegation sent a female athlete to compete in the games, and nearly 45% of all athletes were women. Indeed, sport participation amongst girls and women is currently at an all-time high, and these sportswomen deliver remarkable athletic performances. However, female athletes and women's sport still receive starkly disparate treatment by the sport media commercial complex compared to male athletes and men's sport. This review documents these qualitative and quantitative differences and discusses the negative impact this differential coverage has on consumer perceptions of women's sport and female athletes. Additionally, the author examines explanations for these differences. The review concludes with suggestions for future research and strategies for change. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 331-342 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:331-342 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J.L. Crompton Author-X-Name-First: J.L. Author-X-Name-Last: Crompton Author-Name: Trish Bradbury Author-X-Name-First: Trish Author-X-Name-Last: Bradbury Title: Sponsorship for Sport Managers Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 481-482 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:481-482 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Hutchinson Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Hutchinson Author-Name: Brennan K. Berg Author-X-Name-First: Brennan K. Author-X-Name-Last: Berg Title: Institutions of higher commitment: A case study of de-escalation and American football's decisive role in intercollegiate athletics Abstract: This case study presents a common challenge among many sport organisations facing the decision to maintain, increase, or decrease commitment to failing projects or courses of action. Using escalation of commitment theory as a framework, this case highlights the organisational processes for reversing former commitment decisions, underscoring seldom pursued de-escalation behaviour. This case uses fictional East University to illustrate the circumstances confronting most National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletic departments in the United States. Amidst inadequate revenue to cover increasing expenses, university decision makers are often responsible for determining the most suitable commitment to intercollegiate athletics, with a specific focus on costly football programs. Given extensive stakeholder involvement and pressure, commitment decisions are further complicated by the complex economic, social, and political challenges of balancing often competing groups and their interests. In response to a university-wide initiative emphasising successful programs and critically scrutinising underperforming programs, East's athletic director Steve Barnes is charged with determining the most appropriate course of action in de-escalating athletics (notably football) commitment. Consequently, the situation presented provides students with an opportunity to critically evaluate the multifaceted nature of de-escalating commitment to an existing course of action. This case is useful for both undergraduate and graduate courses in strategic management, organisational behaviour, athletic administration, and policy and governance. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 464-480 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.09.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.09.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:464-480 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P. Emery Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Emery Author-Name: Ian O’Boyle Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: O’Boyle Title: The Sports Management Toolkit Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 483-484 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.09.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.09.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:483-484 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: T.J. Johnson Author-X-Name-First: T.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Author-Name: Michael Naylor Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Naylor Title: Legends in Black: New Zealand Rugby Greats on Why we Win Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 485-486 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.09.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.09.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:485-486 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Katz Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Katz Author-Name: Bob Heere Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Heere Title: Empowerment within brand communities: Overcoming the Achilles’ Heel of scale-free networks Abstract: •In newly formed brand communities, group leaders play an important role facilitating the empowerment of other group members.•Empowering consumers can help alleviate the Achilles’ Heel of scale-free networks.•The evolution of a newly formed, leader-centred community of consumers into a sustainable long-term brand community is marked by the increased empowerment of followers.This study explored how consumer interactions evolve within an emerging brand community. Since newly formed brand communities are marked by the presence of scale-free networks, an ethnographic study among individuals in their second year of tailgating at American football games was conducted to examine whether group leaders were able to empower their followers and alleviate the Achilles’ Heel of scale-free networks. The authors investigated whether member empowerment led to a more balanced network of consumers, whereby individual group members increased their involvement and loyalty towards the group itself and the larger brand. Social network theory was used to examine the changes in relationships among individual consumers within the brand community, specifically focusing on the construct of centrality. Marketing implications associated with the changes and developments of these evolving brand communities are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 370-383 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.10.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.10.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:370-383 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Seong-Hee Park Author-X-Name-First: Seong-Hee Author-X-Name-Last: Park Author-Name: Daniel F. Mahony Author-X-Name-First: Daniel F. Author-X-Name-Last: Mahony Author-Name: Yukyoum Kim Author-X-Name-First: Yukyoum Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Young Do Kim Author-X-Name-First: Young Do Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Curiosity generating advertisements and their impact on sport consumer behavior Abstract: •We created three advertisements with low, moderate, and high knowledge gap.•Those watching moderate knowledge gap advertisements show greater generated state curiosity.•Generated state curiosity shows a significant impact on intention to watch the sport.•Fortifying generated state curiosity will increase sport consumers’ behavioral intentions.•Mediation effect of generated state curiosity on the relationship between the knowledge gap and the intention exists.The purpose of this study was to expand on the work of Menon and Soman and examine the impact of different levels of knowledge gap on the generation of state curiosity in a sport setting, and to investigate the impact of state curiosity on the intention to watch a novel sport. A total of 507 participants were recruited and ANOVAs, multiple regressions, and structural equation modeling were employed to examine the relationships. The results indicated that generated state curiosity was significantly greater for the group that viewed the moderate knowledge gap advertisement. Results also indicated that generated state curiosity had a significant mediating effect on the relationship between knowledge gap and the intention to watch the novel sport indicated in the advertisement. This study suggests that an increased understanding of the impact of curiosity and knowledge gap on sport consumers may be useful. Detailed implications for both practitioners and researchers are suggested. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 359-369 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.10.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.10.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:359-369 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jessie Brouwers Author-X-Name-First: Jessie Author-X-Name-Last: Brouwers Author-Name: Popi Sotiriadou Author-X-Name-First: Popi Author-X-Name-Last: Sotiriadou Author-Name: Veerle De Bosscher Author-X-Name-First: Veerle Author-X-Name-Last: De Bosscher Title: Sport-specific policies and factors that influence international success: The case of tennis Abstract: •Policy and other factors that influence international tennis success are examined.•The importance of each policy area differs in a tennis specific context.•Nine policy areas and two contextual themes are important for tennis success.•Contextual themes include culture and commercial environment.•Competition and coaches are the most important policy areas for tennis success.Countries continue to seek ways to achieve and sustain elite athlete success. However, competitive advantages in elite sport are largely found within individual sports’ contexts and policies. This paper uses tennis as an exemplar and mixed methods to examine sport-specific policy and other factors that influence international success. Thirty-five international tennis experts participated in a questionnaire which combined (a) open questions, and (b) Likert scale questions, based on the Sport Policy Factors that Lead to International Success (SPLISS) model. The findings support the significance of the SPLISS model at a tennis specific level. The most significant contribution of this paper rests on the emergence of two contextual themes, namely culture and commercial environment, which help explain the context within which tennis operates. These findings are important for understanding the ways elite sport success is fostered in professional sports like tennis and potentially transferring that knowledge to other commercialised sports. The paper advances the theoretical understanding of the combined meso-level and contextual factors at a sport-specific level that influence international success. The practical implications address high performance directors’ and sport policy makers’ challenge of nurturing and enhancing the tennis culture and commercial environment. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 343-358 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.10.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.10.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:343-358 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shannon Kerwin Author-X-Name-First: Shannon Author-X-Name-Last: Kerwin Author-Name: Jeremy S. Jordan Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy S. Author-X-Name-Last: Jordan Author-Name: Brian A. Turner Author-X-Name-First: Brian A. Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Title: Organizational justice and conflict: Do perceptions of fairness influence disagreement? Abstract: •Examined the relationship between multiple forms of organizational justice and intragroup conflict.•Procedural, interactional, and informational justice predicted intragroup conflict.•Distributive justice was not a significant predictor of intragroup conflict.Organizational justice may be a vital factor in the development of conflict between personnel within sport organizations. Specifically, perceptions of injustice may increase the potential for disagreement regarding codes of conduct and organizational procedures. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of multiple dimensions of organizational justice (i.e., distributive, procedural, interactional, and informational) on the perception of intragroup conflict. Paid staff from 262 regional sport commissions and convention and visitors bureaus (CVBs) across the United States responded to an online study to measure perceptions of justice and conflict. Results indicating procedural, interactional, and informational justice predicted the perception of intragroup conflict in this setting. The unique impact of each type of justice may be explained by instrumental and relational models, which has implications for sport management theory and practice. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 384-395 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.10.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.10.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:384-395 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth B. Delia Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth B. Author-X-Name-Last: Delia Title: The exclusiveness of group identity in celebrations of team success Abstract: •Scholars have not examined the influence of multiple group identities in BIRGing.•Fans BIRG and blast for an enhanced sense of inclusiveness and distinctiveness.•Fans possess multiple, ordinarily inclusive group identities.•Identities converge into an exclusive identity structure for games against rivals.Basking in reflected glory (BIRGing) describes individuals’ tendency to publicly affiliate themselves with successful others. Within sport, scholars have provided foundational knowledge pertaining to BIRGing; however, they have not deeply engaged with sport fans to understand the influence of multiple group identities in celebrating team success. Using social identity theory and social identity complexity as theoretical frameworks in the current study, I conduct qualitative research with sport fans to understand how multiple group identities influence fan behaviours in response to team performance. I discover that fans (1) BIRG and blast for an enhanced sense of inclusiveness and distinctiveness, and (2) possess multiple, ordinarily inclusive group identities, which converge into a highly exclusive social identity structure immediately before, during, and after games against rivals. I conclude by discussing the potential theoretical and managerial implications regarding multiple group identities in sport contexts, as well as directions for future research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 396-406 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.10.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.10.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:396-406 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tatiana Bouzdine-Chameeva Author-X-Name-First: Tatiana Author-X-Name-Last: Bouzdine-Chameeva Author-Name: Alain Ferrand Author-X-Name-First: Alain Author-X-Name-Last: Ferrand Author-Name: Pierre Valette-Florence Author-X-Name-First: Pierre Author-X-Name-Last: Valette-Florence Author-Name: Nicolas Chanavat Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas Author-X-Name-Last: Chanavat Title: Measurement and segmentation of sport fans using brand association networks: Application to Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Champions League (UCL) Abstract: •Analyzing fans’ cognitive structures related to brands, taking into account their heterogeneity, is an important issue in sport marketing.•We propose a new research methodology to measure brand association networks.•We present an innovative method to segment sport fans based on the brand association networks.This article presents a new research methodology for cognitive segmentation based on brand association networks. This application illustrates how brand association networks and cognitive segmentation can identify and describe the UEFA Champions League fans’ segments as a function of their cognitive content and structure. Four segments were identified (show-business lovers, passionate fans, admirers of celebrities and fair play, and event followers). A discussion of the results, directions for future research and managerial contributions are provided. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 407-420 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:407-420 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kim Werner Author-X-Name-First: Kim Author-X-Name-Last: Werner Author-Name: Geoff Dickson Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Dickson Author-Name: Kenneth F. Hyde Author-X-Name-First: Kenneth F. Author-X-Name-Last: Hyde Title: The impact of a mega-event on inter-organisational relationships and tie strength: Perceptions from the 2011 Rugby World Cup Abstract: •We investigate the impact of a mega-event on relationships within tourism networks.•We compare the intra-regional versus the inter-regional destination environment.•Our results highlight the ability of mega-events to strengthen existing relationships.•The event impacted intra-regional relationships but not inter-regional relationships.•The findings encourage practitioners to strategically leverage relationships.Few studies have investigated the impact of mega-events on existing, inter-organisational relationships within regional tourism networks and how the event may change these relationships. This research explores the perceived impact of the 2011 Rugby World Cup (RWC 2011) on relationships and tie strength between Tourism Auckland (as the focal organisation) and its partner organisations. The research utilises an exploratory, qualitative case study approach. Data were collected using semi-structured pre- and post-event interviews, a formal survey and a documentation review. Emphasis was placed on comparing the intra-regional versus the inter-regional destination environment. The findings demonstrate the significant opportunities of a mega-event to strengthen existing relationships among organisations involved, and to build a valuable portfolio of both strong and weak ties. RWC 2011 positively impacted on intra-regional relationships as opposed to inter-regional relationships. A model is developed illustrating these findings. The findings can help practitioners to strategically leverage relationships, both intra- and inter-regionally. This would not only assist in attracting and delivering successful events in the future but also in creating more competitive destinations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 421-435 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:421-435 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luke Lunhua Mao Author-X-Name-First: Luke Lunhua Author-X-Name-Last: Mao Author-Name: James J. Zhang Author-X-Name-First: James J. Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang Author-Name: Daniel P. Connaughton Author-X-Name-First: Daniel P. Author-X-Name-Last: Connaughton Title: Sports gambling as consumption: Evidence from demand for sports lottery Abstract: •Examined the demand for sports lottery based on the data of a Chinese football pool.•Found that the sports lottery has consumption value for players. Consumption value accounted for 8% of the variance in the demand for sports lottery.•Marketing variables and structural arrangements had significant impact on demand.Although the fact that sports lottery has become a prevalent phenomenon, it remains an under-researched area in sport management literature. Based on Conlisk's (1993) theory on the utility of gambling, an econometric model of demand for sports lottery gambling was constructed. The model assumes an experiential utility associated with sports lottery gambling, and proposes that rational consumers are mainly motivated by product attributes and marketing variables. The model is empirically examined by using a set of draw-to-draw sales data of a sports lottery in China. Time series analyses were conducted to analyze the determinants of sports lottery demand. This study revealed that ticket composition had considerable impact on the demand after partialling out information through the inclusion of an ex-post Prediction Difficulty Coefficient in the regression model. Eight percent of variance in the demand for sports lottery was found to be associated with ticket composition variables. The results provide additional evidence to the existing literature on sports gambling as consumption. The notion that nonmonetary activities associated with sports lottery gaming have a consumption value has considerable implications in terms of designing lottery products and delivering value to its consumers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 436-447 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:436-447 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirstin Hallmann Author-X-Name-First: Kirstin Author-X-Name-Last: Hallmann Title: Modelling the decision to volunteer in organised sports Abstract: •The first aim was to identify determinants of volunteering.•The second aim was to identify drivers of and time committed to the volunteering.•Drivers of volunteering were male gender and number of engagements.•Key determinants for time were club membership and number of voluntary engagements.Using a heterodox economic approach, the purpose of this paper is twofold: to analyse the determinants of (1) volunteering in organised sports, and (2) time committed to that volunteering. By means of regression analysis of secondary data from a nation-wide volunteer survey with two waves (2004: n = 15,000; 2009: n = 20,005), it was established that human capital, female gender and the motive of shaping society had a negative influence on the decision to volunteer while the number of engagements in other volunteering had a positive effect. Time committed to volunteering was determined by male gender, having children, meeting people, club membership, shaping society and number of voluntary engagements. The volunteer workforce is thus very heterogeneous; however, sport club managers should recruit volunteers in particular amongst existing members. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 448-463 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.12.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.12.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:448-463 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 3 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(15)00058-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(15)00058-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:3:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Maitland Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Maitland Author-Name: L.A. Hills Author-X-Name-First: L.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Hills Author-Name: D.J. Rhind Author-X-Name-First: D.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Rhind Title: Organisational culture in sport – A systematic review Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to systematically review the study of organisational culture in sport. The choice of research paradigms, methods, interests, perspectives, and definitions and operationalisation of organisational culture used in 33 studies was examined. This highlighted the variety of ways that culture has been studied in sport and the range of interests explored in the research, including informing athlete development, the link between the strength of culture and organisational performance and understanding the forces driving organisational diversity. Unlike the wider organisational culture literature, there has been a preference in sport to assume that culture was a variable to manipulate in an organisation. The opportunity to widen approaches to study organisational culture in sport is discussed, such as broadening the methods used to conduct studies, including both coaches and athletes in the population studied and using the fragmentation perspective, where ambiguity and conflict are considered in understanding culture. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 501-516 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:501-516 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin Filo Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Filo Author-Name: Graham Cuskelly Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Cuskelly Author-Name: Pamela Wicker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Wicker Title: Resource utilisation and power relations of community sport clubs in the aftermath of natural disasters Abstract: •We visited nine community sport clubs (CSCs) impacted by flooding in Queensland.•Resource dependence theory is applied as the framework guiding each site visit.•Three entities provided resources: volunteers and members, partner organisations and government.•The relations between CSCs and resource providers were impacted in different ways.•Resource providers exerted power over CSCs through one-way communication and priority.Community sport clubs (CSCs) provide a number of benefits to local communities, while confronting challenges with finances and staffing. In Queensland, Australia, these challenges have been compounded by recent natural disasters including widespread flooding that have significantly impacted operations of CSCs. The current research explores the provision of resources to CSCs in the aftermath of flooding events in 2010 and 2011, as well as the influence on power relations between CSCs and resource providers. To address this research purpose, qualitative data were collected across nine site visits (focus groups, interviews) to affected CSCs. The data revealed three resource providers: volunteers and members, partner organisations and government. In addition, the results indicate that relations between CSCs and members and volunteers, partner organisations and government were impacted in different ways. Examples of resource providers wielding power over CSCs due to the provision of resources emerged, along with some evidence of mutual power and dependence and CSCs exerting power over resource providers. The results provide implications for CSC managers to be more proactive in relation to resourcing through developing strategies for network building and improved communication within networks. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 555-569 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.01.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.01.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:555-569 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Author-Name: H. Westerbeek Author-X-Name-First: H. Author-X-Name-Last: Westerbeek Author-Name: S. Quick Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Quick Author-Name: D. Funk Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Author-Name: A. Karg Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Karg Author-Name: Lauren Dickler Author-X-Name-First: Lauren Author-X-Name-Last: Dickler Title: Strategic Sport Marketing Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 627-628 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.09.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.09.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:627-628 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Agergaard Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Agergaard Author-Name: N. Clara Tiesler Author-X-Name-First: N. Author-X-Name-Last: Clara Tiesler Author-Name: Adele Pavlidis Author-X-Name-First: Adele Author-X-Name-Last: Pavlidis Title: Women, Soccer and Transnational Migration Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 629-630 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.10.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.10.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:629-630 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kwame J.A. Agyemang Author-X-Name-First: Kwame J.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Agyemang Author-Name: Antonio S. Williams Author-X-Name-First: Antonio S. Author-X-Name-Last: Williams Author-Name: Dae Yeon Kim Author-X-Name-First: Dae Yeon Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: “Scandalous!”: Reputation, impression management, and employee assistance programs (EAPs) in the NBA Abstract: This case study explores how the National Basketball Association (NBA) can rebuild its reputation in response to recurrent player scandals. The case centers on a reputation management firm that has been contracted by the league. The firm has been asked to develop programs that will permit players to make better decisions in their personal lives. NBA commissioner Adam Silver believes such programs will curb the likelihood of future player scandals, thereby enhancing the players’ lives and limiting their ability to damage the league's reputation. To commence the process, the firm has been invited to sit-in on a meeting with Commissioner Silver and a group of NBA staff members who have past work experiences assisting players with their transition to the NBA.This reputation management case study is positioned in two key areas: impression management and employee assistance programs (EAPs). Upon reading the case, answering the provided questions, and completing the activities, students should come to a better understanding as to how to proactively manage corporate reputation. While fictitious names are given, the case study is based on actual interviews with current NBA staff members. The case is ideal for courses pertaining to strategy, policy, organizational behavior, and human resource management. The case could also be useful for sport marketing and sport finance courses if adapted to investigate how the created programs are important for branding and value. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 609-617 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:609-617 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lesley Ferkins Author-X-Name-First: Lesley Author-X-Name-Last: Ferkins Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Title: Board strategic balance: An emerging sport governance theory Abstract: •We embark on theory development to explain notions of board strategic capability.•We identify the relationship between influencing factors.•We derived six distinct and central factors of board strategic capability.•We propose a theory of board strategic balance that explains these influences.•Notions of creating and maintaining equilibrium in roles/functions are highlighted.Despite the important role governing boards play in organisational life our understanding of their strategic function is limited. This paper embarks on theory development to explain the notion of board strategic capability and to identify the factors and their relationships influencing strategic capability of sport boards. This little-used construct, we argue, can guide future governance research. In reflecting on the extant literature from the nonprofit, for-profit and sport governance domains, we derived six distinct and central factors of board strategic capability: increasing contribution of volunteer board members (‘will and skill’); board operational knowledge; board integrating regional entities into the governing role; board maintaining the monitoring and control function; board co-leading strategy development; and board co-leading integration of strategy into board processes. In considering the relationships between these six factors, we propose a theory of ‘board strategic balance’ that explains these influences in a holistic model. We conclude that the theory of board strategic capability is encapsulated by understanding how creating and maintaining equilibrium in these roles and functions is managed by sport boards. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 489-500 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.12.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.12.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:489-500 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J.C. Herz Author-X-Name-First: J.C. Author-X-Name-Last: Herz Author-Name: Dominic G. Morais Author-X-Name-First: Dominic G. Author-X-Name-Last: Morais Author-Name: Jan Todd Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Todd Title: Learning to Breathe Fire: The Rise of CrossFit and the Primal Future of Fitness Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 631-632 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:631-632 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Evald Bundgaard Iversen Author-X-Name-First: Evald Bundgaard Author-X-Name-Last: Iversen Author-Name: Graham Cuskelly Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Cuskelly Title: Effects of different policy approaches on sport facility utilisation strategies Abstract: •We show how public policies influence utilisation of sport facilities.•Private non-profit organizations’ motivations are both knightish and knavish.•Sport facilities should have high utilisation to maximise the public benefit derived from public investment.•New Public Management, Governance or Budget policies influence sport facility utilisation through the choice of strategies.•The effect of policies depends on the role of voluntary sport organisations in sport facilities. The consequences of subsidising sport facilities have so far not been a focus of sport facilities research. In this article, we propose a conceptual framework for assessing the effects that different public subsidies have on the utilisation of private non-profit sport facilities. Based on theories drawn from the public administration literature three different subsidy schemes are introduced: New Public Management, Governance and Budget. How they will influence the utilisation of a sport facility is assessed using insights from institutional and motivational theory from political science along with the role the voluntary sport organisations play in sport facilities. The resulting conceptual framework consists of twelve different strategies. It is argued that it is likely that a sport facility will choose one or more of these, and which strategies it chooses will impact the level of utilisation. The aim of the article is to show plausible conjectures for future empirical research into how to increase sport facility utilisation via different policies and thus inform future research into the complex interplay between the public sector, sport facilities and voluntary sport organisations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 529-541 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.12.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2014.12.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:529-541 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brendan Dwyer Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Dwyer Author-Name: Michael Mudrick Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Mudrick Author-Name: Gregory P. Greenhalgh Author-X-Name-First: Gregory P. Author-X-Name-Last: Greenhalgh Author-Name: Carrie W. LeCrom Author-X-Name-First: Carrie W. Author-X-Name-Last: LeCrom Author-Name: Joris Drayer Author-X-Name-First: Joris Author-X-Name-Last: Drayer Title: The tie that blinds? Developing and validating a scale to measure emotional attachment to a sport team Abstract: •An emotional bond between a fan and the team is a highly distinct attribute of spectator sport, yet little has been done to explore it.•A psychometrically sound instrument was developed to measure emotional attachment to a sport team.•Emotional attachment was found to have two unique factors: Investment and Dividend.•Investment represents the cognitive feelings one puts into the team and Dividend the affective feelings one derives from the team.•The differing forms of emotional attachment predicted what an individual would sacrifice for team success.The emotional bond between a fan and his/her favourite team is one of the most distinct attributes of spectator sport. Yet to this point, little has been done to empirically explore this unique phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to create and validate an emotional attachment to a sport team scale. Guided by attachment theory and following a well-established scale development framework, a two-factor, seven-item scale was found to be a valid and reliable instrument. The two distinct factors termed Investment (cognitive feelings put into the team) and Dividend (affective feelings derived from the team) represent a unique contribution to the field of sport management. In addition, a construct validity test provided quantitative verification of an apparent hierarchy of the emotional attachment dimensions where those with higher Investment scores appear to place a higher (somewhat irrational) value on team success compared to those with higher Dividend scores. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 570-582 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.01.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.01.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:570-582 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hagen Wäsche Author-X-Name-First: Hagen Author-X-Name-Last: Wäsche Title: Interorganizational cooperation in sport tourism: A social network analysis Abstract: •Network formation and mechanisms for interorganizational cooperation are analyzed.•Exponential random graph modeling for analyzing sport tourism networks is introduced.•Structurally central and peripheral network actors are identified.•Triad closure, network brokerage and aim homophily are significant mechanisms.•The results provide implications for managing sport tourism networks.Cooperation among organizations is crucial in many fields of sport management. However, little is known about how and why interorganizational cooperation occurs. In this study, cooperative relations among organizations were investigated in an informal sport tourism network in a German community and its surrounding area to explore the structure of interorganizational cooperation and demonstrate the value of social network analysis methods for understanding mechanisms of interorganizational cooperation. Statistical network analyses based on relational data revealed that the network of cooperation is sparse but characterized by substantial clustering, indicating a tendency for cooperation to occur in triangular structures. The most central network actor was a local sports agency, but there was no mechanism of preferential attachment. Other significant mechanisms for cooperative tie formation were brokerage and homophily regarding organizational aims. Lack of time and incompatible goals are the most important barriers to cooperation. The results add to prior qualitative studies and provide implications for managing sport tourism networks. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 542-554 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.01.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.01.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:542-554 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brent D. Oja Author-X-Name-First: Brent D. Author-X-Name-Last: Oja Author-Name: Jordan R. Bass Author-X-Name-First: Jordan R. Author-X-Name-Last: Bass Author-Name: Brian S. Gordon Author-X-Name-First: Brian S. Author-X-Name-Last: Gordon Title: Conceptualizing employee identification with sport organizations: Sport Employee Identification (SEI) Abstract: •We propose an organizational identification model for sport employees.•The theoretical model is based on past studies and ethnographic data.•Three antecedent categories are posited to influence Sport Employee Identification.•Meets the call from scholars arguing for additional sport specific constructs.The concepts of organizational identification and team identification have been researched heavily over the last half-century. However, scholars have failed to specifically examine organizational identification among sport employees. We develop a theoretical framework of organizational identification of sport employees, coined Sport Employee Identification (SEI). We conceptualize SEI as an amalgamation of organizational identification and team identification in which sport employees are both external (fans) and internal (employee) members of the sport organization. The development of the SEI model is based on related theory and further ethnographic data are collected over a four-month period within an intercollegiate athletics fundraising department. Implications for scholars and practitioners and avenues for future research are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 583-595 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.02.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.02.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:583-595 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Geoffrey N. Tuck Author-X-Name-First: Geoffrey N. Author-X-Name-Last: Tuck Title: From father to son: A review and demographic analysis of the Australian Football League's Father–Son rule Abstract: •Sons of ex-players can be preferentially selected to their fathers’ club.•Considerable disparity exists in the observed number of selections between clubs.•A demographic model of expected sons can explain the disparity.•The opportunity to select players has differed considerably between clubs.•The model can be used by managers to promote between-team equity.The Australian Football League's (AFL's) Father–Son rule is a unique player drafting rule that allows sons of former players to be selected by their father's club. The rules that determine eligibility have undergone numerous changes since its introduction in 1949, including rules for new teams from outside of the traditional Victorian-based clubs that had no history of fathers from which Father–Son selections could be derived. The observed number of Father–Son selections to each club is markedly different between the Victorian-based clubs, and between the Victorian and non-Victorian-based clubs. In this paper, a demographic model and player data from the AFL and the state leagues are used to estimate the annual number of available sons to each of the AFL clubs. Results show that the observed number of selections can largely be explained by the number of available sons. The model can also be used to predict the number of available sons into the future, and so can be used to guide management decisions regarding competitive balance if further modifications to the AFL's Father–Son rule are required. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 596-608 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.02.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.02.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:596-608 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheranne Fairley Author-X-Name-First: Sheranne Author-X-Name-Last: Fairley Author-Name: Lisa Ruhanen Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Ruhanen Author-Name: Hannah Lovegrove Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Lovegrove Title: On frozen ponds: The impact of climate change on hosting pond hockey tournaments Abstract: The case follows Scott Crowder, the founder of the Pond Hockey Classic, and details the challenges he confronts in organizing pond hockey tournaments. The case emphasizes the key issues of climate change and its impact on organizing an outdoor event which is reliant on arctic weather conditions that freeze large bodies of water, including lakes. The case also considers the implications and impacts of the unstable and unpredictable weather conditions on planning and managing events and on sport tourism. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 618-626 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.03.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.03.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:618-626 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Borja García Author-X-Name-First: Borja Author-X-Name-Last: García Author-Name: Jo Welford Author-X-Name-First: Jo Author-X-Name-Last: Welford Title: Supporters and football governance, from customers to stakeholders: A literature review and agenda for research Abstract: •Review of the academic study of supporters’ involvement in football governance.•Current literature focuses on top-down policy initiatives and small case studies.•We recommend systematic comparative study focusing on success and effectiveness.•We recommend the use of collective or multiple case studies.•Research must be critical of current models, giving a voice to supporters in order to understand their motives for collective action.The commercial and political development of association football (soccer) in Europe has transformed the relationship between the sport and its fans. A growing political discourse has argued that football has lost the connection with its (core and traditional) supporters; a connection that should be regained by allowing them a greater say in the governance of the game as legitimate stakeholders. This article reviews the emerging academic literature on the role of supporters. It suggests that the evidence to support a case in favour of increased supporter involvement in football governance is limited. This group of literature is theoretically and conceptually incongruent and fraught with contradictions. Academic attention thus far is broadly divided into two areas with little overlap between them: analysis of supporter engagement at the macro (government/policy) level with a top-down focus, and sociological ‘bottom-up’ case studies of supporter engagement and activism at the micro level (individual clubs/supporter groups). The study of supporters has predominantly focused on them as customers/fans and it needs to articulate a new narrative around this ‘governance turn’ to consider supporters as stakeholders, hence responding to ongoing policy developments. By doing so, it will be possible to reconcile the existing disparate bodies of work to gain a greater understanding of the new demands from the supporters and, moreover, the literature will be better placed to have an impact, hence contributing to policy-making if public authorities decide to continue their existing agenda in favour of supporter involvement in football governance. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 517-528 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.08.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.08.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:517-528 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(15)00084-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(15)00084-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Thank you to Reviewers Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 487-488 Issue: 4 Volume: 18 Year: 2015 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(15)00095-9 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(15)00095-9 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:18:y:2015:i:4:p:487-488 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thai Huu Phat Author-X-Name-First: Thai Huu Author-X-Name-Last: Phat Author-Name: Jacqueline Birt Author-X-Name-First: Jacqueline Author-X-Name-Last: Birt Author-Name: Michael J. Turner Author-X-Name-First: Michael J. Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Author-Name: Jean-Pierre Fenech Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Pierre Author-X-Name-Last: Fenech Title: Sporting clubs and scandals – Lessons in governance Abstract: •The case examines the use of performance enhancing drugs in two well-known football teams – The Cronulla Sharks and the Essendon Football Club.•The case investigates issues in corporate governance.•Case questions allow students to compare issues in governance between sporting club entities and listed companies.This case study is based on actual events surrounding the 2011–2012 scandals relating to the use of performance enhancing drugs in two high profile sporting clubs in Australia: the Cronulla Sharks Rugby League Club and the Essendon Football Club. Both clubs were handed down sanctions that included fines and suspension of their respective senior coaches and players. The case explores events leading up to the scandal and its aftermath. The case includes a series of questions that can be used to stimulate class discussion in areas of governance, ownership structure, drugs in sport and stakeholders. It also includes ideas for more in-depth discussion of issues relating to the commercialisation of sport and shortcomings in governance with supporting references from academic and practitioner related articles. The case is ideal for any later year undergraduate or postgraduate courses with a business, strategy, sports management, or accounting focus. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 69-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.08.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.08.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:69-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine Bruffy Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: Bruffy Author-Name: M. Desbordes Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Desbordes Author-Name: A. Richelieu Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Richelieu Title: Global Sport Marketing: Contemporary Issues and Practice Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 83-84 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.01.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.01.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:83-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rochelle Stewart-Withers Author-X-Name-First: Rochelle Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart-Withers Author-Name: M. Lang Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Lang Author-Name: M. Hartill Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Hartill Title: Safeguarding, Child Protection and Abuse in Sport: International Perspectives in Research, Policy and Practice Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 81-82 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.04.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.04.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:81-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Copeland Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Copeland Author-Name: Luke R. Potwarka Author-X-Name-First: Luke R. Author-X-Name-Last: Potwarka Title: Individual and contextual factors in ethical decision making: A case study of the most significant doping scandal in Canadian university sports history Abstract: •The use of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) is an ethical concern in university sport.•Provides important insights into ethical decision making processes and structures.•Challenges readers to think critically about creating ethical team cultures.•PEDs strategies must consider cognitive antecedents and organizational factors.•Findings are interpreted in the context of relevant theory concerning PEDs use.This case study is written for instructors of sport management courses focused on ethics and integrity-related issues in team environments. The case highlights the real world example of the University of Waterloo Warriors varsity football that, in 2010, experienced the most significant doping scandal in Canadian university sports history, with a total of nine anti-doping rule violations asserted through the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport. This case study also incorporates the findings of an independent review of the Waterloo football program in relation to the use of banned substances, and includes first-hand accounts from Bob Copeland who was the acting director of athletics. These findings are then interpreted in the context of relevant theory related to performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) use. Along with the findings of this review, which included interviews with athletes, coaches, and administrators, the case study provides important insights into ethical decision making processes and leadership structures in a team sport environment. Particular emphasis is placed on the role that individual cognitive antecedents and contextual organizational factors (i.e., policies, leadership, ethical climate, and infrastructure) play in ethical decision-making processes. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 61-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.08.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.08.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:61-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marie Overbye Author-X-Name-First: Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Overbye Title: Doping control in sport: An investigation of how elite athletes perceive and trust the functioning of the doping testing system in their sport Abstract: •Investigates how elite athletes perceive the doping testing system in their sport.•Two-thirds of the athletes were satisfied with the national testing regime.•A majority believed that in certain countries doping control was sometimes downgraded in order to win medals.•Provides insight into why some athletes distrust the testing system or find it less effective as a deterrent.•Contributes knowledge to some of the challenges WADA faces when policy is implemented.Doping testing is a key component enforced by anti-doping authorities to detect and deter doping in sport. Policy is developed to protect athletes’ right to participate in doping-free sport; and testing is a key tool to secure this right. Accordingly, athletes’ responses to anti-doping efforts are important. This article explores how the International Standards for Testing, which face different interpretations and challenges when policy is implemented, are perceived by elite athletes. Particularly, this article aims to investigate how elite athletes perceive the functioning of the testing system (i.e., the efforts of stakeholders involved in testing) in their own sport both nationally and worldwide. Moreover, it seeks to identify whether specific factors such as previous experience of testing and perceived proximity of doping have an impact on athletes’ perceptions of the testing system. The study comprises a web-based questionnaire (N = 645; response rate 43%) and uses qualitative findings to elaborate on and explain quantitative results. Results showed that two-thirds of the athletes reported the national testing programme in their sport to be appropriate. A majority of the athletes who had an opinion on the subject regarded testing programmes in some countries as not extensive enough or believed that in certain countries doping control was downgraded to win medals. Past experience of testing seemed to have a positive influence on trust in the concrete measures; however, if athletes experienced flaws during the control procedures, this could increase distrust and cause worry. The proximity of doping in an athlete's sport influenced the athlete's perception of the testing system. Particularly, athletes who need the testing system to be effective and to function well across the world show greater distrust of or dissatisfaction with the current testing system. The athletes’ diverging views indicate that contemporary anti-doping policy is simultaneously met with support, (dis)trust and frustration. By integrating the views and experiences of Danish elite athletes, this study confirms that the current testing system is confronted with obstacles, and it contributes knowledge about some of the challenges WADA faces when policy is implemented. Implications of results and recommendations for anti-doping authorities are outlined in the paper. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 6-22 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.10.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.10.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:6-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lisa Gowthorp Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Gowthorp Author-Name: Annette Greenhow Author-X-Name-First: Annette Author-X-Name-Last: Greenhow Author-Name: Danny O’Brien Author-X-Name-First: Danny Author-X-Name-Last: O’Brien Title: An interdisciplinary approach in identifying the legitimate regulator of anti-doping in sport: The case of the Australian Football League Abstract: •Actors are perceived to have authority according to level and type of capital they possess.•In a social field, dominant actors influence social conditions and behaviors.•Perceived authority of actors is not connected with legislative legal authority.•The AFL was perceived as a dominant actor in the EFC doping investigation.•The AFL had greater levels of symbolic capital than the anti-doping regulator, ASADA.The regulation of anti-doping practices in Australian sport is overseen by the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA), which is a statutory authority funded by the Australian Commonwealth Government (ACG). The 2013 ASADA investigation into the Essendon Football Club (EFC) uncovered the alleged use of performance and image enhancing drugs by a number of players and support personnel. However, despite the call for sanctions to be placed on those taking banned substances, ASADA itself became the central focus of enquiry with the EFC questioning the legitimacy of ASADA's authority in their management of the investigation. Using content analysis and Bourdieu's conceptual framework, this paper aims to determine the legitimate regulatory authority of key actors involved in the EFC investigation. The findings suggest actors in the social field, as related to the case of the EFC investigation, possess varying amounts and types of capital, which cumulatively convert to symbolic capital. Dominant actors within the social field retain more symbolic capital than others and are perceived to possess legitimate regulatory authority, which does not translate to actual legal authority. This apparent disconnect between perceived authority on the one hand and actual legal legitimacy on the other has implications for the future management of such cases, both in the Australian Football League and beyond. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 48-60 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.11.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.11.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:48-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terry Engelberg Author-X-Name-First: Terry Author-X-Name-Last: Engelberg Author-Name: James Skinner Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Skinner Title: Doping in sport: Whose problem is it? Abstract: •Provides an overview of doping research in sport management journals.•Introduces and reviews the articles in this Special Issue.•Papers cover themes of education, prevention, policy and deterrence.In the last few years there has been a significant increase in the number and scope of social science research into doping in sport. However, despite this apparent progress, the field remains a disparate body of work and lacks both direction and leadership. Whilst sport management is a discipline that is well suited to provide such leadership, scholarly research into this controversial topic has not been published widely in sport management journals. This special issue redresses this gap by bringing together a range of scholarly articles that represent a variety of perspectives by authors from North America, Europe and Australia. The issues and challenges covered are varied, but each paper brings a common theme: the implications for the management of doping in sport. The six papers in this Special Issue of Sport Management Review are a significant addition to the slowly growing body of sport management scholarly work on doping in sport. It is hoped that future research will be prompted with this Special Issue and the discipline of sport management will recognize and respond to the challenges presented by doping. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-5 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.12.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.12.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:1-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laurie B. Patterson Author-X-Name-First: Laurie B. Author-X-Name-Last: Patterson Author-Name: Susan H. Backhouse Author-X-Name-First: Susan H. Author-X-Name-Last: Backhouse Author-Name: Patrick J. Duffy Author-X-Name-First: Patrick J. Author-X-Name-Last: Duffy Title: Anti-doping education for coaches: Qualitative insights from national and international sporting and anti-doping organisations Abstract: •Global anti-doping policy requirements are not being fulfilled at a national level.•Anti-doping education for coaches is ad hoc and self-regulated within organisations.•National and international sporting and anti-doping bodies have limited resources.•A cultural shift is required to ensure propagation of anti-doping education for all.Within anti-doping efforts, an emphasis has been placed on the importance of providing education programmes to key stakeholder groups, including coaches. Yet, very little is known about current coach education provision in the anti-doping domain across countries and sports. Therefore, this study aimed to: (1) establish the current status of anti-doping education for coaches; (2) gain an understanding of the system through which anti-doping education is provided to coaches; and, (3) explore the opportunities for future education provision. This was done through semi-structured interviews with thirteen individuals responsible for managing anti-doping education within national and international sporting and anti-doping organisations. Most stakeholders acknowledged the importance of providing education programmes for coaches. Some already had provision in place and others were in the process of developing programmes. However, the current focus is on sportspeople and the degree to which sporting and anti-doping organisations are able to devise, implement and evaluate anti-doping education programmes for coaches is hindered by the contextual constraints they face. These include a lack of resources and limited interagency coordination, as well as challenges to overcome negative perceptions of ‘anti-doping’ efforts. Taken together, the findings indicate that policy expectations regarding anti-doping education for coaches are not being fully operationalised, and this situation is unlikely to change without: (1) greater direction and regulation of the system through which education is provided; (2) frequent and effective communication and cooperation between Code signatories; and, (3) increased fiscal and human capital investment at every level of the sporting hierarchy. Ultimately, until anti-doping education is shown to be a key priority for decision makers within sporting organisations (i.e., chief executives and board members), it is unlikely to become a central priority for coaches. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 35-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.12.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.12.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:35-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vassilis Barkoukis Author-X-Name-First: Vassilis Author-X-Name-Last: Barkoukis Author-Name: Katerina Kartali Author-X-Name-First: Katerina Author-X-Name-Last: Kartali Author-Name: Lambros Lazuras Author-X-Name-First: Lambros Author-X-Name-Last: Lazuras Author-Name: Haralambos Tsorbatzoudis Author-X-Name-First: Haralambos Author-X-Name-Last: Tsorbatzoudis Title: Evaluation of an anti-doping intervention for adolescents: Findings from a school-based study Abstract: •The implementation of the intervention resulted in weaker attitudes towards nutritional supplements.•The implementation of the intervention increased norm salience by making doping incidents more accessible in memory.•The implementation of the intervention positively influenced students’ beliefs about the values and harms of sports.The present study investigated the effectiveness of a school-based intervention in promoting an anti-doping culture in adolescents. Participants were 218 high school students attending Health Education programs in Greek secondary education. Students completed a questionnaire including measures of attitudes towards nutritional supplement and doping use, social norms and norm salience, and values and harms of sport. The intervention consisted of 10 teaching units focusing on the health, moral, social and psychological aspects of nutritional supplement and doping use. The results showed that intervention group participants reported significantly weaker attitudes towards doping use, and increased norm salience. Health was ranked as the most important value of sport in both intervention and control groups, and doping use was ranked as the most important threat to the integrity of sport in the intervention group. The findings are discussed with respect to policy making and the role of school-based interventions in promoting an anti-doping culture in young people. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 23-34 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.12.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.12.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:23-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(16)00003-6 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(16)00003-6 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Per G. Svensson Author-X-Name-First: Per G. Author-X-Name-Last: Svensson Author-Name: Marion E. Hambrick Author-X-Name-First: Marion E. Author-X-Name-Last: Hambrick Title: “Pick and choose our battles” – Understanding organizational capacity in a sport for development and peace organization Abstract: •Practical evidence of challenges in implementing critical SDP model.•Limited ability of SDP organization to secure local community funding.•Strong perceived need for more help and addition of paid staff.•Loose organizational framework mandated by capacity constraints.•Flexibility enabled organization to manage some critical challenges.A growing number of sport for development and peace (SDP) organizations seek to address social issues through sport. Hall et al. (2003) created a multidimensional framework that suggests SDP and other nonprofit organizations need human resources, financial, and structural capacities to accomplish their organizational goals and objectives, but may face challenges with developing these capacities. The current study used this framework and examined the capacities of Gainline Africa – a small SDP nonprofit organization based in North America and operating programming in an East African post-conflict community – to identify critical elements that influenced the organization's ability to fulfill its mission. Semi-structured interviews (n = 10) were conducted with its North American staff members. The study's findings build upon the theoretical understanding of organizational capacity within nonprofit sport organizations, and several new elements such as community funding and managing nontraditional Global North-Global South dynamics, were revealed that could be unique to the SDP context. Practically speaking, smaller SDP organizations can use the findings to help increase their organizational capacity through leveraging local partnerships and understanding the role and usage of paid versus volunteer staff members. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 120-132 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.02.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.02.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:120-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheranne Fairley Author-X-Name-First: Sheranne Author-X-Name-Last: Fairley Author-Name: Stacy Warner Author-X-Name-First: Stacy Author-X-Name-Last: Warner Author-Name: Hannah Lovegrove Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Lovegrove Author-Name: Pamm Phillips Author-X-Name-First: Pamm Author-X-Name-Last: Phillips Title: Mind games: The inclusion of trivia as a sport in the Pan Pacific Masters Games Abstract: This case follows Shane Walters, who was successful in his proposal to have trivia included as a sport in the Pan Pacific Masters Games. Shane is now tasked with planning, programming, and delivering a sport programme, as well as marketing the programme to potential participants. The case is particularly relevant for courses that cover event planning, event marketing, and event tourism. The case is applicable to both undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 240-250 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.07.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.07.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:240-250 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(16)00022-X File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(16)00022-X File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rui Biscaia Author-X-Name-First: Rui Author-X-Name-Last: Biscaia Author-Name: Stephen Ross Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Ross Author-Name: Masayuki Yoshida Author-X-Name-First: Masayuki Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshida Author-Name: Abel Correia Author-X-Name-First: Abel Author-X-Name-Last: Correia Author-Name: António Rosado Author-X-Name-First: António Author-X-Name-Last: Rosado Author-Name: João Marôco Author-X-Name-First: João Author-X-Name-Last: Marôco Title: Investigating the role of fan club membership on perceptions of team brand equity in football Abstract: •Fan club members have a greater perception of team brand equity than non-members.•Internalization is significantly higher for fan club members than for non-members.•The relationships between brand equity dimensions and behavioral intentions are similar across fan club members and non-members.•Team success, social interaction and internalization are important aspects to increase behavioral intentions for both fan club members and non-members.Researchers have suggested that brand equity is vital for professional sport teams by focusing on the examination of sport fans in general. The current study aims to examine the differences in team brand equity perceptions between fan club members and non-members, and the predictive role of brand equity dimensions on behavioral intentions. Data were collected from fans of a professional football league (n = 2287) with an adapted version of the spectator-based brand equity scale. The results gathered through a confirmatory factor analysis provide evidence of fair psychometric properties of the measurement scale. A multi-group CFA analysis showed factorial stability of the model in both groups, while the latent mean comparisons revealed significant differences in the dimensions of brand mark, social interaction, commitment, team history, organizational attributes, team success, head coach, management, stadium, and internalization. In addition, a multi-group SEM analysis revealed that the relationships between brand equity dimensions and behavioral intentions are not significantly different among the groups. Social interaction, team success and internalization were the significant positive predictors of behavioral intentions among the overall sample. These findings highlight the importance of studying different types of consumers and suggest managerial implications, such as the need for clubs to establish reciprocal relationships with fans in order to increase their levels of internalization and contribute to increased behavioral intentions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 157-170 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.02.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.02.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:157-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arianne C. Reis Author-X-Name-First: Arianne C. Author-X-Name-Last: Reis Author-Name: Marcelo Carvalho Vieira Author-X-Name-First: Marcelo Carvalho Author-X-Name-Last: Vieira Author-Name: Fabiana Rodrigues de Sousa-Mast Author-X-Name-First: Fabiana Rodrigues de Author-X-Name-Last: Sousa-Mast Title: “Sport for Development” in developing countries: The case of the Vilas Olímpicas do Rio de Janeiro Abstract: •Sport-for-development approaches are contrasted to a SDP program in Brazil.•Current models do not address complexities of government-led SDP projects.•Role of community support/involvement was still highlighted as crucial for success.The benefits of sport for general social outcomes has permeated sport policy in Brazil since the beginning of the twentieth century, but recently the jargon of “development through sport” is more overtly informing public policy and government action in this field. Despite increased uptake of the positive discourse of “sport as a development tool”, the reality for government-funded and -run “sport for development” programs is one far removed from enjoying the attention and financial investment needed to reach their stated development goals. This paper focuses on one such program: the Vilas Olímpicas do Rio de Janeiro. When analysing the specific matters associated with the management of this program three themes were identified that encapsulate the main issues that emerged during the analysis: partnerships, conflicting aims, and community involvement. These themes are analysed in light of the literature that discusses the application of “sport for development” programs worldwide and we conclude with some questions on the applicability of well-defined frameworks and approaches to such programs when these programs themselves tend to operate in very ill-defined and unstable environments. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 107-119 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.01.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.01.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:107-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea N. Geurin-Eagleman Author-X-Name-First: Andrea N. Author-X-Name-Last: Geurin-Eagleman Author-Name: Lauren M. Burch Author-X-Name-First: Lauren M. Author-X-Name-Last: Burch Title: Communicating via photographs: A gendered analysis of Olympic athletes’ visual self-presentation on Instagram Abstract: •Female athletes were more likely than males to post photographs of themselves.•Athletes who posted the widest variety of photo types received more fan engagement.•Sexually suggestive photos garnered significantly greater likes and comments.•Athletes appear to be missing an opportunity for greater engagement via sport photos.•Athletes should ensure they post photos aligned with their desired personal brand.The purpose of this study was to examine Olympic athletes’ self-presentation on Instagram, a social media outlet on which users post photographs as their primary communication mechanism, in order to develop an understanding of the ways in which athletes use this medium as a communication and marketing tool to build their personal brand. Additionally, this research sought to understand whether differences existed between the utilisation of Instagram by male and female athletes. Drawing on Goffman's (1959) theory of self-presentation, this study examined eight purposively selected Olympic athletes’ Instagram photos. Findings revealed similarities to previous research on athletes’ use of written social media outlets such as Facebook and Twitter, as the majority of photos posted by athletes were personal in nature, thus reflecting backstage performance strategies according to self-presentation theory. The results indicated that female athletes were more likely to share photos of themselves and photos taken in private settings, but male athletes who posted a wider variety of photos encouraged greater engagement from their followers. Personal brand management implications for athletes and sport organisations are examined in greater detail in the discussion. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 133-145 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.03.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.03.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:133-145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Khalid Ballouli Author-X-Name-First: Khalid Author-X-Name-Last: Ballouli Author-Name: John Grady Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Grady Author-Name: Randall Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Randall Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Title: The delicate art of rebranding a minor league baseball franchise: Practices, pitfalls, and payoffs of rebranding the Winston-Salem Warthogs Abstract: This case study deals with the transformative rebranding of the Winston-Salem Warthogs, a Class High-A minor league baseball franchise and affiliate of Major League Baseball's Chicago White Sox, as the Winston-Salem Dash. It was written and designed to be multi-faceted for instructors to use in various sport management courses, such as sport marketing, organizational behavior, human resource management, ticket and sponsorship sales, and public relations. There are three primary aims of the study. The first aim is to challenge students to critically assess the practices of external rebranding (with implications relative to consumer attitudes and brand equity) and internal rebranding (with workplace outcomes that favor employees and uphold brand values). The second aim is to make students consider the potential pitfalls of rebranding with regard to crisis and contingency planning and public relations. The third aim is to highlight the potential payoffs of rebranding when managers of sport organizations are willing to consider changes in views regarding the spirit and culture of the work environment (internal brand) and the overall quality and characteristics of brand marks (external brand). As a core feature of this real-world case study, interviews with stakeholders and personnel of the franchise give a glimpse at some real scenarios that students may face as they enter into the industry of team sport marketing. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 211-226 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.04.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.04.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:211-226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristy Lee McCray Author-X-Name-First: Kristy Lee Author-X-Name-Last: McCray Author-Name: K. Toffoletti Author-X-Name-First: K. Author-X-Name-Last: Toffoletti Author-Name: P. Mewett Author-X-Name-First: P. Author-X-Name-Last: Mewett Title: Sport and its Female Fans Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 251-252 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.04.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.04.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:251-252 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin Harris Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Harris Author-Name: Andrew Adams Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Title: Power and discourse in the politics of evidence in sport for development Abstract: •Power dynamics that shape evidence in sport for development are analysed.•Discourses relating to SFD processes are examined through a foucauldian lens.•This addresses what is power and whose interests are served in the reporting of evidence?•The sport practitioner is underprivileged and needs to be better understoodThe field of sport for development (SFD) has been criticised for the way that evidence has been produced and used to account for and demonstrate the perceived success of SFD programmes. Much of this critique has highlighted shortcomings in approaches to monitoring and evaluation (M&E), which underpins a perceived weak evidence base concerning what works, why and within which contexts (Coalter, 2007; Coalter & Taylor, 2010; Pawson & Tilley, 1997). Conceptually a lack of evidence discourse (Nicholls et al., 2010) has emerged. This paper explores and analyses the power dynamics that shape this discourse and argues that an understanding of the dominant neoliberal context within which SFD is located is critical. While offering a Foucauldian framework, the power, knowledge and discourse related to political actors in SFD processes are examined. This paper addresses two key questions: what is power and who is it for? Whose interests are served in the interpretation, generation and reporting of evidence? The paper concludes that the role of the sport development practitioner (SDP) is underprivileged and to enable the field of sport for development (SFD) to move forward, the very people who implement the programmes need to be better understood. Furthermore it is argued that a deeper understanding and interpretation of the terrain of the sport development practitioner (SDP) within UK and international shores are a necessity if a more open and transparent knowledge transfer process, surrounding evidence, is to be entered into. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 97-106 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.05.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.05.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:97-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Meg G. Hancock Author-X-Name-First: Meg G. Author-X-Name-Last: Hancock Author-Name: Mary A. Hums Author-X-Name-First: Mary A. Author-X-Name-Last: Hums Title: A “leaky pipeline”?: Factors affecting the career development of senior-level female administrators in NCAA Division I athletic departments Abstract: •Women play a conscious and active role in shaping their careers.•Relationships and professional activities are vital components to career development.•Women pursue positions that align with their career interests, goals, and values.•Value congruence may perpetuate a male-dominated organizational structure.National governing bodies, international sport federations, and national Olympic committees continue to struggle to attain minimal levels of female representation. Sport organizations in the United States are no exception. Despite the fact that more women work in intercollegiate athletics than ever before, the number of female assistant and associate athletic directors is declining. As such, fewer women are in the “pipeline” to achieve the position of Athletic Director. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that may influence women's career development in intercollegiate athletic administration. Twenty assistant and associate athletic directors were interviewed about their career paths, experiences, and goals. Results suggest strong interpersonal relationships with supervisors and mentors and access to professional development activities aided in participants’ career advancement. Factors attributed to perceptions of gender and professional value incongruence affected women's career choices and opportunities for advancement. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 198-210 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.04.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.04.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:198-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Frawley Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Frawley Author-Name: A.C. Billings Author-X-Name-First: A.C. Author-X-Name-Last: Billings Author-Name: M.C. Hardin Author-X-Name-First: M.C. Author-X-Name-Last: Hardin Title: The Global Impact of Olympic Media at London 2012 Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 253-254 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.05.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.05.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:253-254 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chrysostomos Giannoulakis Author-X-Name-First: Chrysostomos Author-X-Name-Last: Giannoulakis Title: The “authenticitude” battle in action sports: A case-based industry perspective Abstract: •Need for action sports brands to focus on the core while expanding to mainstream.•Identification of “true to self” identity through deconstruction of authenticity.•Importance of rendering authenticity within inner and outer organizational context.•Authenticity has a complex, multifaceted, evolving, and subjective nature.The expanding and often unregulated status of the action sports setting has resulted in mainstream athletic companies diversifying their products in order to portray an authentic image and establish their market presence. The influx of mainstream brands has created a new paradigm in the industry and further pressure on core action sports brands regarding their competitiveness in a highly antagonistic environment. Through a descriptive case study, 13 in-person interviews were performed with a private action sports company's employees in order to examine their perceptions relative to the organization being authentic while expanding to mainstream markets. This occurred through identification of the enterprise's true identity and deconstruction of its authenticity based on participants’ responses, which were categorized in five properties (i.e., essence of enterprise, nature of offerings, effects of heritage, sense of purpose, and body of values). Varying perspectives on each of the five elements were uncovered and discussed. Outcomes illustrated the need for a new management imperative, where action sports organizations should not only comprehend the essence of originality within their identity, but also how to render consumer's perception of authenticity. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 171-182 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.05.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.05.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:171-182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Flöter Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Flöter Author-Name: Martin Benkenstein Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Benkenstein Author-Name: Sebastian Uhrich Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Uhrich Title: Communicating CSR-linked sponsorship: Examining the influence of three different types of message sources Abstract: •We demonstrate the relevance of message source type in CSR-linked sponsorship.•The sponsored property as a sponsorship-specific message source is introduced.•Different message sources vary in their degree of persuasion knowledge activation.•Sponsor and sponsored property (vs. news media) have an indirect negative effect on brand attitude.•Persuasion knowledge activation and CSR perception mediate the negative effect.As the demonstration of corporate goodwill through mega event sponsorship becomes increasingly challenging, sponsors often link their sponsorship to corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. However, finding adequate ways to communicate CSR-linked sponsorship is challenging. This research examines the relative effectiveness of three message sources from which CSR-linked sponsorship information can be communicated to consumers: the sponsor, the sponsored property, and the news media. Drawing on the Persuasion Knowledge Model, this study proposes differences between these message sources regarding their level of persuasion knowledge activation, which affects consumers’ CSR perceptions of and attitude toward the sponsoring brand. The results of an experimental study show that CSR-linked sponsorship information from both the sponsor and the sponsored property result in higher persuasion knowledge activation than when this information comes from the news media. The results also reveal that the two serial mediators, persuasion knowledge activation and CSR perception, transfer these effects of message source to consumers’ attitudes toward the sponsor. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 146-156 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.05.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.05.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:146-156 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bastian Popp Author-X-Name-First: Bastian Author-X-Name-Last: Popp Author-Name: Herbert Woratschek Author-X-Name-First: Herbert Author-X-Name-Last: Woratschek Title: Introducing branded communities in sport for building strong brand relations in social media Abstract: •We propose branded communities as an alternative concept to brand communities.•We study a branded community relating to football operated by a telephone company.•Interest in the topic/community and high community quality lead to community loyalty.•The sponsoring/operating brand benefits from an increase in brand loyalty.•Sport offers a perfect context for deploying branded communities.Brand communities have become an important aspect for brand management in social media. However, many brands have failed to establish a successful online brand community. In this study, we introduce branded communities as an alternative concept to brand communities. In contrast to brand communities, a branded community does not revolve around a specific (sport) brand, but around any interest or need. However, a specific brand makes use of the community for marketing purposes by sponsoring or operating the community. We emphasize the suitability of sport as an interest around which branded communities can be built as well as links of branded communities to sport sponsorship. We empirically studied the factors which influence the success of this phenomenon and the effects of operating or sponsoring such a community for a brand by using an online survey (N = 501) of members of a branded online community relating to football. The results demonstrate the relevance of topic interest (i.e., identification and involvement with football) and the quality of the community as determinants of interest in and loyalty towards a branded community. The brand owner benefits from an increase in brand loyalty for those community members who are aware of the brand as the operator of the community, whereby awareness of this sponsorship does not decrease loyalty towards the community. Our research contributes to previous knowledge by proving that branded communities are both an effective means for companies to deploy sponsorship and branding strategies in social media and provide a promising opportunity for sport managers to generate value. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 183-197 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.06.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.06.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:183-197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine Bruffy Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: Bruffy Author-Name: Michael Naylor Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Naylor Author-Name: Mel Johnston Author-X-Name-First: Mel Author-X-Name-Last: Johnston Title: Managing a home court transition: The case of the New Zealand Breakers Abstract: This case study involving the New Zealand Breakers basketball team explores key factors relating to the home venues of sport teams. The case study is suitable for use in a variety of undergraduate courses such as sport management, sport marketing, and facility management. The New Zealand Breakers have two multi-purpose facilities within Auckland where home basketball games can viably be staged. Growing ticket demand and the opportunities associated with the larger and more modern of the two facility options have necessitated strategic thinking and decision making from Breakers’ management. They have not yet made a permanent move, but have chosen instead to move to the new facility gradually. There are several aspects of the ongoing transition period that require careful management to ensure the long-term success of the franchise. The Breakers’ management of the ongoing decision and transition are well-grounded in management, marketing, and facility management literature. As students consider the case, they will have the opportunity to think critically and consider theory in the context of a real professional sport franchise. A variety of questions and references are provided in the teaching note that can be used in conjunction with the implementation of the case study. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 227-239 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.06.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.06.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:227-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel J. Lock Author-X-Name-First: Daniel J. Author-X-Name-Last: Lock Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Title: The Multiple In-group Identity Framework Abstract: •We advance a Multiple In-group Identity Framework (MIIF).•It consists of three levels: superordinate, sub and relational.•Sport consumers seek out multiple in-group identities to satiate different social needs.•The effect of each MIIF level depends on the self-importance of the identity.•Managers should design products to encourage behaviour in sub and relational groups.The effects of team identification on sport consumer behaviour are well established. Recent research, however, has moved beyond this perspective to examine how groups within and beyond the team identity influence consumption. Assimilating previous research findings, we advance a Multiple In-group Identity Framework (MIIF), which consists of three levels: (1) superordinate (e.g., team identity), (2) subgroup (e.g., specific stadium area), and (3) relational group (e.g., friends or family). In the MIIF, we conceptualise the complex array of groups to which a consumer may belong within a superordinate identity. Each level includes groups with varying degrees of inclusiveness, homogeneity, and interpersonal attachment to other consumers between members. Individuals seek out sub and relational group membership because solely identifying at the superordinate level may not provide optimal distinctiveness or sufficient interpersonal attachment to other consumers. This provides self-concept benefits that nourish and operate in complement with the superordinate identification. The extent that different in-group identities influence behaviour relates to their importance in a consumer's self-concept and relevance to context. We provide implications for theory and practice. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 85-96 Issue: 2 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.10.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.10.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:2:p:85-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carolyn Cordery Author-X-Name-First: Carolyn Author-X-Name-Last: Cordery Author-Name: M.T. Brown Author-X-Name-First: M.T. Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: D.A. Rascher Author-X-Name-First: D.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Rascher Author-Name: M.S. Nagel Author-X-Name-First: M.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Nagel Author-Name: C.D. McEvoy Author-X-Name-First: C.D. Author-X-Name-Last: McEvoy Title: Financial Management in the Sport Industry Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 363-364 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.03.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.03.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:363-364 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jasper Truyens Author-X-Name-First: Jasper Author-X-Name-Last: Truyens Author-Name: Veerle De Bosscher Author-X-Name-First: Veerle Author-X-Name-Last: De Bosscher Author-Name: Popi Sotiriadou Author-X-Name-First: Popi Author-X-Name-Last: Sotiriadou Author-Name: Bruno Heyndels Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Heyndels Author-Name: Hans Westerbeek Author-X-Name-First: Hans Author-X-Name-Last: Westerbeek Title: A method to evaluate countries’ organisational capacity: A four country comparison in athletics Abstract: •Only a small amount of research has focused on elite sport practices in one sport.•This article provides a method to evaluate organisational capacity in athletics.•The development and configuration of resources determine organisational capacity.•The results indicate how these resources are strategically configured.An examination of high-performance development studies reveals that a growing amount of research points to a divergence of elite sport policies among different sports or nations. At a sport-specific level, previous studies have identified crucial organisational resources within clubs, leagues or sports, but there is no method to evaluate countries’ organisational capacity. Inspired by economic methods to evaluate the competitive advantage of countries, this article provides a method to measure and evaluate the organisational capacity of countries in athletics. The method presents the development of composite indicators that can be used to evaluate the key organisational resources in athletics. In addition, the method shows how a configuration analysis can be used to review the alignment of resources into specific configurations. Qualitative and quantitative data on organisational resources were collected using a standardised research instrument, a resource inventory. This inventory included measures on all the organisational resources identified by Truyens et al. (2014). Illustrated by a four country comparison of the dimension ‘governance and organisation in athletics’, the results are twofold. While composite indicators represent the development of key organisational resources in athletics, the configuration analysis explains how countries strategically combine organisational resources into specific resource configurations. Therefore, this method can clarify which organisational resources countries develop and how these resources are strategically configured to obtain a competitive advantage. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 279-292 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.05.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.05.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:279-292 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Lamont Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Lamont Author-Name: Nerilee Hing Author-X-Name-First: Nerilee Author-X-Name-Last: Hing Author-Name: Peter Vitartas Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Vitartas Title: Affective response to gambling promotions during televised sport: A qualitative analysis Abstract: •Affective responses to gambling promotions during televised sport were analysed.•Qualitative data were collected via a series of online focus groups with Australian sport viewers.•Positive, negative and neutral affects were reported across a variety of gambling promotion types.•Affective responses varied according to message delivery format and context in which promotions were displayed.•A conceptual model was generated to facilitate future research around affective responses to gambling promotions during televised sport.Gambling promotions extensively punctuate contemporary televised sport broadcasts and concerns have been raised about their potential impacts on vulnerable groups. Research suggests advertising can shape individuals’ emotions, or affect, towards a product/brand and can subsequently influence purchasing decisions. Consequently, understanding how promotion of gambling influences sport viewers is an important although sparsely addressed area of research. This paper presents exploratory research on affective responses towards gambling promotions displayed during televised sport. Eight online focus groups were conducted with a sample of regular sports viewers in Queensland, Australia. Participants were exposed to a variety of gambling promotions used in National Rugby League match telecasts. Utilising adaptive theory, themes reflecting affective responses to each promotional technique were identified. A range of positive and negative affective responses were identified including arousal, joy, anger and worry. A conceptual model representing emergent affective response categories, message delivery techniques and moderating variables is proposed to inform a broader future research agenda examining how gambling promotions during televised sport influence affective response and concomitant gambling intention. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 319-331 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.06.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.06.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:319-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shane Gibson Author-X-Name-First: Shane Author-X-Name-Last: Gibson Author-Name: S. Frawley Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Frawley Author-Name: D. Adair Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Adair Title: Managing the Football World Cup Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 361-362 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.06.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.06.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:361-362 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Catherine Bachleda Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Bachleda Author-Name: Ahlam Fakhar Author-X-Name-First: Ahlam Author-X-Name-Last: Fakhar Author-Name: Zineb Elouazzani Author-X-Name-First: Zineb Author-X-Name-Last: Elouazzani Title: Quantifying the effect of sponsor awareness and image on the sports involvement–purchase intention relationship Abstract: •Study quantifies the indirect effect of sponsor image and sponsor awareness on the involvement purchase intention relationship, using a multiple mediation model.•Results revealed that whilst image was an effective mediator on the involvement and purchase intention relationship, awareness acted as a suppressor.•Moreover, the ratio of indirect effect to total effect indicated that sponsor image accounts for 90% of the total effect of involvement on purchase intention.•These findings should assist sponsors and sport event managers to capitalize on sponsorship opportunities more effectively.Despite the exponential growth of corporate expenditure on sponsorship, to date there has been little exploration of the degree to which sports involvement influences purchase intention of sponsor products and how much of this effect can actually be ascribed to an indirect effect through sponsor image and sponsor awareness. Using a multiple mediation model, this research explored the mediational role of sponsor awareness and sponsor image in the sports involvement–purchase intention relationship. Results revealed that while sponsor image is an effective mediator of the sports involvement and purchase intention relationship, sponsor awareness acts as a suppressor. Moreover, per the ratio of indirect effect to total effect, sponsor image accounts for 90% of the total effect of sports involvement on purchase intention. These findings should assist sponsors and sport event managers to capitalize on sponsorship opportunities more effectively. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 293-305 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.08.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.08.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:293-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Trevor Meiklejohn Author-X-Name-First: Trevor Author-X-Name-Last: Meiklejohn Author-Name: Geoff Dickson Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Dickson Author-Name: Lesley Ferkins Author-X-Name-First: Lesley Author-X-Name-Last: Ferkins Title: The formation of interorganisational cliques in New Zealand rugby Abstract: •Cliques (which formed within a sports league) are considered as networks within networks.•Income generation, efficiency, knowledge sharing and political lobbying drove clique formation.•Cliques formed without Federated Management Organisation (FMO) involvement.•Clique formation (the primary clique) resulted in a subsequent mimetic-reactionary clique.•Clique formation may result in feelings of exclusion by non-clique members.A commonly held assumption within a sports league setting is that league affiliates interact with each other equally and that these engagements are largely facilitated by the league governing body or Federated Management Organisation (FMO). This study looked at the possibility of higher levels of affiliate-driven interaction among subsets of provincial rugby unions in the form of cliques that participated in New Zealand's pre-eminent national provincial rugby competition (ITM Cup). In particular, we sought to identify the existence of cliques and to highlight the motives and conditions that underpinned their formation. Theories and concepts relevant to the formation of interorganisational relationships (IORs) provided the conceptual basis for the design and analysis of the study. Using a qualitative approach involving 19 interviews with CEOs of provincial rugby unions, we identified two cliques within this league highlighting that affiliate members will ‘hunt in packs’ to achieve specific outcomes. Commercial sustainability, access to scarce resources, such as, knowledge and political lobbying were illuminated as key drivers for clique formation. Two new concepts, ‘primary cliques’ and ‘reactionary cliques’ are introduced, and would benefit from further investigation. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 266-278 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.08.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.08.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:266-278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheranne Fairley Author-X-Name-First: Sheranne Author-X-Name-Last: Fairley Author-Name: Hannah Lovegrove Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Lovegrove Author-Name: Brianna L. Newland Author-X-Name-First: Brianna L. Author-X-Name-Last: Newland Author-Name: B. Christine Green Author-X-Name-First: B. Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Green Title: Image recovery from negative media coverage of a sport event: Destination, venue, and event considerations Abstract: The successful hosting of test events in the lead-up to a major event is not only a useful logistical tool and systems evaluation, but also signals to the world that the host city is ready and competent to host the main event. With the intense scrutiny of the media on all aspects of the venue, the city, and the competition, test events offer the potential for a city to establish (or enhance) its reputation as an event host, or to create doubt in its ability to host major events. The case follows the media coverage of the 2014 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships held on the Gold Coast Queensland, Australia, which served as a test event for the newly renovated Gold Coast Aquatics Centre in the lead-up to the 2018 Commonwealth Games. The case considers the implications and impacts of negative media coverage of an international event on the destination image of the host city. The case highlights the need for image recovery strategies for stakeholders within the destination who are concerned with the city's ability to host international sport events. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 352-360 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.08.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.08.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:352-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luke Lunhua Mao Author-X-Name-First: Luke Lunhua Author-X-Name-Last: Mao Author-Name: Haiyan Huang Author-X-Name-First: Haiyan Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Title: Social impact of Formula One Chinese Grand Prix: A comparison of local residents’ perceptions based on the intrinsic dimension Abstract: •Investigated residents’ perceptions of the social impact of the F1 Chinese Grand Prix.•Examined the relationships between social impact and intrinsic determinants.•Social impact had three positive dimensions and three negative dimensions.•Positive social impacts were significantly associated with three intrinsic determinants.•One negative impact was significantly associated with three intrinsic determinants.•Residential proximity was not significantly associated with perceived impact.•Perceptions of social impact differed across socio-demographic profiles.Inspired by Faulkner and Tideswell's (1997) seminal work on the social impact of an event on a local community, this study investigated residents’ perceptions of the social impact of the Formula One Chinese Grand Prix and examined the relationships between the perceptions of social impact and four sets of variables modified from Faulkner and Tideswell's intrinsic dimension: involvement in sports industry, community attachment, identification with the event, and socio-economics characteristics. Data were gathered from 600 local residents located at five different areas of Shanghai. The results show that perceived social impact included three positive dimensions and three negative dimensions, with positive correlations among several of the dimensions. The results also indicate that positive social impacts were significantly associated with involvement in sports industry, community attachment, and identification with the event. Only one dimension of negative impact (environmental and cultural problems) was significantly associated with involvement in sports industry, community attachment, and identification with the event. Residential proximity was not significantly related to any perceived social impact. Furthermore, the results revealed that perceptions of the social impact of Formula One Chinese Grand Prix differed across socio-demographic profiles. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 306-318 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.08.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.08.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:306-318 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dawn E. Trussell Author-X-Name-First: Dawn E. Author-X-Name-Last: Trussell Title: Young people's perspectives of parent volunteerism in community youth sport Abstract: •Visible, on-field roles (e.g., coach, announcer) filled by fathers are more highly regarded by young people than their mothers visible, on-field as well as hidden, formal and informal roles (e.g., Board of Directors, fundraiser).•Enhanced connection is evident with the parent-volunteer/child-athlete relationship (particularly with on-field roles).•Heightened conflict is evident with the parent-volunteer/child-athlete relationship in relation to peer groups as well as siblings.•Young people have relatively little understanding of their parents’ motivations for volunteering.This interpretive study sought to critically examine young people's subjective meanings and experiences related to parent volunteerism in community youth sport. Using a constant comparative method of data analysis, the perspectives of 19 participants from 7 different family units (9 sons and 10 daughters) in Ontario, Canada were examined. The findings call attention to the gendered importance of fathers in highly visible volunteer roles (e.g., coach, game announcer) and the lack of recognition or appreciation for mothers’ formal volunteer roles (e.g., assistant coach, league's board of directors) as well as informal volunteer roles (e.g., fundraiser). Moments of conflict in relation to peer groups as well as siblings and the potential for volunteerism to enhance a sense of connection through moments of togetherness and skill development are also emphasized. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 332-342 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.09.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.09.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:332-342 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily S. Sparvero Author-X-Name-First: Emily S. Author-X-Name-Last: Sparvero Author-Name: Stacy Warner Author-X-Name-First: Stacy Author-X-Name-Last: Warner Author-Name: Jacob K. Tingle Author-X-Name-First: Jacob K. Author-X-Name-Last: Tingle Title: RunTex: A community landmark run out of business Abstract: The case follows Paul Carrozza and his journey in building a once highly successful running shoe store in Austin, TX. The case presents newspaper accounts and other publicly available information regarding Carrozza and the store he built and ultimately had to close, RunTex. Specifically, the case offers both undergraduate and graduate students the opportunity to evaluate the repercussions of a business that fails to engage in strategic planning. As a result, this case provides the ideal backdrop for instructors to convey the significance and obligation for future sport managers to understand the importance of strategic management. The case is primarily intended for use in strategic management, organizational behavior, and/or sport marketing courses wishing to highlight CSR strategies. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 343-351 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.10.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.10.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:343-351 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sally Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Author-Name: Larena Hoeber Author-X-Name-First: Larena Author-X-Name-Last: Hoeber Title: Unclipping our wings: Ways forward in qualitative research in sport management Abstract: In this review article, we aim to explore and promote dialogue regarding the use of contemporary qualitative research methods being used in sport management. The first section is a snapshot of qualitative research from 2011 to 2013 in the three main sport management journals: Sport Management Review (SMR), the Journal of Sport Management (JSM), and European Sport Management Quarterly (ESMQ). Secondly, we comment on this snapshot, outlining not only how far we have come in qualitative research in sport management but also drawing attention to some of the constraints to its current use. Thirdly, we illustrate what might help us to reflect on our use of qualitative research methods. This leads us to our final section, in which we utilise that reflection to outline some ways forward; how can we contribute to sport management by using qualitative research methods in imaginative and innovative ways? Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 255-265 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.03.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.03.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:255-265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 3 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(16)30013-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(16)30013-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:3:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Milena M. Parent Author-X-Name-First: Milena M. Author-X-Name-Last: Parent Title: Stakeholder perceptions on the democratic governance of major sports events Abstract: •Democratic governance is examined in three international major sports events.•Perceptions of concepts (e.g., performance) are close to the governance literature.•Transparency, accountability and participation include internal and external aspects.•Concepts are theoretically useful as they touch on various event best practices.•A model is proposed linking the democratic governance concepts.This paper addressed the following research questions: (1) How do the different event stakeholders view the principles associated with democratic governance (performance, accountability, transparency and stakeholder participation) in relation to planning major sports events? and (2) How informative are democratic governance principles for studying major sports events? An exploratory study of the stakeholders involved in the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Winter Games, 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games, and 2015 Toronto Pan American Games was undertaken using 55 interviews. Stakeholders’ perceptions of the principles were generally similar to definitions found in the governance literature (cf. Bevir, 2010; Callahan, 2007). However, this paper demonstrates that accountability, transparency and participation should be divided into internal and external aspects in order to better understand and enact the governance of sport events. As well, stakeholder participation was found to be a central principle, evolving over time and having to be planned and actively enacted to foster an emotional connection with the event. Thus, democratic governance principles can be used to examine the governance system (structures, processes) and stakeholder relationships found in major sport events, and highlight key areas of importance for event organizers and stakeholders in governing this complex environment. A model illustrating the interrelationships between the principles is offered. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 402-416 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.11.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.11.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:402-416 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bradley J. Baker Author-X-Name-First: Bradley J. Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Author-Name: Heath McDonald Author-X-Name-First: Heath Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Title: The uniqueness of sport: Testing against marketing's empirical laws Abstract: •Application of marketing's empirical generalisations to sport consumption.•Empirical generalisations include double jeopardy and duplication of purchase laws.•Evidence of these laws holding in a spectator sport context was found.•Game attendance and team support were influenced by market share.•Best practice in other industries should be considered when managing sport consumers.Two key law-like patterns – the double jeopardy and duplication of purchase laws – have consistently been found to explain and predict consumer behavior across a wide range of industries. There has been speculation that these empirical generalisations may not hold in the case of professional team sport brands. The reasons given include the passionate loyalty of sport fans, the fact that two sport teams must be consumed at once in any contest, and the strong geographic dominance of sport brands. In this study, we examine the applicability of these two law-like generalisations to professional team sport. With a few caveats, these law-like patterns hold, suggesting that sport team brands operate in line with what is known about other consumer markets. Results suggest the unique aspects of the sport market do not meaningfully impact consumer behavior and therefore sport brands should be managed in fundamentally the same way as most consumer markets. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 378-390 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.02.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.02.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:378-390 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Panagiotis Meletakos Author-X-Name-First: Panagiotis Author-X-Name-Last: Meletakos Author-Name: Dimitrios Chatzicharistos Author-X-Name-First: Dimitrios Author-X-Name-Last: Chatzicharistos Author-Name: Nikolaos Apostolidis Author-X-Name-First: Nikolaos Author-X-Name-Last: Apostolidis Author-Name: Vasilios Manasis Author-X-Name-First: Vasilios Author-X-Name-Last: Manasis Author-Name: Ioannis Bayios Author-X-Name-First: Ioannis Author-X-Name-Last: Bayios Title: Foreign players and competitive balance in Greek basketball and handball championships Abstract: •We evaluate competitive balance in Greek basketball and handball championships.•We utilize 5 indices to measure competitive balance adapted for European Sports.•We examine the effect of the presence and number of foreign players in the league.•We report different findings depending upon the sport and level of competitive balance.•Information for consideration by sports authorities and managers.One of the key issues of team sport championships is competitive balance. One of the dimensions of competitive balance is concerned with the differences in sporting capabilities of teams within a season. The aim of this study is to evaluate competitive balance in Greek basketball and handball championships in relation to the presence and number of foreign players. The examined periods are from 1965–1966 to 2012–2013 (n = 47) for basketball and from 1983–1984 to 2012–2013 (n = 30) for handball. Foreign players appeared in basketball starting from 1988 while in handball from 1999. For each season and sport, two global and three special indices that capture competitive balance in the multileveled championship structure were calculated. Results showed that the number of foreign players per team is dependent on the country's macroeconomic status and in its turn improves the overall competitiveness, as well as competitiveness at the relegation level. In handball foreign players appeared later and in lesser numbers than in basketball. The increase in competitiveness of the national basketball league as a result of the increase in numbers of foreign players across all teams was followed by an upsurge in the quality, performance and achievements of the top teams participating in the European competitions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 391-401 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.09.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.09.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:391-401 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katie Rowe Author-X-Name-First: Katie Author-X-Name-Last: Rowe Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Author-Name: Lesley Ferkins Author-X-Name-First: Lesley Author-X-Name-Last: Ferkins Author-Name: Erica Hinckson Author-X-Name-First: Erica Author-X-Name-Last: Hinckson Title: Challenges for sport development: Women's entry level cycling participation Abstract: •Participation is identified as a complex concept that spans several disciplines.•Principles of social ecological theory and sport development guide the study.•Explores perceived cycling motivations, supports and constraints of beginner females.•Identified motivations and barriers provide insights for stakeholders.•Further research is needed to inform strategies to address gender disparity in cycling.Sport participation is an issue of relevance to sport managers, yet it is an often-neglected area of sport management research. Cycling is a particularly complex form of participation to examine given its many formats, including sport, recreational and commuter cycling, and the multifaceted nature of the cycling landscape involving a broad range of stakeholders. In Australia, women are underrepresented in cycling participation and membership (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012; Cycling Australia, 2014), yet women show an interest in cycling training courses. The present paper explores motivations, supports and constraints reported by a group of entry-level female cyclists who participated in a training programme accredited by AustCycle, an initiative led by Cycling Australia. We draw on a health and sport development driven framework, informed by social ecological theory (Rowe et al., 2013), and suited to examining the issue of women's cycling participation in Australia. Results show that a range of individual characteristics, and factors within the social and physical environment, were perceived by study participants as barriers to participation. Of these, skill level, confidence, traffic/road conditions, and social support networks held particular relevance. Participants also discussed specific cycling barriers and supports of relevance to certain forms of cycling. Preliminary insights into perceptions held by a group of entry-level female cyclists highlight overlaps between cycling formats and indicate that conceptual advancements in the development of sport, and development through sport could be collectively considered in the context of women's cycling participation. Further research opportunities were also identified. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 417-430 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.11.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.11.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:417-430 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brennan K. Berg Author-X-Name-First: Brennan K. Author-X-Name-Last: Berg Author-Name: Carol C. Irwin Author-X-Name-First: Carol C. Author-X-Name-Last: Irwin Author-Name: Paul M. Wright Author-X-Name-First: Paul M. Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Name: Richard L. Irwin Author-X-Name-First: Richard L. Author-X-Name-Last: Irwin Author-Name: Michael Hutchinson Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Hutchinson Title: An unacceptable status quo: A sport development case study of swimming and drownings Abstract: This case study illustrates the complexity of sport development decision-making and specifically highlights the public health concern of drowning disparities in the United States. Using sport development research to demonstrate the linkage between empirical study and practice, students must consider various factors for the most effective approach to attract and retain participants involved in a local swimming program. The parks and recreation department director, Bob Shell, is tasked with determining the best program structure based on the sets of sport development proposals he received from a member of the management staff. To further ensure students are presented with a realistic scenario, this case offers a combination of fictional and real life events from an innovative swimming program in Memphis, Tennessee. Students must critically evaluate not only sport development practices and the merits of the swimming program, but other organizational partnerships that may be formed in the community. Therefore, students are placed in a decision-making role that is common to managers in many sport contexts beyond swimming. This case study is appropriate for both undergraduate and graduate sport management courses, with specific application to sport development, policy and governance, strategic management, and recreation or leisure topics. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 454-465 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2015.11.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2015.11.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:454-465 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kuan-Ju Chen Author-X-Name-First: Kuan-Ju Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Joe Phua Author-X-Name-First: Joe Author-X-Name-Last: Phua Title: Self-categorization process in sport: An examination of the “Linsanity” phenomenon in Taiwan Abstract: •This research illustrated international consumers’ self-categorization process.•Taiwanese identification positively influenced player identification.•Player identification positively influenced team identification.•Player identification mediated between Taiwanese identification and team identification.•Team identification positively influenced NBA involvement.The “Linsanity” phenomenon attracted an increase in attention toward the National Basketball Association (NBA) for a short period of time. Drawing on self-categorization theory to elucidate current literature on team identification, this research proposed a conceptual model delineating the social psychological process for international consumers during the phenomenon. Using an online survey with a convenience sample in Taiwan, structural equation modeling, including confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and path analysis, validated the conceptual model and confirmed the relationships between constructs in the model. Results indicated that Taiwanese identification positively influenced player identification, while player identification mediated the relationship between Taiwanese identification and team identification. Consequently, team identification positively influenced NBA involvement. The research findings together contribute to explicating the mechanism behind consumers’ self-categorization process during the “Linsanity” phenomenon while offering implications for international sport marketing. The research concludes with suggestions for future research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 431-440 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.01.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.01.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:431-440 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Patti Millar Author-X-Name-First: Patti Author-X-Name-Last: Millar Author-Name: Alison Doherty Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Doherty Title: Capacity building in nonprofit sport organizations: Development of a process model Abstract: •Considerable gaps exist in the understanding of organizational capacity building.•A process model of capacity building is proposed for nonprofit voluntary organizations.•Organizational needs, readiness, strategies and outcomes of capacity building are discussed.•Model provides theoretical foundation for examining successful capacity building.•Model is described in the context of community sport organizations, but is intended for broad application.Despite the growing literature on organizational capacity in nonprofit and sport organizations, considerable gaps remain when the analysis shifts to building that capacity. This study proposes a comprehensive model of capacity building that recognizes the concepts and relationships involved in that process. The model was developed according to de Groot's (1969) interpretative-theoretical methodology, consisting of four phases that guide the collection and review of relevant literature: exploration, analysis, classification and explanation. As a comprehensive process, effective capacity building acknowledges that a capacity needs assessment occurs in response to some environmental stimulus. The subsequent identification of specific objectives for capacity building is followed by the generation and selection of a strategy(s) and consideration of multiple aspects of readiness to build capacity. The short-term impact and long-term maintenance of built capacity must be assessed following the implementation of the strategy(s) to build, with consideration of the implications for program and service delivery that address the initial stimulus. The model is described in the context of community sport organizations, however it is intended for broad application. Concepts and relationships presented in the model are relevant to the nonprofit voluntary organizational setting in general, while allowing for contextualization based on the unique factors and influences that may be involved in the process of building capacity. The paper concludes with consideration of how the model may be used in practice and directions for future research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 365-377 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.01.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.01.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:365-377 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheranne Fairley Author-X-Name-First: Sheranne Author-X-Name-Last: Fairley Author-Name: Hannah Lovegrove Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Lovegrove Author-Name: Michael Brown Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Title: Leveraging events to ensure enduring benefits: The legacy strategy of the 2015 AFC Asian Cup Abstract: The Asian Football Confederation (AFC) Asian Cup is the largest soccer event on the Asian continent. Australia hosted the 2015 AFC Asian Cup which provided the nation with an opportunity to not only celebrate the sport of soccer, but also leverage the event to deliver enduring legacies. This case study examines the three key legacies of the 2015 AFC Asian Cup which were tourism, trade and investment, and multicultural engagement, and considers the leveraging strategies that were implemented to achieve the stated legacies. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 466-474 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.01.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.01.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:466-474 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chanho Kang Author-X-Name-First: Chanho Author-X-Name-Last: Kang Author-Name: Gregg Bennett Author-X-Name-First: Gregg Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Author-Name: Jon Welty Peachey Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Welty Peachey Title: Five dimensions of brand personality traits in sport Abstract: •The lexical approach is a theoretical basis for studying sport brand personality.•The HEXACO model for identifying brand personality dimensions is explored.•The five identified factors resemble the structure of human personality models.The first purpose of this study was to elaborate upon existing critiques and return to the fundamental brand personality concept by reexamining personality trait theory (i.e., lexical approach) and the sport brand personality literature. Based on a conceptualisation of sport brand personality, the second purpose was to develop an instrument for measuring brand personality in sport based on the restricted definition that excludes non-human personality traits. We adopted the lexical approach in an effort to explore the application of the HEXACO model for obtaining a set of representative personality traits (N = 36) both applicable and relevant to sport brands. For the purpose of this study, a sport brand × subject structure was utilised to find major sport brand personality dimensions. As a representative brand in sport, the National Football League was selected. Two data sets were collected from college students. The 36 sport brand personality traits were submitted to a principal axis factor analysis on the first data set (N = 196). The analysis identified five factors (i.e., Agreeableness, Extraversion/Emotionality, Openness, Conscientiousness, and Honesty) that closely resemble the structure of human personality models. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirmed that the newly developed five-factor model has an acceptable fit to the second data set (N = 155). This study identified that the lexical approach can provide a conceptual and methodological foundation when developing brand personality instruments. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 441-453 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.01.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.01.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:441-453 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Frawley Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Frawley Author-Name: R. Hoye Author-X-Name-First: R. Author-X-Name-Last: Hoye Author-Name: A. Smith Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: M. Nicholson Author-X-Name-First: M. Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholson Author-Name: B. Stewart Author-X-Name-First: B. Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Title: Sport Management: Principles and Applications Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 475-476 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.03.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.03.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:475-476 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 4 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(16)30040-7 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(16)30040-7 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:4:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheranne Fairley Author-X-Name-First: Sheranne Author-X-Name-Last: Fairley Author-Name: Hannah Lovegrove Author-X-Name-First: Hannah Author-X-Name-Last: Lovegrove Author-Name: Natalie L. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Natalie L. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: B. David Tyler Author-X-Name-First: B. David Author-X-Name-Last: Tyler Title: Scoring on and off the field?: The impact of Australia's inclusion in the Asian Football Confederation Abstract: The case follows Australia's move from the Oceania Football Federation (OFC) to the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). The case explores the impact of Australia's inclusion on other AFC member nations and highlights that Australia's relative success in the AFC may not be perceived as positive by all stakeholders within the AFC. The case considers the effect of Australia's inclusion in the AFC on the AFC in general, and also on both the sport of soccer in Australia, and the broader Australian economy. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 578-586 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.02.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.02.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:578-586 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mikihiro Sato Author-X-Name-First: Mikihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Author-Name: Jeremy S. Jordan Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy S. Author-X-Name-Last: Jordan Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Title: A distance-running event and life satisfaction: The mediating roles of involvement Abstract: •We examined the effects of a running event on participants’ life satisfaction.•A sample of 742 participants was recruited from a 10 mile distance-run in the U.S.•Participation in the event was positively associated with weekly running activity.•Pleasure and sign mediated the link between running activity and life satisfaction.The increasing popularity of mass participant sport events has provided sport event managers and scholars with an opportunity to contribute to a broader conversation on ways to promote population health. Theoretically, these managed sport services should have the capacity to enhance event participants’ well-being; however, the empirical link between event participation and well-being remains inconclusive. By comparing individuals who participated in a distance-running event with individuals who did not participate in the event, this study examined the contributions of the distance-running event, behavioural loyalty, and psychological involvement to life satisfaction, an indicator of mental health and well-being. Participants (N = 742) were recruited from a 10-mile running event held in the United States. The results revealed that participation in a distance-running event was positively associated with weekly running activity, an indicator of behavioural loyalty. In addition, the two facets of psychological involvement in running—pleasure and sign—mediated the relationship between weekly running activity and life satisfaction. These findings provide empirical support that distance-running events can serve as environmental correlates of participants’ behavioural loyalty and that the contribution of behavioural loyalty to life satisfaction lies in whether event participants identify pleasant and symbolic aspects of the activity. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 536-549 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:536-549 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gary Howat Author-X-Name-First: Gary Author-X-Name-Last: Howat Author-Name: Guy Assaker Author-X-Name-First: Guy Author-X-Name-Last: Assaker Title: Outcome quality in participant sport and recreation service quality models: Empirical results from public aquatic centres in Australia Abstract: •The present study assumes a hierarchical, multidimensional scheme for process quality and outcome quality.•Using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM).•Overall satisfaction fully mediates the impact of value, outcome quality and process quality on loyalty.The role of service quality outcomes has often been understated in service quality models for participant sport and recreation. The aims of this study were to validate a range of outcome quality dimensions and to compare the relative influence on loyalty of outcome quality compared to process quality and value. Using data from 2109 customers of eight public aquatic centres in Australia the results validated four first-order outcome quality dimensions which in turn determined a higher-order outcome quality construct. Moreover, the results demonstrated that a process quality construct had the most significant impact on loyalty mediated by overall satisfaction, followed by outcome quality and value. These results provide both theoretical and practical insights in terms of managing service quality in the context of community sport and recreation in general and public aquatic centres in Australia, in particular. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 520-535 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:520-535 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rochelle Stewart-Withers Author-X-Name-First: Rochelle Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart-Withers Author-Name: G.B. Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: G.B. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Title: Diversity and Inclusion in Sport Organizations Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 599-600 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:599-600 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Author-Name: Ian O’Boyle Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: O’Boyle Author-Name: Lesley Ferkins Author-X-Name-First: Lesley Author-X-Name-Last: Ferkins Title: Towards a research agenda in collaborative sport governance Abstract: Collaborative governance has its origins in public administration and relates to cross-sector collaboration between parties who, by working together, may achieve common goals and more optimum outcomes than by working in isolation. The purpose of this paper is to explore the utility of collaborative governance as a relevant theoretical underpinning upon which to base future sport governance research focussed on the federal model of governance. To do this, we draw on an integrative framework of collaborative governance from the public administration literature to identify relevant research questions instructive for new research directions in sport governance. We offer evidence indicating that the federal model of sport governance is the type of network well-suited to the adoption of a collaborative governance regime but conclude there are barriers and challenges that could inhibit its implementation. The outcome of our work is a research agenda to guide research and theory development that may enhance our understanding of collaborative governance in sport, and of the barriers to its adoption and how they may be overcome. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 479-491 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:479-491 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Younghan Lee Author-X-Name-First: Younghan Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Milyang Kim Author-X-Name-First: Milyang Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Jakeun Koo Author-X-Name-First: Jakeun Author-X-Name-Last: Koo Title: The impact of social interaction and team member exchange on sport event volunteer management Abstract: In the present study, the authors aim to understand the sport event volunteer experience in the context of social interaction and its effect on volunteers’ team member exchange and future intentions. Sport event volunteers (N = 150) in the Northeast region in the United States participated in the survey. The partial least squares method of structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. Results indicate that online social interaction ties significantly affect team member exchange, which in turn, predicts volunteers’ intentions to repeat volunteering and also spread positive word-of-mouth about volunteering experience to potential volunteers. The current research specifically demonstrates that establishing social interaction ties through social media promotes positive team member exchange that further impacts volunteers’ future intentions. The research findings also imply that social media can be a cost-effective volunteer management tool in terms of volunteer recruitment and for relatively smaller sport organizations that are generally confronted with limited resources. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 550-562 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:550-562 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason P. Doyle Author-X-Name-First: Jason P. Author-X-Name-Last: Doyle Author-Name: Kevin Filo Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Filo Author-Name: Daniel Lock Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lock Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Author-Name: Heath McDonald Author-X-Name-First: Heath Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald Title: Exploring PERMA in spectator sport: Applying positive psychology to examine the individual-level benefits of sport consumption Abstract: •We focus on examining the benefits of spectating from the individual's perspective.•Positive psychology and the PERMA framework are applied to spectator sport.•We reveal how positive emotions, relationships, meaning and accomplishment are activated during the season, and in the off-season.•Managerial actions focus on fostering the relationships derived through spectating.Sport spectating provides numerous benefits for sport organisations and individuals. In this paper we use a positive psychology approach to examine the individual-level benefits of sport consumption in order to investigate the activation of five domains of well-being: positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment (PERMA). Using a two-study panel research design, we collected qualitative data from a sample of Australian Rules Football consumers. In the first study, we explored how the PERMA domains were activated during the season. Study two included a follow-up interview with eight initial respondents in the off-season. We found evidence of four PERMA domains that were activated in the sport spectator context by a variety of consumer experiences. The emergence of these domains in both studies suggests sport marketers would benefit from actions including: creating more social spaces within their stadiums, hosting regular off-season events, and creating social-media based competitions which promote fan engagement and interactions throughout the calendar year. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 506-519 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:506-519 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amy Rundio Author-X-Name-First: Amy Author-X-Name-Last: Rundio Author-Name: Bob Heere Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Heere Title: The battle for the bid: Chicago 2016, No Games Chicago, and the lessons to be learned Abstract: This case provides information on the Chicago 2016 bid process and the efforts by No Games Chicago to prevent the city of Chicago from hosting the 2016 Olympics, and allows students to consider the bid process through a community development lens. After learning about the Chicago 2016 bid, students are asked to apply this information to a hypothetical bid organization, Houston 2028, and consider how to work with community organizations to maximize the chances of success for this bid. In 2009, Chicago lost the vote to host the 2016 Olympics, and after years of planning and campaigning, the loss came as a surprise and disappointment to many. One group that was not disappointed, though, was No Games Chicago, a vocal opposition group to the bid. No Games Chicago organized protests, public forums, media efforts and more in an effort to prevent the bid from being successful. After learning about the Chicago 2016 bid, students are asked to apply this information to a hypothetical bid organization, Houston 2028, and consider how to work with community organizations to maximize the chances of success for this bid. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 587-598 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.06.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.06.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:587-598 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simon A. Brandon-Lai Author-X-Name-First: Simon A. Author-X-Name-Last: Brandon-Lai Author-Name: Cole G. Armstrong Author-X-Name-First: Cole G. Author-X-Name-Last: Armstrong Author-Name: Gerald R. Ferris Author-X-Name-First: Gerald R. Author-X-Name-Last: Ferris Title: Organisational impression congruence: A conceptual model of multi-level impression management operation in sports service organisations Abstract: The management of images projected to consumer audiences is a key task for sport service organisations; however, the number of “touch points” (interactions between employees and consumers) adds complexity to the process. In this article, the authors present a conceptual model of organisational impression congruence (OrgIC), proposing that organisations will elicit positive consumer-related outcomes if there is alignment between the desired organisational image(s), those projected by the organisation at the management/strategic level, and those projected by customer-facing employees. The conceptual model is underpinned by theories associated with impression management, reputation (as an outcome of impression management action), and cognitive dissonance theory as the basis for outcomes of in/congruence. The authors discuss possible implications and outcomes in relation to previous literature emanating from various fields (e.g., sport management, management, and marketing), and suggest directions for future research. Through the model of OrgIC, the authors contribute to theoretical development and discussion, and provide a tool that could be useful for evaluating the way that sport service organisations present themselves to consumers, and other external audiences. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 492-505 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.06.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.06.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:492-505 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John W. Hayton Author-X-Name-First: John W. Author-X-Name-Last: Hayton Title: Plotting the motivation of student volunteers in sports-based outreach work in the North East of England Abstract: •An examination of motivation of students to volunteer on a sports outreach project.•Motivation is tracked and explained using the self-determination continuum.•Results demonstrate a shift from instrumental to internally driven behaviour.•The conditions owing to motivational evolution and maintenance are outlined.•Findings address a gap in the literature on volunteering in sports-based projects.This paper examines the evolution of student volunteers’ motivation during their participation in a sports-based outreach project and how their experiences during the programme serve to influence their commitment and retention to it. The Sport Universities North East England (SUNEE) project is a university-led community outreach initiative that provides the region's student volunteers with vast opportunities to gain both experience and qualifications as sports coaches, mentors and leaders by working with a range of hard-to-reach groups. This work draws on qualitative data generated from semi-structured interviews (n = 40) and describes a sequence of motivational transitions undergone by student volunteers over the course of their involvement in the project. In order to illustrate this, the paper applies the socio-psychological framework of Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to not only index the type of motivations that compel students to volunteer on the SUNEE project, but to also track motivational adaptation and reveal the features occurring within the project, which serve to either facilitate volunteer motivation or retention (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000). By using the example of the SUNEE project, this research demonstrates how students’ motivation to volunteer changes from the extrinsic (i.e., instrumental reasons such as enhancing one's employability profile) to the intrinsic (i.e., enjoying the experience) motivations the longer the person has taken part in the project. The findings demonstrate the utility of the SDT as a framework with which to understand student motivation to volunteer within a university-led sports-based community outreach setting. The theoretical contributions of the study to the literature on student volunteering are outlined, and implications are drawn for practice and future research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 563-577 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.06.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.06.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:563-577 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(16)30075-4 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(16)30075-4 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Thank you to Reviewers Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 477-478 Issue: 5 Volume: 19 Year: 2016 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(16)30090-0 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(16)30090-0 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:19:y:2016:i:5:p:477-478 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joseph N. Cooper Author-X-Name-First: Joseph N. Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper Author-Name: Robin S. Grenier Author-X-Name-First: Robin S. Author-X-Name-Last: Grenier Author-Name: Charles Macaulay Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Macaulay Title: Autoethnography as a critical approach in sport management: Current applications and directions for future research Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to highlight the value of autoethnography as a qualitative methodology, document the current literature using autoethnographic approaches, and explore the possibilities for future research in the field of sport management. Using a critical lens to counter dominant ideologies that marginalize certain groups of people through the sustainment of existing power structures and inequities, we sought to address the following inquiries: What is autoethnography and how can it be applied to the critical study of sport management? In doing so, we will explore the benefits of the methodology to the field of sport management as well as the challenges and opportunities created in this form of reflexive study. We also offer suggestions for how to apply autoethnography to a variety of research purposes germane to the field of sport management. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 43-54 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.07.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.07.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:43-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claire C. Schaeperkoetter Author-X-Name-First: Claire C. Author-X-Name-Last: Schaeperkoetter Title: Basketball officiating as a gendered arena: An autoethnography Abstract: •Autoethnographic methodology during one year of officiating 250 basketball games.•Comparisons to other sport-specific feminist autoethnographies.•Merits of the autoethnographic approach in the sport management setting.•Female underrepresentation in sport.In this study, an autoethnographic methodological approach was used to examine my basketball officiating experience as a female. Autoethnography involves situating the self's experiences in the context of the setting and the culture at-large. My experiences as a female basketball official over the course of 250 games are examined. The details of the officiating autoethnography will simultaneously be compared to sport-specific feminist autoethnographies. Further, I argue that the merits of autoethnography combined with the general underrepresentation of females in sports officiating make it such that the autoethnographic approach undertaken in this examination provides support for continued varied qualitative approaches in sport management research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 128-141 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.05.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.05.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:128-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hans Erik Næss Author-X-Name-First: Hans Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Næss Title: Authenticity matters: A digital ethnography of FIA World Rally Championship fan forums Abstract: •It is a valuable contribution to an emerging research field.•It demonstrates how digital ethnography is useful for the study of global sports.•Findings address the need for the commercial rights holder to engage more directly with the rally fans.In today’s landscape of sport coverage, the increased competition for attention begs the question of how to provide offerings tailor-made not only to people’s media consumption patterns, but also to their motivation for following a certain sport. This paper argues that digital ethnography provides a way to analyze views on media coverage of sport that promoters can make use of in attracting new consumers and keeping existing ones. By investigating two online forums where the television coverage of FIA World Rally Championship (WRC) from 2010–2013 was discussed, the most important thing to offer rally fans is not technical perfection and sanitized images, but explicit storytelling elements that are authentic—mirroring ‘what rallying is all about.’ This approach is believed to be applicable across a range of sports. Therefore as much stress is laid on the methods involved as on the specifics of this example. Along the way, strengths and weaknesses of this approach, these methods and these findings, are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 105-113 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.08.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.08.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:105-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Florian Hemme Author-X-Name-First: Florian Author-X-Name-Last: Hemme Author-Name: Dominic G. Morais Author-X-Name-First: Dominic G. Author-X-Name-Last: Morais Author-Name: Matthew T. Bowers Author-X-Name-First: Matthew T. Author-X-Name-Last: Bowers Author-Name: Janice S. Todd Author-X-Name-First: Janice S. Author-X-Name-Last: Todd Title: Extending sport-based entrepreneurship theory through phenomenological inquiry Abstract: •We show how fitness entrepreneurs strategize in a non-traditional industry.•Fitness entrepreneurs share some similarities with non-sport entrepreneurs.•Fitness entrepreneurs in many ways differ from non-sport entrepreneurs.•Four themes describe the essence of fitness entrepreneurship.This paper adopts a process perspective on sport entrepreneurship in the fitness industry, utilizing phenomenological inquiry into the entrepreneurial lives of eleven fitness entrepreneurs. The purpose of this paper is to reveal how fitness entrepreneurs strategize and pursue competitive advantage in a non-traditional industry. Our findings show that while fitness entrepreneurs share many similarities with non-sport entrepreneurs, fitness entrepreneurs are affected by a variety of factors attributable to working in a non-conventional industry. The present study contributes to the emerging theoretical discussions surrounding the concept of sport entrepreneurship and highlights the value of process perspectives when examining entrepreneurial activities. No empirical studies thus far exist that seek to illuminate the exact nature of individual sport entrepreneurship. This study is a first step in developing testable hypotheses and to contrast sport entrepreneurship to non-sport entrepreneurship. Additionally, our research provides fitness entrepreneurs in the industry with information on what they may face when pursuing their own business objectives. Finally, sport management and entrepreneurship curricula can be enhanced based on information gathered in this study. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 92-104 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.07.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.07.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:92-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kyle A. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Kyle A. Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Author-Name: Laura Misener Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Misener Title: Insiders, outsiders, and agents of change: First person action inquiry in community sport management Abstract: •Reflexivity can be explicitly used as a methodological tool for improving the process and products outcomes of sport management research for multiple stakeholders.•Iterative cycles of Reflection and -discussion cycles can be used to navigate methodological and ethical tensions that arise while doing of insider action research.•First-person inquiry Reflexivity is a useful approach for navigating complex community contexts and understanding researcher the roles and limitations of researchers in the research process.•Action research approaches offer diverse perspectives and paradigms that may be beneficial for sport management researchers and practitioners.Using first-person inquiry, we explore the use of reflexive practice as a means of self-study in community sport management research. In the context of a participatory action research project with a rural Northern Ontario community recreation committee, we describe our process of conducting first person action inquiry, explore how it enriched the process and outcomes of the project, and explain how it informed our understanding of researchers (ourselves) as instruments of research and agents of change within the research process. Through the process of self-study and iterative discussions between a graduate student (sometimes) insider and academic supervisor outsider, we demonstrate how reflexive practice led to a better understanding of community contexts as well as the roles and limitations of the researchers therein. Consequently, reflections allowed for a moulding of the methodological approach to be more effective (for research and action) with(in) the community. Based on our discussion, we highlight the potential of diverse research practices and paradigms to offer new perspectives for sport management research and practice. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 8-19 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.08.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.08.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:8-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aaron C.T. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Aaron C.T. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Clare Humphries Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: Humphries Title: A post-social conceptual framework for exploring object narratives in sport organisations Abstract: •This article proposes a theoretical framework for object narrative analysis.•It adopts a post-social approach to narrative methodology.•A three-domain research framework is developed.•The framework encompasses object materiality, object practice and object biography.In this article we propose a theoretical framework for narrative analysis that gives voice to objects in sport organisations. Despite considerable interest in the symbolic and mnemonic potency of some sporting objects – most notably memorabilia – many organisational objects go unnoticed, whilst little attention has been paid to methods for gathering stories from inanimate objects. We suggest that material objects in sport organisations participate in narrative production and therefore constitute a rich investigative site. We adopt a post-social approach to narrative methodology where objects are recognised as non-human actors in organisational sense-making, not as narrative repositories that ‘contain’ stories and memories. A three-domain research framework is developed recommending an approach to eliciting an object narrative within a sport organisation. First, object materiality exposes the significant networks of forces, materials and people – and therefore episodes and actors – that engage with and through objects. Second, since people and objects are enmeshed in sequenced, workplace activities, object practice allows organisational agents to define what stories objects can tell whilst objects reciprocally bound the scope of human performance. Third, object biography provides a strategy to map the connections and transitions that occur over the lifecourse of an object, which reveals a changing web of organisational relations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 20-32 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.09.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.09.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:20-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Stride Author-X-Name-First: A. Author-X-Name-Last: Stride Author-Name: H.F. Fitzgerald Author-X-Name-First: H.F. Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzgerald Author-Name: W. Allison Author-X-Name-First: W. Author-X-Name-Last: Allison Title: A narrative approach: The possibilities for sport management Abstract: •Stories can be used to re-present research data.•Stories can help to disseminate research to diverse audiences.•Stories bring coherency to diverse quantitative and qualitative data sets.•Attempting to use stories can bring benefits and challenges to those working in sport management.This paper connects with practitioners and scholars in sport management regarding the utility of adopting narrative inquiry, and more specifically stories as a medium to re-present research findings. We map out the broad field of narrative inquiry and also discuss what features are required to constitute stories. Drawing from some sport management research undertaken on behalf of The English Football Association, we offer one story crafted to re-present data generated. We discuss the benefits and challenges of using stories as a means of data re-presentation. The paper concludes by offering our thoughts regarding the contributions stories make to research in sport management. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 33-42 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:33-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bradley J. Baker Author-X-Name-First: Bradley J. Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Author-Name: Xiaochen Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Xiaochen Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Anthony D. Pizzo Author-X-Name-First: Anthony D. Author-X-Name-Last: Pizzo Author-Name: James Du Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Du Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Title: Collaborative self-study: Lessons from a study of wearable fitness technology and physical activity Abstract: •Review of collaborative self-study (autoethnography and self-ethnography).•Collaborative self-study is an under-utilised method in sport management research.•Provides a general methodological review with specific examples drawn from our study.•We review ethics, benefits, challenges, opportunities, and implications of the method.•We encourage sport management researchers to consider using collaborative self-study.While researchers in related disciplines have embraced and benefited from use of unconventional contemporary qualitative research methods extending beyond interviews and case studies, sport management researchers largely have not thus far. The purpose of this article is to encourage greater use of collaborative self-study (autoethnography and self-ethnography) within sport management research. Based on our experience with a collaborative self-study research project examining the influence of wearable fitness technology on physical activity, we explore key methodological considerations focusing on the ethics of self-study, and the benefits, challenges, and opportunities associated with employing this underutilized qualitative method in sport management research. Collaborative self-study offers the opportunity to address questions and examine sport phenomena from perspectives rarely addressed by traditional approaches. Through reviewing collaborative self-study, we provide guidance for sport management researchers and encourage researchers to consider this method in their future projects. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 114-127 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:114-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emma Sherry Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Sherry Author-Name: Nico Schulenkorf Author-X-Name-First: Nico Author-X-Name-Last: Schulenkorf Author-Name: Emma Seal Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Seal Author-Name: Matthew Nicholson Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholson Author-Name: Russell Hoye Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Hoye Title: Sport-for-development: Inclusive, reflexive, and meaningful research in low- and middle-income settings Abstract: •Sport-for-development has diversified in its research approaches and methodologies.•Reflection on our own qualitative research in low- and middle-income countries.•Discussion of traditional methods and innovative research practices.•Highlights the efficacy of flexible and locally relevant research designs.•Advocacy for inclusive, reflexive, and participatory research approaches.Research in and around sport-for-development (SFD) has increased steadily since the first scholarly work in the field was conducted in the 1990s. As SFD has grown into an established and respected area of study, it has also diversified in its research approaches and methodologies. In this article, we reflect on our experiences as researchers in low- and middle-income countries and specifically discuss the combination of traditional research methods and innovative approaches to qualitative inquiry within two distinct projects that were funded under a single SFD program. We highlight the efficacy of a flexible, innovative, and locally-relevant research design, and advocate for inclusive, reflexive, and participatory research approaches during the monitoring and evaluation processes. Finally, we identify likely success factors and challenges for current SFD research, and offer recommendations for future qualitative inquiries in and around sport-based development programs. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 69-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.010 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:69-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sally Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Author-Name: Emma Sherry Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Sherry Author-Name: Schulenkorf Nico Author-X-Name-First: Schulenkorf Author-X-Name-Last: Nico Author-Name: Phillips Pamm Author-X-Name-First: Phillips Author-X-Name-Last: Pamm Title: Managing sport development: An international approach Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 142-143 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.011 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:142-143 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rochelle Stewart-Withers Author-X-Name-First: Rochelle Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart-Withers Author-Name: Koli Sewabu Author-X-Name-First: Koli Author-X-Name-Last: Sewabu Author-Name: Sam Richardson Author-X-Name-First: Sam Author-X-Name-Last: Richardson Title: Talanoa: A contemporary qualitative methodology for sport management Abstract: •Indigenous approaches to research allow sport management researchers to examine their roles in knowledge production.•Sport management researchers should be contributing to the broader conversations regarding decolonizing indigenous research.•Where possible, sport management researchers should work collaboratively and create opportunities for capacity building of local researchers.•Appropriately deigned research which informs our understanding about cultural diversity is fundamental if inclusiveness is to occur.•For a more nuanced understanding of all dimensions of sport management, research from a multitude of paradigms will need to occur.In an interconnected world, and with cultural diversity ever present, there is growing recognition in sport management for the need to understand such diversity alongside the desire for more inclusive organisations and processes. Research which informs these understandings is thus fundamental. Planning and doing research in an environment where the culture is different can, however, add a level of complexity to the research. No matter the project phase - conception, design, data collection or analysis - cultural consideration must be given (Johnston, 2014). Those undertaking research in differing cultural settings often look to find a research approach which marries with the cultural context. In the Pacific region, or for those working with Pacific people, a popular choice is talanoa. Drawing on empirical work with Pacific rugby athletes, the authors outline the talanoa process – an “embodied expression of the vanua concept” (Farrelly & Nabobo Baba, 2012, p. 1). Ethical issues, challenges, and opportunities in using this approach are reflected on, and the value of talanoa to sport management research and in particular the sub-field of sport-for-development is considered. The authors argue the importance of talanoa as a culturally-appropriate contemporary qualitative research approach when working with Pasifika people or Pasifika issues. Approaches such as talanoa are valuable for challenging sport management researchers to further examine their own roles in the process of producing sport-specific knowledge; for decentring current approaches to sport management research and for shifting the discipline towards politicization; as well as contributing to broader conversations regarding decolonising indigenous research (Shaw & Hoeber, 2016; Skinner & Edwards, 2010; Skinner et al., 2014). Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 55-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.11.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.11.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:55-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Keith Wright Author-X-Name-First: Richard Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Title: “Looking back (and forth)”: Acknowledging the people who make personal narratives plausible Abstract: •Personal narratives, including creative non-fiction and autoethnography, allow authors to make sense of the legacies created by lived experiences.•The completion of a philosophical thesis is a life-changing personal experience that cannot be completed alone.•Evocative autoethnographers produce creative non-fiction to challenge our understanding of the multiple socially-constructed worlds we inhabit.The past decade has seen a noticeable rise in the number of people embracing autoethnography as an “alternate” research methodology. As a result, a plethora of first-person narratives and pieces of creative non-fiction now exist for truth-seeking scholars to access for authentic inspiration. The author’s unique contribution to the ongoing conversations was first inspired by the professional confessions of a friend and former colleague. Sociological introspection, packaged as a piece of creative non-fiction, should stimulate sociological imagination, evoking a memorable, equally meaningful reaction. In this paper, the author’s goals is to inspire rather than inform, encouraging readers to take time to think about their sport management memories and the meanings attached to their sport management experiences. Readers should question the plausibility of producing professional narratives of self. Readers are encouraged to have a conversation between themselves and the various leaders, legends, and legacy-makers they have followed in order to become who they are. The author encourages readers to reflect on the things they have seen, the places they have been, and the lived experiences they have produced along the way. Readers are prompted to consider the costs and consequences of presenting autoethnography through the guide of creative non-fiction. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 81-91 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.11.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.11.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:81-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Larena Hoeber Author-X-Name-First: Larena Author-X-Name-Last: Hoeber Author-Name: Sally Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Title: Contemporary qualitative research methods in sport management Abstract: •The special issue showcases examples of contemporary qualitative research methods in sport management.•Three conceptual papers that comment on the roles of researchers using participatory action research, talanoa, and community-based research methods.•Three conceptual papers that advocate for the use of autoethnography and narrative in sport management research.•Six empirical papers using narrative, digital ethnography, phenomenology, and variations of autoethnography.Over the past 10 years, qualitative research methods have become more commonplace in sport management scholarship. In the main, they are largely defined by a formulaic approach in which case studies, semi-structured interviews, and coding are often used. Alternative qualitative approaches, which may open up research to new audiences and research participants, and challenge assumptions about ‘good research,’ appear to be largely absent. This special issue on contemporary qualitative research methods in sport management includes conceptual advances in community-based research approaches, Indigenous methodologies, participatory action research, autoethnographies, and narratives. In addition, we present empirical papers that illustrate the use of autoethnography, narrative, digital ethnography, and phenomenology in the field. These articles provide examples for use in classes on qualitative research methods, and can serve to inspire others to use contemporary methods. We encourage sport management researchers to learn about and use contemporary qualitative data collection and analysis, and alternative means of disseminating their work to further enhance the field and challenge ways of knowing and doing research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 4-7 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.11.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.11.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:4-7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alison Doherty Author-X-Name-First: Alison Author-X-Name-Last: Doherty Title: Editorial: 20th anniversary volume Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-3 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.12.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.12.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(17)30003-7 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(17)30003-7 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jason P. Doyle Author-X-Name-First: Jason P. Author-X-Name-Last: Doyle Author-Name: Daniel Lock Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lock Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Author-Name: Kevin Filo Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Filo Author-Name: Heath McDonald Author-X-Name-First: Heath Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald Title: ‘I was there from the start’: The identity-maintenance strategies used by fans to combat the threat of losing Abstract: •We focus on identity-maintenance strategies employed in the face of group threat.•Results evidence the use of social creativity and social mobility tactics.•Enhancing the team's future prospects and the individual's group position provides protection from identity threats.On-field performances are a key, yet uncontrollable, determinant of team identification. In this research, we explore how fans of a new team, with an overwhelming loss to win ratio, maintain a positive social identity. Qualitative data gathered from 20 semi-structured interviews were used to address this research objective. Our findings indicated fans use social creativity and social mobility strategies to help preserve a positive and distinctive group identity. In the absence of success, fans evaluated the group on dimensions that reflected positively on, and emphasised the distinctiveness of, group membership. Fans also sought to increase their status in the group to increase the positivity of this association. We use these findings to extend understanding of social identity theory and provide recommendations for sport organisations with unfavourable performance records. Recommendations are themed around highlighting the unique nature of the group and favourable status comparisons between members of the in-group. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 184-197 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.04.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:2:p:184-197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard McGrath Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: McGrath Author-Name: J. Cuneen Author-X-Name-First: J. Author-X-Name-Last: Cuneen Author-Name: D. Tobar Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Tobar Title: Sport Industry Research and Analysis: An Approach to Informed Decision Making Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 240-241 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.06.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.06.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:2:p:240-241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mujde Yuksel Author-X-Name-First: Mujde Author-X-Name-Last: Yuksel Author-Name: Mark A. McDonald Author-X-Name-First: Mark A. Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald Author-Name: George R. Milne Author-X-Name-First: George R. Author-X-Name-Last: Milne Author-Name: Aron Darmody Author-X-Name-First: Aron Author-X-Name-Last: Darmody Title: The paradoxical relationship between fantasy football and NFL consumption: Conflict development and consumer coping mechanisms Abstract: •We examine the paradoxical relationship between fantasy football and NFL consumption.•We apply grounded theory to utilize the viewpoint of fantasy football participants.•We depict how a conflict between fantasy and NFL team may emerge.•We present four coping strategies with conflicts on player selection.•We also present four coping strategies with conflicts on rooting interests.•We discuss these findings in terms of sport marketing theory and practice.Fantasy sport participation represents an increasingly popular consumer experience among the contemporary sport consumption alternatives. Previous work on fantasy sports draws attention to both its positive and negative effects on traditional sport consumption. This study investigates fantasy football participants’ perspectives, meanings, and experiences regarding their fantasy football and NFL consumption behavior. Employing a grounded theory methodology, the study draws on literatures spanning from sport consumption and fantasy sports to consumer co-creation and intrapersonal conflict, and combines them with data collection and analysis. The outcome is a new organizing framework that illustrates why there is conflict between fantasy and favorite team fandom and how fantasy sport participants cope with this conflict. First, the study illustrates that this conflict stems from the non-traditional co-creation opportunities inherent in the empowering fantasy sports experience, which leads to a psychological connection to the fantasy team and players through the feeling of self-achievement. Second, the study identifies various coping strategies that sport consumers employ to manage conflicts with player selection (i.e., safe selection, convergent selection, divergent selection, and impartial selection strategies) and rooting interests (i.e., balanced interest, principal interest-shift, temporal interest-shift, and benefit-seeking interest-shift strategies). Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 198-210 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.07.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.07.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:2:p:198-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mathieu Djaballah Author-X-Name-First: Mathieu Author-X-Name-Last: Djaballah Author-Name: Christopher Hautbois Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Hautbois Author-Name: Michel Desbordes Author-X-Name-First: Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Desbordes Title: Sponsors’ CSR strategies in sport: A sensemaking approach of corporations established in France Abstract: •We explore sponsors’ sport-related corporate social responsibility (S-CSR).•We identify three levels of ambiguity in the strategic sensemaking process of S-CSR.•We describe seven S-CSR strategies.•We identify other factors that influence the strategic sensemaking process of S-CSR.This paper explores the perceptions and strategies of corporate sponsors established in France and involved in sport-related corporate social responsibility (S-CSR). Based on the theoretical framework of strategic sensemaking, interviews were conducted with sponsorship managers from 23 corporations involved in S-CSR partnerships with various sports properties. Each phase of the strategic sensemaking process was analyzed, resulting in the identification of three levels of ambiguity in the interpretative process: namely, perceived links between sports properties and CSR, links between S-CSR and sponsors’ own CSR, and links between S-CSR actions and the main sponsorship objectives. We described and gave evidence for seven strategies, highlighting the diversity of S-CSR rationales among sponsors. Other factors were found to influence the sensemaking process, namely sponsorship managers’ knowledge of their company's own CSR, collaboration between sponsorship and CSR departments, and the role of sports properties as sensegivers in S-CSR actions. Finally, we summarize our results in a process model of S-CSR strategic sensemaking in order to provide both sponsors and sports properties with a better understanding of the multiple possibilities for CSR leverage. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 211-225 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.07.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.07.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:2:p:211-225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Martijn van den Hurk Author-X-Name-First: Martijn Author-X-Name-Last: van den Hurk Author-Name: Koen Verhoest Author-X-Name-First: Koen Author-X-Name-Last: Verhoest Title: On the fast track? Using standard contracts in public–private partnerships for sports facilities: A case study Abstract: •Investigation of the use of standard contracts for the provision of sports facilities.•Standardization promises less room for negotiations and shorter procurement times.•Case study shows successful and unsuccessful usage of standard contracts.•Interests of private sector, local governments, and central government collide.•Caution is advised when standardizing contracts for various assets and contexts.Public–private partnerships (PPPs) for the provision of public infrastructure involve costly contracting processes. Standard contracts are modularly structured documents, which provide standard terms for these processes; it is argued that they help reduce transaction costs by limiting the room for contractual negotiations. We investigate the use of standard contracts in an embedded case study of a PPP policy program in the Belgian sports sector, and apply notions of standardization theory and transaction cost economics to explain the differences in the success of using these contracts. On the basis of desk research and interviews, our study demonstrates both successful and unsuccessful usage of standard contracts across a range of subcases, which include artificial pitches, sports halls, and multifunctional sports centers. Unsuccessful cases were characterized by an interference of local governments’ interests that was poorly managed by the leading public actor, and a persistently rigid attitude at the negotiation table of this latter actor. We further relate the different degrees of success to inappropriate government responses to the assets at hand. Finally, we proclaim a more cautious approach toward the standardization of contracts, both in theory and practice. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 226-239 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.07.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.07.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:2:p:226-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marion E. Hambrick Author-X-Name-First: Marion E. Author-X-Name-Last: Hambrick Title: Sport communication research: A social network analysis Abstract: •The sport communication field expanded significantly from 1980 to 2015.•The number of publications, collaborations, and authors per publication increased.•A growing number of studies focused on gender, mass media, and sport consumption.•Prominent researchers emerged and increased the field's research productivity.Sport communication research has experienced exponential growth since the 1980s. As one of the four primary sport management functions, sport communication has formed a synergistic relationship with sport management. Researchers have documented this relationship and the continued role of communication within sport. The current study explored the evolution of sport communication research through social network analysis (SNA). This methodological approach offers a visual display of research collaborations and helps identify areas for growth—among researchers, academic institutions, and topics—in an effort to expand research productivity and diffusion. From January 1980 to June 2015, 1255 sport communication researchers shared 2537 collaborations and authored 1283 publications. Their studies most frequently examined topics such as gender, mass media, and sport consumption. The number of researchers, publications, collaborations, and researchers per publication increased over time. A select group of researchers hailed from a smaller number of universities and emerged as key contributors to the field. The findings underscore the importance of prominent researchers, academic institutions, and collaborations in the production of sport communication research. The study also outlines the benefits of using SNA to investigate a field's development and growth opportunities. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 170-183 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.08.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.08.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:2:p:170-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hojun Sung Author-X-Name-First: Hojun Author-X-Name-Last: Sung Author-Name: Brian M. Mills Author-X-Name-First: Brian M. Author-X-Name-Last: Mills Author-Name: Scott Tainsky Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Tainsky Title: From schadenfreude to mitfreude? Estimating viewership loss and rivalrous relationships in otherwise neutral markets Abstract: •We estimate NFL neutral market broadcast viewership loss during a rival team’s game.•Games featuring a market’s rival retain viewers more than games not featuring a rival.•Markets are more likely to stay tuned in games that the rival wins.We measure the loss in viewership over the course of National Football League games to identify engagement of out-of-market viewers throughout the contest, and how this is moderated by the presence of a rival team in the game. Our analysis reveals that out-of-market viewers are more likely to stay tuned throughout a game when their local team’s rival is ultimately the game winner. This brings about important considerations in the context of measuring the effect of rivalry on demand. Our results point toward future research within the context of in-group bias and mitfreude behaviors in rivalrous relationships such that viewership depends not only on home team and in-group competitiveness, but also highlights preferences such as out-group competitiveness, or lack thereof. We therefore suggest an amendment to the Neale and Rottenberg frameworks to include how rivalry induces competitive complementarity. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 159-169 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.08.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.08.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:2:p:159-169 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Title: Introducing a Sport Experience Design (SX) framework for sport consumer behaviour research Abstract: •Sport consumer academic research requires theoretical development.•Methodology used should be diversified and strengthened.•Emerging technologies and product expansion will influence research direction.•A Sport Experience Design (SX) framework is introduced and discussed.•Research should focus on “using” sport experiences with appropriate methods.Sport Management Review celebrates 20 years of publishing research, and this milestone provides an opportunity to reflect on sport consumer research and offer possible directions for scholarship. This article utilizes a panel of 17 academic scholars to examine sport consumer research published in SMR as an exemplar; and then, more broadly, how to enhance sport consumer research and identify future trends in the sport industry. This information, combined with an article analysis, revealed two key findings. First, the quality of scholarship was acknowledged with noted weaknesses related to improving and diversifying methodology, stronger attention to theoretical development, and relevance to industry. Second, traditional boundaries of sport consumer research will expand due to technology, a broadening sport landscape, and links to other academic disciplines. In order to account for industry trends and address noted theoretical limitations, a Sport Experience Design (SX) framework is introduced, which consists of three interrelated elements: (a) the sport context in which a sport consumer navigates through an experience and interacts with touchpoints, (b) the sport user, with mental processes, psychological needs, and personal characteristics, and (c) the sport organization, which produces the sport experience to achieve organizational goals. The framework provides a holistic consumer-centred approach that considers cognitive, organizational, and physical relevant design factors that enhance customer satisfaction and engagement by improving use and pleasure of sport experiences. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 145-158 Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.11.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.11.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:2:p:145-158 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: i-i Issue: 2 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(17)30020-7 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(17)30020-7 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:2:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Young Do Kim Author-X-Name-First: Young Do Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: C. Scarinzi Author-X-Name-First: C. Author-X-Name-Last: Scarinzi Title: Diehards: Why Fans Care So Much About Sports Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 322-323 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.08.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.08.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:3:p:322-323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joon Sung Lee Author-X-Name-First: Joon Sung Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Dae Hee Kwak Author-X-Name-First: Dae Hee Author-X-Name-Last: Kwak Title: Can winning take care of everything? A longitudinal assessment of post-transgression actions on repairing trust in an athlete endorser Abstract: •On-field and off-field transgressions have differential damage on two-dimensional trust evaluations.•Engaging in prosocial actions is more effective than outstanding performance in repairing transgressor’s trust.•Integrity-based trust is the key determinant in generating consumer forgiveness of the transgressor.A celebrity athlete’s transgression damages the public’s trust in that celebrity. However, little is known about whether demonstrating an outstanding performance after the transgression mitigates the negative consequence of that transgression. It also remains unexplored whether engaging in reparation can restore consumer trust and generate forgiveness. Taking a longitudinal approach, we found that post-transgression performance slightly increased competence-based trust but had no impact on increasing integrity-based trust and forgiveness. However, post-transgression reparation efforts enhanced both integrity-based trust and forgiveness over time. Findings also suggest that performance has little impact on generating forgiveness, countering the popular notion that winning takes care of everything. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 261-272 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.08.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.08.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:3:p:261-272 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea N. Geurin Author-X-Name-First: Andrea N. Author-X-Name-Last: Geurin Author-Name: Lauren M. Burch Author-X-Name-First: Lauren M. Author-X-Name-Last: Burch Title: User-generated branding via social media: An examination of six running brands Abstract: •User-generated content elicited greater engagement than brand-generated content.•Photos with an overt brand focus were most successful in eliciting engagement.•Differentiation strategy brands received more engagement than best-cost providers.The increased global popularity of social media has led many consumer brands to increasingly turn to consumer-to-consumer marketing methods in recent years. One such method, user-generated branding (UGB), is defined as “the strategic and operative management of brand related user-generated content (UGC) to achieve brand goals” (Burmann & Arnhold, 2009, p. 66). Other disciplines have identified potential benefits of UGB such as cost effectiveness, the ability to track consumers, and immediate feedback regarding a brand and its products or services (Burmann, 2010). Hambrick and Kang (2015) also posited that UGB might be effective in developing stronger relationships between brands and consumers and eliciting greater engagement with consumers on social media. This study sought to fill the gap on UGB research within the sport management field. Utilising Porter’s (1985) generic strategies as a theoretical framework, the Instagram accounts of six purposefully selected running brands were examined to determine to what extent brands utilised user-generated content on their Instagram accounts and whether differences existed in audience engagement based on the type of content posted. A quantitative content analysis method was employed, and results indicated that those brands utilising a differentiation strategy and posts with an overt focus on the product or brand were most successful in eliciting engagement from followers. Implications for researchers and practitioners are discussed in greater detail in the paper. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 273-284 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.09.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.09.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:3:p:273-284 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rasmus K. Storm Author-X-Name-First: Rasmus K. Author-X-Name-Last: Storm Author-Name: Frederik Thomsen Author-X-Name-First: Frederik Author-X-Name-Last: Thomsen Author-Name: Tor Georg Jakobsen Author-X-Name-First: Tor Georg Author-X-Name-Last: Jakobsen Title: Do they make a difference? Professional team sports clubs’ effects on migration and local growth: Evidence from Denmark Abstract: •Can professional team sports in Denmark have effects on local growth and migration?•Danish handball clubs have marginal effects on average income.•Ice hockey’s effect is negative and football remains insignificant.•Concerning migration, no effects are found in relation to any of the three sports studied.•On these grounds, using public money on professional team sports cannot be justified.It is a common argument in Denmark that municipal involvement in professional team sports can be justified on the grounds of local impact. The use of public funds to directly or indirectly subsidise local professional team sports clubs (PTSCs) is often seen as warranted due to the PTSCs’ positive effects on local economic growth or (inbound) municipal migration. However, can PTSCs be associated with tangible effects at all? This question has never been answered properly in a European context. Based on data covering the 2008–2013 period, and using spatial panel regression models, this article examines this issue in relation to three dominant professional sports in Denmark: football (soccer), handball and ice hockey. The study finds effects for only one of the sports examined, with Danish handball clubs exercising a marginal effect on average income. Ice hockey’s effect is negative and football remains insignificant in all models deployed. Concerning migration, negative effects are found in relation to female handball clubs. These findings are consistent with previous research and have implications for local sport policies and managers. Municipal politicians, public authorities or sport managers should no longer rationalise the use of public funds for local PTSCs on the assumption of (tangible) economic effects or population growth, as it appears to be an inefficient use of public money. If policy makers want to increase municipal income or inbound migration, they should engage themselves in developing more appropriate strategies. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 285-295 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.09.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.09.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:3:p:285-295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nola Agha Author-X-Name-First: Nola Author-X-Name-Last: Agha Author-Name: B. David Tyler Author-X-Name-First: B. David Author-X-Name-Last: Tyler Title: An investigation of highly identified fans who bet against their favorite teams Abstract: •Some highly identified fans Bet Against their Favorite Teams (BAFT).•These non-normative behaviors are explored, described, and explained.•For some fans, financial gains offset a perceived impending emotional loss.•These fans Hedge Against Future Failure (HAFF) as a self-image management strategy.•Unlike BIRGing and CORFing, HAFFing is transactional, proactive, and private.Using a mixed-method exploratory approach we describe and explain the seemingly non-normative behaviors of highly identified fans who Bet Against their Favorite Teams (BAFT). Axial coding of qualitative data from 190 survey respondents and two focus groups indicates the emergence of common themes allowing a typology to unfold that explains the motives for and against BAFTing. Results reveal that Gamblers BAFT for reasons un-related to fandom. Hedgers, on the other hand, BAFT precisely because they are fans; they offset a perceived impending emotional loss with a financial gain, a behavior we identify as Hedging Against Future Failure (HAFFing). This research expands the theoretical knowledge of indirect tactics of image management and introduces HAFFing as a transactional, proactive, and private coping mechanism utilized by highly identified fans to regulate their psychological health. Beyond the implications for researchers of self-image management, these results are applicable to global sport managers adapting to the rising prominence and societal acceptance of sport gambling. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 296-308 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.09.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.09.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:3:p:296-308 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeeyoon Kim Author-X-Name-First: Jeeyoon Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Yukyoum Kim Author-X-Name-First: Yukyoum Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Daehwan Kim Author-X-Name-First: Daehwan Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Improving well-being through hedonic, eudaimonic, and social needs fulfillment in sport media consumption Abstract: •Sport media consumption leads to improved well-being through need fulfillment.•Well-being improves through hedonic need fulfillment.•Well-being improves through eudaimonic need fulfillment, if identified with the sport team.•Well-being improves through social need fulfillment, if the game is watched with others.Understanding sport consumer well-being is essential for enhancing the psychological experience and benefits of sport consumers. While watching a sporting event on TV or Internet is a key means of sport consumption, not much is known about the activity’s influence on well-being. Well-being improves when one’s hedonic, eudaimonic, and social needs are fulfilled. Need fulfillment occurs when hedonic, eudaimonic, and social values are experienced and perceived as one’s own. A pre-post survey and SEM-based research was conducted to examine individuals’ psychological experiences in sport event viewing and its link to well-being. The influences of the sport fanship and media consumption setting on the links were also examined. The results indicate that hedonic, eudaimonic, and social values experienced by sport event viewers fully or partially (moderated by sport fanship and media consumption setting) led to well-being improvement, supporting the notion of hedonic, eudaimonic, and social needs fulfillment as the mechanism of improving well-being in this context. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 309-321 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:3:p:309-321 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shannon Kerwin Author-X-Name-First: Shannon Author-X-Name-Last: Kerwin Author-Name: Matthew B. Walker Author-X-Name-First: Matthew B. Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Author-Name: Trevor Bopp Author-X-Name-First: Trevor Author-X-Name-Last: Bopp Title: When faultlines are created: Exploring the conflict triggering process in sport Abstract: •Exploring proposed associations within the conflict triggering process.•Identifying the role of social identity formation and task-related faultlines.•Highlighting interwoven intergroup and intragroup processes in sport.The purpose of this article is to advance theoretical understanding of the relationship between task conflict and relationship conflict (i.e., triggering process) by discussing the role of social identity as a mediating factor. Specifically, the authors’ proposed theoretical model emphasizes the consequences of intense, long-lasting task conflict by mapping the connection to workgroup identity formation and relationship conflict. The authors apply social identity theory to provide a new lens through which to view the impact of intense, long-lasting task conflict that goes unmanaged in sport organizations. Further, the authors provide several testable propositions regarding identity and subgroup formation that point to major factors influencing the development of relationship conflict within groups. The authors’ propositions bolster current sport management theory by emphasizing how intergroup and intragroup processes are interwoven. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 252-260 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:3:p:252-260 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nico Schulenkorf Author-X-Name-First: Nico Author-X-Name-Last: Schulenkorf Title: Managing sport-for-development: Reflections and outlook Abstract: •Reflections of sport-for-development research and practice.•Classification of existing research and outline of key achievements.•Opportunities and limitations of sport-for-development in theory and practice.•Recommendations for future research and diversification of the field.The field of sport-for-development (SFD) has experienced significant growth and increased academic rigor over the past 15 years. As sport management scholars have started to critically investigate and evaluate SFD programs, they have in turn contributed to the future design and improvement of SFD initiatives that today are more strategically planned and pedagogically sound than ever before. As part of the 20th anniversary series of Sport Management Review, the author looks back at some of the key achievements of sport management scholarship and proposes new and exciting areas for future enquiry. In particular, while past research can be classified under the four headings of SFD programming and design; sustainable management and capacity building; creating and leveraging impacts and outcomes; and conceptual/theoretical advancements, the author suggests that future studies may attend to the managerial concepts of leadership, entrepreneurship and Design Thinking to maximise the potential of sport (management) to contribute to desired, innovative and sustained community development outcomes. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 243-251 Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.11.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.11.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:3:p:243-251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: i-i Issue: 3 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(17)30047-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(17)30047-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:3:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fernando Muñoz-Bullón Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz-Bullón Author-Name: Maria J. Sanchez-Bueno Author-X-Name-First: Maria J. Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez-Bueno Author-Name: Antonio Vos-Saz Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Author-X-Name-Last: Vos-Saz Title: The influence of sports participation on academic performance among students in higher education Abstract: •This paper examines the effect that participation in extracurricular sporting activities has on academic performance among students in higher education.•We use a sample of undergraduate students who studied at a Spanish university (2008–2014).•Our results reveal that participation in formal sporting activities are associated with higher grades.•Sporting activities provide health benefits for practitioners, and also lead to the attainment of the performance goals that educational institutions aspire to.•Our results provide support for those policies that consider sporting activity as one of the mainstays of education.The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect that participating in extracurricular sporting activities has on academic performance among students in higher education. Prior research on this topic has yielded contradictory results: while some authors find a positive effect of sports participation on academic outcomes, others report a negative impact. Accordingly, the authors seek to provide a more rounded understanding of these mixed findings. The empirical evidence is provided by a panel dataset of undergraduate students who studied at a Spanish University over the period 2008–2014. The academic performance of sports participants are compared with those of non-participants in terms of their outcomes in the form of grades. Results reveal that participation in formal sporting activities is associated with higher grades among students at this university. The analysis reinforces the idea that apart from their health benefits for practitioners, sporting activities lead to the attainment of the performance goals to which higher education institutions aspire. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 365-378 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:365-378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robert D. Macdonald Author-X-Name-First: Robert D. Author-X-Name-Last: Macdonald Title: Sports Business Management: Decision Making Around the Globe Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 422-423 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.08.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.08.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:422-423 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steve Swanson Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Swanson Author-Name: Aubrey Kent Author-X-Name-First: Aubrey Author-X-Name-Last: Kent Title: Passion and pride in professional sports: Investigating the role of workplace emotion Abstract: •Emotion has previously been linked to sport in general but not the sport workplace.•A conceptual model of affective influence on organizational outcomes is proposed.•Effects of obsessive passion are distinctively positive in the current context.•Obsessive passion was a stronger predictor than pride for the attitudinal outcomes.The current study examined the influence of passion and pride on employees of professional sport organizations. Anecdotally, much has been noted about the role that emotions play in making the sport industry one of the world’s largest and most visible. However, empirical investigation is lacking in relation to those who choose a career in this environment. Results from an analysis of 933 employee survey responses representing 89 teams across 5 leagues suggest that passion and pride play an important role influencing commonly-assessed workplace attitudes and behaviors. Notably, obsessive passion seems to work in a distinctly positive fashion within professional sport workplaces, as compared to its negative influence on employees within other non-sport industries researched previously. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 352-364 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:352-364 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Calvin Nite Author-X-Name-First: Calvin Author-X-Name-Last: Nite Title: Message framing as institutional maintenance: The National Collegiate Athletic Association’s institutional work of addressing legitimate threats Abstract: •This research examined the institutional maintenance work of a sport organization.•Framing theory was used to examine strategic communication as institutional work.•Framed messages delegitimized the challengers defend institutional arrangements.•Framed messages reified the institutionalized norms of governance.This research examined how a dominant sport organization (the National Collegiate Athletic Association) within an organizational field (U.S. intercollegiate athletics) addressed legitimate threats to its governance through the strategic framing of its public discourse. Through content analysis methods, changes in communication strategies were documented to highlight the National Collegiate Athletic Association’s (NCAA) responses to recent legal challenges to the organization’s rules regulating the compensation of college athletes in the U.S. In this regard, the NCAA first emphasized the harmful effects of potential changes to the institutional script, effectively denigrating the challengers. Then the organization justified its rules and institutional logics before finally re-institutionalizing its standard discourse, which portrayed the NCAA as a progressive organization that safeguards the interests of college athletes. This study provides further insight into how dominant sport organizations formulate defensive narratives to address contestations that may threaten institutional arrangements within a given field. In this regard, this research provides further insight into the process of message framing as institutional maintenance work. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 338-351 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:338-351 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chad Seifried Author-X-Name-First: Chad Author-X-Name-Last: Seifried Author-Name: Matthew Katz Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Katz Author-Name: Patrick Tutka Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Tutka Title: A conceptual model on the process of innovation diffusion through a historical review of the United States Armed Forces and their bowl games Abstract: •Provides a conceptual model on the process of innovation diffusion.•Highlights geography, technology, availability of resources, isomorphism, and degree of seriousness as mediators to the process of innovation diffusion.•Emphasizes the synergy of communication channels, time, and social systems.•Presents geography as both a physical and virtual conception.•Makes use of the historical method and a theoretical sample from 114 football bowl games created by the United States Armed Forces from 1942 through 1967.Due to the interrelated social systems prominent within the organization of sport products and services, the sport industry represents an ideal setting for studying innovation diffusion. This research endeavor extends previous work based on Rogers’ (2003) Diffusion of Innovation Theory and uses an historical research approach as a means to understand what happens beyond the initial point of adoption with respect to the total process of innovation diffusion. Within, the authors offer a number of implications for current managers and scholars of sport through applied history. Historical analysis exploits the United States Armed Forces use of American football games from 1942 through 1967 to propose a nine-point conception model on innovation diffusion. In the model, we emphasize the interaction/synergy of: communication systems; time; and social systems. Moreover, the authors discuss the impact of physical and virtual geography and the interplay between degrees of seriousness, availability of resources, isomorphism, and technology across each stage of the process to emphasize their interactions within subsequent stages as to whether the diffusion process continues. Late adopters can extend the diffusion process through re-invention to offer a more complete theoretical model of the total process of innovation diffusion. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 379-394 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:379-394 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adrien Bouchet Author-X-Name-First: Adrien Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchet Author-Name: Mary Dana Laird Author-X-Name-First: Mary Dana Author-X-Name-Last: Laird Author-Name: Mike Troilo Author-X-Name-First: Mike Author-X-Name-Last: Troilo Author-Name: Michael Hutchinson Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Hutchinson Author-Name: Gerald Ferris Author-X-Name-First: Gerald Author-X-Name-Last: Ferris Title: Effects of increased commitment on reputation and status: Evidence from NCAA Division I universities Abstract: •Reputation and status are critical to sport organizations.•Surveyed 54 NCAA Division I athletic organizations over a thirty year time period.•We find a positive relationship between academic status and university endowment.•Athletic reputation correlates positively and significantly with university endowment.Reputation and status are important concepts for organizations because their various constituencies form perceptions, images, and interpretations that are consequential. We collected data from a sample of 54 universities that changed their NCAA classification during a thirty-year period. As often promised by university administrators, our results suggest that increasing the level of commitment by changing athletic classifications has a direct positive effect on the university’s athletic reputation, academic status, and endowment. We find a positive relationship between academic status and the university endowment, although it is not statistically significant. Athletic reputation correlates positively and significantly with university endowment, but the marginal effect of improving one spot in the Sagarin ratings corresponds to only a $300,000 increase in the endowment. Based on these results, we provide a discussion that offers implications of these findings as well as directions for future research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 395-407 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.11.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.11.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:395-407 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth B. Delia Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth B. Author-X-Name-Last: Delia Title: March sadness: Coping with fan identity threat Abstract: •There is a lack of inquiry into the process undertaken by fans to cope with identity threat.•Using autoethnography, I explore how I (as a fan) coped with a negative occurrence.•I find that I relied exclusively on emotion-focused coping following a negative event.•Through deep contextual inquiry, I find coping is a process, relying on multiple tactics.•I coped until a meaningful positive event occurred, restoring my identity to what it was pre-identity threat.While a majority of team identification studies have focused on the influence of psychological connection on organizational objectives, it is important to also examine the influence of team identification on fans in terms of their well-being. Considering the latter, there has been a relative lack of inquiry into how identified fans cope with identity threat, such as program scandal. In the current study, the author uses autoethnography, an interpretive ethnographic mode of inquiry, to examine her Syracuse University Men’s Basketball fandom and her reaction to sanctions imposed on the program in 2015. In doing so, the author finds that she relied on multiple emotion-focused coping strategies over a one-year period to deal with identity threat until a series of positive team-related events restored her identity. The author also finds that her role identities as fan and scholar frequently conflicted one another. Theoretical, methodological, and managerial implications of the current study are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 408-421 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.11.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.11.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:408-421 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pamela Wicker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Wicker Title: Volunteerism and volunteer management in sport Abstract: •Reflection on existing research from individual, institutional, multi-level, and policy perspectives.•Volunteerism has been widely studied from an individual perspective.•From an institutional perspective, other dimensions of volunteer management than recruitment of volunteers and performance management should be examined.•Future research should consider the multi-level and policy perspectives.•Future studies should focus more on different groups of volunteers (coaches, referees).This article reflects on existing research examining volunteerism and volunteer management in sport from individual, institutional, multi-level, and policy perspectives. The overview reveals that a substantial body of knowledge has been generated, particularly on the individual perspective and, to a lesser extent, on the institutional perspective. Existing studies from the individual perspective have mainly examined antecedents and experiences of volunteers in sport organizations and at sport events, focusing on topics such as motivation, commitment, and satisfaction, while consequences of volunteerism have attracted less research. On the institutional perspective, research efforts have focused on topics such as recruitment and retention of volunteers and performance management. Studies taking a multi-level perspective give indications about how the institutional or community context affects volunteerism and volunteer management. From a policy perspective, research has mainly looked at challenges for volunteerism resulting from policy implementation and the monetary value of voluntary work. The overview also reveals that many studies have examined the mass of volunteers in general or volunteers in leading positions, while other groups of volunteers, such as voluntary coaches and referees, have attracted less research. After reflecting on topics examined and key findings, the article provides suggestions for future research within each perspective, ensuring that all perspectives and groups of volunteers are attended to. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 325-337 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.01.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.01.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:325-337 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Deepak Dhayanithy Author-X-Name-First: Deepak Author-X-Name-Last: Dhayanithy Author-Name: D. Covell Author-X-Name-First: D. Author-X-Name-Last: Covell Author-Name: S. Walker Author-X-Name-First: S. Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Title: Managing Intercollegiate Athletics Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 424-425 Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.03.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.03.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:424-425 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: i-i Issue: 4 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(17)30073-6 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(17)30073-6 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:4:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristine Toohey Author-X-Name-First: Kristine Author-X-Name-Last: Toohey Author-Name: Anthony Beaton Author-X-Name-First: Anthony Author-X-Name-Last: Beaton Title: International cross-sector social partnerships between sport and governments: The World Anti-Doping Agency Abstract: •WADA’s biggest management issues were financial collections and 2007 Presidential elections.•These issues threatened WADA’s internal and external legitimacy.•Legitimacy is key to CSSPs for external and internal reasons.•Geopolitical legitimacy is an important form of pragmatic legitimacy for international CSSPs.This article presents the results of an in-depth case study of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), a global cross-sector social partnership (CSSP) through which governments and sport collaborate to address the social issue of doping in sport. The authors specifically explore how WADA has managed two key issues (securing financial contributions and the 2007 presidential election) using institutional and resource-dependence theories to better understand the question of why and how a sport CSSP responds strategically to its environmental and resource constraints in its precursory, establishment, and continuance phases. In doing so, the authors contribute to the sport management literature by providing new theoretical insights in the context of an international CSSP whose governance model challenges traditional management theories (Selsky & Parker, 2005) and is increasingly relevant in the current era of global management of social issues (Scherer & Palazzo, 2010). Findings suggest that for global CSSPs internal and external legitimacy is imperative through securing moral and geopolitical legitimacy, and there is value in considering resource-dependence and institutional theories as complementary rather than competing frameworks. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 483-496 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.12.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.12.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:483-496 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erik Thibaut Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Thibaut Author-Name: John Eakins Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Eakins Author-Name: Steven Vos Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Vos Author-Name: Jeroen Scheerder Author-X-Name-First: Jeroen Author-X-Name-Last: Scheerder Title: Time and money expenditure in sports participation: The role of income in consuming the most practiced sports activities in Flanders Abstract: •Differences exist between determinants of time versus money expenditure on sports participation.•Income is positively related with time and money expenditure for majority of sports activities.•The income-time-elasticities and income-expenditure-elasticities are relatively high for winter sports, running and tennis.•The income-time-elasticities and income-expenditure-elasticities are relatively low for walking, fitness, horse riding and swimming.Given the recent economic crisis and the risen poverty rates, sports managers need to get insight in the effect of income and other socio-economic determinants on the household time and money that is spent on sports participation. By means of a Tobit regression, this study analyses the magnitude of the income effect for the thirteen most practiced sports by households in Flanders (the Dutch speaking part of Belgium), which are soccer, swimming, dance, cycling, running, fitness, tennis, horse riding, winter sports, martial arts, volleyball, walking and basketball. The results demonstrate that income has a positive effect on both time and money expenditure on sports participation, although differences are found between the 13 sports activities. For example, the effect of income on time and money expenditure is relatively high for sports activities like running and winter sports, while it is lower for other sports such as fitness, horse riding, walking and swimming. Commercial enterprises can use the results of this study to identify which sports to focus on, and how they will organise their segmentation process. For government, the results demonstrate which barriers prevent people from taking part in specific sports activities, based upon which they should evaluate their policy decisions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 455-467 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.12.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.12.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:455-467 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fatih Karanfil Author-X-Name-First: Fatih Author-X-Name-Last: Karanfil Title: An empirical analysis of European football rivalries based on on-field performances Abstract: •Football rivalries in Europe are analyzed from a performance perspective.•Granger causality tests are applied to performance metric data.•Causal relationships hold for only 11 out of 23 rivalries involved in the analysis.•Roots of some rivalries should be searched in other sources than performance.•Suitable incentive schemes should be established to enhance competition.Unlike previous research on the concept of rivalry, the specific focus of this study is on the dynamic relationships between on-field performances of rival clubs. The author analyzes causality structures between league performances of major rival clubs in Europe’s leading divisions in order to assess whether the rivalry between two clubs establishes causality between their performances. The results show that causal relationships hold for less than half of the rivalries, and most of these rivalries involve a success brings success type of dynamic relationship. These findings imply some of the football rivalries in Europe had their roots in other sources than performance, and when devising their strategies, sport managers should take measures to avoid substantial decoupling of team performances from fans’ perceptions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 468-482 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.12.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2016.12.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:468-482 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Masayuki Yoshida Author-X-Name-First: Masayuki Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshida Title: Consumer experience quality: A review and extension of the sport management literature Abstract: •This article presents a conceptual framework of consumer experience quality that draws on multiple theories and bodies of literature.•A series of propositions are offered to understand the role of consumer experience quality in sport consumer decision-making.•The paper also specifies the conditions under which consumer experience quality is more likely to influence attitudinal and behavioral consequences.•This article provides necessary conceptual and theoretical clarity to guide future research.Over the last two decades, the number of studies examining the roles of the core sport product, ancillary services, social interactions among consumers, and relationship marketing programs in the sport context has grown. However, it is also true that these topics have been advanced in many independent research endeavors depending on the touch points (e.g., sport, service, social, and communication encounters) being assessed. To integrate this body of research with sport consumer behavior, the purpose of this conceptual paper, which represents a contribution to the 20th anniversary of Sport Management Review (SMR), is to introduce the construct of consumer experience quality as consisting of four important dimensions – core product, service, social network, and relationship investment quality – into the sport management literature. In order to explain the utility of the proposed construct in the sport context, this article presents an integrative conceptual framework that draws on multiple theories and bodies of literature. A series of propositions are offered to not only understand the role of consumer experience quality in sport consumer decision-making, but also to specify the conditions under which sport consumers are more likely to be satisfied with the core sport product and ancillary services, feel and behave in response to brand-related stimuli, and engage in both transactional and non-transactional behaviors. The paper concludes that future research should be directed at testing the propositions offered in the conceptual framework. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 427-442 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.01.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.01.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:427-442 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Milena M. Parent Author-X-Name-First: Milena M. Author-X-Name-Last: Parent Author-Name: Christian Rouillard Author-X-Name-First: Christian Author-X-Name-Last: Rouillard Author-Name: Michael L. Naraine Author-X-Name-First: Michael L. Author-X-Name-Last: Naraine Title: Network governance of a multi-level, multi-sectoral sport event: Differences in coordinating ties and actors Abstract: •The study examined multi-sectoral event network partner coordination.•Social network analyses of 2010 Olympic Winter Games documents and interviews.•Network actors used eight different types of ties to coordinate their efforts.•Centralized actors are context specific to each level of government.•Empirical demonstration of organizing committee and coordinating bodies’ criticality.To understand how partners within a large, multi-sectoral network coordinated amongst one another, this paper empirically determined stakeholders’ network capital vis-à-vis centrality by focusing on the relationships within the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games. An embedded case study was built using 6382 pages of documents (e.g., meeting minutes, memos, newspaper articles, and annual reports) and 55 interviews, and analyzed using social network analysis. The results revealed actors used eight types of ties in their coordination efforts: collaboration, communication, coordinating bridge, instrumental, legal, regulatory, transactional, internal link, and external link. Also, highly centralized actors were context specific to each level of government, with the organizing committee and federal secretariat emerging as the most critical for coordination efforts. Findings empirically demonstrate the importance of the national/federal government to coordinate multi-sectoral sport event networks. Thus, sport event partners can consider structuring an event’s network administrative organization to fit their differing strategic goals. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 497-509 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.02.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.02.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:497-509 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hanne Vandermeerschen Author-X-Name-First: Hanne Author-X-Name-Last: Vandermeerschen Author-Name: Jeroen Scheerder Author-X-Name-First: Jeroen Author-X-Name-Last: Scheerder Title: Sport managers’ perspectives on poverty and sport: The role of local sport authorities Abstract: •People in poverty are a challenging target group for local sport authorities.•Expertise in sport management does not always imply expertise regarding poverty.•Sport opportunities for people in poverty differ between municipalities.•Cooperation with social sector organisations is of crucial importance.•Local sport managers need to be strengthened in their role as facilitator.Poverty and social exclusion are ‘wicked issues’ and require a joint approach from a wide array of policy fields. As practicing sport has become a customary activity, it has a part to play in fighting social exclusion. But to what extent is this a realistic expectation? Drawing on qualitative data gathered from semi-structured interviews at twenty local sport authorities in Flanders (Belgium), the aim of this study is to gain insight in the experiences of local sport authorities with people in poverty, and to identify barriers and facilitators for investing in the inclusion of this social group. Results indicate that facilitating inclusion for people in poverty is a challenging task for local sport managers. Policy initiatives, if any, often remain limited to providing financial discounts. Only a minority of local sport managers reported more comprehensive policies, involving different strategies. A major problem is the limited understanding and expertise of local sport managers with regard to poverty. Therefore, cooperation between sport managers and organisations from the social sector is crucial. Recommendations as to how the role of local sport authorities as a facilitator of social inclusion can be strengthened are formulated. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 510-521 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.02.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.02.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:510-521 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Per G. Svensson Author-X-Name-First: Per G. Author-X-Name-Last: Svensson Title: Organizational hybridity: A conceptualization of how sport for development and peace organizations respond to divergent institutional demands Abstract: An abundance of institutional logics is associated with the area of Sport for Development and Peace (SDP). Unfortunately, the ways in which SDP entities respond to conflicting institutional demands has received little scholarly attention. Therefore, the author examines the concept of organizational hybridity and its applicability in SDP. The divergent nature between institutional logics allow for organizational actors to reconfigure elements into new creative hybrid arrangements. Drawing on relevant literature from related disciplines, the author identifies and examines four theoretical types of hybrids in the SDP context: differentiated, symbolic, integrated, and dysfunctional. The internal dynamics and managerial implications associated with each hybrid type are further examined. In addition, a research agenda for how future scholarship can draw on this concept to generate new knowledge of these types of sport organizations is also outlined. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 443-454 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.03.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.03.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:443-454 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Gerke Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Gerke Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Author-Name: Pamm Philipps Author-X-Name-First: Pamm Author-X-Name-Last: Philipps Author-Name: Adam Karg Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Karg Author-Name: Katie Rowe Author-X-Name-First: Katie Author-X-Name-Last: Rowe Title: Sport Management in Australia. An Organisational Overview Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 537-538 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.06.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.06.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:537-538 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shane Gibson Author-X-Name-First: Shane Author-X-Name-Last: Gibson Author-Name: Matthew T. Bowers Author-X-Name-First: Matthew T. Author-X-Name-Last: Bowers Author-Name: Marlene A. Dixon Author-X-Name-First: Marlene A. Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Title: Sport Management: An Exploration of the Field and its Value Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 535-536 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:535-536 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michele Cox Author-X-Name-First: Michele Author-X-Name-Last: Cox Author-Name: Geoff Dickson Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Dickson Author-Name: Barbara Cox Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Author-X-Name-Last: Cox Title: Lifting the veil on allowing headscarves in football: A co-constructed and analytical autoethnography Abstract: •We provide the first analytical, co-constructed autoethnography in sport management.•We provide the first autoethnography written by a sport management executive.•We identify a number of micropolitical exchange processes.In this article, the authors provide an analytical, co-constructed autoethnography of the first author's efforts to change Law Four of the Laws of Football. Law Four did not allow players to wear clothing or equipment that was dangerous or made any political, religious, or personal statement. The contentious issue was head coverings, and more specifically, the headscarf, an article of female clothing common to hijab within Muslim communities. The co-constructed approach required the first author to write her story. The co-authors role was to probe the emerging narrative, using related theory. Underpinned by an interest in micropolitical exchange process within a multi-level governance structure, the first author's experiences showcase passive resistance, rhetoric, problem framing, expert knowledge, insider knowledge, coalition building, and punishment by exclusion. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 522-534 Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:522-534 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: i-i Issue: 5 Volume: 20 Year: 2017 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(17)30155-9 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(17)30155-9 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:20:y:2017:i:5:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bob Heere Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Heere Title: Embracing the sportification of society: Defining e-sports through a polymorphic view on sport Abstract: •E-sports are a manifestation of sportification.•Sportification means to view, organize, or regulate a non-sport activity in such a way that it resembles a sport and allows a fair, pleasurable, and safe environment for individuals to compete and cooperate.•Sportification should allow competitors to compare their performances to each other, and future and past performances.•Sportification might occur by adding a sport component to an existing activity in order to make it more attractive to its audiences.•The negative and positive effects of e-sports need to be examined with the sport management discipline.In this paper, the author argues that, regardless of whether e-sports qualify as sports, they should be examined in sport management because they are a manifestation of sportification. Sportification means to either: (a) view, organize, or regulate a non-sport activity in such a way that it resembles a sport and allows a fair, pleasurable, and safe environment for individuals to compete and cooperate, and compare their performances to each other, and future and past performances; or (b) add a sport component to an existing activity in order to make it more attractive to its audiences. As the sport industry itself is embracing e-sports as a sport, scholars should embrace e-sports as a manifestation of sportification and examine their negative and positive effect on our industry. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 21-24 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:21-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wonseok (Eric) Jang Author-X-Name-First: Wonseok (Eric) Author-X-Name-Last: Jang Author-Name: Daniel L. Wann Author-X-Name-First: Daniel L. Author-X-Name-Last: Wann Author-Name: Yong Jae Ko Author-X-Name-First: Yong Jae Author-X-Name-Last: Ko Title: Influence of team identification, game outcome, and game process on sport consumers’ happiness Abstract: •The current study examined the effects of sport spectatorship on happiness.•Team identification had a significant impact on spectators’ happiness.•Both game outcome and process had a significant impact on spectators’ happiness.The purpose of the study is to examine the relative effects of game process (i.e., boring versus exciting) and outcome (i.e., losing versus winning) on sport consumers’ happiness depending on their level of team identification. The authors investigated how sport consumers’ levels of happiness are different after recalling (Study 1) and imagining (Study 2) a game when the positivity of the game process and the outcome contradict each other. Results indicate that sport consumers with high team identification exhibited greater degrees of happiness after recalling and imagining a boring win game compared to an exciting loss game. Meanwhile, sport consumers with low team identification exhibited similar degrees of happiness between a boring win game and an exciting loss game. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 63-71 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.03.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.03.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:63-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dawn E. Trussell Author-X-Name-First: Dawn E. Author-X-Name-Last: Trussell Author-Name: Laura Kovac Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Kovac Author-Name: Jen Apgar Author-X-Name-First: Jen Author-X-Name-Last: Apgar Title: LGBTQ parents’ experiences of community youth sport: Change your forms, change your (hetero) norms Abstract: •LGBTQ parents anticipated homophobia, yet found accepting youth sport communities.•LGBTQ parents’ faced heteronormative assumptions within community youth sport.•LGBTQ parents advocated for inclusive language and program design in community youth sport.•LGBTQ parents found youth sport organisations were receptive to calls for inclusion.This interpretive study sought to critically examine lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ) parents’ experiences of community organized youth sport. Using a constant comparative method of data analysis, the authors examined perspectives of participants from Australia, Canada, and the United States. Three emergent themes best reflected the parents’ experiences: (a) anticipating sexual stigma and finding accepting communities; (b) confronting assumptions of heterosexuality; and (c) educating but not flag waving. Emphasis is placed on the parents intersecting social identities and notions of privilege (e.g., socio-economic resources and the ability to live in socially progressive areas), and how it altered their experiences within the community youth sport context. The findings call attention to the responsibility of youth sport organisations to create a climate of social change through inclusive language, behaviours, and program design. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 51-62 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.03.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.03.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:51-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ruth Jeanes Author-X-Name-First: Ruth Author-X-Name-Last: Jeanes Author-Name: Ramón Spaaij Author-X-Name-First: Ramón Author-X-Name-Last: Spaaij Author-Name: Jonathan Magee Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Magee Author-Name: Karen Farquharson Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Farquharson Author-Name: Sean Gorman Author-X-Name-First: Sean Author-X-Name-Last: Gorman Author-Name: Dean Lusher Author-X-Name-First: Dean Author-X-Name-Last: Lusher Title: ‘Yes we are inclusive’: Examining provision for young people with disabilities in community sport clubs Abstract: •The enactment of inclusion policies is driven by key champions of disability provision within community sport.•Enactment of inclusion policies is influenced by a complex array of factors internal and external to clubs.•Young people with disabilities generally remain segregated within community sport.•Clubs have contradictory understandings of inclusion.The last two decades within Australia have witnessed a range of policies and strategies seeking to promote the inclusion of young people with disabilities within mainstream community sport clubs. Whilst research at an institutional level has highlighted the problems with mainstreaming agendas, few studies have examined how grassroots clubs, as key components of the supply side of inclusive provision seek to respond to such policy imperatives. In this paper, therefore, the authors provide a critical analysis of the ways in which clubs engage with inclusion policies in practice. Theoretically, the authors draw on the concept of policy enactment and educational inclusivity. Through analysis of semi-structured interviews with club volunteers, the findings illustrate three key areas. Firstly, the importance of individual volunteers in establishing and developing provision within clubs; secondly, the largely separatist nature of disability provision within clubs; and thirdly, that policies tend to encourage club to focus on narrow forms of participation that lead to competitive pathways and mirror the structure of mainstream sport. In the conclusion, the authors problematize the notion of inclusion presented in policy and practice, suggesting such imperatives do not encourage a holistic approach. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 38-50 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.04.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.04.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:38-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Colin J. Deal Author-X-Name-First: Colin J. Author-X-Name-Last: Deal Author-Name: Kurtis Pankow Author-X-Name-First: Kurtis Author-X-Name-Last: Pankow Author-Name: Theo A. Chu Author-X-Name-First: Theo A. Author-X-Name-Last: Chu Author-Name: Shannon R. Pynn Author-X-Name-First: Shannon R. Author-X-Name-Last: Pynn Author-Name: Christine L. Smyth Author-X-Name-First: Christine L. Author-X-Name-Last: Smyth Author-Name: Nicholas L. Holt Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas L. Author-X-Name-Last: Holt Title: A mixed methods analysis of disciplinary incidents in men’s soccer Abstract: •Reports the frequency of disciplinary incidents towards officials in amateur sport.•Disciplinary incidents occurred most frequently in the lower tiers of competition.•Disciplinary incidents are influenced by factors across several ecological levels.•Stakeholders’ lack of knowledge of the laws led to confrontation with officials.•Aspects of the disciplinary procedure may be modifiable to reduce future incidents.The purposes of this study were to (a) document the frequency and types of disciplinary incidents directed toward men’s soccer referees and (b) examine stakeholders’ perceptions of factors that contributed to such incidents. A two phase sequential mixed methods approach was used. In phase one, a provincial soccer organization’s disciplinary files from 2010 to 2015 were subjected to a document analysis. Descriptive statistics for frequency and type of incident over time were calculated. In phase two, individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 players, 9 referees, and 3 disciplinary committee members. Results from the document analysis showed that 98 incidents were reported over the five-year period, with the most incidents occurring in 2015. Incidents occurred more frequently in indoor versus outdoor soccer, and the highest number of incidents was reported at the lowest competitive tiers of play. Qualitative data showed that factors at different levels of social ecology contributed to the occurrence of incidents. Microsystem level factors, which appeared to directly contribute to the occurrence of incidents, were players’ and coaches’ lack of knowledge, coaches’ attitudes, physical environment (indoor versus outdoor soccer), inconsistent refereeing, referees’ communication, number of officials, and importance of game (score, stage of season). At a broader exosystem level, the training and mentoring of referees, rule changes, and the disciplinary procedure were associated with incidents. At the macrosystem level, cultural background and discrimination were distally associated with incidents. These findings provide information that may be used by sport organizations to inform educational efforts to reduce disciplinary incidents. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 72-85 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.04.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.04.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:72-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kurumi Aizawa Author-X-Name-First: Kurumi Author-X-Name-Last: Aizawa Author-Name: Ji Wu Author-X-Name-First: Ji Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Yuhei Inoue Author-X-Name-First: Yuhei Author-X-Name-Last: Inoue Author-Name: Mikihiro Sato Author-X-Name-First: Mikihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Long-term impact of the Tokyo 1964 Olympic Games on sport participation: A cohort analysis Abstract: •Elderly Japanese showed a unique trend of sport participation.•Our framework described the impacts of the Olympic Games on sport participation.•Japanese who were youth in 1964 participated in sport more than other generations.•The shared experience of the Olympic Games may influence sport participation.•Our findings implied the long-term impact of the Olympic Games.The sport participation rate has been shown to decrease with age in many countries. In Japan, however, the elderly sport participation rate has increased over the last decade and is the highest among all Japanese. This study investigated whether the cohort effect generated by the shared experience of hosting the Tokyo 1964 Olympic Games during their youth can explain the increased sport participation of elderly Japanese. Data from the Japanese National Sport-Life Survey over 20 years were analyzed through regression analysis. The results show that, after controlling for demographics and other determinants of sport participation, individuals who experienced the Tokyo 1964 Olympic Games participated in sport more frequently than other generations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 86-97 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.05.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.05.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:86-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ramón Spaaij Author-X-Name-First: Ramón Author-X-Name-Last: Spaaij Author-Name: Nico Schulenkorf Author-X-Name-First: Nico Author-X-Name-Last: Schulenkorf Author-Name: Ruth Jeanes Author-X-Name-First: Ruth Author-X-Name-Last: Jeanes Author-Name: Sarah Oxford Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Oxford Title: Participatory research in sport-for-development: Complexities, experiences and (missed) opportunities Abstract: •We offer a framework for participatory research in sport-for-development (SfD).•The structures of authority that influence participatory research are addressed.•We bring together more than a decade of primary research across different countries.•We discuss specific and practical examples of participatory research in SfD.•We provide suggestions for future research, policy and practice in the field of SfD.In this paper, the authors examine how participatory research can be conceptualized and fostered in sport-for-development (SfD). The authors offer a conceptualization of participatory research that centers on the interplay between three dimensions: participation, power, and reflexivity. Drawing on variegated experiences with SfD research across different geographical locations, the authors scrutinize the conceptual and empirical linkages between these dimensions, and how these linkages are influenced by structures of authority. Findings suggest that most SfD research falls short with regard to the critical challenge of embracing and delivering high degrees of participation, power shifting, and reflexivity. More specifically, SfD researchers typically fail to relinquish power and control over the research process. The SfD research community would likely benefit from greater inclusivity and collaboration when designing creative ways to improve this state of affairs. The authors conclude by reflecting on the implications and by suggesting ways to promote participatory and activist research in SfD contexts. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 25-37 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.05.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.05.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:25-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Author-Name: Anthony D. Pizzo Author-X-Name-First: Anthony D. Author-X-Name-Last: Pizzo Author-Name: Bradley J. Baker Author-X-Name-First: Bradley J. Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Title: eSport management: Embracing eSport education and research opportunities Abstract: •eSport, organized video game competitions, is increasingly recognized as sport.•eSport’s structure, organization, and institutionalization qualify the activity as sport.•eSport represents a novel area for sport management research, education, and practice.•Expertise from sport management can inform emerging dilemmas facing eSport.•Organized eSport events and competitions should remain within sport management.Consumer demand for eSport and the growth of organized video game competitions has generated considerable attention from the sport, event, and entertainment industries. eSport therefore represents a novel and popular area for sport management academics to conduct research, educate students, and service industry. However, despite growth and acceptance by consumers and practitioners, academics debate eSport’s position within the domain of sport management, their debates largely concentrated around the question of whether eSport can be classified as sport. In this article, the authors argue for the inclusion of organized eSport events and competitions within sport management vis-à-vis eSport’s meeting certain defining criteria of sport in general. eSport’s connection to traditional sport and defining characteristics are addressed to support eSport’s role as a sport entertainment product recognized by industry as representing a substantial growth opportunity for sport and related organizations. As eSport continues to evolve, practitioners face managerial challenges that are similar to those in traditional sport, particularly in areas of governance and diversity. Sport management academics should embrace the potential of eSport in order to examine this evolution and provide guidance to industry through education and research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 7-13 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:7-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Deepak Dhayanithy Author-X-Name-First: Deepak Author-X-Name-Last: Dhayanithy Author-Name: Trish Bradbury Author-X-Name-First: Trish Author-X-Name-Last: Bradbury Author-Name: Ian O’Boyle Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: O’Boyle Title: Understanding Sport Management: International Perspectives Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 98-99 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:98-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kirstin Hallmann Author-X-Name-First: Kirstin Author-X-Name-Last: Hallmann Author-Name: Thomas Giel Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Giel Title: eSports – Competitive sports or recreational activity? Abstract: •Reflecting whether eSports can be considered as a sport.•eSports lack core physical activity elements and organisational structures.•Some acknowledged sports also lack physical activity elements.•There is a lot of potential for marketers within the eSports business.•Staging experiences might be in particular useful for marketers.eSports is growing around the globe, with more and more individuals are engaged as players or spectators. In this paper, the authors reflect on whether eSports can be considered as sport based on evaluating five characteristics of sport and assessing them for eSports. Currently, eSports are not a sport but there is the potential that eSports will become a sport. Different opportunities how marketers and managers can attend to eSports are outlined. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 14-20 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.011 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:14-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: George B. Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: George B. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Author-Name: Sheranne Fairley Author-X-Name-First: Sheranne Author-X-Name-Last: Fairley Author-Name: Lesley Ferkins Author-X-Name-First: Lesley Author-X-Name-Last: Ferkins Author-Name: Shannon Kerwin Author-X-Name-First: Shannon Author-X-Name-Last: Kerwin Author-Name: Daniel Lock Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lock Author-Name: Sally Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Author-Name: Pamela Wicker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Wicker Title: eSport: Construct specifications and implications for sport management Abstract: The purpose of this article is to add to the conceptual discussion on eSport, analyze the role of eSport within sport management, and suggest avenues for future eSport research. The authors suggest that debates surround the degree to which eSport represents formal sport, and disagreements likely stem from conceptualizations of sport and context. Irrespective of one’s notion of eSport as formal sport, the authors suggest the topic has a place in sport management scholarship and discourse. Such a position is consistent with the broad view of sport adopted by Sport Management Review, the perspective that eSport represents a form of sportification, and the association among eSport and various outcomes, including physical and psychological health, social well-being, sport consumption outcomes, and diversity and inclusion. Finally, the authors conclude that eSport scholarship can advance through the study of its governance, marketing, and management as well as by theorizing about eSport. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-6 Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.11.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.11.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:1-6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Editorial board Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: i-i Issue: 1 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(17)30173-0 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(17)30173-0 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:1:p:i-i Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lane T. Wakefield Author-X-Name-First: Lane T. Author-X-Name-Last: Wakefield Author-Name: Gregg Bennett Author-X-Name-First: Gregg Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett Title: Sports fan experience: Electronic word-of-mouth in ephemeral social media Abstract: •Experimental study shows the effects of a positive fan experience on eWOM creation.•Ephemeral social media allows fans to send self-deleting messages.•Fans use this control to share messages for longer or shorter periods of time.•Experience and audience size alter the time availability of messages.Fans consuming sporting events commonly use social media to spread electronic-word-of-mouth (eWOM) related to their experiences. Ephemeral social media, an emerging form of social media that auto-deletes content after a prescribed time, allows fans to have greater control over their messages than ever before. The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate factors leading fans to lengthen or shorten the lifespan of their social media content. A nationwide panel (N = 242) created social media content in a controlled setting in which the fan experience and audience size were manipulated. Results suggest fans having a positive experience or who were broadcasting to a large audience were likely to share their content for a longer period of time. In contrast, fans having other than positive experiences, sharing with a small audience, or displaying greater team identification wished to limit the availability of their content. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 147-159 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.06.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.06.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:147-159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuhei Inoue Author-X-Name-First: Yuhei Author-X-Name-Last: Inoue Author-Name: Caroline Heffernan Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Heffernan Author-Name: Taku Yamaguchi Author-X-Name-First: Taku Author-X-Name-Last: Yamaguchi Author-Name: Kevin Filo Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Filo Title: Social and charitable impacts of a charity-affiliated sport event: A mixed methods study Abstract: •Social and charitable impacts of a charity-affiliated sport event were examined.•Interviews and surveys were conducted with host community residents.•Social impacts refer to promoting social capital, collective pride, and health.•Charitable impacts entail empathy for cause and informational and tangible support.•Empathy for cause had the strongest association with social impacts.In this mixed methods research, the authors examine a unique type of small-scale event – a charity-affiliated sport event – and define and measure its social and charitable impacts as perceived by residents. Findings from interviews (N = 37) and surveys (N = 459) with residents indicated that the event’s social impacts can be defined by its capacity to develop social capital, enhance collective identity and pride, and promote sport, health, and well-being. Three types of charitable impacts also emerged, including empathy for cause, informational support, and tangible support. Of them, empathy for cause, which addresses a central social issue in the host community, had the strongest association with residents’ perceptions of social impacts. These results provide evidence of a variety of positive impacts that a charity-affiliated sport event has on a community, which can be used to bolster appeals for corporate sponsorship and government support to assist in event delivery. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 202-218 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.06.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.06.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:202-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mathew Dowling Author-X-Name-First: Mathew Author-X-Name-Last: Dowling Author-Name: Phil Brown Author-X-Name-First: Phil Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: David Legg Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Legg Author-Name: Aaron Beacom Author-X-Name-First: Aaron Author-X-Name-Last: Beacom Title: Living with imperfect comparisons: The challenges and limitations of comparative paralympic sport policy research Abstract: •Reviews contemporary comparative sport policy scholarship.•Identifies philosophical, methodological and practical challenges and limitations of comparative research.•Demonstrates how these challenges and limitations are reflected in the sport management/policy literature.•Establishes a frame of reference for future comparative sport policy research within the Paralympic domain.In this article, the authors explores the challenges and limitations of conducting cross-comparative management/policy research in the Paralympic sporting domain. The comparative sport policy debate in able-bodied sport has emerged, in part, due to the increasing complexity, uncertainty, and competitive nature of high performance sport environments and a desire to understand why some countries are more successful than others at international sporting competition. The same issues and questions have also emerged within the Paralympic context. As a precursor to establishing a research agenda in this area, however, it was deemed important to begin to address the epistemological, methodological, and practical issues in comparative sport research. The analysis draws upon the broader sociological literature and examples from the Paralympic sporting context to identify and discuss the challenges and limitations of the comparative approach as well as recommendations for mitigating against them. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 101-113 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.05.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.05.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:101-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ashley Stadler Blank Author-X-Name-First: Ashley Author-X-Name-Last: Stadler Blank Author-Name: Joerg Koenigstorfer Author-X-Name-First: Joerg Author-X-Name-Last: Koenigstorfer Author-Name: Hans Baumgartner Author-X-Name-First: Hans Author-X-Name-Last: Baumgartner Title: Sport team personality: It’s not all about winning! Abstract: •We develop and validate the Sport Team Personality Scale (STPS).•We explore both first- and second-order factors.•First-order factors: success, talent, entertainment, dedication, admiration, care.•Second-order factors: performance, character.•The character factor is a more important source of team identification.As there is still no commonly accepted scale to measure the brand personality of sport teams, the purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Sport Team Personality Scale (STPS) in a professional sport context. The authors conducted a series of studies in the United States and United Kingdom with fans of the English Premier League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Football League, and the National Hockey League. The STPS contains 18 items that load onto six factors: success, talent, entertainment, dedication, admiration, and care. The authors compared this new scale with existing sport team personality scales and used it to explore team identification and perceptual similarities and differences among teams. Results indicate that teams map along performance (i.e., success and talent) and character (i.e., admiration and care) factors and that the character factor is a more important source of team identification than the performance factor. Taken together, these results illustrate how the STPS can help sport managers position and differentiate teams within a league to improve marketing outcomes. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 114-132 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.05.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.05.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:114-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Gerke Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Gerke Author-Name: Kathy Babiak Author-X-Name-First: Kathy Author-X-Name-Last: Babiak Author-Name: Geoff Dickson Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Dickson Author-Name: Michel Desbordes Author-X-Name-First: Michel Author-X-Name-Last: Desbordes Title: Developmental processes and motivations for linkages in cross-sectoral sport clusters Abstract: •Sport clusters connect for-profit, non-profit, public, and governing organisations.•Interorganisational relationships tend to be formal and networks informal.•Linkages tend to develop in a circular process with four stages.•Reciprocity is the prevalent motive to create or join interorganisational linkages.Interorganisational linkages are a widely studied topic in sport management. However, most researchers focus on public or non-profit organisations and analyse one focal organisation rather than a network of interrelated organisations. The purpose of this study was to address both of these shortcomings by investigating interorganisational linkages in sport clusters, a type of cross-sectoral network. The authors address three main questions: (a) what is the nature of interorganisational linkages in sport clusters; (b) how do linkages in sport clusters develop; and (c) what are the organisational motivations for creating or joining linkages in sport clusters? A multiple case study approach explores two sailing clusters in France and New Zealand. Results show that interorganisational relationships tend to be formalised, while interorganisational networks tend to be informal. A circular development process from formal relationships to formal networks via informal relationships and networks was detected. Reciprocity is the most prevalent motive for the development of all types of interorganisational linkages. This research contributes to sport management practice by showcasing the potential multitude and variety of interorganisational linkages in a cross-sectoral sport context which are foundations for cooperation and collaboration. The theoretical contribution lies in the conceptualising of the IOR development process and different motivational patterns as antecedents. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 133-146 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.05.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.05.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:133-146 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jon Welty Peachey Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Welty Peachey Author-Name: Adam Cohen Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Cohen Author-Name: Nari Shin Author-X-Name-First: Nari Author-X-Name-Last: Shin Author-Name: Bruno Fusaro Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Author-X-Name-Last: Fusaro Title: Challenges and strategies of building and sustaining inter-organizational partnerships in sport for development and peace Abstract: •Examined challenges and strategies in sport for development and peace partnerships.•Key challenges included competition for resources, power relations, mission drift.•Key strategies included building relationships, treating partnership as business.•Several unique challenges and strategies to the SDP field were identified.•Theoretical extensions to sport for development and peace partnerships illuminated.While sport management scholars have explored inter-organizational partnerships and their associated challenges, they have devoted less attention to inter-organizational partnership development and sustainability in sport for development and peace (SDP), particularly across a wide range of organizations with varied missions and foci. Hence, the purpose of this qualitative study was to examine challenges faced by SDP organizations when forming and sustaining inter-organizational partnerships across contexts and partnership types, and to uncover strategies they have employed to overcome these challenges. Common challenges encountered across 29 SDP organizations included competition for resources, skepticism of sport as a development tool, unequal power relations, misaligned goals and mission drift, and implementation issues. Strategies included focusing on building relationships and networks, demonstrating benefits to partner, starting small then diversifying, keeping focused on mission and goals, involving partner, and treating the partnership as a business relationship. Theoretical extensions and practical implications are discussed, along with directions for future research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 160-175 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.06.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.06.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:160-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Katz Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Katz Author-Name: Rose Marie Ward Author-X-Name-First: Rose Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Ward Author-Name: Bob Heere Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Heere Title: Explaining attendance through the brand community triad: Integrating network theory and team identification Abstract: •This study combined team identification and network centrality to explain attendance.•Used a multidimensional measure of team identification and an ego network approach.•Created a structural equation model to explain attendance.•Highlighted the need to include fan-to-fan relationships in the study of sport fan behaviour.In this study, the authors empirically test a model of sport behaviour that integrates both team identification and a network theory approach to understand attendance at intercollegiate ice hockey games. Grounded within the brand community triad, ego network data were collected among attendees to measure the fan-to-fan connections that constitute the horizontal relationships of brand community participants. Additionally, a multidimensional team identification measure was used to illustrate the vertical relationship between individual and team. Both measures were included in a structural equation model to test how both fan-to-fan and fan-team relationships explain attendance. The results from the model support the salience of both dimensions of the brand community triad, suggesting that understanding sport fan behaviour necessitates including both psychological and structural elements of behaviour. Future suggestions for extending the study of sport fans through structural networks are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 176-188 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.06.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.06.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:176-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryan P. Terry Author-X-Name-First: Ryan P. Author-X-Name-Last: Terry Author-Name: Jeffrey E. McGee Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey E. Author-X-Name-Last: McGee Author-Name: Malcolm J. Kass Author-X-Name-First: Malcolm J. Author-X-Name-Last: Kass Title: The not-so-free agent: Non-performance factors that contribute to free agent compensation premiums Abstract: •Considered non-performance factors that contribute to free agent compensation.•Free agents benefit from previously playing on a successful and visible team.•Free agents enjoy greater compensation when they draw interest from multiple teams.•Compensation premiums are awarded to free agents by teams that are in playoff contention and possess relatively more financial resources.In this study, the authors examine Major League Baseball free agency to identify whether certain factors beyond a player’s on-field performance contribute to contract premiums. These premiums are considered to be the difference between the compensation a player receives in free agency and the marginal revenue product (MRPt-1) in their contract year. Using 345 free agent transactions over a four-year period (2012–2015), the authors examine the relationships between potential free agent contract premiums and the attributes of a player’s previous team, as well as how contract premiums may be influenced by the level of interest from other teams and certain facets of the acquiring teams. Results suggest that free agents tend to receive compensation premiums when they played for a successful team during their contract year. Playing for a large-market team during their contract year also influenced contract premiums. In addition, free agents tended to realize compensations premiums when multiple teams were bidding for their services, the acquiring teams were in playoff contention the prior year, and the acquiring teams possessed relatively more financial resources. Findings shed additional light on how factors peripheral to a player’s on-field performance may influence the free agency market. Recommendations include that effective control mechanisms are necessary to ensure free agent compensation is commensurate with the value of the player. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 189-201 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.06.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.06.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:189-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Hammond Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Hammond Author-Name: Simon Darcy Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Darcy Author-Name: Stephen Frawley Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Frawley Author-Name: Daryl Adair Author-X-Name-First: Daryl Author-X-Name-Last: Adair Title: Managing the Paralympics Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 219-220 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.012 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:219-220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 2 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(18)30109-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(18)30109-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sheranne Fairley Author-X-Name-First: Sheranne Author-X-Name-Last: Fairley Author-Name: Danny O’Brien Author-X-Name-First: Danny Author-X-Name-Last: O’Brien Title: Accumulating subcultural capital through sport event participation: The AFL International Cup Abstract: •National representation provides a deeper sense of attachment with the sport.•Liminal space led to meeting people from other countries with shared interest in AFL.•Engaging with the sport subculture led to a deeper sense of engagement with the AFL.•Sense of authenticity was felt through playing regulation matches in the home country.•Deeper subcultural connection creates potential for sport advocacy in home countries.In this study, the authors use participant interviews to examine how participating in an international event enabled the accumulation of subcultural capital. The authors conducted interviews with players (N = 9) in the Australian Football League (AFL) International Cup from Canada, USA, New Zealand, and Ireland. The AFL International Cup created a liminal state offering individuals with opportunities for: (a) national representation; (b) international competition and comparison; (c) cross-cultural learning and interaction; (d) sport subcultural engagement; and, (d) authentic game experiences. The resulting experience enabled participants a deeper connection with the sport subculture, which created the potential for sport advocacy in their home countries. Results will assist international sport event hosts in creating meaningful participant experiences that facilitate deeper personal attachments to the sporting subculture. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 321-332 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:3:p:321-332 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: James Andrew Kenyon Author-X-Name-First: James Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Kenyon Author-Name: Guillaume Bodet Author-X-Name-First: Guillaume Author-X-Name-Last: Bodet Title: Exploring the domestic relationship between mega-events and destination image: The image impact of hosting the 2012 Olympic Games for the city of London Abstract: •London managers and stakeholders aimed leverage the 2012 Olympics to improve the image of the city.•London’s image contains some stable cognitive and affective image components.•However, attitudes towards the city were negatively impacted pre-to-post-event.•The image of the 2012 Games improved considerably following the event.•There was no evidence of co-branding between the place and event.Contemporarily, the hosting of mega-sport-events (MSEs) is one of several strategies used by cities and governments to bring about improvements in a place’s image and recognition. With that in mind, the overall aim of this study, underpinned by theoretical-methodological social representation theory, was to evaluate the domestic image impact of hosting the 2012 Summer Olympic Games for the city of London, and in doing so, whether any image-transfer (or co-branding) processes occurred between the place and event. In addition to adding to the emergent body of work aimed at using social representation theory to measure place image, the authors are among the first to employ a matched-sample research approach to measuring the impact of an MSE on the domestic perceptions of the host. Employing an abductive research strategy, a survey was carried out among the domestic English population (n = 156) to identify cognitive and affective image components, in the form of social representations, of London as a city (or its place brand), the Olympics as a MSE, and the 2012 Games as a one-off event. The content and the structure of the pre-and post-event social representations were established (using image elements cited by at least 15% of the respondents), analysed (using hierarchical cluster analysis) and then compared (within- and between items) to determine whether any changes or image transfer occurred. The findings of this research reveal that the pre-event concerns regarding the hosting of the London 2012 Olympics and the potential of the event to negatively impact the city’s pre-established image, were, to a degree, fulfilled. Conversely, from an event perspective, respondents perceived the Olympics as a somewhat successful enterprise. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 232-249 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:3:p:232-249 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jerónimo García-Fernández Author-X-Name-First: Jerónimo Author-X-Name-Last: García-Fernández Author-Name: Pablo Gálvez-Ruíz Author-X-Name-First: Pablo Author-X-Name-Last: Gálvez-Ruíz Author-Name: Jesús Fernández-Gavira Author-X-Name-First: Jesús Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández-Gavira Author-Name: Luisa Vélez-Colón Author-X-Name-First: Luisa Author-X-Name-Last: Vélez-Colón Author-Name: Brenda Pitts Author-X-Name-First: Brenda Author-X-Name-Last: Pitts Author-Name: Ainara Bernal-García Author-X-Name-First: Ainara Author-X-Name-Last: Bernal-García Title: The effects of service convenience and perceived quality on perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty in low-cost fitness centers Abstract: •This study contributes to the fitness low-cost business model.•The presented model includes service convenience, perceived quality and value.•Service convenience and perceived quality are influential to customers’ satisfaction and future intention.•Managers should guarantee high quality standards and diminish the perception of time and effort in low-cost fitness services.Due to its importance in fitness centers, a number of authors have explored and analyzed loyalty. However, two characteristics not yet examined are service convenience in fitness center chains and low-cost fitness centers (an emerging business model). In the present study, the authors sought to understand the relationship among perceived quality and service convenience on perceived value, satisfaction, and client loyalty in low-cost fitness centers. Clients (N = 763; 381 women and 382 men) from three low-cost Spanish fitness centers were surveyed, revealing a positive relationship among the variables studied. Findings demonstrate the importance of proper management of non-monetary sacrifices and perceived quality by the managers of these sport organizations, since client loyalty could depend on factors of these emerging sport models. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 250-262 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:3:p:250-262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Hutchinson Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Hutchinson Author-Name: Brennan K. Berg Author-X-Name-First: Brennan K. Author-X-Name-Last: Berg Author-Name: Timothy B. Kellison Author-X-Name-First: Timothy B. Author-X-Name-Last: Kellison Title: Political activity in escalation of commitment: Sport facility funding and government decision making in the United States Abstract: •The purpose of this study was to investigate the role and impact of political action in EoC.•Political action is essential in EoC with decisions involving multiple stakeholder groups.•Political action influences and interacts with each EoC determinant.•Support, resources, power, and influence play substantial roles in efforts to increase and prevent EoC.•Several spillover effects result from use of political activity in EoC.In the United States, the decision to commit extensive public resources to sport facilities is a contentious topic of debate. Elected officials often commit substantial public resources to sport facility projects amidst contrary empirical evidence and mixed residential approval. This behavior not only implicates the presence of political activity to advance a course of action, but also suggests an escalation of commitment (EoC), the subject of this study. The authors implemented a collective case study approach to examine three municipalities with long-standing histories of subsidizing professional sport facilities. Data collected from influential elected officials and public leaders (N = 13) as well as documents and records revealed (a) political action to be essential in EoC with decisions involving multiple stakeholder groups; (b) the influence and interaction of political action within each EoC determinant; (c) the substantial role of support, resources, power, and influence in efforts to increase and prevent commitment to a failing course of action; and (d) noticeable spillover effects from use of political activity in EoC. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 263-278 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:3:p:263-278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gareth J. Jones Author-X-Name-First: Gareth J. Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Michael B. Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Michael B. Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Author-Name: Jason N. Bocarro Author-X-Name-First: Jason N. Author-X-Name-Last: Bocarro Author-Name: Kyle S. Bunds Author-X-Name-First: Kyle S. Author-X-Name-Last: Bunds Author-Name: Jordan W. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Jordan W. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Leveraging community sport organizations to promote community capacity: Strategic outcomes, challenges, and theoretical considerations Abstract: •Provides an empirical investigation of community capacity building through sport.•Strategies were effective at building local skills, knowledge, and social relations.•Redundant social ties hindered several community capacity building strategies.•Limited organizational capacity influenced ability to promote community capacity.Community sport organizations (CSOs) provide valuable contexts for promoting community development. These initiatives are most effective when they involve local stakeholders in the process of development. A key first step to achieving this objective is building community capacity, defined as local stakeholders’ skills, knowledge, and resources that may be leveraged for change. Interestingly, despite this conceptual importance, few researchers have focused on capacity building in the sport context. This has limited the theoretical advancement of community capacity theory as it relates to CSOs and community development. Using a qualitative case study approach, the authors analyze the outcomes and challenges of implementing community capacity building strategies in an American CSO, and draw on the empirical data to contribute to this theoretical conversation. Interviews, participant observation, and document analysis were used to generate data, and deductive techniques were used for thematic analysis. The results highlight the outcomes of the capacity building strategies and challenges associated with implementation. In addition, the conclusion focuses on theoretical contributions to community capacity theory, namely the role of sport in facilitating inter-community relations across social groups and the link with process models of organizational capacity. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 279-292 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:3:p:279-292 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lesley Ferkins Author-X-Name-First: Lesley Author-X-Name-Last: Ferkins Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Author-Name: Ian O’Boyle Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: O’Boyle Title: Leadership in governance: Exploring collective board leadership in sport governance systems Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to introduce and explore a working conceptualisation of collective board leadership in a federal sport network. In this paper, the authors examine the relationship between collective leadership and governance systems specifically within the non-profit sport organisation context, bringing together notions of collective board leadership and collaborative governance. Neither concept has yet been presented in tandem for the benefit of developing sport governance knowledge and practice. As an outcome of the conceptualising, the authors make explicit the multiple levels of the sport governance system and pose two broad research directions that will help advance theory and drive a better understanding of collective board leadership within these types of governance systems. A central premise of this paper is that the sport management field is lacking literature that brings together leadership and governance, and that collective leadership is a topic where the intersection of leadership and governance renders advancement for both bodies of work. The authors offer implications for future work in collective leadership for sport governance. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 221-231 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:3:p:221-231 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Chih-Hung Wang Author-X-Name-First: Michael Chih-Hung Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Ya-Yun Tang Author-X-Name-First: Ya-Yun Author-X-Name-Last: Tang Title: Examining the antecedents of sport team brand equity: A dual-identification perspective Abstract: •Investigate the antecedents of sport team brand equity.•Sport marketplace factors positively influenced identification with the sport team.•Brand identity-related factors positively influenced identification with the sport team brand.•Identification with the sport team positively influenced sport team brand equity.•Identification with the sport team brand positively influenced sport team brand equity.Although the practice of building brand equity in the context of professional sport teams is popular, the formation of sport team brand equity in the sport marketing literature is still relatively unknown and incompletely understood. In this study, the authors propose a dual-identification model to examine the formation of sport team brand equity in an Asia-based professional team sport setting. Baseball fans (N = 548) of the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) in Taiwan participated in the self-administered survey. A Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model analysis revealed that marketplace characteristics (including group experience, salient experience, team history, and fan rituals) and brand-identified-related factors (including self-congruity and team brand prestige) were significantly related to identification with sport team and identification with sport team brand, respectively. In turn, both identification with sport team and identification with sport team brand were significant predictors of sport team brand equity. These findings highlight the importance of studying a dual-identification model in order to understand how sport team brand equity forms and suggest implications for sport team managers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 293-306 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.07.010 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:3:p:293-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Philipp Swierzy Author-X-Name-First: Philipp Author-X-Name-Last: Swierzy Author-Name: Pamela Wicker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Wicker Author-Name: Christoph Breuer Author-X-Name-First: Christoph Author-X-Name-Last: Breuer Title: The impact of organizational capacity on voluntary engagement in sports clubs: A multi-level analysis Abstract: •Volunteering in nonprofit sports clubs is influenced by organizational capacity.•Scarcity of human and financial club resources lead to increased volunteering.•Offering multiple sports reduces the likeliness of volunteering by adult members.•Focusing on sports for all and youth development stimulate volunteering.•Strategic planning increases informal voluntary engagement.As volunteerism occurs in an organizational context, both individual factors and organizational characteristics affect (potential) volunteers in sports clubs. Whereas a number of researchers have studied individual-level determinants, knowledge on the role of organizational-level factors is limited. Based on the concept of organizational capacity, in the present study, the authors investigate whether and how human resources, financial, and structural capacities of sports clubs influence individual voluntary engagement. Using data from German football and track and field clubs (n = 296) and their members (n = 1222), the effects of organizational capacity on voluntary engagement within two subsamples, adult members and parents of underage members, are examined. The results of multi-level mixed effects regression analyses show that all capacity dimensions are significantly associated with voluntary engagement of both adult members and parents of underage members. A larger number of members and a greater share of volunteers reduce the amount of time a volunteer devotes to voluntary work; adult members are less likely to volunteer when their club has a balanced budget; and strategic planning increases the likelihood of individuals to volunteer informally. Overall, the results support the notion that the organizational context is more relevant to volunteering of adult members than individual characteristics and equally relevant to parents of underage members. Managerial implications to facilitate volunteering, such as shifting club goals towards youth development and sports for all provision, are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 307-320 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:3:p:307-320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 3 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(18)30194-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(18)30194-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:3:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cleo Schyvinck Author-X-Name-First: Cleo Author-X-Name-Last: Schyvinck Author-Name: Annick Willem Author-X-Name-First: Annick Author-X-Name-Last: Willem Title: A typology of cause-related marketing approaches in European professional basketball Abstract: •This article categorises professional sport teams into four types, based on their cause-related marketing (CRM) strategies adopted.•European professional basketball teams want their CSR ideas to provide marketing outcomes as well.•Treating management and marketing of CSR as integrated rather than distinct phenomena, delivers the biggest win-win for the team and society.As professional sports organisations are increasingly engaging in Cause-Related Marketing (CRM), there is a growing interest in understanding to what extent Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can deliver win–win outcomes for both the organisation and society at large. In this article, the authors provide a typology of CRM approaches adopted by professional sports teams and demonstrate if and how they approach social responsibility from a marketing perspective. The authors use a qualitative method to explore CRM engagement of professional basketball teams in Europe. The findings show that CRM is more than an act of philanthropy to the majority of the sports organisations. The sport organisations envision a win–win situation either through increased revenue or improved stakeholder relationships, or a combination of both. The authors merge the CSR and CRM concept and contribute to the CRM literature by investigating it from a broad managerial and stakeholder perspective rather than from a unilateral consumer perspective. The model will assist sports managers in CRM decision-making, more specifically, in handling the paradox between commercialising CRM and safeguarding integrity. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 347-362 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:347-362 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Xiaochen Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Xiaochen Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Clare Hanlon Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: Hanlon Author-Name: Jonathan Robertson Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Robertson Author-Name: Ramon Spaaij Author-X-Name-First: Ramon Author-X-Name-Last: Spaaij Author-Name: Hans Westerbeek Author-X-Name-First: Hans Author-X-Name-Last: Westerbeek Author-Name: Allison Hossack Author-X-Name-First: Allison Author-X-Name-Last: Hossack Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Title: Dress for fit: An exploration of female activewear consumption Abstract: •Female consumers’ activewear brand associations are explored.•Five attribute associations and four benefit associations are identified.•The benefits are realized through experiencing the attributes associations.•Findings suggest a vertical structure of brand association.•Findings provide implications for activewear design and marketing.While the female activewear market is growing rapidly, research on activewear consumption and female consumers is lagging. Existing researchers have failed to produce an in-depth understanding of female consumers’ perceptions of activewear, thereby providing limited insights for the activewear industry. Drawing upon brand association theory and the functional, expressive, and aesthetic model, the authors identify important attributes of activewear brands and how attributes lead to benefits pursued by female activewear consumers. Focus groups were conducted with 72 female activewear consumers in Australia. Findings reveal three product-related attributes (functional design, colour, and size and fit) and two non-product-related attributes (price and model imagery) influence the fulfillment of four benefits (mood enhancement, exercise facilitation, healthy and active lifestyle, and physical fit body image). This research contributes theoretical and empirical knowledge about activewear consumption and the vertical structure of brand associations. Findings of this research can help activewear brands deliver benefits to female consumers through improved product designs and marketing strategies. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 430-415 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.09.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.09.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:430-415 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David B. Wangrow Author-X-Name-First: David B. Author-X-Name-Last: Wangrow Author-Name: Donald J. Schepker Author-X-Name-First: Donald J. Author-X-Name-Last: Schepker Author-Name: Vincent L. Barker Author-X-Name-First: Vincent L. Author-X-Name-Last: Barker Title: Power, performance, and expectations in the dismissal of NBA coaches: A survival analysis study Abstract: •NBA coach dismissals examined using a Cox Proportional Hazards event-history model.•Results show that dismissal is caused by more than just organizational performance.•Three dimensions of power found to influence the likelihood of dismissal.•Curvilinear relationship found between team performance and likelihood of dismissal.•Ownership/key stakeholder expectations found to alter the likelihood of dismissal.Researchers focusing on coach dismissal often examine organizational performance as an antecedent; however, there has been minimal attention to the ways in which countervailing dimensions of power associated with coaches and ownership influence dismissal decisions, while still considering performance as well as expectations. To understand how power, performance and expectations affect coach dismissals, the authors examine the tenures of coaches in the North American-based National Basketball Association and use survival analysis to test a model of coach dismissals using 31 years of observations. The authors find that coach dismissal is a process influenced not only by team performance, but also expectations and a coach’s power that accrues from both structure and prestige. Additional findings suggest that expert power influences the likelihood of coach dismissal, but only after the coach has been in the job for several years. Finally, the authors found a non-linear relationship between performance and the probability of coach dismissal, suggesting that single events (i.e., wins or losses) have less influence on the probability of dismissal when performance is very poor or above average. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 333-346 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:333-346 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Li-Shiue Gau Author-X-Name-First: Li-Shiue Author-X-Name-Last: Gau Author-Name: Mark Conrad Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Conrad Title: The Business of Sports-Off the Field, in the Office, on the News Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 473-474 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:473-474 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Seunghwan Lee Author-X-Name-First: Seunghwan Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Yukyoum Kim Author-X-Name-First: Yukyoum Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Bob Heere Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Heere Title: Sport team emotion: Conceptualization, scale development and validation Abstract: •Previous research on emotions in sport has attempted to understand how sport consumers feel during or after watching sporting events.•This study identifies key emotions associated with professional sport team brands.•The results show that the Sport Team Emotion Recall Scale (SporTERS) is composed of 24 emotions representing 7 dimensions.•The SporTERS is deemed a valid, reliable scale to measure emotions associated with professional sport team brands.The purpose of this study was to identify key emotions associated with professional sport team brands and to develop a valid, reliable scale to measure the recall of these emotions. A pool of 30 potential emotions was drawn through a content analysis, a qualitative study (n = 67), frequency analysis (n = 560), and categorization process. The identified emotions were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis (n = 260) and confirmatory factor analysis (n = 286). The emotion recall scale consists of 24 emotions representing 7 dimensions: connectedness, elation, competitiveness, surprise, anger, unhappiness, and worry. The authors offer evidence of internal consistency of the scale and convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity evidence. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 363-376 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:363-376 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katie M. Brown Author-X-Name-First: Katie M. Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Steven Salaga Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Salaga Title: NCAA football television viewership: Product quality and consumer preference relative to market expectations Abstract: •No support for preference for anticipated outcome uncertainty.•Consumer preferences exist for contests which are closer than market expectations.•Preferences appear to fluctuate based on contest characteristics.•Preference for anticipated absolute quality dominates preference for relative quality.•Findings suggest current scheduling practices may be sub-optimal.The authors estimate the determinants of college football television viewership across the full quality spectrum of contests and test whether consumer preferences vary based on changes in the attributes of the core product. They utilize national television viewership data at the individual game level over a three season period and estimate numerous consumer demand models using zero-truncated negative binomial regression. The results indicate a lack of support for anticipated outcome uncertainty, but support for contests where actual outcomes are closer than market expectations. Consumer preferences are not consistent across game qualities, which may indicate that game type is linked to variation in the consumer base and reference-dependent preferences. The findings may also explain why the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis is supported in some contexts, but not others. Preference for absolute quality also dominates preference for relative quality. This finding has important implications for contest scheduling. Given the common practice of advance scheduling creates sub-optimal conference and network television schedules, stakeholders could be leaving television revenues on the table. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 377-390 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:377-390 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Melanie L. Sartore-Baldwin Author-X-Name-First: Melanie L. Author-X-Name-Last: Sartore-Baldwin Author-Name: Brian McCullough Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: McCullough Title: Equity-based sustainability and ecocentric management: Creating more ecologically just sport organization practices Abstract: •A conceptual work advocating for ecocentric management is proposed.•Systems thinking provides a deeper understanding of sport organization practices.•Sport organizations can better recognize their relationship with the natural environment.•Sport organizations can adopt principles of ecocentric management.Recognizing the shared responsibility all entities with a vested interest in keeping the Earth habitable possess, the authors propose ways in which sport organizations can take action by incorporating ecocentric management principles within their organizational practices and thus become more ecologically just. First, by drawing upon the tenets of the systems thinking paradigm and the four levels of thinking model, the underlying beliefs and values guiding current practices within sport organizations are identified. Next, the authors offer a series of propositions to suggest that by adopting an equity-based perspective, recognizing the interdependent relationships between humans and the natural environment, and acknowledging the manner in which sport organizations hinder the opportunities of the natural environment to thrive, sport organizations can contribute to the health of the planet and all of its inhabitants through their own organizational practices. Additionally, sport organizations can also serve as ecologically just exemplars for organizations in other industries to emulate. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 391-402 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:391-402 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Richard Keith Wright Author-X-Name-First: Richard Keith Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Name: Anthony James Veal Author-X-Name-First: Anthony Author-X-Name-Last: James Veal Title: Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 475-476 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.08.010 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:475-476 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth B. Delia Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth B. Author-X-Name-Last: Delia Author-Name: Jeffrey D. James Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey D. Author-X-Name-Last: James Title: The meaning of team in team identification Abstract: •The meaning of team evolves due to environmental changes and personal experiences.•The meaning of team consists of micro-level and macro-level elements.•The macro-level elements place, past, and present transcend research settings.•Place and past provide stability to a team identity, while present is fluid.A voluminous literature exists on the relationship between team identification and various consumer thoughts, attitudes, and behaviours. However, the psychological meaning of team to consumers remains unknown, as scholars have studied individuals’ identification with a team without empirically investigating its meaning. Following an interpretive mode of inquiry in this study, the authors used interviews and concept mapping to understand the meaning of team among fans of two separate teams. An important discovery is that the meaning of team evolves due to environmental changes and personal experiences. At the same time, the authors determined that the meaning of team in team identification has three broad components: place, past, and present, each of which uniquely contributes to the identity. The authors conclude by discussing the implications of this research on the team identification literature and offering suggestions to practitioners and researchers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 416-429 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.09.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.09.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:416-429 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fabrice Desmarais Author-X-Name-First: Fabrice Author-X-Name-Last: Desmarais Author-Name: Catherine Wallace Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Wallace Title: The force of the national rhetorical arena: Voices in tune against a disrespectful foreign sponsor Abstract: •Media text analysis of sponsor crisis communication in a national rhetorical arena.•National rhetorical arenas project powerful voices during mega sports events.•Threats to public’s national identity are stressed in the national rhetorical arena.•The force of the national rhetorical arena is a threat to foreign sponsors.•Foreign sponsors must respect national identity feelings of their sponsee’s public.This article examines how a public relations crisis in the sport realm develops when national identity issues are at stake. Based on the media coverage of the All Blacks Rugby World Cup jersey crisis, and drawing on the concept of rhetorical arena, we explore Adidas's crisis communication strategies, identify and summarise the responses, actions, and interactions of various parties involved in the crisis. We consider how these parties influence the development of the crisis in what we call the ‘national rhetorical arena’. The article illustrates the power of the national rhetorical arena and its many voices to align over issues of national identity against a foreign sponsor making use of a national icon. When sponsoring national sport teams, foreign sponsors need to be aware they are only borrowing, not appropriating, important signifiers of national identity. They should make sure they do not impede the national public’s perceived entitlement to their national icons as any act of disrespect towards national identity is felt very strongly. In a crisis, they need to identify the potential voices in the national rhetorical arena, not underestimate the role of national media to shape and bring together these voices, not downplay the power of the national public, and not underestimate the strong undercurrent of nationalism especially during sport mega events. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 443-458 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.10.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.10.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:443-458 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brennan K. Berg Author-X-Name-First: Brennan K. Author-X-Name-Last: Berg Author-Name: Rhema D. Fuller Author-X-Name-First: Rhema D. Author-X-Name-Last: Fuller Author-Name: Michael Hutchinson Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Hutchinson Title: “But a champion comes out much, much later”: A sport development case study of the 1968 U.S. Olympic team Abstract: •We examined elite athlete sport development from a different historical period.•59 interviews were conducted with 1968 U.S. Olympians.•Attraction, retention, and transition were similar and different to modern sport.•Results suggest some sport development principles could remain constant.Increasing attention has been given to the effective development of elite athletes. In this inquiry, the authors used a historical case study to ascertain the ways elite athletes were developed in a different era of sport in the United States. Using the attraction, retention, and transition frameworks, the factors that fostered the development of athletes from the 1968 Summer Olympics were drawn out through oral history interviews. In total, interviews with 59 U.S. Olympians were conducted. The results reveal how the athletes experienced supportive recruitment and retention environments, were able to manage the difficulty of developing elite talent, and encountered both challenges and opportunities transitioning through and out of elite sport. This analysis demonstrates how sport development principles are diverse in their temporal relevance and reinforce the practical implications meant to serve the modern athlete. Further, at least some sport development principles could remain constant regardless of how context and elite athlete experiences evolve in the future. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 430-442 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.10.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.10.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:430-442 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claudio M. Rocha Author-X-Name-First: Claudio M. Author-X-Name-Last: Rocha Author-Name: Otavio A. Gratao Author-X-Name-First: Otavio A. Author-X-Name-Last: Gratao Title: The process toward commitment to running—The role of different motives, involvement, and coaching Abstract: •Process toward commitment to running does not necessarily start with involvement.•Process toward commitment to running can start in early stages of motivation.•Enjoyment and health motives are predictors of attitudinal involvement with running.•Attitudinal involvement and behavioral involvement are predictors of commitment.•Coached runners differ from non-coached in their process toward commitment.The purpose of this investigation was twofold: (a) to explore and describe the relationships between different facets of motivation, involvement, and commitment to running, and (b) to test whether recreational coached runners differ from non-coached runners in their motivation, involvement, and commitment to running. Drawing on the psychological continuum model (PCM), a model was proposed to test relationships among motives, attitudinal and behavioral involvement, and commitment to running as a leisure activity. Results showed that two (enjoyment and health) out of five motives were significant indicators of attitudinal involvement. Attitudinal involvement was a significant predictor of behavioral involvement, which in turn was a significant predictor of commitment. Coached runners differed from non-coached runners in all tested variables. The structural relationships among the variables varied based on the tested group. Implications for theory and practice are presented. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 459-472 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.10.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.10.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:459-472 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 4 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(18)30310-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(18)30310-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jaeki Song Author-X-Name-First: Jaeki Author-X-Name-Last: Song Author-Name: Junghwan Kim Author-X-Name-First: Junghwan Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Kwangmin Cho Author-X-Name-First: Kwangmin Author-X-Name-Last: Cho Title: Understanding users’ continuance intentions to use smart-connected sports products Abstract: •Study draws on theory of planned behavior to explain smart-connected sports products.•Users’ continuance intention has more insights in smart-connected sports products.•Technology/fashion-related factors affect attitude toward smart-connected sports products.•Technical functionality facilitates technical environments for users’ behavioral control.•Social comparison can be considerable for users’ continuance intention.The authors investigate the salient factors that influence users’ continuance intentions to use smart-connected sports products. Drawing on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), they propose that three major factors—attitude, social comparison as social influence, and perceived behavioral control—significantly influence users’ continuance intentions. Smart-connected sports product users (N = 236) participated in this study. Collected data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares (PLS) modeling. Results suggest two different attitudinal beliefs—technology-related (perceived usefulness) and fashion-related (perceived comfort) factors—of smart-connected sports products influence attitudes toward the products and that control-related factors (technical functionality and facilitating conditions) play a role in regulating users’ volitional behaviors from their intentions. The authors highlight user beliefs of smart-connected sports products based on TPB and propose a concrete, practical set of factors that practitioners might manipulate to facilitate users’ continuance intentions to use smart-connected sports products. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 477-490 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.10.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.10.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:5:p:477-490 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ran Zhou Author-X-Name-First: Ran Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou Author-Name: Kyriaki Kaplanidou Author-X-Name-First: Kyriaki Author-X-Name-Last: Kaplanidou Title: Building social capital from sport event participation: An exploration of the social impacts of participatory sport events on the community Abstract: •Active participation in running events can foster rich bonding capital.•The bridging and linking capital differ across event types and participant types.•Social capital from event participation can lead to four types of positive outcomes.•Benefits for the running and broader community were discussed in light of social capital outcomes.Participatory sport events have the potential to generate substantial social value in the local community. One important social benefit of such sport events is the development of social capital. However, little is known about the development and outcomes of social capital in the context of participatory sport events, such as running events. Taking a qualitative approach, the authors explored the social capital building among active participants in running events. The findings revealed that bonding capital is developed by all participants in the study while the bridging and linking capital varies by event type and involvement level. Moreover, four positive outcomes of social capital were identified: supportive attitude and behaviors, positive influence on others, prosocial behaviors, and increased everyday socializations. By generating these positive outcomes among the participants of this study, social capital has the potential to contribute to the community development and well-being. This study provides insights as to how social capital that stems from sport event participation can lead to the development of community in the long term. Suggestions are made for future research to test the relationships between social capital, its outcomes, and community development and well-being. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 491-503 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.11.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.11.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:5:p:491-503 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katie Rowe Author-X-Name-First: Katie Author-X-Name-Last: Rowe Author-Name: Emma Sherry Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Sherry Author-Name: Angela Osborne Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Osborne Title: Recruiting and retaining girls in table tennis: Participant and club perspectives Abstract: •Low profile sports including table tennis face challenges in recruiting and retaining girls.•Girls’ participation in table tennis is constrained by a male dominated club culture.•Other social factors further limit girls’ participation.•Table tennis stakeholders may benefit from strategically addressing such issues.Government and sport stakeholders, in the Australian context, are focused on increasing girls’ participation in sport. Sport organisations, particularly those who receive limited government funding and commercial revenue, experience challenges in recruiting and retaining adolescent girls. In this paper, a case study of table tennis delivery in one Australian state, is presented, with a focus on the issue of girls’ participation. Framed using Green’s (2005) normative theory of sport development, and drawing on physical activity participation literature, micro- and meso-level factors are examined. The focus is placed on girls’ experiences participating in the sport of table tennis and how delivery stakeholders find the process of recruiting and retaining girls in the sport. Interviews and focus groups reveal that a male-dominated culture, resource constraints, and a host of social influences, including peer and parental influences, and the absence of a social norm around girls’ participation, are hampering this sport’s capacity to recruit and retain adolescent females. Organisational commitment at state and national levels are necessary if table tennis is to target the issue of gender balance within its junior participation market. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 504-518 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.11.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.11.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:5:p:504-518 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brendan Dwyer Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Dwyer Author-Name: Mark A. Slavich Author-X-Name-First: Mark A. Author-X-Name-Last: Slavich Author-Name: Jennifer L. Gellock Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer L. Author-X-Name-Last: Gellock Title: A fan’s search for meaning: Testing the dimensionality of sport fan superstition Abstract: •This study explored sport fan superstition through a multi-stage quantitative approach.•The factors examined included personality, cognitive and behavioral aspects.•Study one validated a multidimensional model of sport fan superstition.•Study two tested the dimensionality of sport fan superstition through segmentation.•Superstitious behaviour was found to be the most influential factor.Uncertainty is a fundamental component of spectator sport fandom. While it may draw some fans to an event, it can be frustrating for others, as fans have little control over how preferred teams perform. As a means to cope with this unpleasant state, some sport fans perform superstitions or create rituals. Little is known, however, how such beliefs and behaviors impact the sport fan experience. In the current study, the authors explored sport fan superstition within the context of mediated team sport spectatorship through a multi-study quantitative approach. The results of Study 1 validated a multidimensional model of sport fan superstition, and superstitious behavior positively impacted in-game mood states for fans of winning and losing teams. In Study 2, the authors tested the dimensionality of sport fan superstition through segmentation and uncovered consumption differences and attribution differences for fans of winning and losing teams. Superstitious behavior was once again an influential factor, as those who behaved more superstitiously were more likely to attribute outcomes to external sources such as referees and fate. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 533-548 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.12.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.12.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:5:p:533-548 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hojun Sung Author-X-Name-First: Hojun Author-X-Name-Last: Sung Author-Name: Brian M. Mills Author-X-Name-First: Brian M. Author-X-Name-Last: Mills Title: Estimation of game-level attendance in major league soccer: Outcome uncertainty and absolute quality considerations Abstract: •We find substantial interest in both home and visiting team quality.•We find evidence contrary to predictions of the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis.•MLS encouragement of higher absolute quality may be a useful strategy in growing attendance.•Highlighting high quality visitors may be a fruitful strategy for home team marketers.Despite its continued growth, there are doubts about the sustainability of demand for Major League Soccer, which has a strong focus on superstar externalities through its designated player rules. Yet there is relatively limited research directly focusing on classical determinants of demand for league attendance. The authors set out to establish an estimate of the relative importance of relative quality – outcome uncertainty – and absolute quality in game attendance. They find that fans behave in ways more consistent with the loss aversion hypothesis than the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis, with considerable interest in both home and away team absolute quality. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 519-532 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2017.12.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2017.12.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:5:p:519-532 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marc Rohde Author-X-Name-First: Marc Author-X-Name-Last: Rohde Author-Name: Christoph Breuer Author-X-Name-First: Christoph Author-X-Name-Last: Breuer Title: Competing by investments or efficiency? Exploring financial and sporting efficiency of club ownership structures in European football Abstract: •Club ownership structures influence both investments and efficiency.•In France, clubs owned by private majority investors tend to decrease efficiency.•In England, foreign majority investors tend to be less efficient.•We identify three ownership types with different objective functions and efficiencies.•Future research should study whether the UEFA FFP encourages efficient management.Professional European football clubs have been hypothesized to maximize sporting or financial objectives. The authors analyze the impact of various ownership structures on the realized management efficiency in maximizing profitability and national sporting success. Therefore, they apply the time-varying stochastic frontier model by Battese & Coelli (1995) to an unbalanced panel from England and France between 2006 and 2012. French professional football is characterized by a shift towards private investors. Results show that clubs majority-owned by private investors are less efficient than other clubs in French Ligue 1. In English professional football, the majority of takeovers is pursued by foreign investors. Although previous researchers have shown that foreign investors increase financial resources and team investments, the authors demonstrate that foreign investors reduce both financial and sporting efficiency. The analysis of survival and financial team efficiencies of club ownership structures indicates that clubs tend to compete by investments rather than efficiency. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 563-581 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.01.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.01.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:5:p:563-581 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Harish Kumar Author-X-Name-First: Harish Author-X-Name-Last: Kumar Author-Name: Argyro Elisavet Manoli Author-X-Name-First: Argyro Elisavet Author-X-Name-Last: Manoli Author-Name: Ian R. Hodgkinson Author-X-Name-First: Ian R. Author-X-Name-Last: Hodgkinson Author-Name: Paul Downward Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Downward Title: Sport participation: From policy, through facilities, to users’ health, well-being, and social capital Abstract: •The implications of a layered sports system policy and management on participation are examined.•Facility objectives differ across public and private sector facilities.•Users report no difference in impact on their health, wellbeing, and social capital.•The impact of neoliberalism in delivering sport outcomes is explored.Sport delivery systems, aimed at facilitating sports participation, represent an inter-institutional, cross-sector collaboration. Researchers focusing on the impact of different levels of sport provision from policy, through facilities, to end users remains limited. The authors address this gap in knowledge through a mixed- methods approach to examine sport participation from the perspective of the whole delivery system. Specifically, focusing on a County Sport Partnership region in the UK, the authors examine sport participation from the policy (macro), facility (meso), and end user (micro) levels. Regional heads responsible for sport development and delivery participated in semi-structured interviews, facility-level managers completed a survey, and end-users across public, private, and outsourced facilities participated in focus groups. Results show a clear divergence between the sport policy goals across the private and public sectors, with significant differences observed between facility types on their social and commercial objectives and their prioritized stakeholder groups. The divergence has little impact on user participation or expression of health, wellbeing, and social capital, offering new evidence on the role of neoliberalism in sport delivery systems. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 549-562 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.01.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.01.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:5:p:549-562 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kyungyeol (Anthony) Kim Author-X-Name-First: Kyungyeol (Anthony) Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Kevin K. Byon Author-X-Name-First: Kevin K. Author-X-Name-Last: Byon Title: A mechanism of mutually beneficial relationships between employees and consumers: A dyadic analysis of employee–consumer interaction Abstract: •We test a conceptual model examining the extent to which employee behaviors influence consumer behaviors in high-contact sport service setting.•We advance sport service research by investigating both positive and negative employee behaviors and their influence on sport consumer behavior.•The current research makes a methodological contribution by utilizing a dyadic method to avoid the threat of systematic common method bias.Although sport management researchers concur with one another regarding the significance of interaction between employees and consumers in shaping the consumers’ attitudes and behaviors, the vast majority of previous studies are largely isolated such that they take assessment exclusively from one side of the dyad—either employees or consumers. The authors seek to advance the current body of knowledge by utilizing a dyadic method that includes judgments provided by employees as well as one of each employee’s consumers in a high-contact sport service context (i.e., multi-purpose fitness centers). As such, the authors investigate how employee citizenship behavior and deviance behavior influence consumer citizenship behavior and participative behavior through consumers’ perceived service quality and satisfaction with employees. The results indicated that employee citizenship behavior positively and deviance behavior negatively shaped consumers’ perceptions of service quality, whereas the negative moderating effect of employee deviance behavior between employee citizenship behavior and service quality was not supported. Satisfaction with employees significantly mediated the relationship between service quality and consumer citizenship behavior but not between service quality and consumer participative behavior. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications derived from this study are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 582-595 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.01.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.01.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:5:p:582-595 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kim Werner Author-X-Name-First: Kim Author-X-Name-Last: Werner Author-Name: Geoff Dickson Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Dickson Title: Coworker knowledge sharing and peer learning among elite footballers: Insights from German Bundesliga players Abstract: •We investigate how peer learning impacts elite footballers’ performance.•We interview twelve elite footballers from German Bundesliga clubs.•Our findings highlight that peers are important knowledge sources in football.•Knowledge sharing positively impacts elite players’ development and performance.•The findings call for management tactics to use this untapped potential.This research focuses on coworker learning and knowledge sharing amongst elite footballers. The authors provide an in-depth understanding on how elite footballers learn from their peers and which channels are used to share their knowledge. The authors also analyze how peer learning impacts an elite footballer’s development and performance and to what extent elite football clubs actively support peer learning. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 elite footballers from first and second division German Bundesliga clubs. The findings demonstrate that peers are very important sources of knowledge for elite footballers. There are four main knowledge sharing channels: observing/imitating, peer exchange/peer communication, labor mobility and knowledge brokers. The findings highlight the positive impact of knowledge sharing on elite players’ development and performance and call for future (knowledge) management tactics to specifically use this untapped potential. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 596-611 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.02.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.02.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:5:p:596-611 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 5 Volume: 21 Year: 2018 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(18)30458-3 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(18)30458-3 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:21:y:2018:i:5:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Lamont Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Lamont Author-Name: Millicent Kennelly Author-X-Name-First: Millicent Author-X-Name-Last: Kennelly Title: Sporting hyperchallenges: Health, social, and fiscal implications Abstract: •Analyses the emerging phenomenon of sporting hyperchallenges.•Utilises business ethics and CSR theories to explore supply of hyperchallenge events.•Explores potential adverse health outcomes flowing from hyperchallenge participation.•Critiques manipulation of sport social worlds by event management organisations.•A conceptual framework for future hyperchallenge research is proposed.There has been a rise in sport-focused event management organisations staging increasingly challenging quests for amateur athletes. Whilst endeavours such as running a marathon or completing an Ironman triathlon were previously pinnacle achievements for amateur athletes, sporting hyperchallenges, events covering greater distances, crossing more difficult terrain, or posing more extreme challenges have set the performance bar significantly higher. Cast against Western neoliberal backdrops the ever-expanding supply-side of this market is broadening opportunities for amateur athletes to test their physical limits, thus necessitating investment of inordinate personal resources. Simultaneously, there is growing empirical and anecdotal evidence suggesting unfavourable impacts can flow from intensely pursuing extreme endurance sports including impacts to athletes’ health and relationships. The authors draw upon intertwined theories of business ethics and corporate social responsibility to critique business practices of sport-focused event management organisations delivering sporting hyperchallenges. The authors propose a conceptual framework aimed at encouraging future research into potential health, social, and fiscal implications stemming from this complex, unregulated market. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 68-79 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.02.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.02.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:68-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Minjung Kim Author-X-Name-First: Minjung Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Amy Chan Hyung Kim Author-X-Name-First: Amy Chan Hyung Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Joshua I. Newman Author-X-Name-First: Joshua I. Author-X-Name-Last: Newman Author-Name: Gerald R. Ferris Author-X-Name-First: Gerald R. Author-X-Name-Last: Ferris Author-Name: Pamela L. Perrewé Author-X-Name-First: Pamela L. Author-X-Name-Last: Perrewé Title: The antecedents and consequences of positive organizational behavior: The role of psychological capital for promoting employee well-being in sport organizations Abstract: •We empirically tested the role of psychological capital in promoting psychological well-being and job satisfaction among sport employees.•We examined the mediating role of psychological capital on the relationship between antecedent conditions and outcomes among employees in intercollegiate athletics.•The results of our study may offer a new perspective on sport employees’ mental health outcomes, which particular emphasis on positive organizational behavior in sport organization settings.A positive approach to addressing mental health issues in workplaces advocates the examination of an untapped resource—psychological capital—as a potential positive construct in contemporary organizational behavior. The authors tested various antecedents and outcomes of psychological capital, and examined the role of this construct in psychological well-being and job satisfaction among sport employees. To test 11 hypotheses, the researchers recruited 708 employees from the athletic departments of Division I institutions. Results indicate that the meaningful work of employees and a supportive organizational climate positively influenced psychological capital, thereby leading to high levels of job satisfaction and psychological well-being. Psychological capital also functioned either as a partial mediator or as a full mediator. In this study, the authors offer a new perspective on sport employees’ mental health outcomes, with particular emphasis on positive organizational behavior in sport settings. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 108-125 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:108-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Megan Stronach Author-X-Name-First: Megan Author-X-Name-Last: Stronach Author-Name: Hazel Maxwell Author-X-Name-First: Hazel Author-X-Name-Last: Maxwell Author-Name: Sonya Pearce Author-X-Name-First: Sonya Author-X-Name-Last: Pearce Title: Indigenous Australian women promoting health through sport Abstract: •There are health disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.•Partnerships between health agencies and sport organisations may improve these health disparities.•Indigenous women are keen to seek support and opportunities which will serve to improve their health.•Agency and empowerment will enable women to self-manage their health concerns.The authors explore the sporting experiences and community strengths of Indigenous Australian women. The intention is to inform both health promotion and contemporary sport management strategies, and policies and practices, leading to better health outcomes for this cohort. The authors employ an interpretative qualitative methodology, which involves the combination of data from a range of sources, including interviews and focus groups with 22 Indigenous women living in urban and rural areas, narratives from elite Indigenous athletes and coaches, as well as findings from a recent Australian Parliamentary inquiry into Indigenous health and wellbeing. Drawing from an agency/empowerment theoretical framework, the authors posit that, given support and opportunities, Indigenous women can become empowered to improve their mental and physical health through participation in sport. Sport managers can facilitate Indigenous women's agency in the effects of colonisation, which continues to be the basis of health issues for this cohort. Listening to Indigenous women and facilitating opportunities for them to take control of their own participation can help facilitate this process. Indigenous-women's only opportunities, partnerships with health agencies and sports organisations, culturally safe spaces and Indigenous women acting as role models are some factors that may augment Indigenous women's agency, and thus empowerment. Government, sports, community organisations and health agencies which provide these conditions in their program design can help to overcome entrenched social, historical and health inequalities that Indigenous women may experience. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 5-20 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:5-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emily S. Sparvero Author-X-Name-First: Emily S. Author-X-Name-Last: Sparvero Author-Name: Stacy Warner Author-X-Name-First: Stacy Author-X-Name-Last: Warner Title: NFL Play 60: Managing the intersection of professional sport and obesity Abstract: •Intervention mapping can be used to guide intervention program development.•Sport teams are most effective when providing marketing and financial resources.•Teams should partner with health organizations which can contribute health expertise.•Programs can conform to theoretical parameters without significant investment.Professional sport teams are increasingly involved in corporate social responsibility initiatives that target public health issues. However, the development of these programs are rarely guided by the best practices in public health, and they are almost never subjected to rigorous evaluation. Using a case study approach, intervention mapping, a public health method grounded in the social ecological model, was applied to NFL Play 60, the NFL’s efforts to combat childhood obesity. Using uncontested secondary data, the purpose of the research was to determine the ways in which the program conforms to or deviates from what is suggested by public health research and practice. Program components were examined at the individual and organizational level. The results of the current study suggest that the NFL’s most successful efforts to address childhood obesity are those that were developed with public health partners. Practical implications for developing theoretically-grounded methods and strategies for behaviour change are provided. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 153-166 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:153-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Niels Hermens Author-X-Name-First: Niels Author-X-Name-Last: Hermens Author-Name: Kirsten T. Verkooijen Author-X-Name-First: Kirsten T. Author-X-Name-Last: Verkooijen Author-Name: Maria A. Koelen Author-X-Name-First: Maria A. Author-X-Name-Last: Koelen Title: Associations between partnership characteristics and perceived success in Dutch sport-for-health partnerships Abstract: •Challenges of conducting quantitative research on sport-for-health partnerships are shown.•Conceptual model for exploring relations partnership elements and partnership success.•Different partnership success indicators are related with different partnership elements.To reach and include socially vulnerable people through sport, it is important to create partnerships between sports organisations and public health organisations (i.e., sport-for-health partnerships). Working in sport-for-health partnerships is challenging, however, and little is known about how to manage such partnerships. To explore possible predictors of successful sport-for-health partnership, the authors administered a questionnaire among 86 participants in Dutch sport-for-health partnerships. The questionnaire included measures pertaining to three indicators of successful inter-sectoral partnership (i.e., partnership synergy, partnership sustainability, and community outcomes) and nine partnership elements that may predict its success. Multivariate results suggest that (a) partnership synergy may be best predicted by communication structure and building on the partnership participants’ capacities, (b) community partnership outcomes may be best predicted by partnership visibility and task management, and (c) partnership sustainability may be best predicted by partnership visibility. Hence, the authors would recommend actors in sport-for-health partnerships to pay particular attention to communication structure, building on capacities, visibility, and task management. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 142-152 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:142-152 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stacy Warner Author-X-Name-First: Stacy Author-X-Name-Last: Warner Title: Sport as medicine: How F3 is building healthier men and communities Abstract: •The experiences of 14 men who have achieved notable health benefits were explored.•Results offer insight into the organizational and programmatic features that likely led to improved health.•Practical implications for managing sport for health are offered.•Holistic organizational and programmatic ideas for improving adult sport experience are suggested.Given sport has been largely absent from U.S. public health policies and discourse, the author suggests ways that sport can be better managed to promote health. Using a critical perspective and grounded theory approach, the author examined the experiences of 14 men in the grassroots recreational program, F3. Data were collected through observation and semi-structured interviews. Based on the results, a conceptual model that suggests how sport should be managed to address illnesses related to physical inactivity is put forth. The resulting Sport as Medicine model indicates that Creating a Team Structure, Providing a Place to Be Accountable, and Ensuring No One is Left Out, led to meaningful Health Outcomes, including Physical Health, Mental Toughness, and Social Connections. As the distinctiveness of sport continues to emerge, the author provides a framework to consider how sport can be part of public health efforts to address physical inactivity. Thus, this work positions sport as medicine by pinpointing how sport can be managed so that holistic health outcomes are more likely achieved. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 38-52 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:38-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel J. Batty Author-X-Name-First: Rachel J. Author-X-Name-Last: Batty Author-Name: Sarah Gee Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Gee Title: Fast food, fizz, and funding: Balancing the scales of regional sport organisation sponsorship Abstract: •Fast-food and fizzy-drink funding is offsetting a short fall in sport funding.•Regional rugby organisations are increasingly conscious of sponsor perceptions.•Calls for sport sponsorship restrictive policy are guided by a public health agenda.•Regional, society based, trends are influencing managerial sponsorship considerations.Tobacco, alcohol and gambling-related sport sponsorships have faced widespread scrutiny due to a critical consciousness that questions the alignment of unhealthy products and damaging addictive behaviours with a healthy activity such as sport. The purpose of this study was to explore how a public health agenda may influence rugby union organisations in their negotiation of sponsorship relationships with food and beverage companies. Interviews with a purposeful sample of New Zealand regional rugby organisation managers reveal the potential influence of emergent threats about government-regulated restrictive sponsorship measures on the delivery of community and youth sport. Findings indicate that many regional rugby organisations depend on sponsorships to fund required and desired activities. In addition, some organisations in more rural regions of New Zealand not only contend with the difficulty of securing sponsorships, but fear that criticism of, and impending restrictions on, fast-food and beverage companies are likely to have detrimental consequences for the provision of rugby. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 167-179 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.014 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.014 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:167-179 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Arden Anderson Author-X-Name-First: Arden Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson Author-Name: Marlene A. Dixon Author-X-Name-First: Marlene A. Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Author-Name: Kristi F. Oshiro Author-X-Name-First: Kristi F. Author-X-Name-Last: Oshiro Author-Name: Pamela Wicker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Wicker Author-Name: George B. Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: George B. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Author-Name: Bob Heere Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Heere Title: Managerial perceptions of factors affecting the design and delivery of sport for health programs for refugee populations Abstract: •Sport has great promise for delivering health outcomes for refugee populations.•Experts in Germany and Netherlands discuss sport for health programs for refugees.•Effective design and delivery of sport is shaped by social-ecological factors.•Programs should adopt both increasing participation and settings-based approaches.•A social-ecological model of sport for health programs for refugees is proposed.Millions of refugees from the Middle East and Africa have moved to mainland Europe in recent years, where they face boredom, physical and mental health issues, and lack of social relationships. Policy makers consider sport an effective way to address these issues, but researchers have not fully considered managerial considerations in designing and delivering sport to refugees. The purpose of this study is to understand how sport managers can design and deliver sport to refugee populations in order to maximize beneficial health outcomes. The authors theoretically grounded the study in a social-ecological model, recognizing that the design, delivery, and outcomes of sport are set within constraints at multiple levels. Data were collected using a Delphi approach with a group of experts from Germany and the Netherlands. The findings indicated that the experts attributed a number of health benefits to sport programs including physical activity, diversion, stress reduction, coping, and building friendships. Benefits were more likely to occur when the sport delivery approach moved from merely increasing participation to also affecting the sport for health settings. The experts also identified a number of intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, and societal level factors impacting the design, delivery, and outcomes of sport for health programs which are rich in implications for sport managers and policy makers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 80-95 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.015 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.015 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:80-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John W. Hayton Author-X-Name-First: John W. Author-X-Name-Last: Hayton Author-Name: Milly Blundell Author-X-Name-First: Milly Author-X-Name-Last: Blundell Author-Name: Danny Cullinane Author-X-Name-First: Danny Author-X-Name-Last: Cullinane Author-Name: Catherine M. Walker Author-X-Name-First: Catherine M. Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Title: Building an inclusive cycling “movement”: Exploring the charity-led mobilisation of recreational cycling in communities across Merseyside, England Abstract: •We extend resource mobilisation theory to conceptualise the ‘movement for movement organisation’.•Resources are accrued via self-production, co-optation, aggregation and patronage.•Funding from patrons is driven by value congruence and mutual objectives.•Participant engagement confers organisational legitimacy and is used to leverage external resources.•As a fundamental resource, participants can be converted into delivery agents.In this article, the authors examined the charity-led implementation of an inclusive cycling programme across Merseyside in the North West of England. The project itself is delivered via a network of cycling 'hubs' that the charity has set up and run typically in deprived communities. Using resource mobilisation theory, the authors specifically examined how the Cycling Projects charity mobilises a raft of diverse resources from the financial to the human, and from the cultural to the physical, to drive and sustain its Pedal Away product. To do this, the authors utilise qualitative data captured from 15 in-depth semi-structured interviews undertaken with stakeholders both internal and external to the charity, as well as focus group data yielded from programme participants (n = 32). The findings illustrate how the charity is able to garner and exchange resources from its partners and funders, and the ways in which it mobilises both participants and personnel from within the communities it serves. As an original contribution to the sport management field, the authors demonstrate both the value and applicability of resource mobilisation theory as a theoretical framework by which to understand how a non-profit organisation derives the resources it requires in order to deliver a network of community embedded recreational cycling programmes. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 21-37 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:21-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nico Schulenkorf Author-X-Name-First: Nico Author-X-Name-Last: Schulenkorf Author-Name: Katja Siefken Author-X-Name-First: Katja Author-X-Name-Last: Siefken Title: Managing sport-for-development and healthy lifestyles: The sport-for-health model Abstract: •Critical reflection of a sport-for-health program in Vanuatu.•Analysis of sport-for-health management processes.•Development of a conceptual sport-for-health model.•Application of empirical findings to the sport-for-health model.With increased globalization and modernization of people’s lives, lifestyle behavior has changed substantially in many countries around the world. This change has brought two key behavior modifications: a reduction in physical activity and an increase in unhealthy eating patterns. Consequently, non-communicable diseases have overtaken communicable diseases as a key health risk area. In response to this issue, healthy lifestyle initiatives and sport-for-development (SFD) programs are now implemented across the world, including projects in the heavily affected Pacific Islands region. In this paper, the authors critically reflect on their lived experiences and the underpinning management processes of the Wokabaot Jalens, a health-focused SFD initiative in Vanuatu. The authors propose the sport-for-health model as a flexible conceptual tool that establishes the nexus between sport management, health promotion, sociocultural development, policy, and sustainability. The authors provide practical and theoretical implications and suggest that the model can underpin and conceptually support other SFD initiatives—and specifically health-related development projects—in the Pacific region and beyond. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 96-107 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:96-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carrie W. LeCrom Author-X-Name-First: Carrie W. Author-X-Name-Last: LeCrom Author-Name: Tiesha Martin Author-X-Name-First: Tiesha Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Name: Brendan Dwyer Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Dwyer Author-Name: Greg Greenhalgh Author-X-Name-First: Greg Author-X-Name-Last: Greenhalgh Title: The role of management in achieving health outcomes in SFD programmes: A stakeholder perspective Abstract: There is an abundance of social issues, both health-related and otherwise, that health professionals and sport managers can address using sport as a mechanism. However, there is much debate regarding the impact sport is making in achieving development goals. In this study, the authors utilised a case study design to explore how stakeholders perceive the management of health-focused sport for development (SFD) programmes to contribute to the achievement of desired programmatic goals. The authors provided a side-by-side assessment of a sport-plus and sport-plus programme, through a qualitative case study design. Results indicate that while stakeholder perceptions of goal achievement are similar, the strengths of each type of programme vary. The authors discuss implications for these differences and the importance of stakeholder perspective in SFD. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 53-67 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:53-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen Hills Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Hills Author-Name: Matthew Walker Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Walker Author-Name: Adam E. Barry Author-X-Name-First: Adam E. Author-X-Name-Last: Barry Title: Sport as a vehicle for health promotion: A shared value example of corporate social responsibility Abstract: •Sport and shared social value were examined via a health-based social intervention.•A high-profile sport league was the funder and deliverer of the program.•Health and physical activity were influenced by the social program.•Business value was influenced by the social program.Professional sport organizations are increasingly encouraging physical and mental wellness by developing and deploying health promotion activities via socially responsible programming and messaging. However, delivery, deployment, and scope issues, all of which limit observable and sustainable impacts on health promotion and behavior, encumber many socially responsible programs. The authors frame the study using a shared value perspective to demonstrate that sport managers can effectively promote health when the professional sport organization is concurrently attempting to deliver social and business value. To illustrate this approach, the authors used a health-related intervention program funded and delivered by a professional sport league as the research context. The authors undertook a mixed-method, quasi-experimental study to determine the potential to achieve social value (e.g., physical health and mental wellness) and business value (e.g., team, league, and sport affinity, and patronage). The results show that the business-centric effects were stronger among a group of youth beneficiaries than they were among some health- and wellness-centric variables. The authors discuss the significant effects through a shared value lens and posit several areas for future research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 126-141 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.10.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.10.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:126-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael B. Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Michael B. Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Author-Name: Katie Rowe Author-X-Name-First: Katie Author-X-Name-Last: Rowe Title: Managing sport for health: An introduction to the special issue Abstract: •Sport should be aligned with community needs and should be empowering.•Sport should be adaptable and evolving to ensure sport culture values health.•Sport organisations should leverage partnership for health to promote organisational sustainability.•Achieving health outcomes requires reshaping sport systems and strategies toward intentional health objectives.Sport is often viewed as vehicle to achieve positive health outcomes. While sport's potential to contribute to health is rarely disputed, sport is not always managed in ways that specifically prioritise health objectives, and evidence regarding sport's contribution to health has been inconsistent to date. This special issue was designed to advance a research agenda in relation to the management of sport for health. Articles published in the special issue examine sport management practices that impact health, both positively and negatively. The authors identified three overarching themes, with respect to how sport can be managed towards the achievement of health outcomes: sport should be aligned with community needs and should be empowering; sport should be adaptable and evolving to ensure sport culture values health; and, sport organisations should leverage partnership for health to promote organisational sustainability. In future research, scholars are encouraged to further examine the three identified themes and expand on other findings presented in the special issue, towards a stronger evidence base in relation to the management of sport for health. Opportunities exist to continue to advance knowledge regarding the potential for management strategies, models, and practices to lead to positive-and importantly, negatives-health outcomes through sport. If sport management scholars and practitioners are to meaningfully contribute to health agendas, health objectives must play a central role in reshaping sport systems and strategies toward the achievement of such outcomes. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-4 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.12.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.12.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:1-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(19)30036-1 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(19)30036-1 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sally Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Title: The chaos of inclusion? Examining anti-homophobia policy development in New Zealand sport Abstract: •Investigation into organisational approach to anti-homophobia in New Zealand sport.•Integrated, multiple theory approach to provide thorough conceptual analysis.•Consideration of inclusion rather than targeting marginalised groups.•Balance between business case and social justice approach advocated.Sport is inherently homophobic and sport managers have been able to do little to address this. The purpose of this research was to examine the work of the ‘Sport for All’ Steering Group in New Zealand. This group was made up of six National Sport Organisations. Three research questions were addressed: Why were the organisations involved; what were their priorities and how can they be examined conceptually; and what (if any) strategies could help to develop the goals of the group? A conceptual framework was developed in which a combination of social identity theory, critical theory, and post-structuralism were utilised to examine the complexities of the steering group’s work. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted by phone. The following themes were examined: the organisations’ initial responses to the creation of the steering group; the complexities of the work; and the potential to develop inclusion through community. It was found that the organisational respondents used multiple conceptual approaches to inform and justify their work. Suggestions for inclusion development using the organisations’ ideas and enthusiasm alongside the funding framework of Sport New Zealand are offered. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 247-262 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:247-262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thijs A. Velema Author-X-Name-First: Thijs A. Author-X-Name-Last: Velema Title: Upward and downward job mobility and player market values in contemporary European professional football Abstract: •Player market values in professional football are thought to reflect prior performance and human capital.•However, controlling for prior performance and human capital, job moves shape market values.•Upward moves shift player market values up, downward moves push market values down.•Each additional upward job move has a cumulative positive effect on market values.•The negative effect of downward moves reduces when players are more important for their new team.One question facing professional football (soccer) players in today's highly mobile football labor market is how to move between teams and develop boundaryless careers that positively signal their qualities, skills, and value to the market. The author departs from previous researchers, who have conceptualized market values as a function of performance and human capital factors at one point in time. Instead, the author argues that market observers face imperfect information when estimating the value of players, which they overcome by using job mobility as a signal for the qualities, skills, and playing potential of footballers. Analyzing a unique longitudinal dataset of 1670 professional player careers with fixed effects panel regressions, results indicate that upward mobility is a positive signal shifting observers' estimations of player market values up and downward mobility is a negative signal pushing market values down. Each extra move up leads to an additional increase in market values and the negative impact of downward mobility decreases when players take up more important roles in their new team. The impact of mobility on player market values is thus contingent on broader career patterns and the context in which job mobility takes place. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 209-221 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.02.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.02.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:209-221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daichi Oshimi Author-X-Name-First: Daichi Author-X-Name-Last: Oshimi Author-Name: Munehiko Harada Author-X-Name-First: Munehiko Author-X-Name-Last: Harada Title: Host residents’ role in sporting events: The city image perspective Abstract: •We study the relationships between sporting events and host city image perceptions.•We identify the antecedent and outcome variable of city image perceptions.•We explore these variables’ impact on behavioral intention toward the event.•Host city residents are important ambassadors and spectators of the event.•The enhancement in place attachment could be the event’s social impact on host city.The purpose of this study was to identify the antecedent and outcome variables of host city image perceptions, and to analyze how these perceptions impact behavioral intentions from the residents’ viewpoint. To this end, the authors constructed a structural model, distributed questionnaires to residents in Saitama City for the Tour de France Saitama Criterium held in Japan from 2014 to 2016, and collected 636 usable responses. The results verified that the fit between host city and sporting event is a useful antecedent variable of city image. Furthermore, place attachment to host city was identified as an outcome variable. Development of these two variables could benefit behavioral intentions, suggesting that residents play an important role in sporting event development. In addition, the authors found that hosting a sporting event leads to place attachment among residents through fit between host city and sporting event and city image perceptions. Thus, hosting a sporting event has two potential impacts—one each on the event organizer and the host city—from the residents’ viewpoint. It benefits the organizers by developing the residents’ behavioral intentions and has a social impact on the host city through an enhancement in their place attachment. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 263-275 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:263-275 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hung Q. Huynh Author-X-Name-First: Hung Q. Author-X-Name-Last: Huynh Author-Name: Eric C. Schwarz Author-X-Name-First: Eric C. Author-X-Name-Last: Schwarz Author-Name: Jason D. Hunter Author-X-Name-First: Jason D. Author-X-Name-Last: Hunter Title: Advanced Theory and Practice in Sport Marketing Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 292-293 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.08.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.08.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:292-293 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lewis Laing Author-X-Name-First: Lewis Author-X-Name-Last: Laing Author-Name: Mark Piekarz Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Piekarz Author-Name: Ian Jenkins Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Jenkins Author-Name: Peter Mills Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Mills Title: Risk and safety management in the leisure, events, tourism and sports industries Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 288-289 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:288-289 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anat Toder-Alon Author-X-Name-First: Anat Author-X-Name-Last: Toder-Alon Author-Name: Tamar Icekson Author-X-Name-First: Tamar Author-X-Name-Last: Icekson Author-Name: Avichai Shuv-Ami Author-X-Name-First: Avichai Author-X-Name-Last: Shuv-Ami Title: Team identification and sports fandom as predictors of fan aggression: The moderating role of ageing Abstract: •The study used an online panel-based survey of professional basketball fans.•Older fans report higher levels of sports fandom and team identification.•Older fans report lower levels of aggression and lower acceptance of aggression.•Age moderates the relationships between identification/fandom and fan aggression.•Older fans can play a key role in reducing the levels of sports fan aggression.In the current study, the explored the moderating role of ageing in the relationship between team identification/fandom and fan aggression. The authors used an online panel-based survey that offered access to a realworld population of sports fans. Participants were 740 fans of Israeli professional basketball. Results from structural equation modelling demonstrated that older fans reported higher levels of mere sports fandom and lower levels of self-reported aggression and acceptance of aggression. Moreover, age moderated the relationships between team identification (or fandom) and self-reported aggression, such that team identification (or fandom) was more strongly associated with selfreported fan aggression among younger fans than among older fans. The moderating role of age in the relationships between team identification (or fandom) and perceptions of appropriateness of aggression was not supported. The findings contribute to our theoretical understanding of the role of ageing in the relationship between fan identification and fan aggression. Based on these findings, the authors assert that managers might particularly benefit from leveraging the potential, but often neglected, segment of senior fans, since older fans can play a key role in reducing the level of aggression during competitive sports events. Suggestions for future research are also discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 194-208 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.02.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.02.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:194-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Deepak Dhayanithy Author-X-Name-First: Deepak Author-X-Name-Last: Dhayanithy Author-Name: Brad R Humphreys Author-X-Name-First: Brad R Author-X-Name-Last: Humphreys Author-Name: Robert Simmons Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Simmons Title: The economics of sports betting; Placido Rodrigues Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 290-291 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:290-291 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jakeun Koo Author-X-Name-First: Jakeun Author-X-Name-Last: Koo Author-Name: Younghan Lee Author-X-Name-First: Younghan Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: Sponsor-event congruence effects: The moderating role of sport involvement and mediating role of sponsor attitudes Abstract: •Interaction effects between sport involvement and sponsor-event fit were found.•Sponsor attitudes mediated the relationship between sponsor credibility and purchase intention.•Sponsor credibility played important roles between sponsor-event fit and outcome variables.The authors examine the moderating effect of sport involvement in the association between sponsor-event congruence and consumer responses. University students (N = 118) took part in the experiment. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) results show that sport involvement moderates the effectiveness of sponsor-event congruence on sponsor credibility, influencing attitude toward the sponsor and intention to purchase the sponsor’s product. Research findings imply that a sponsorship campaign, in which sponsor-event congruence occurs, may have the power to deliver a product relevant message to consumers who are involved in sports via a central route. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 222-234 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.03.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.03.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:222-234 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen L. Shapiro Author-X-Name-First: Stephen L. Author-X-Name-Last: Shapiro Author-Name: Lamar Reams Author-X-Name-First: Lamar Author-X-Name-Last: Reams Author-Name: Kevin Kam Fung So Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Kam Fung Author-X-Name-Last: So Title: Is it worth the price? The role of perceived financial risk, identification, and perceived value in purchasing pay-per-view broadcasts of combat sports Abstract: •An attitude-intentions model was proposed for mediated combat sport consumers.•Significant relationships were found between attitudes and purchase intentions.•Perceived financial risk did not moderate these relationships.•The role identification, value, and risk play in purchase intentions should be considered in mediated sport consumption.Perceived risk, identification, and perceived value play a critical role in consumer behavior. Although previous researchers have examined identification and perceived value, examination of mediated sport consumption is lacking. Additionally, risk has received limited attention within this context. The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationships between identification, perceived value, and purchase intentions, and to assess the moderating role of perceived financial risk within the context of combat sports pay-per-view purchases. Combat sport consumers (N = 364) participated in an online survey. Findings showed that identification had a positive association with perceived value and purchase intentions. Perceived value was directly associated with purchase intentions and partially mediated the relationship between identification and purchase intentions. However, perceived financial risk did not moderate the value-intentions relationship. These findings contribute to the sport consumer behavior by (a) extending the understanding of identification, value, and purchase intentions in a mediated consumption environment, and (b) advancing knowledge on the role of financial risk in this setting. As advances in technology continue, it is important to understand the role of attitudes and behavior, and the potential impact of perceived risk on purchases of mediated sport programming. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 235-246 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.03.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.03.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:235-246 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Themis Kokolakakis Author-X-Name-First: Themis Author-X-Name-Last: Kokolakakis Author-Name: Fernando Lera-López Author-X-Name-First: Fernando Author-X-Name-Last: Lera-López Author-Name: Girish Ramchandani Author-X-Name-First: Girish Author-X-Name-Last: Ramchandani Title: Did London 2012 deliver a sports participation legacy? Abstract: •This paper analyses the sports participation legacy of London 2012 Olympic Games.•The study shows a positive trickle-down effect on participation from hosting the Games.•The largest effect is observed in relation to intensive and regular participation.•The sport participation legacy has significant differences between socio-demographic groups.Despite the increasing academic interest in the analysis of the Olympic legacy, there is a relative knowledge gap as far as sports participation legacy is concerned. The authors bridge this gap by analysing the short-term sports participation legacy of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games on the adult population in England. By using data from the Active People Survey and considering different sports participation variables and the effect of the economic climate, results demonstrate a positive association with participation from hosting the Games. Participation rates were adjusted to take into account seasonality and changes in the gross domestic product (GDP), accounting in this way for the effect of the recent economic recession. The biggest effect was observed in relation to frequent participation (at least three times per week for at least 30 min) in the year immediately after the Games. In 2014, the sports participation rates fell relative to 2013 but remained higher than pre-Olympic levels. The sport participation legacy of the Olympic Games appeared to have significant differences between socio-demographic groups. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 276-287 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:276-287 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Meredith A. Whitley Author-X-Name-First: Meredith A. Author-X-Name-Last: Whitley Author-Name: William V. Massey Author-X-Name-First: William V. Author-X-Name-Last: Massey Author-Name: Martin Camiré Author-X-Name-First: Martin Author-X-Name-Last: Camiré Author-Name: Lindsey C. Blom Author-X-Name-First: Lindsey C. Author-X-Name-Last: Blom Author-Name: Megan Chawansky Author-X-Name-First: Megan Author-X-Name-Last: Chawansky Author-Name: Shawn Forde Author-X-Name-First: Shawn Author-X-Name-Last: Forde Author-Name: Mish Boutet Author-X-Name-First: Mish Author-X-Name-Last: Boutet Author-Name: Amanda Borbee Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Borbee Author-Name: Simon C. Darnell Author-X-Name-First: Simon C. Author-X-Name-Last: Darnell Title: A systematic review of sport for development interventions across six global cities Abstract: •Critical appraisal of research on Sport for Development interventions.•Limited methodological details and weak quality of methods and evidence.•Need for more rigorous, systematic research and evaluation efforts.•Next steps identified for Sport for Development organisations and researchers.Recently published reviews have begun the process of synthesizing the knowledge within the growing Sport for Development (SfD) field, but there is a need to critically evaluate the research on which these findings are based. This systematic review is a critical appraisal of both quantitative and qualitative evidence in academic and grey literature in the SfD field. The strength and quality of the research is assessed to provide a more nuanced understanding of the reported evidence of SfD interventions in six global cities (Cape Town, Hong Kong, London, Mumbai, Nairobi, and New Orleans). The results include several key findings: (a) there is a limited number of academic and grey literature with enough methodological details for critical appraisal; (b) the quality of methods and evidence in individual studies is largely classified as weak; and (c) there is a need for more rigorous, systematic research and evaluation efforts that are openly shared and assessed. These findings provide a foundation from which to suggest ‘next steps’ for SfD organisations and researchers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 181-193 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.013 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.013 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:181-193 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 2 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(19)30089-0 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(19)30089-0 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:2:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jana Nová Author-X-Name-First: Jana Author-X-Name-Last: Nová Author-Name: Chuka Onwumechili Author-X-Name-First: Chuka Author-X-Name-Last: Onwumechili Title: Sport Communication: An International Approach Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 437-438 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.11.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.11.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:437-438 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nite Calvin Author-X-Name-First: Nite Author-X-Name-Last: Calvin Author-Name: Ige Abiodun Author-X-Name-First: Ige Author-X-Name-Last: Abiodun Author-Name: Washington Marvin Author-X-Name-First: Washington Author-X-Name-Last: Marvin Title: The evolving institutional work of the National Collegiate Athletic Association to maintain dominance in a fragmented field Abstract: •Sport governance associations remain intact despite predictors of demise.•NCAA learned to control boundaries, practices, and institutional cognitions.•Expanding membership boundaries increased institutional dominance.•Flexible practices allowed for multiple interests to coexist in institution.•Cognitive understandings are strategically built, adjusted, and defended.High-profile sport governance associations tend to remain intact despite numerous issues that would predict their demise. As such, these types of associations offer valuable contexts for understanding institutional maintenance work. The authors conducted a historical case study of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in the U.S. More than 7000 pages of documents spanning more than 100 years were analyzed to document how the NCAA rose to dominance in a contested field and cemented its governance as the taken-for-granted model of collegiate and amateur sport in the U.S. despite numerous issues that would predict the association’s demise. Findings suggest that the NCAA evolved its methods for controlling institutional boundaries, practices, and cognitions as means for maintaining its dominance. By expanding its boundaries, adjusting its practices, and framing member and public cognitions, the NCAA has been able to create an institution that is responsive to members and defensible against legitimate contestations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 379-394 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.05.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.05.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:379-394 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amber L. Smittick Author-X-Name-First: Amber L. Author-X-Name-Last: Smittick Author-Name: Kathi N. Miner Author-X-Name-First: Kathi N. Author-X-Name-Last: Miner Author-Name: George B. Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: George B. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Title: The “I” in team: Coach incivility, coach gender, and team performance in women’s basketball teams Abstract: •Incivility is common in sport but has received little research attention.•Collected data from women’s basketball teams, examining the influence of coach incivility.•Leader incivility is related to lower team cohesion, lower psychological safety, and lower objective team performance.•Psychological safety mediated the incivility-performance relationship, and leader gender moderated the relationships.Incivility is common across many sport contexts, yet empirical examination of its influence is lacking, especially when it comes to the influence of incivility on team emergent states and performance. The purpose of the present study was to address this topic by investigating the effects of leader incivility toward team members on team outcomes. The authors also examined team cohesion and psychological safety as potential mediators of the leader incivility-performance relationship and leader gender as a moderator of these mediational relationships. Participants included players from 52 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I female college basketball teams whose experiences of incivility were aggregated to the team level. As predicted, results revealed that leader incivility related to lower team cohesion, lower psychological safety, and lower objective team performance. Additionally, psychological safety mediated the incivility-performance relationship, as hypothesized. Based on these findings, the authors point to several implications, including emphasizing civility among leaders, instituting organizational policies designed to deter incivility, establishing reporting mechanisms, and implementing interventions and training. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 419-433 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:419-433 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ye Hoon Lee Author-X-Name-First: Ye Hoon Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: Emotional intelligence, servant leadership, and development goal orientation in athletic directors Abstract: •This study focuses on the off-the-court sport leaders (i.e., athletic directors).•This study examines methods by which athletic directors pursue development goals.•Emotional intelligence positively predicts servant leadership style.•Servant leadership positively predicts development goal orientation.•Servant leadership plays a mediating role in the proposed relationship.Scholars and policy makers have long considered sport as a vehicle for promoting young athletes’ well-being, educational experience, and citizenship skills. Athletic directors can play a significant role in this process by establishing organizational goals that can foster the development of young athletes and also by ensuring that other personnel abide by these goals. However, little is known about methods athletic directors can use to focus on such development goals in the midst of the current winning-at-all-costs culture surrounding sports. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between emotional intelligence, servant leadership, and development goal orientation among high school athletic directors. A total of 445 athletic directors located in 48 states in the United States completed an online survey. The results indicated that emotional intelligence is positively associated with servant leadership, which in turn is positively associated with development goal orientation. The mediation analysis also revealed that servant leadership fully mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and development goal orientation among athletic directors. The findings of this research assist in understanding how sports governing bodies can educate athletic directors to initiate development-oriented reform of the winning-at-all-costs culture in sports. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 395-406 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.05.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.05.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:395-406 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bo Li Author-X-Name-First: Bo Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Stephen W. Dittmore Author-X-Name-First: Stephen W. Author-X-Name-Last: Dittmore Author-Name: Olan K.M. Scott Author-X-Name-First: Olan K.M. Author-X-Name-Last: Scott Author-Name: Wen-juo Lo Author-X-Name-First: Wen-juo Author-X-Name-Last: Lo Author-Name: Sarah Stokowski Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Stokowski Title: Why we follow: Examining motivational differences in following sport organizations on Twitter and Weibo Abstract: •Weibo and Twitter users had different motives in following sports organizations.•Weibo users had higher motives to gain information and expressing team support.•Twitter users’ sought to be entertained and gain technical information.•Sport organizations should provide a variety of interactive elements to sport fans.Social media platforms provide a space where sport fans can interact directly with sport organizations; however, researchers have not empirically examined users’ motivation and usage. Guided by uses and gratifications theory, the authors explored whether social media users’ motivations differed when following a sport organization on two similar microblogging services: Twitter and Weibo. Data gathered from an online survey of users who followed the Los Angeles Lakers on both Twitter (n = 299) and Weibo (n = 796) were analyzed using the Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes model. Findings showed that Weibo users had higher motives for obtaining information, entertainment, technical knowledge, passing time, and escaping from their life than Twitter users, while Twitter followers had higher motivations to express team support than their Weibo counterparts. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis suggested that Weibo users had high motives in information gathering and expressing team support, and they also tended to be more interactive. Twitter users were more interested in interacting with a sport organization if their motives for obtaining entertainment information and technical information were met. Results of this study will assist sport organizations to learn to understand users’ motives for following a sports team in both China and America and then develop more effective strategies to engage these users in these two main markets. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 335-347 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:335-347 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katie Rowe Author-X-Name-First: Katie Author-X-Name-Last: Rowe Author-Name: Adam Karg Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Karg Author-Name: Emma Sherry Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Sherry Title: Community-oriented practice: Examining corporate social responsibility and development activities in professional sport Abstract: •Community activities of professional sport teams are examined drawing on CSR and SFD literature.•We identify and categorises 1243 examples of community initiatives from leagues in the US, UK, and Australia.•Fourteen types of activities and three broad groups (giving, activating, and capacity building) are identified.•Differences between regions are observed in relation to the types of activities and focus of initiatives.•Community-oriented practice is defined and positioned as the community-focused activities of professional sport teams.Professional sport teams are increasingly engaging in activities that target community development agendas. Previous researchers have examined why teams engage in such activities and the value they derive from a corporate social responsibility (CSR) perspective; however, an understanding of the nature and focus of such activities is only beginning to emerge and further research attention is necessary. To address this gap, the authors draw on both CSR and sport-for-development (SFD) literature to examine community activities undertaken by professional sport teams. An exploratory case study methodology was employed, using a multi-case design to examine the activities of 70 professional sport teams across the commercially dominant league in each of three regions (Australia, the UK, and the US). A total of 1243 initiatives were recorded and analysed to build a profile of the nature and focus of the community activities undertaken. These were classified into 14 specific categories and analysis identified three core groups of activities: giving, activating and capacity building. Teams primarily targeted health and education agendas; however, differences were observed across regions. Teams in the US engaged more heavily in giving activities, whereas teams in the UK more commonly engaged in capacity-building activities. Variations were also observed with respect to target agenda, demonstrating differences within practices across regions. The authors propose community-oriented practices as a concept to describe the community-focused activities undertaken by professional sport teams at the intersection of CSR and SFD, and a working definition of this concept is offered. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 363-378 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.05.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.05.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:363-378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yonghwan Chang Author-X-Name-First: Yonghwan Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Title: Spectators’ emotional responses in tweets during the Super Bowl 50 game Abstract: •328,000 real-time tweets posted by spectators during the Super Bowl 50 game were collected/analyzed.•Expressed positive emotions when their team scored, while expressed negatives when the opposite team scored.•Became habituated with subsequent scoring, resulted in fewer expressions of emotions.•Expressed a surge of emotions when a team scored soon after a score from the other team.•Simultaneous experience of positive and negative emotions may contribute to patronage and health.The author explored spectators’ emotional reactions manifested on social media. By using Twitter search application programming interface, 328,000 real-time tweets posted by fans of the Panthers and the Broncos during the Super Bowl 50 game were collected. The lexicon-based text mining approach (a big data analysis in social media analytics) was employed to classify tweets into five different emotions. The findings indicated that spectators expressed positive emotions when their team scored; conversely, they expressed negative emotions when the opposite team scored. Interestingly, spectators became habituated with each subsequent score from either of their preferred teams, which resulted in fewer expressions of emotions. However, when a team scored soon after the opposite team scored, fans expressed a surge of positive or negative emotions, accordingly. The results supported both the theories of affective disposition and opponent-process. Spectators’ simultaneous experience of positive and negative emotions may contribute to fans’ satisfaction, continued patronage, and mental health. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 348-362 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:348-362 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ovidiu C. Cocieru Author-X-Name-First: Ovidiu C. Author-X-Name-Last: Cocieru Author-Name: Elizabeth B. Delia Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth B. Author-X-Name-Last: Delia Author-Name: Matthew Katz Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Katz Title: It’s our club! From supporter psychological ownership to supporter formal ownership Abstract: •Psychological ownership is a key contributing factor to fans becoming team owners.•Fan ownership initiatives follow a pattern of events.•Dissatisfaction with team management and trigger events determine fans to act.•Actions taken by supporters involved in shareholder initiatives impact other fans.A major development in international sport governance is the increasing number of clubs owned by supporters. Researchers have advocated for more supporter involvement in the governance of sport teams but have not fully explained why some supporters attempt to become team owners. Sport governance scholars have also generally ignored the perspectives of those fans that do not seek to become club owners. In the current study, the authors took the perspective of psychological ownership theory and used semi-structured interviews to examine the perspectives of a professional football team’s supporters, some of which were interested in becoming team shareholders. The authors found that a primary reason supporters attempt to become club owners lies in their sense of psychological ownership for their team. Following this sense of ownership, supporter ownership initiatives appear to follow a certain pattern of events, including a sense of dissatisfaction, expressing such dissatisfaction in an attempt to bring about change, and eventually, initiating a formal ownership movement after reaching a tipping point. Lastly, the authors found that during supporter ownership movements, the actions taken by supporters involved in such initiatives may impact fans not involved in the ownership movement. The study makes contributions to sport governance, fan behavior, psychological ownership and fan social network literatures. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 322-334 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:322-334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alana Thomson Author-X-Name-First: Alana Author-X-Name-Last: Thomson Author-Name: Graham Cuskelly Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Cuskelly Author-Name: Kristine Toohey Author-X-Name-First: Kristine Author-X-Name-Last: Toohey Author-Name: Millicent Kennelly Author-X-Name-First: Millicent Author-X-Name-Last: Kennelly Author-Name: Paul Burton Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Burton Author-Name: Liz Fredline Author-X-Name-First: Liz Author-X-Name-Last: Fredline Title: Sport event legacy: A systematic quantitative review of literature Abstract: •Sport event legacy is a complex and contested phenomenon.•Articles from the UK, USA, Canada, Australia dominate the articles considered.•Research has grown since 2000, with a rapid increase from 2007 onwards.•The need for legacy planning is emphasised in over half of the studies considered.•Researchers should develop long-term, transdisciplinary research agendas featuring empirical and mixed method designs.The study of sport event legacies has grown rapidly since 2000 across a number of disciplines related to planning and hosting large-scale sport events. However, to date, there have been limited attempts to systematically review and synthesise extant sport event legacy research, reflect on existing knowledge, and identify key gaps for future research. In this article, the authors reviewed the state of sport event legacy research through a systematic quantitative review of 305 original, peer-reviewed research articles published in English language journals between 2000 and 2016. Results demonstrate that a small group of academics concentrated in particular countries are driving the publication of studies on sport event legacy in predominately specialised sport and event journals. There is a clear research interest in legacy outcomes realised through hosting sport events in areas of public life, politics, and culture, as well as mass participation sport. The authors identify key areas for future research and make recommendations for empirical research designs to progress scholarship and better inform policy and practice pertaining to sport event legacy. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 295-321 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.011 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.011 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:295-321 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brendan O’Hallarn Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: O’Hallarn Author-Name: Stephen L. Shapiro Author-X-Name-First: Stephen L. Author-X-Name-Last: Shapiro Author-Name: D.E. Wittkower Author-X-Name-First: D.E. Author-X-Name-Last: Wittkower Author-Name: Lynn Ridinger Author-X-Name-First: Lynn Author-X-Name-Last: Ridinger Author-Name: Marion E. Hambrick Author-X-Name-First: Marion E. Author-X-Name-Last: Hambrick Title: A model for the generation of public sphere-like activity in sport-themed Twitter hashtags Abstract: •Twitter has faced significant recent criticism because of aggressive behaviors exhibited by users of the platform.•A conceptual model offers an approach for how sport-themed Twitter hashtag discussions can counter this vein of negativity.•The model suggests amplifiers and barriers to discussion enabled by Twitter hashtags.The social media site Twitter has been subject to significant recent criticism, because of some users’ propensity for behaviors such as bullying, racism and homophobia, and rhetorical excess. Critics suggest Twitter has changed from its beginnings, where it was seen as a site that promoted broad-based debate and advancement of democracy. In this conceptual paper, the authors suggest that those ideals can still be realized, and that Twitter can provide the venue and the motivation for the generation of Habermasian public spheres. The authors argue that society’s passion and consumption model for sport, along with technological affordances unique to Twitter, can promote behavior akin to public spheres, provided barriers to such discourse can be overcome. This analysis is the first systematic examination of the potential for public spheres to be realized within sport and social media and suggests the byproducts of such discussions can be tangible and measurable. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 407-418 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:407-418 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Young Do Kim Author-X-Name-First: Young Do Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Tony Weaver Author-X-Name-First: Tony Author-X-Name-Last: Weaver Author-Name: George Dohrmann Author-X-Name-First: George Author-X-Name-Last: Dohrmann Title: Superfans: Into the heart of obsessive sports fandom Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 434-436 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:434-436 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 3 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(19)30200-1 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(19)30200-1 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:3:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pamela Wicker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Wicker Title: The carbon footprint of active sport participants Abstract: •Estimation of active sport participants’ annual carbon footprint and influencing factors.•Average carbon footprint is 844.0 kg of carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions.•Income is positively associated with annual carbon footprint.•Environmentally conscious participants have a lower footprint, but only in individual sports.•‘Environmental value-action gap’ exists in nature and team/racket sports.Researchers examining carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions (carbon footprint) in sport have focused on sport events and, to a lesser extent, sport teams, but provided only average or aggregate values. The author takes the perspective of active sport participants and considers the heterogeneity of individual sport participation behavior. Using online surveys, adult active sport participants (n = 6537) in 20 different sports with main residence in Germany were asked to report their sport-travel behavior in 2015, including traveling in the context of regular (weekly) activity, sport competitions/tournaments, league games, day trips, and training camps/vacations. Annual carbon footprints were estimated using information about travel distances and transportation means. The results revealed an average annual carbon footprint of 844 kg of carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions, with individual sports producing more emissions than team/racket sports. Participants in nature sports had the highest emission levels. Regression analyses revealed that environmental consciousness significantly reduced carbon footprint in individual sports, but not in team/racket and nature sports, supporting the existence of an environmental value-action gap. Activity years, club membership, weekly exercise hours, performance level, and income were mainly positively associated with annual carbon footprint, while gender was insignificant. The findings have implications for policy makers and managers in sport associations and clubs. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 513-526 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.07.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.07.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:513-526 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher M. McLeod Author-X-Name-First: Christopher M. Author-X-Name-Last: McLeod Author-Name: John T. Holden Author-X-Name-First: John T. Author-X-Name-Last: Holden Author-Name: Matthew G. Hawzen Author-X-Name-First: Matthew G. Author-X-Name-Last: Hawzen Author-Name: Tarlan Chahardovali Author-X-Name-First: Tarlan Author-X-Name-Last: Chahardovali Title: Do influxes of atypical labor make sport event workers prone to exploitation? Abstract: •A doctrinal analysis reveals 13 distinct categories of sport event workers.•Categories range from well-protected workers to workers with no protections.•All but one category were observed during a season of college football home games.•When sport organizations swell, they gain workers with fewer legal protections.•781 to 1046 workers miscategorized themselves as volunteers: a litigation risk.Sport organizations that host events are pulsating organizations because they gain an influx of workers for a short duration. The influx often consists of atypical workers including independent contractors, seasonal workers, temporary workers, interns, prison workers, and volunteers. Atypical workers have fewer rights and protections compared with standard employees. So, when sport organizations swell to include these underprotected workers, they may create situations where worker exploitation or litigation are likely. The authors used an exploratory doctrinal-comparative analysis to examine the legal employment relations established between sport event workers and pulsating organizations. A doctrinal analysis of US Federal labor law revealed 13 worker categories, with distinct rights and protections, which may be found at sport events. The authors used exploratory methods to apply the categories to a season of college football home games at an FBS Division I University. Workers belonging to every category except one (prison labor) were observed. The findings confirmed that, when sport organizations swell, they tend to gain workers belonging to categories with fewer legal protections. It is also estimated that at least 28 percent of workers on any given game day misclassified themselves as volunteers. Subsequently, there is evidence that sport events, because of the influx of atypical workers, may create exploitive and sometimes litigious situations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 527-539 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.07.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.07.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:527-539 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joon Sung Lee Author-X-Name-First: Joon Sung Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Katherine Babiak Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: Babiak Title: Does your left hand know what your right hand is doing? Impacts of athletes’ pre-transgression philanthropic behavior on consumer post-transgression evaluation Abstract: •Pre-transgression athlete philanthropy mitigates negative impact of the transgression on consumer responses.•The deeper commitment to charitable behavior leads to better protection compared to the simple support for a cause.•Higher fit between a transgressed athlete and a cause results in more negative consumer responses due to consumer skepticism.Despite the importance of an athlete’s image and reputation as an individual brand, the academic literature lacks investigations on whether and how an athlete’s brand can be protected when they engage in unethical transgressions. Focusing on athletes’ pro-social activities, the authors presented an experimental study to test how an athlete’s pro-social efforts can alleviate negative impacts from his/her transgression. In particular, the authors test the impacts of athletes’ involvement level (high vs. low) with a pro-social cause and level of fit between an athlete and a cause (high vs. low) on sport consumers’ perceptions. Results demonstrate that an athlete’s pre-scandal charitable behaviors can mitigate adverse impact of a transgression on consumer response only when the athlete has deeply engaged in charitable behaviors. The results also show that a higher fit between an athlete and a cause can generate more severe damaging impacts on consumer evaluation than a lower fit due to consumer skepticism caused by a combination between a negative reputation and a high-fit cause. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 553-565 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.08.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.08.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:553-565 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Víctor Pérez-Samaniego Author-X-Name-First: Víctor Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez-Samaniego Author-Name: Jorge Fuentes-Miguel Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Author-X-Name-Last: Fuentes-Miguel Author-Name: Sofía Pereira-García Author-X-Name-First: Sofía Author-X-Name-Last: Pereira-García Author-Name: Elena López-Cañada Author-X-Name-First: Elena Author-X-Name-Last: López-Cañada Author-Name: José Devís-Devís Author-X-Name-First: José Author-X-Name-Last: Devís-Devís Title: Experiences of trans persons in physical activity and sport: A qualitative meta-synthesis Abstract: •Language has negative consequences for trans people but also becomes an act of resistance.•Changing rooms are experienced as embarrassing and unsafe.•Trans persons use different strategies for transgendering within physical activity and sport.•Trans people are perceived as abject, although abjection can also play a subversive role.•Commitment of managers is necessary to enhance access and safety.Access and participation of trans people in physical activity and sport result in a variety of experiences. The purpose of this paper was to map and provide new insights to existing qualitative research on experiences of trans people in physical activity and sport. Searches in international databases identified 604 documents related with those issues. Of these, the authors assessed 31 studies in accordance with a reading guide. Finally, 12 qualitative studies were selected. Key issues are condensed into four cross-cutting themes: (a) language; (b) facilities and spaces; (c) transgendering strategies; and (d) abjection. The identified issues show how trans persons diversely experience and manage situations of verbal discrimination, resistance, occupation of spaces, identification, and rejection. The paper concludes with insights based on the distinction between gender conformers and gender transformers, and implications for sport managers in order to enhance participation, enjoyment, and wellbeing of trans people in physical activity and sport. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 439-451 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.08.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.08.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:439-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Per G. Svensson Author-X-Name-First: Per G. Author-X-Name-Last: Svensson Author-Name: Marion E. Hambrick Author-X-Name-First: Marion E. Author-X-Name-Last: Hambrick Title: Exploring how external stakeholders shape social innovation in sport for development and peace Abstract: •A narrower definition of innovation is adopted with an emphasis on social change.•Innovative SDP organizations interact with a range of external stakeholders.•Stakeholders are carefully evaluated to ensure a shared commitment to innovation.•Social innovation in SDP is a collective process influenced by actors and broader systems.•External stakeholders influence innovation at the inter-, intra-, and extra-group levels.The purpose of this study was to examine how innovative SDP organizations’ interactions with external stakeholders influence the social innovation process. Innovation represents the implementation of new or improved ways to promote social change. The authors conducted semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 48 SDP leaders representing organizations located across six continents. Innovative SDP agencies engaged in numerous non-financial relationships with a strong emphasis on collective learning, a shared willingness to spread the risk of innovation across organizational boundaries, and a reciprocal process for co-creating new and improved solutions for how sport can be used better to promote positive social change. Social innovation in the context of SDP emerged across different levels (intra-, inter-, and extra-group) from a collective and interactive process between SDP organizations and external stakeholders. Their innovation activities included identifying opportunities and generating ideas for implementing new practices and scaling creative solutions. This study extends the existing SDP literature and underscores the need to adopt a more specific external perspective when examining the process of innovation in sport organizations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 540-552 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.07.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.07.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:540-552 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jin-ho Shin Author-X-Name-First: Jin-ho Author-X-Name-Last: Shin Author-Name: Seong Ok Lyu Author-X-Name-First: Seong Ok Author-X-Name-Last: Lyu Title: Using a discrete choice experiment to estimate spectators’ willingness to pay for professional baseball park sportscape Abstract: •Spectators consider different sportscape attributes for visiting ballparks.•Ease of access to ballparks serves as an important sportscape attribute.•Spectators are willing to pay KR₩4102 for an additional subway line.•South Korean baseball fans have an aversion to fully-domed ballparks.•Respondents demonstrated slight preferences for wider scoreboards.The physical environment of sport facilities, referred to as the sportscape, has a substantial influence on the extent to which sport fans attend sporting events and revisit the facilities. Accordingly, professional franchises make efforts to construct new stadiums with different sportscape elements, which serve as important factors that determine spectators’ levels of attendance satisfaction. With a sample of South Korean baseball fans, the authors examine which sportscape components of professional ballparks are considered most important by spectators, as well as how baseball attendees indicate their willingness to pay for particular sportscape attributes. Based on a discrete choice experimental approach, results indicate that spectators place the greatest importance on fast access to ballparks largely dependent upon the location. Results also suggest that respondents are willing to pay KR₩4102 for one more subway line. Different strategies for developing successful sportscape components are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 502-512 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:502-512 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Seungmin Kang Author-X-Name-First: Seungmin Author-X-Name-Last: Kang Author-Name: Per G. Svensson Author-X-Name-First: Per G. Author-X-Name-Last: Svensson Title: Shared leadership in sport for development and peace: A conceptual framework of antecedents and outcomes Abstract: •The concept of shared leadership and its applicability in SDP is examined.•A collective view of leadership is valuable for the distinct nature of SDP.•Nine propositions are presented regarding antecedents and outcomes.•Addresses gap in literature on leadership in SDP.•Future directions for research on shared leadership in SDP are discussed.A broad range of organizations are involved in the field of Sport for Development and Peace (SDP). The complex environmental factors and internal capacity challenges surrounding SDP organizations put additional pressures on SDP managers who are required to balance multiple organizational demands to achieve sustainable program outcomes. Although scholars have begun to explore managerial aspects of SDP efforts, literature on the nature of leadership in SDP remains scarce. In this article, therefore, the authors introduce the concept of shared leadership and arguments for why considering leadership as a collective phenomenon is of particular value in SDP. Specifically, a conceptual framework is developed to identify antecedents and outcomes of shared leadership in SDP. Nine propositions are presented along with a discussion of future areas of study regarding shared leadership in efforts to use sport as a means for achieving development and peace-building outcomes. Limitations of this leadership perspective are also outlined. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 464-476 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.010 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:464-476 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Seungmo Kim Author-X-Name-First: Seungmo Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Taeyeon Oh Author-X-Name-First: Taeyeon Author-X-Name-Last: Oh Author-Name: Soonhwan Lee Author-X-Name-First: Soonhwan Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Damon P.S. Andrew Author-X-Name-First: Damon P.S. Author-X-Name-Last: Andrew Title: Relationships between met-expectation and attitudinal outcomes of coaches in intercollegiate athletics Abstract: •Coaches generally indicated high levels of the met-expectations regarding resource allocation among teams.•Met-expectation of organizational justice had both direct and indirect impacts on attitudes via organizational support.•Differing paths in the proposed model were observed between high profile and non-high profile sports.The purpose of this study was to examine direct and indirect relationships between met-expectation and coaches’ attitudinal work-related outcomes (job satisfaction and organizational commitment) through the mediating effects of perceived organizational support. A total of 260 coaches at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, II, and III institutions in the United States participated in the online survey. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated full mediation of perceived organizational support between met-expectation and job satisfaction and partial mediation of perceived organizational support between met-expectation and organizational commitment. In addition, the results of multiple group SEM revealed distinct paths between high profile sports and non-high profile sports. Met-expectation had only indirect relationships with job satisfaction and organizational commitment through perceived organizational support for coaches in high-profile sports. However, met-expectation had both direct and indirect relationships with organizational commitment for coaches in non-high profile sports. The results generally support the effects of met-expectation on coaches’ attitudes, which highlights the importance of clear expectations for coaches and their immediate supervisors. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 477-490 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:477-490 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Madeleine Orr Author-X-Name-First: Madeleine Author-X-Name-Last: Orr Author-Name: Yuhei Inoue Author-X-Name-First: Yuhei Author-X-Name-Last: Inoue Title: Sport versus climate: Introducing the climate vulnerability of sport organizations framework Abstract: •The risks of climate change for sport organizations are discussed.•The extant sport management literature on climate change is reviewed.•The key constructs of climate vulnerability in sport are identified and defined.•A framework for Climate Vulnerability of Sport Organizations is proposed.Climate change presents a significant and growing challenge to the sport industry, especially outdoor and winter sports. The authors present a conceptual framework that elucidates the varying states of climate vulnerability a sport organization may face, so practitioners may better understand the risks of climate change. The authors developed the Climate Vulnerability of Sport Organizations (CVSO) framework by building on—and linking—concepts of climate vulnerability, exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity in the context of sport organizations. By placing potential impact on one axis and organizational climate capacity on the other, the authors present four quadrants representing four types of climate vulnerability: the Problem State, the Redundant State, the Responsive State, and the Fortified State. Positioning organizations within the CVSO framework facilitates a better understanding of the effort and resources needed to address climate-related risks. Though not all sport organizations will be equally impacted by climate change, all must be prepared to identify the risks to their organizations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 452-463 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:452-463 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeremy J. Foreman Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy J. Author-X-Name-Last: Foreman Author-Name: Brian P. Soebbing Author-X-Name-First: Brian P. Author-X-Name-Last: Soebbing Author-Name: Chad S. Seifried Author-X-Name-First: Chad S. Author-X-Name-Last: Seifried Title: The impact of deviance on head coach dismissals and implications of a personal conduct policy Abstract: •Four types of deviance and a policy change are used to explain leader dismissals.•Deviance committed by subordinates increase the likelihood of leader dismissal.•Penalties and legal incidents increase dismissal likelihood after a policy change.•Leaders may forestall dismissal when punishments limit their available resources.Effects of deviant behavior committed by NFL teams’ coaching staffs and players on head coach dismissals are examined before and after a personal conduct policy change. Using 505 observations from 2000 through 2015, survival analysis results indicate deviance committed by players affect head coach retention decisions. More specifically, workplace deviance committed by subordinates, as measured by player fines, increases head coach dismissal likelihood, regardless of the institutional emphasis on personal conduct, represented by a personal conduct policy modification. However, penalty yards and off-duty legal incidents committed by players only increase the likelihood of head coach dismissal following the personal conduct policy modification, which was implemented to deter deviant behavior viewed by external stakeholders. Though head coaches are dismissed following instances of player misconduct, when those instances of misconduct result in suspensions (i.e., coaches are unable to utilize all their resources), the likelihood of head coach retention increases, suggesting suspensions may operate as an excuse for poor performance, thus allowing head coaches of deviant players to potentially forestall their dismissal. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 491-501 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.012 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.06.012 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:491-501 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bill Gerrard Author-X-Name-First: Bill Author-X-Name-Last: Gerrard Author-Name: Daniel Memmert Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Memmert Author-Name: Dominik Raabe Author-X-Name-First: Dominik Author-X-Name-Last: Raabe Title: Data Analytics in Football: Positional Data Collection, Modelling and Analysis Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 568-569 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.01.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.01.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:568-569 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Robbie Matz Author-X-Name-First: Robbie Author-X-Name-Last: Matz Author-Name: Brett Smith Author-X-Name-First: Brett Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Andrew C. Sparkes Author-X-Name-First: Andrew C. Author-X-Name-Last: Sparkes Title: Routledge Handbook of Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise, 1st Edition Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 566-567 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.01.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.01.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:566-567 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 4 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(19)30311-0 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(19)30311-0 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:4:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel Moital Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Author-X-Name-Last: Moital Author-Name: Amy Bain Author-X-Name-First: Amy Author-X-Name-Last: Bain Author-Name: Harriet Thomas Author-X-Name-First: Harriet Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Title: Summary of cognitive, affective, and behavioural outcomes of consuming prestigious sports events Abstract: •Attending prestigious sports events engenders outer- and inner-directed cognitive outcomes.•Sports events participants attend prestigious events to feel positive emotions and avoid negative ones.•Prestigious sports events generate four types of behavioural outcomes: patronage, financial, communication and experiential.•Findings are of use for prestigious experience design within and outside sports events.In this paper, the authors explore the range of cognitive, affective, and behavioural outcomes of consuming prestigious sports event experiences. The authors obtained means-end chains from 19 individuals from across a range of ages and both genders. A total of 39 examples of events were discussed by participants encompassing 25 unique events and 11 different sports. Outcomes were multi-dimensional. At the cognitive level, consumers developed outer- and inner-directed outcomes. At the affective level, prestigious sports events made consumers feel positive emotions, while at the same time energising them to attend in order to avoid negative emotional states. At the behavioural level, four types of outcomes served as a consequence of attending prestigious events: patronage, financial, communication and experiential. By recognising the multiple outcomes associated with the consumption of prestigious sports event experiences, managers will be better equipped to design experiences that satisfy consumer requirements. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 652-666 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.10.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.10.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:652-666 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jinming Zheng Author-X-Name-First: Jinming Author-X-Name-Last: Zheng Author-Name: Patrick Wing Chung Lau Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Wing Chung Author-X-Name-Last: Lau Author-Name: Shushu Chen Author-X-Name-First: Shushu Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Geoff Dickson Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Dickson Author-Name: Veerle De Bosscher Author-X-Name-First: Veerle Author-X-Name-Last: De Bosscher Author-Name: Qi Peng Author-X-Name-First: Qi Author-X-Name-Last: Peng Title: Interorganisational conflict between national and provincial sport organisations within China’s elite sport system: Perspectives from national organisations Abstract: •Whilst famed for its top-down bureaucratic system, there is considerable interorganisational conflict within the Chinese sport system.•The extent and characteristics of the national-provincial conflict vary between sports.•Interorganisational conflict provides a useful heuristic for better understanding the Chinese elite sport system.In this article, the authors examine interorganisational conflict between provincial and national sport organisations in China. The authors theoretically ground the research in work related to interorganisational relationships and interorganisational conflict. The three case studies are artistic gymnastics, swimming, and cycling, and the authors conducted interviews with 11 staff from the relevant national-level sport organisations. Secondary data was sourced from official publications, websites, and influential domestic media. The key finding is that, whilst famed for its top-down bureaucratic system, there is considerable interorganisational conflict within the Chinese sport system. The extent and characteristics of the national-provincial conflict vary between sports. But there is also some consistency regarding the causes of the conflict and the measures adopted to mitigate the tension. Interorganisational conflict provides a useful heuristic for articulating and understanding the interorganisational relationships within the Chinese elite sport system and hence advances elite sport management research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 667-681 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.10.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.10.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:667-681 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Carlos Gomez-Gonzalez Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Gomez-Gonzalez Author-Name: Helmut Dietl Author-X-Name-First: Helmut Author-X-Name-Last: Dietl Author-Name: Cornel Nesseler Author-X-Name-First: Cornel Author-X-Name-Last: Nesseler Title: Does performance justify the underrepresentation of women coaches? Evidence from professional women’s soccer Abstract: •The paper examines team performance in women’s soccer in France, Germany and Norway.•The gender of the coach does not have a significant influence on team performance.•Previous playing experience of coaches does not play a part in team performance.In this paper, the authors empirically analyze the influence of the gender of the coach on team performance in women’s soccer leagues. Moreover, the authors examine the role of initial experience of coaches (as professional players) as an attribute that converges with gender diversity and influence performance. The sample includes the top divisions in France, Germany, and Norway from 2004 to 2017. The results from the regression model show that the gender of the coach is not a significant determinant of team performance (points per game). In addition, the initial experience of coaches does not alter the results. Therefore, managerial decisions of clubs with regard to the employment of coaches should not rely on gender. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 640-651 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:640-651 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Annick Willem Author-X-Name-First: Annick Author-X-Name-Last: Willem Author-Name: Vassil Girginov Author-X-Name-First: Vassil Author-X-Name-Last: Girginov Author-Name: Kristine Toohey Author-X-Name-First: Kristine Author-X-Name-Last: Toohey Title: Governing bodies of sport as knowledge brokers in Sport-for-All communities of practice Abstract: •Communities of practice provide a platform for social learning on Sport-for-All.•Taking a CoP lens allows understanding the issues concerning delivering SfA.•Governing bodies of sport act as brokers in the communities of practice.•Governing bodies are not fully exploiting tools to enhance the communities.•Policy makers should avoid dominance of governing bodies’ in CoP learning.Delivering Sport-for-All is a major challenge for sport organizations and policy-makers worldwide. Sport-for-All is a practical activity and a knowledge intensive field, characterized by dispersed knowledge creation and sharing processes involving numerous agencies, professionals and volunteers; in other words, it is a community of practice. Communities of practice are vehicles that allow knowledge sharing and creation in intensive and dispersed settings. Learning in communities is enhanced by knowledge brokers, a role typically assumed by governing bodies of sport as part of their formal mandates. In this study, the authors use a community of practice lens to look at Sport-for-All. The authors collected and analyzed data on Sport-for-All communities on the regional (Flanders), national (Australia and England), and international (Sport and Development) level by interviewing key people in each of the communities, and by interrogating virtual knowledge repositories (websites) and public web-based data. Results indicated the existence of Sport-for-All communities of practice with governing bodies of sport acting as brokers in those communities for sharing knowledge, exploration of new ideas, and knowledge creation. However, governing bodies of sport are not strategically exploiting the full potential of online tools to enhance the communities. They ought to focus on supporting the communities by taking a more strategic approach and using new media tools, and let the community of practice standards emerge instead of determining them. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 584-599 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.08.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.08.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:584-599 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michael J. Hoekman Author-X-Name-First: Michael J. Author-X-Name-Last: Hoekman Author-Name: Nico Schulenkorf Author-X-Name-First: Nico Author-X-Name-Last: Schulenkorf Author-Name: Jon Welty Peachey Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Welty Peachey Title: Re-engaging local youth for sustainable sport-for-development Abstract: •Roles and responsibilities of re-engaged youth in sport-for-development.•Definition of re-engaged youth.•Empirical investigation based on qualitative fieldwork in Hanoi, Vietnam.•Re-engaged youth identified as program culture experts, role models, leaders and mentors.•Re-engaged youth are key drivers for sustainable organizational success.Despite increasing evidence that sport-for-development (SFD) programs can contribute to community development, there remains a lack of empirical inquiry into different socio-managerial aspects of SFD. For example, in attempts to achieve locally sustained SFD programs, the roles, responsibilities and potential impact of re-engaged youth need further investigation. The authors define re-engaged youth as previous program participants who have maintained strong links with the organization and who return to the program at a later stage as volunteers or staff members. In this paper, the authors examine ways in which Re-engaged youth of the Blue Dragon Children Foundation’s SFD program contribute to sustainable management and indirectly to community development within a disadvantaged community setting in Hanoi, Vietnam. Following an interpretive mode of inquiry, the authors conducted and analyzed two focus groups (six participants each) and 12 in-depth interviews with re-engaged youth (n = 7) and key program stakeholders (n = 5). Overall, re-engaged youth represented key drivers for organizational success; they served as program culture experts, role models, leaders and mentors, and creators of a family feel in SFD and beyond. The authors argue that re-engaged youth are demonstrating a number of important change agent capabilities that enable them to uniquely gauge and best respond to the needs of program participants and local communities in complex sociocultural environments. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 613-625 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:613-625 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pam Kappelides Author-X-Name-First: Pam Author-X-Name-Last: Kappelides Author-Name: Jennifer Spoor Author-X-Name-First: Jennifer Author-X-Name-Last: Spoor Title: Managing sport volunteers with a disability: Human resource management implications Abstract: •This research has contributed to important practical and theoretical knowledge to the field of volunteerism and disability.•Knowledge developed from this research may assist in improving volunteer opportunities among individuals with disabilities by improving volunteer management procedures and practices.•This research has filled a void evident in the current research literature, where there are limited studies examining the outcomes of volunteers with a disability.Despite the known benefits of volunteering–such as helping others, contributing to community and the development of skills–individuals with a disability are underrepresented in volunteering roles. In this research, the authors examine the benefits and barriers to including volunteers with a disability in three Australian sport and recreation organisations, as well as the potential human resource management implications. The authors take a multi-level perspective and draw on interviews with sport volunteers with a disability, staff from sport organisations, and recipients of services from volunteers with a disability conducted in 2016–2017. Researchers have not previously examined these diverse perspectives, but they are important for understanding how to include and support sport volunteers with a disability. Analysis of the interviews revealed a wide range of benefits of including volunteers with a disability including social acceptance, social inclusion and personal development; but both volunteers and organisations identified numerous barriers to volunteering, including negative attitudes, personal factors, organisational factors and lack of social inclusion. Based on the results of this study, the authors develop recommendations for human resource management practices and policies to support volunteers with a disability in sport and recreation organisations, which are organised around an ability-motivation-opportunity framework. The results suggest that organisations need to create an environment that facilitates open, two-way communication with volunteers with a disability about their needs and wants. There also should be training and education to all volunteers and staff around an inclusive workplace culture. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 694-707 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.10.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.10.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:694-707 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alexandra Klein Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra Author-X-Name-Last: Klein Author-Name: Amanda L. Paule-Koba Author-X-Name-First: Amanda L. Author-X-Name-Last: Paule-Koba Author-Name: Vikki Krane Author-X-Name-First: Vikki Author-X-Name-Last: Krane Title: The journey of transitioning: Being a trans male athlete in college sport Abstract: •This case study presents one transgender athlete’s journey during his social, hormonal, and athletic transition.•Social support and financial resources can impact an athlete as he or she transitions and these are areas that athletic departments can influence.•We recommend strategies to support transgender inclusion in athletics programs, including creating a culture of inclusion and respect for all.While research is emerging about transgender athletes, little is known about their experiences during their transition. Through the lens of transfeminism, this case study followed one U.S. transgender male college athlete as he transitioned from a women’s to a men’s team. The research questions were: (a) what are the experiences of this athlete as he comes out about his trans identity, (b) how is he received by teammates and coaches, and (c) what are his emotional, social, psychological, and athletic experiences during his transition. The athlete participated in a series of interviews across nine months during his transition. Narrative analysis (Smith & Sparkes, 2009) of the data resulted in five themes presented in a series of vignettes: setting the scene: early memories and identity, coming out, being a competitive college athlete, an emotional roller coaster, and contemplating the future. This case offers insights conceptually as well as practically. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 626-639 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.09.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:626-639 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rungting Tu Author-X-Name-First: Rungting Author-X-Name-Last: Tu Author-Name: Peishan Hsieh Author-X-Name-First: Peishan Author-X-Name-Last: Hsieh Author-Name: Wenting Feng Author-X-Name-First: Wenting Author-X-Name-Last: Feng Title: Walking for fun or for “likes”? The impacts of different gamification orientations of fitness apps on consumers’ physical activities Abstract: •Making the app “social” is more effective than making it “fun” in helping consumers sustain their efforts in physical activity.•Consumers using the app focusing on social value showed better performance in walking and higher intentions to continue using the app.•Fitness apps should help provide social value.To effectively motivate consumers to continue exercising, many developers gamify the fitness apps, aiming at making work-outs more fun. However, the authors argue that making it fun may not be effective enough to motivate consumers to sustain their efforts. The authors propose that making the apps more social may provide better value and can be more effective in promoting consumers’ participation in physical activity. A longitudinal study was conducted, and participants were recruited for the seven-week fitness-tracking study. Participants were randomly assigned to use one of the two apps: one with game elements focusing on enhancing emotional value (Walkup) and the other with elements focusing on increasing social value (WeChat Sports). Both apps recorded participants’ daily step counts and tracked their physical activities. One week after the fitness-tracking study, participants’ intentions to continue using the app were measured. The results indicate that, compared with the participants using Walkup (focusing on fun), those using WeChat Sports (focusing on social) showed better performance in step counts in each of the seven weeks, and higher intentions to continue exercising with the app. The results indicate that, even though making the fitness app more fun can encourage consumers to adopt and participate in physical activity, making it more social can be more effective in helping them sustain a walking routine in their daily living. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 682-693 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.10.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.10.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:682-693 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicholas M. Watanabe Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas M. Author-X-Name-Last: Watanabe Author-Name: Grace Yan Author-X-Name-First: Grace Author-X-Name-Last: Yan Author-Name: Brian P. Soebbing Author-X-Name-First: Brian P. Author-X-Name-Last: Soebbing Title: Market disruption as a regime for athlete activism: An economic analysis of college football player protests Abstract: •Athletes’ engagement in activism generates considerable discussion from a variety of perspectives.•Limited understanding of the impacts that activism has on athletes and sports organizations exist in the literature.•The present study looks at activism by college football teams and its effect on attendance in the 2014 to 2016 seasons.•Results from regression analysis revealed that the athlete activism led to a long-run decline in attendance.In this study, the authors examine the market disruption of college football protests, under the belief the ability of market disruption can play a significant role for activism movements to challenge authority as well as expand opportunity for social change. Specifically considering game attendance as an important form of market demand, the authors employ regression modeling to analyze the relationship between game attendance and protests organized to struggle against racial injustices by football players at four Division I Football Bowl Subdivision programs. The results from the empirical models suggest that the voting demographics of the local market a team plays in have a significant relationship with attendance after a protest, with some schools experiencing declines in consumer interest. Results advance the current inquiry of athlete activism through an economic lens, which contributes to further discussions on the empowerment of athletes and their roles in social activism. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 600-612 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.08.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.08.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:600-612 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine Sveinson Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: Sveinson Author-Name: Larena Hoeber Author-X-Name-First: Larena Author-X-Name-Last: Hoeber Author-Name: Kim Toffoletti Author-X-Name-First: Kim Author-X-Name-Last: Toffoletti Title: “If people are wearing pink stuff they’re probably not real fans”: Exploring women’s perceptions of sport fan clothing Abstract: •We conceptualized clothing as artifacts.•We theorized women consumers’ decision making using third-wave feminism.•Women sport consumers use team apparel to negotiate multiple aspects of their identity.•Women are aware of consumer culture in marketing both gender and sport fandom.•Women seek gender-neutral clothing to legitimize fan identities.Given the growth in the female sport fan base of North American major league sports and the development and expansion of women’s team-related apparel, the purpose of this study was to examine women sport fans’ perceptions of team apparel. The authors collected data through in-depth interviews with 16 Canadian women who self-identified as fans of professional sport teams. They perceived a lack of options in team apparel, despite the development of women’s clothing lines. Analysis of the aesthetics, symbolism, and instrumentality of team apparel using a third-wave feminist approach provides socio-cultural explanations for women fans’ dissatisfaction with existing offerings. This approach advances understandings of the social circumstances shaping women’s sport experiences as fans and the impact of gender on consumer engagement. Results suggest that sport teams need to recognize the diversity of women’s gender identities and expressions and provide a wider range of clothing that demonstrate their status as authentic fans. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 736-747 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.12.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.12.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:736-747 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marion E. Hambrick Author-X-Name-First: Marion E. Author-X-Name-Last: Hambrick Author-Name: Per G. Svensson Author-X-Name-First: Per G. Author-X-Name-Last: Svensson Author-Name: Seungmin Kang Author-X-Name-First: Seungmin Author-X-Name-Last: Kang Title: Using social network analysis to investigate interorganizational relationships and capacity building within a sport for development coalition Abstract: •A sport for development coalition involving 27 agencies and 5 networks was examined.•Social network analysis was used to study the coalition networks and relationships.•The networks provided access to resources such as information and infrastructure.•Network advantages included better service delivery to community and clients.Sport for development (SFD) agencies often face issues with resource dependency, where they encounter resource deficiencies and rely upon other organizations to build capacity and attain their organizational goals and objectives. The purpose of this study was to investigate what resource networks existed among agencies within a city-wide SFD coalition and the advantages and disadvantages of their participation. The authors examined an SFD coalition involving 27 agencies and their five resource networks: information, finance, human resources, infrastructure, and strategic planning. Results indicate the SFD agencies developed relationships across the five networks. A subgroup of well-connected agencies shared numerous relationships spanning multiple networks, and they assumed central positions with greater access to resources and more capacity in these networks. Coalition advantages, such as better service delivery to clients, outweighed disadvantages, such as limited time. The findings indicated the potential for SFD agencies to cultivate relationships, gain access to resources, and build capacity within these interorganizational networks. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 708-723 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.12.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.12.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:708-723 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kelsey Erickson Author-X-Name-First: Kelsey Author-X-Name-Last: Erickson Author-Name: Laurie B. Patterson Author-X-Name-First: Laurie B. Author-X-Name-Last: Patterson Author-Name: Susan H. Backhouse Author-X-Name-First: Susan H. Author-X-Name-Last: Backhouse Title: “The process isn’t a case of report it and stop”: Athletes’ lived experience of whistleblowing on doping in sport Abstract: •Whistleblowing is increasingly encouraged in order to expose doping in sport.•There is limited understanding of the doping whistleblower’s experience.•A creative non-fiction story presents the doping whistleblower’s unique perspective.•Whistleblowing on doping is a complex process and emotional experience.•Bespoke policies can enhance the effectiveness of whistleblowing on doping.Whistleblowing is effective for exposing doping in sport, garnering increased support and promotion within the global anti-doping community. However, limited attention has been afforded towards understanding the doping whistleblowing process. In response, the authors convey a sense of the whistleblowing context by using the actual words of whistleblowers to illuminate their experience. To achieve this aim, the authors have adopted a narrative approach. Three doping whistleblowers were interviewed regarding their lived experiences of whistleblowing on doping and the data has been represented in the form of one composite creative non-fiction story. The story narrates the whistleblowing experience as a process whereby individuals must (a) determine what they witnessed and experienced was doping, (b) make the decision and take action to report it, and (c) deal with the myriad of consequences and emotions. It also highlights the dilemma faced by whistleblowers who are likely equally compelled to adhere to the moral of loyalty and fairness; yet in this context they are unable to do both. Stemming from the story presented and the forms of retribution experienced, the authors offer practical suggestions for sporting organisations to address in order to empower others to whistleblow on doping in sport. Specifically, organisations should establish and implement whistleblowing policies that: (a) provide protection for whistleblowers, (b) mandate whistleblowing education, and (c) identify an independent person for individuals to seek guidance and support from before, during and following the act of whistleblowing. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 724-735 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.12.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.12.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:724-735 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Calvin Nite Author-X-Name-First: Calvin Author-X-Name-Last: Nite Author-Name: Michael Hutchinson Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Hutchinson Author-Name: Adrien Bouchet Author-X-Name-First: Adrien Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchet Title: Toward an institutional theory of escalation of commitment within sport management: A review and future directions Abstract: •Escalation of commitment theory in sport has grown over the past decade.•Escalation of commitment research has traditionally relied on fiscal indicators.•Sport contexts have shown that institutional factors should be considered.•EoC research should account for institutional structures and logics.Over the past decade, escalation of commitment theory has gained traction and relevance in the sport management literature. The purpose of this paper was to review the current progress of escalation of commitment research within sport management and provide a new perspective for evaluating and researching potential cases of escalation within sport contexts. To this end, the authors proposed a model that accounts for the different institutional logics that likely impact decision-making and evaluations of success. Consistent with previous research of institutions, the authors contend that the perceptions and attached meanings to courses of action should be accounted for when examining escalation of commitment. The implications of this approach and how it addresses shortcomings of previous research are detailed. Finally, the authors provide suggestions for future research of escalation of commitment in sport contexts. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 571-583 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.01.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.01.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:571-583 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Keith D. Parry Author-X-Name-First: Keith D. Author-X-Name-Last: Parry Author-Name: David Hassan Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Hassan Title: Managing Sport Business: An Introduction Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 750-751 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.02.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.02.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:750-751 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anthony D. Pizzo Author-X-Name-First: Anthony D. Author-X-Name-Last: Pizzo Author-Name: Galen T. Trail Author-X-Name-First: Galen T. Author-X-Name-Last: Trail Title: Sport Consumer Behavior Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 748-749 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.01.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.01.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:748-749 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 5 Volume: 22 Year: 2019 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(19)30465-6 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(19)30465-6 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:22:y:2019:i:5:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Brittany L. Jacobs Author-X-Name-First: Brittany L. Author-X-Name-Last: Jacobs Author-Name: Jacob K. Tingle Author-X-Name-First: Jacob K. Author-X-Name-Last: Tingle Author-Name: Brent D. Oja Author-X-Name-First: Brent D. Author-X-Name-Last: Oja Author-Name: Mark A. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Mark A. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Exploring referee abuse through the lens of the collegiate rugby coach Abstract: •Need for exploring referee abuse through lens of non-referees.•Coaches believe they can play an active role in elimination of referee abuse.•Rugby coaches suggest five factors influence their perceptions of abuse.•Consideration of interventions from the interpersonal to cultural levels may be valuable.Referees are valuable contributors to the legitimacy of a sporting contest. Despite this, abuse in sport has become a growing concern and is regularly noted as an obstacle with which referees must contend. Continued abuses have been associated with referee discontinuation and have been noted as a detrimental influence in the recruitment and retention of referees. Sporting organizations, coaches, and players all feel the impact when there is an inadequate supply of referees. Coaches have been noted as a primary perpetrator of referee abuse; thus, in this study, the authors utilize a phenomenological approach to explore perceptions of referee abuse through the lens of the collegiate rugby coach. Data were collected from 15 participants, all of whom completed two phone interviews. Five factors that influence one's perceptions of and proclivity towards referee abuse emerged from the data: (a) personal characteristics/philosophies, (b) relationships, (c) social influences, (d) organizational expectations, and (e) culture. Implications to practice and recommendations for future research are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 39-51 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:39-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Roslyn Kerr Author-X-Name-First: Roslyn Author-X-Name-Last: Kerr Author-Name: Gretchen Kerr Author-X-Name-First: Gretchen Author-X-Name-Last: Kerr Title: Promoting athlete welfare: A proposal for an international surveillance system Abstract: Efforts to ensure the welfare of athletes have long existed in sport but have heightened recently across numerous countries in response to shocking revelations of sexual abuse in sport. Cases such as the sexual abuse of female gymnasts by a team doctor in the U.S. and sexual abuse of male footballers by a coach in the U.K. have drawn significant attention and scrutiny by stakeholders in sport and the public alike. These and other cases indicate that in spite of existing athlete welfare policies, educational programmes, and efforts to ensure compliance, numerous athletes were abused, the perpetrators were permitted to continue over an extended period of time, and some adults knew of the abuses and were complicit in failing to intervene. In this article, the authors use Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory to review the current landscape with respect to initiatives to prevent and address athlete maltreatment at each level of the theory. The authors also propose that to advance athlete welfare, more attention needs to be devoted to the development of interventions at the macrosystem or international level. Using Bruno Latour’s concept of the oligopticon (1992) an argument is forwarded to create an international surveillance system to promote athlete welfare. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 95-103 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:95-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pim Verschuuren Author-X-Name-First: Pim Author-X-Name-Last: Verschuuren Title: Whistleblowing determinants and the effectiveness of reporting channels in the international sports sector Abstract: •Sport organisations increasingly set up internal reporting systems.•Whistleblowing determinants have been analysed by research outside of sport.•Several specificities of the sports sector may inhibit whistleblowing behaviour.•Managerial and cultural changes are needed to facilitate whistleblowing.International sports institutions have started to set up internal reporting mechanisms to allow actors in the sports sector to provide information on ethical wrongdoings occurring around them, such as match-fixing or doping. Analogous compliance mechanisms have been implemented for years in non-sport sectors and are the subject of a vast quantity of literature analysing notably the determinants of whistleblowing behaviour. In order to assess the potential effectiveness of reporting channels in sport, the author reviews the literature on whistleblowing determinants and discusses their weight in the sport sector. Findings identify several sport specificities which undermine the likelihood of whistleblowing, with, in particular: the weak power position and moral reasoning of athletes, intense organisational loyalties and non-supportive organisational culture. The paper concludes with a number of managerial recommendations for international sports organisations that want to infuse ethical values and promote reporting behaviour. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 142-154 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.07.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.07.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:142-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yvette P. Lopez Author-X-Name-First: Yvette P. Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez Author-Name: Stephanie Dohrn Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Dohrn Author-Name: Margaret Posig Author-X-Name-First: Margaret Author-X-Name-Last: Posig Title: The effect of abusive leadership by coaches on Division I student-athletes’ performance: The moderating role of core self-evaluations Abstract: •Abusive leadership by coaches is negatively correlated with athlete performance.•High core self-evaluations buffer the negative impact of abusive leadership.•Females are likely to have lower levels of core self-evaluations than males.The aim of this study was to increase our understanding of the harm of abusive leadership on followers’ performance. Student-athletes (N = 145) at a US institution completed surveys. The authors used hierarchical regression analysis and an independent samples t-test to assess the hypotheses. Consistent with core self-evaluations theory, results revealed that core self-evaluations moderate the negative relationship between abusive leader behavior and student-athlete performance, such that the negative relationship is weakened for those with higher, rather than lower, levels of core self-evaluations. Results further indicated that women student-athletes are likely to have lower levels of core self-evaluations than are men, thus highlighting the potential increased impact that abusive leadership may have on women and their performance. Implications of these findings for research, theory and practice on abusive leadership and performance are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 130-141 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.07.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.07.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:130-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jimmy Sanderson Author-X-Name-First: Jimmy Author-X-Name-Last: Sanderson Author-Name: Melinda R. Weathers Author-X-Name-First: Melinda R. Author-X-Name-Last: Weathers Title: Snapchat and child sexual abuse in sport: Protecting child athletes in the social media age Abstract: •Social media technologies are contributing to sexual abuse of young athletes.•Snapchat, with its allure of privacy is used by coaches to engage in sexual abuse.•Snapchat facilitates abuse moving from virtual to physical contexts.•Policies and Programming are needed to educate coaches, parents, and athletes.•These initiatives can help protect the integrity of sport in the digital age.Child sexual abuse is a pervasive problem that sport organizations must confront to protect the integrity of sport. While previous researchers have examined this topic, few have explored the role that technology plays. The authors address this gap by examining how coach perpetrators utilize Snapchat to facilitate sexual abuse, using Cense and Brackenridge’s (2001) Temporal Model of Sexual Abuse with Children and Young Persons in Sport as a framework. Analysis of 99 media reports from 2013 to 2018 found that Snapchat provides motivation for coach perpetrators to sexually abuse that allowed them, in varied ways, to overcome internal inhibitions, external barriers, and break down victim resistance. The results indicate that youth sport organizations must develop clear policies that govern coach-athlete communication and relationships in the digital age. To further protect young athletes, youth sport organizations must develop programming to educate parents and athletes on these boundaries, to increase understanding about how sexual abuse and sexual maltreatment occur in virtual spaces. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 81-94 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:81-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P.J. Kitchin Author-X-Name-First: P.J. Author-X-Name-Last: Kitchin Author-Name: Juan L. Paramio-Salcines Author-X-Name-First: Juan L. Author-X-Name-Last: Paramio-Salcines Author-Name: Geoff Walters Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Walters Title: Managing organizational reputation in response to a public shaming campaign Abstract: •We conduct a case study of a public, online shaming campaign on discrimination in sport.•Public shaming and Online Reputation Management (ORM) provide the theoretical lens.•When issues pre-exist but are not acted upon, online shaming can risk reputations.•Implications for organizational communications in sport and ORM are provided.Sport has embraced social media, intensifying the (online) coverage of sport organizations and athletes. Until now, the role that social media has played in the renaissance of public shaming in sport has received little attention. To address this gap, the authors present a novel case study of a public, online shaming campaign against an English Premier League football club by one of their own supporters. Data were collected from multiple sources, including online sources and organizational documents that informed both the creation of semi-structured interviews and the development of a process model of public, online shaming. Findings reveal how a supporter query was mishandled by the club. In response, the supporter turned-activist launched a low-scale online shaming campaign about disability discrimination. The campaign escalated in profile to gain national media attention. Within the framework of Online Reputation Management, the authors present the organizational response that sought to bolster the club’s reputation by deploying a series of internal and external responses. The authors conclude that to minimize the potentially negative effects of public shaming in sport, sports organizations should implement specific reputation management practices but ones that monitor online sources for potential issues and crises. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 66-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:66-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel J.A. Rhind Author-X-Name-First: Daniel J.A. Author-X-Name-Last: Rhind Author-Name: Frank Owusu-Sekyere Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Owusu-Sekyere Title: Evaluating the impacts of working towards the International Safeguards for Children in Sport Abstract: •First evaluation of a global strategy to safeguard children in sport.•International Safeguards contribute to a change in safeguarding culture.•Effective safeguarding promotes engagement with children, parents, coaches and communities.•Effective safeguarding results in more disclosures.•More research is neded on the impacts for children.In this paper, the authors evaluate a global strategy to safeguard children against abuse in sport. The experiences of people within 32 of the organisations who were working towards the International Safeguards for Children in Sport were captured over a two-year study. At the organisational level, self-audits demonstrated that progress was made during the project by deliverers (who worked directly with children) from having 45% to 64% of the Safeguards fully in place. Governors (who governed other organisations which worked directly with children) improved on the same figure from 25% to 53%. Progress was also identified using the concept of Activation States through in-depth interviews at the start and end of the project. Positive changes were found at the personal level with respect to people’s feelings, knowledge and behaviours related to safeguarding as well as how safeguarding is discussed in the organisation. Group discussions also revealed changes with respect to how children, coaches, parents and the broader community were behaving with respect to safeguarding. An increase in the number of disclosures was also identified as an important impact of the project. The International Safeguards for Children in Sport are now endorsed by 125 organisations who work with a total of over 35 million children. The implications of these findings are discussed along with the future directions of work in this area. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 104-116 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:104-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jenny McMahon Author-X-Name-First: Jenny Author-X-Name-Last: McMahon Author-Name: Kerry R. McGannon Author-X-Name-First: Kerry R. Author-X-Name-Last: McGannon Title: Acting out what is inside of us: Self-management strategies of an abused ex-athlete Abstract: •Athlete abuse presents challenges for victims in everyday life post sport.•Athlete abuse influences the self-management strategies adopted by athletes.•Policy makers need to consider post sport challenges for abused athletes.In this paper, the authors make use of narrative inquiry from the position of a story teller by using creative nonfiction to bring forward the complexities of abuse in sport. Through the use of vignettes, one female athlete’s story of how she self-managed her abuse post sport by acting out sexually is made known. As taboo stories tend to be silenced in sport literature, this research foregrounds how one athlete took back the power and control with men as a way of self-managing the physical and emotional abuse she experienced from male coaches. Although a temporary fix, the vignettes highlight how this athlete’s self-management strategies were a complex form of empowerment, a contrast to what she felt when she was the recipient of abuse. The reader is encouraged to construct their own understanding of the athlete’s stories, thinking with her story rather than about her story. This paper contributes to understandings of athlete abuse by providing insight into the lack of support an athlete received post sport and further how she was expected to fend for herself, formulating her own self-management/coping strategies. Sport managers developing interventions and strategies related to abused athletes should consider the diverse challenges that they face. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 28-38 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:28-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Victoria Roberts Author-X-Name-First: Victoria Author-X-Name-Last: Roberts Author-Name: Victor Sojo Author-X-Name-First: Victor Author-X-Name-Last: Sojo Author-Name: Felix Grant Author-X-Name-First: Felix Author-X-Name-Last: Grant Title: Organisational factors and non-accidental violence in sport: A systematic review Abstract: •Organisational tolerance for abuse enabled psychological, physical and sexual abuse of athletes.•Conformity to dominant values within sport motivated psychological, physical and sexual abuse of athletes.•Power imbalance enabled psychological and sexual abuse and isolation enabled sexual abuse of athletes.•Perceived instrumental effects motivated psychological and physical abuse. Winner-take-all rewards motivated physical abuse.•We recommend a whole-of-system approach to the prevention and management of non-accidental violence in sport.The objective of the current systematic review was to investigate the organisational factors that enable and motivate non-accidental violence towards athletes in the sport context. The authors identified and reviewed 43 qualitative studies investigating psychological, physical, and sexual abuse of athletes, and developed a framework of organisational factors (i.e., structural, social, and stress factors) related to non-accidental violence. Athletes were the key informants, yet some studies included athletes’ entourages. The authors independently coded the findings sections of the primary research, using the developed framework. Organisational tolerance for abuse and conformity to dominant values within sports were related to all three types of non-accidental violence. Power imbalance appeared as a relevant factor in both psychological and sexual abuse, while isolation was also relevant in sexual abuse. Believing that non-accidental violence had instrumental effects appeared related to both psychological and physical abuse, whereas a winner-take-all reward system was related to physical abuse. Based on this systematic review, the authors proposed an integrated perspective of the organisational factors driving non-accidental violence in sport and conclude by proposing a whole-of-system approach to the prevention and management of non-accidental violence. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 8-27 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:8-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ilse Hartmann-Tews Author-X-Name-First: Ilse Author-X-Name-Last: Hartmann-Tews Author-Name: Fabienne Bartsch Author-X-Name-First: Fabienne Author-X-Name-Last: Bartsch Author-Name: Ingo Wagner Author-X-Name-First: Ingo Author-X-Name-Last: Wagner Author-Name: Bettina Rulofs Author-X-Name-First: Bettina Author-X-Name-Last: Rulofs Title: Managing prevention of sexual violence and the role of commissioners in national sport federations in Germany Abstract: •Many NSFs are failing to meet the general standards of child protection of the Munich Declaration of ‘Protection against Sexualized Violence in Sport’.•The position of CPSV has a positive effect on implementing actions of prevention against sexual violence in sport.•CPSV face indifference and resistance in sport organisations.•Social structures of organised sport are identified that constrain and/or enable the managing of child protection with respect to the prevention of sexual violence.This article analyses how national sport federations (NSF) in organised sport in Germany respond to sport-related political requirements to develop a comprehensive policy for the prevention of sexual violence. Referring to theoretical approaches of self-governance of organisations, data was collected from a quantitative online survey with all NSFs and qualitative interviews with their ‘commissioners for the prevention of sexualised violence’. Findings reveal the vital role of the position of commissioners and a high relevance of socio-structural capacities of the organisation for a comprehensive prevention policy. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 155-169 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.09.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.09.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:155-169 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Calvin Nite Author-X-Name-First: Calvin Author-X-Name-Last: Nite Author-Name: John Nauright Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Nauright Title: Examining institutional work that perpetuates abuse in sport organizations Abstract: •Organizational structures and practices can harbor and perpetuate abuse.•Internal discipline and obscured investigations protected abusers and leaders.•Responses to abuse legitimized by valorizing leaders, silencing victims, and collusion.•Stakeholders and administrators assumed legitimacy of structures and leaders.•Legitimized organizational practices and structures harbored and perpetuated abuse.In this research, the author sought to understand how organizational practices that harbor and, ultimately, perpetuate abuse become legitimized. The authors drew from the tenets of institutional work to understand how institutional structures were created and legitimized to allow abuse to perpetuate within sport organizations. In examining the sexual abuse scandals of Penn State University, Baylor University, and Michigan State University, the authors found that university administrators and stakeholders obscured reporting and investigative processes, enacted internal discipline structures that were uncompliant from formal regulations, valorized the perpetrators and university leadership, silenced victims, and engaged in collusion. The authors theorized these actions as legitimacy work designed to legitimize the universities’ management of abuse. In effect, these actions contributed to the harboring and perpetuation of abuse. The implications for the study and management of abuse in sport are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 117-118 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.06.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.06.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:117-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Webb Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Webb Author-Name: Matt Dicks Author-X-Name-First: Matt Author-X-Name-Last: Dicks Author-Name: Richard Thelwell Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Thelwell Author-Name: John van der Kamp Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: van der Kamp Author-Name: Géraldine Rix-Lievre Author-X-Name-First: Géraldine Author-X-Name-Last: Rix-Lievre Title: An analysis of soccer referee experiences in France and the Netherlands: Abuse, conflict, and level of support Abstract: •This research considers referee abuse and support across two European countries.•Intergroup conflict and conflict resolution as theoretical concepts were utilized.•Extends our knowledge of referee and match official abuse in sport.•Referees require greater support from governing bodies in both countries.•Conflict resolution is required between referees, players, coaches and spectators.Referee and match official discontinuation in sport is an issue of relevance to sport managers and administrators. Despite this, it is an often-neglected area of sport management research. In this paper, a critical analysis of the discontinuation of soccer referees across two countries is provided, utilizing an intergroup conflict theoretical construct to frame the analysis, drawing on the concept of conflict resolution to consider solutions to the issues uncovered. The distribution and subsequent analysis of an online survey in both France and the Netherlands facilitated engagement with a total of 4,637 referees, comprising 3,408 from France and 1,229 from the Netherlands. Following the thematic analysis higher order themes related to aggression, abuse and support systems emerged. Referees reported that verbal abuse was a frequent occurrence, and that incidents of physical abuse were also evident, indicating a culture of abuse toward referees in both countries. Referees as an outgroup felt marginalized, as players, coaches and spectators form ingroups with shared objectives. Additional findings suggest that the support structures around the referees require strengthening at both local and national level, to address issues related to discontinuation. The authors conclude by discussing the implications of the research on the match official abuse related literature, as well as identifying suggestions for researchers and practitioners. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 52-65 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:52-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Emma Kavanagh Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Kavanagh Author-Name: Adi Adams Author-X-Name-First: Adi Author-X-Name-Last: Adams Author-Name: Daniel Lock Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lock Author-Name: Carly Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Carly Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Author-Name: Jamie Cleland Author-X-Name-First: Jamie Author-X-Name-Last: Cleland Title: Managing abuse in sport: An introduction to the special issue Abstract: •This special issue presents a collection of papers that aim to enhance the field of managing abuse in sport.•Five overarching themes across twelve papers are identified.•Significant opportunities and challenges are presented in the management of abuse in sport.•Opportunities and future directions for the management of abuse research proposed.This special issue was designed to advance a research agenda focussed on the management of abuse in sport. Despite progress in the field, greater attention to the structures, policies, processes, practices, and sites in which abuse occurs is required. As such, there is a need for evidence-based solutions to improve the management of abuse and integrity in sport. The authors identified five overarching themes across the 12 papers included within the special issue: the harms and legacies of abuse; abuse in mediated environments; abuse of referees; frameworks that sustain abuse; and safeguarding. The articles included in this issue highlight the complexity of abuse in sporting spaces, the impact it can have on victims and the challenges faced in appropriately managing sporting spaces toward the reduction of harm. This special issue is driven by the authors’ desire to promote integrity and enrich the sporting experience for all, with the hope of driving further research into the management of abuse and integrity in sport. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-7 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:1-7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 1 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 1 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(20)30100-5 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(20)30100-5 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:1:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karsten Elmose-Østerlund Author-X-Name-First: Karsten Author-X-Name-Last: Elmose-Østerlund Author-Name: Evald Bundgård Iversen Author-X-Name-First: Evald Bundgård Author-X-Name-Last: Iversen Title: Do public subsidies and facility coverage matter for voluntary sports clubs? Abstract: •Our study combines data from databases with information about all 98 Danish municipalities, including information about direct and indirect municipal subsidies for sports clubs, the coverage of different types of sports facilities, the number of sports clubs and members registered within the municipality (generally and within selected sports), and selected municipal characteristics (e.g. the number of inhabitants and the tax base).•We show that the levels of direct and indirect subsidies from municipalities to sports clubs are uncorrelated or only weakly correlated with both the density of sports clubs and the participation in sports clubs among children and young people (below the age of 25 years) as well as adults (aged 25 years or above).•Our results underline the importance of facility coverage for the density of and participation in sports clubs. Positive correlations are identified between the supply of large sports halls and natural grass pitches on the one hand and the density of sports clubs on the other. Regarding sports club participation among children and young people as well as adults, positive correlations with the supply of large sports halls are identified.•With our data, we can differentiate the importance of municipal framework conditions within five selected sports (badminton, football, gymnastics, handball and swimming). Our analyses reveal that the supply of relevant facility types is – with few exceptions – positively correlated with sports club density and participation levels within each sport.•Overall, our results feed in to discussions about the prioritisation of funds in municipalities by showing that facility coverage seems to play a more important role for sports clubs than the levels of indirect and particularly direct subsidies.In many countries, voluntary sports clubs are the main recipients of public subsidies regarding the provision of recreational sport, and the economically most important level of government is usually the local government (i.e. the municipalities). The purpose of this article is to examine whether and how municipal framework conditions matter for sports clubs. Inspired by previous studies, we examine the role of direct and indirect public subsidies as well as facility coverage. The authors conduct analyses on a general level (for all sports) and specifically for five sports (badminton, football, gymnastics, handball and swimming). The differentiation between sports allows us to examine how municipal framework conditions might be associated differently with density and participation across sports. In the statistical analyses, the authors apply data collected among all 98 Danish municipalities. The results show that the municipal levels of direct and indirect subsidies are weakly correlated with both the density of and participation in sports clubs, while stronger correlations can be identified with regard to facility coverage. The analyses for the five sports reveal that the supply of relevant facility types is – with few exceptions – positively correlated with sports club density and participation levels within each sport. Thus, facility coverage seems to play a more important role for sports clubs than the levels of indirect and particularly direct subsidies. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 315-329 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:315-329 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(20)30108-X File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(20)30108-X File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Giel Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Giel Author-Name: Christoph Breuer Author-X-Name-First: Christoph Author-X-Name-Last: Breuer Title: The determinants of the intention to continue voluntary football refereeing Abstract: •The determinants of the intention to continue refereeing are investigated.•Experiences during voluntary refereeing tend to be more important than motives.•The compatibility with occupational and private life is found to be most important.•Sport federations can exploit the findings to improve their retention strategies.Competitive sports require a regulating body of referees to enforce the rules for the effective operation of the game. However, the number of referees is generally decreasing, leading to organisational problems at the amateur level. The purpose of this research is to identify the factors that determine the intention to continue voluntary refereeing in the context of football in Germany. Combining several concepts as predictors, including both the antecedents and the experience of volunteering, in this study, the authors extend the understanding about volunteers’ intentions to continue their activity and address the research gap regarding the analyses of specific volunteer groups such as referees. By means of an online questionnaire, the authors surveyed voluntary football referees in Germany (n = 4541). Regression analysis reveals the motive of self-orientation, respect shown by athletes, coaches, and spectators towards referees, compatibility of refereeing with one’s occupational and private life, perceived organisational support, and referees’ satisfaction to predict referees’ positive intention to continue with their activity. Simultaneously, experiences of offences during refereeing negatively influence this intention, and younger referees show higher intentions to continue their activity than do older referees. Because volunteer recruitment and retention are expensive, the findings of this study facilitate the improvement of effective retention strategies for the federations responsible for referees. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 242-255 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.01.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.01.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:242-255 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Gerke Author-X-Name-First: Anna Author-X-Name-Last: Gerke Author-Name: Herbert Woratschek Author-X-Name-First: Herbert Author-X-Name-Last: Woratschek Author-Name: Geoff Dickson Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Dickson Title: The sport cluster concept as middle-range theory for the sport value framework Abstract: •Middle range theories link empirical findings and general theories.•The Sport Value Framework is a general theory to explain value creation in sport.•The Sport Cluster Concept explains value creation in localised sport industries.•The Sport Clusters Concept is a middle range theory using a network approach.•Sport management research should use more holistic network approaches.The Sport Value Framework provides a new logic for value creation in sport based on the Service-dominant logic. The Sport Value Framework is a general theory with high level of abstraction, and there is no middle-range theory yet to link it to empirical data. The purpose of this research is to provide one middle-range theory connecting empirical findings to the Sport Value Framework. The authors used a case study approach of a geographical localised sport industry. Primary data collection in the Auckland sailing industry included 27 interviews and observations at events. Secondary data include 13 documents of organisational information and archival data. Data were analysed with NVivo. The results suggest that the Sport Value Framework explains value creation within a localised sport industry. The middle-range theory between the authors’ data and the Sport Value Framework is the Sport Cluster Concept. Eight of the ten foundational premises of the Sport Value Framework are relevant to the case. The results confirm the Sport Cluster Concept as a middle-range theory to explain value creation in localised sport industries through the lenses of the Service-dominant logic. This research helps sport management practitioners to better understand value creation in localised sport industries. It suggests that sport management and marketing scholars should focus more on networks of actors and related inclusive empirical research designs rather than focusing on isolated elements and single actors of sport industries. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 200-214 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.12.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.12.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:200-214 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jack Thomas Sugden Author-X-Name-First: Jack Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Sugden Author-Name: Nico Schulenkorf Author-X-Name-First: Nico Author-X-Name-Last: Schulenkorf Author-Name: Daryl Adair Author-X-Name-First: Daryl Author-X-Name-Last: Adair Author-Name: Stephen Frawley Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Frawley Title: The role of sport in reflecting and shaping group dynamics: The “intergroup relations continuum” and its application to Fijian rugby and soccer Abstract: •This study constructs the intergroup relations continuum as a conceptual model and tool for use in mapping the status quo of intergroup relations.•Combined qualitative methods were used to investigate the role of sport in intergroup relations across the ethnically divided nation of Fiji.•In Fiji the framing of sport was found to be instrumental in affecting intergroup relations both positively and negatively.•The results of this investigation are discussed and depicted with the use of the intergroup relations continuum to display its efficacy.A significant body of knowledge exists around the role of intergroup relations in sport for development and peace (SFDP). However, while numerous SFDP researchers have investigated overt conflict, scholars have typically overlooked the varied nature of intergroup relations in comparatively stable SFDP environments. In addressing that issue, the authors explore intergroup relations in the context of Fiji, a country which in recent years has moved from a society characterized by the politics of coup d'état to democratic government and relatively peaceful social relations. That said, Fiji has long been shaped by a fundamental cultural divide between Indigenous Fijians (iTaukei) and Fijians of Indian ancestry (Indo-Fijians): this is reflected in the de facto separatism between these groups in relation to their role in rugby union and Association football (soccer). The authors present a qualitative framework—the Intergroup Relations Continuum (IRC)—by which to map intergroup relations as they apply in Fiji according to identity, ethnicity and sport. While the IRC is applied here in a Fijian context, the model is intended to be generalizable, aiming to provide a practical instrument for researchers, sport managers, policymakers and local stakeholders. The goal is to allow them to visually illustrate group affinities, rivalries, and sensibilities in terms of collective relationships that characterize sport and society. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 271-283 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.02.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.02.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:271-283 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan M. Casper Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan M. Author-X-Name-Last: Casper Author-Name: Brian P. McCullough Author-X-Name-First: Brian P. Author-X-Name-Last: McCullough Author-Name: Michael E. Pfahl Author-X-Name-First: Michael E. Author-X-Name-Last: Pfahl Title: Examining environmental fan engagement initiatives through values and norms with intercollegiate sport fans Abstract: •The study used an online panel-based survey of college basketball fans.•This study evaluated an environmental sustainability fan engagement campaign.•Sport event norms were the most important predictor of positive perceptions.•Environmental predispositions were not related to receptivity, awareness, and influence.The United Nations has asserted that sport organizations and/or allied sponsors can influence fans to engage in more sustainable behaviours intentions at sporting events and at home; however, more investigation is necessary to assess this assumption. The purpose of this study was to examine values and norms related to the natural environment and perceptions of fan engagement sustainability initiatives that influence sustainable at-home behaviours. Season ticket holders (N = 267) of a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I men's collegiate basketball programme completed a preseason survey assessing values, norms, and perception of environmental efforts; at the conclusion of the season, recall and influence of three environmental initiatives (recycling, water conservation, and composting) featured at each game over the season were assessed. Results indicate that sport-event norms were a significant predictor of lower perception of recycling inconvenience, higher perception of recycling benefits, and positive influence of athletic department sustainability efforts while values and personal norms were non-significant predictors. Values and personal norms were not significantly related to sponsored initiative awareness, sponsor recall, and perceptions of influence related to at-home behaviour change. Sport-event norms significantly predicted influence towards at-home composting. Future research should longitudinally examine the influence of environmentally sustainability focused fan engagement initiatives on sustainable behavioural change at events and at-home. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 348-360 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:348-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nader Chmait Author-X-Name-First: Nader Author-X-Name-Last: Chmait Author-Name: Sam Robertson Author-X-Name-First: Sam Author-X-Name-Last: Robertson Author-Name: Hans Westerbeek Author-X-Name-First: Hans Author-X-Name-Last: Westerbeek Author-Name: Rochelle Eime Author-X-Name-First: Rochelle Author-X-Name-Last: Eime Author-Name: Carmine Sellitto Author-X-Name-First: Carmine Author-X-Name-Last: Sellitto Author-Name: Machar Reid Author-X-Name-First: Machar Author-X-Name-Last: Reid Title: Tennis superstars: The relationship between star status and demand for tickets Abstract: •Players considerably influenced demand for attendance at the Australian Tennis Open.•Evident individual-player causal effects on ticket sales.•Performance ratings are imprecise representatives of the pulling power of players.•Star status can be used to inform business decisions and drive commercial outcomes.Akin to other sports, professional tennis is urged to adopt a consumer-centred strategy and understand the influence of the star status of elite players on demand for its core product. Measuring the impact that tennis players have on demand for match attendance remains a key element towards achieving that goal. Using data from the Australian Open ticket sales, the authors demonstrate how individual players have influenced stadium attendance at the Grand Slam. Findings indicate that some players are associated with a strong positive impact on demand for tickets, above and beyond their performance ratings, reflecting their value to the Australian Open. The authors discuss how this star status can be used to inform business decisions related to tournament management, match scheduling, and determining player appearance fees, to ultimately drive better commercial outcomes and deliver a world-class sporting event. The findings have implications for tournament organisers, player managers and those that market player activities. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 330-347 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:330-347 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francesco Raggiotto Author-X-Name-First: Francesco Author-X-Name-Last: Raggiotto Author-Name: Daniele Scarpi Author-X-Name-First: Daniele Author-X-Name-Last: Scarpi Title: Living on the edge: Psychological drivers of athletes’ intention to re-patronage extreme sporting events Abstract: •Self-enhancement stems from risk-taking and leads to re-patronage intention.•Perceived control moderates the relationship between risk-taking and self-enhancement.•Event image moderates the relationship between self-enhancement and re-patronage.•Self-enhancement leads to re-patronage, especially with positive event image.Extreme sports are a multi-billion-dollar marketing phenomenon. The authors explore in the context of extreme sports the relationship between risk-taking attitude, perceived control, self-enhancement, event image, and re-patronage intention, through the lens of edgework theory and cognitive adaptation. The authors advance a theoretical model of multiple moderated mediation that provides insights for understanding what drives consumer-athletes’ intention to be loyal to extreme sporting events. The authors test the model with the PROCESS macro in SPSS on 500 active participants in such events and find that risk-taking leads to feelings of self-enhancement, especially when consumers feel in control of the risks they face. Self-enhancement in turn leads to re-patronage intention, especially when consumers have a positive image of the event. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 229-241 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2018.12.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2018.12.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:229-241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christine E. Wegner Author-X-Name-First: Christine E. Author-X-Name-Last: Wegner Author-Name: Elizabeth B. Delia Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth B. Author-X-Name-Last: Delia Author-Name: Bradley J. Baker Author-X-Name-First: Bradley J. Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Title: Fan response to the identity threat of potential team relocation Abstract: •Fans change their team identity meaning and importance in the face of threat.•Fans also resist changes to their team identity in the face of threat.•A strong place identity has positive and negative implications for threatened fans.•Team identification does not always imply team and fan as part of the same in-group.Group identities do not remain stable over time and team identity is no exception. As researchers have acknowledged team identity formation and maintenance as ongoing processes, it is equally important to explore how fans navigate threats to team identity. The purpose of this study is to understand how fans’ team identity was impacted by identity threat. The authors used digital ethnography to investigate how fans of the National Football League (NFL) Rams processed the identity threat presented by the team’s potential cross-country relocation from St. Louis, Missouri to Los Angeles, California. Based on analysis of fans’ real-time responses (via online discussion board), the authors found that fans’ team identity changed in meaning and importance as a result of the threat. The findings have theoretical implications for the study of team identification, particularly concerning the evaluative nature of identity, the relationship between team and place identity, and the inclusiveness of the group in team identity. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 215-228 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.01.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.01.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:215-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luke R. Potwarka Author-X-Name-First: Luke R. Author-X-Name-Last: Potwarka Author-Name: Ryan Snelgrove Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Snelgrove Author-Name: David Drewery Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Drewery Author-Name: Jordan Bakhsh Author-X-Name-First: Jordan Author-X-Name-Last: Bakhsh Author-Name: Laura Wood Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Wood Title: From intention to participation: Exploring the moderating role of a voucher-based event leveraging initiative Abstract: •Intentions to track cycle after watching competitions was a significant predictor of actual track cycling participation.•Receiving a voucher stimulated participation for spectators with low intentions and high intentions to participate.•This study demonstrates the efficacy of an on-site leveraging initiative designed to stimulate post-event participation.The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between intentions to try a sport after watching an elite sport event and post-event participation, and explore the role exposure to a post-event leveraging initiative plays in facilitating behavior. A field experiment design was employed to test the efficacy of the leveraging initiative among experimental and control condition groups. Data were collected through a questionnaire following an international track cycling competition from spectators (N = 338) who had no prior experience participating in the sport, and then were matched with participation data collected directly from the sport facility. Results demonstrate that post-event intentions were a significant positive predictor of participation. Results also demonstrate that exposure to a leveraging initiative can increase participation in a new sport. Notably, the voucher stimulated participation for spectators with both low intentions and high intentions to participate post-event. Results provide support for the use of leveraging tactics as a means of stimulating sport participation in the context of hosting novel sport events. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 302-314 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:302-314 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luu Trong Tuan Author-X-Name-First: Luu Trong Author-X-Name-Last: Tuan Title: Coach humility and player creativity: The roles of knowledge sharing and group diversity Abstract: •Provided evidence for the positive relationships between coach humility and player creativity via knowledge sharing.•Demonstrated the interaction effects of group extroversion diversity and coach humility on knowledge sharing.•Demonstrated the interaction effects of group openness diversity and coach humility on knowledge sharing.In this study, the authors examine how coach humility impacts creativity among the football players. The sample included players and their coaches from nonprofessional football clubs in Vietnam. Our data analyses supported the positive relationships between coach humility and player creativity via knowledge sharing as a mediator. Group diversity in terms of extroversion and openness to experience traits served as a moderator to fortify the effect of coach humility on knowledge sharing among the players. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 284-301 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.02.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.02.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:284-301 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Renee Teal Author-X-Name-First: Renee Author-X-Name-Last: Teal Author-Name: Michele Roberts Author-X-Name-First: Michele Author-X-Name-Last: Roberts Author-Name: Paul Harrigan Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Harrigan Author-Name: Jo Clarkson Author-X-Name-First: Jo Author-X-Name-Last: Clarkson Author-Name: Michael Rosenberg Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenberg Title: Leveraging spectator emotion: A review and conceptual framework for marketing health behaviors in elite sports Abstract: •Social marketers are yet to explore the temporal emotional sporting context.•Both positive and negative emotions may influence responses to sponsored messages.•Message framing and sport-induced emotion interactions should be considered.•Potential exists for the dynamic delivery of sponsored messages at elite sports.Elite sport provides an exciting and dynamic emotional experience for spectators. Social marketers using sport sponsorship to promote health messages are yet to consider the impact of the temporal emotional sporting context in which health messages are promoted. The authors provide a critical review of the evidence for the influence of emotion on behavior and seek to elucidate the implications for health sponsorship in sport. Articles were identified via electronic database searches and returned-article references, with thirty-three suitable articles included. Drawing on evidence from sport sponsorship, social marketing, advertising, and cause-related marketing, the review highlights few studies have investigated emotion, health communication, and behavior in a sport sponsorship context. The findings indicate that positive (e.g. happiness, compassion) and negative (e.g. fear, guilt) emotions influence intentions and behaviors with the interaction of message framing important when delivering social marketing messages. A conceptual model presents how emotions may influence behavioral health sponsorship outcomes and provides areas of future research to develop best policy and practice when delivering health sponsorship in a sporting context. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 183-199 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:183-199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Moonsup Hyun Author-X-Name-First: Moonsup Author-X-Name-Last: Hyun Author-Name: Jeremy S. Jordan Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy S. Author-X-Name-Last: Jordan Title: Athletic goal achievement: A critical antecedent of event satisfaction, re-participation intention, and future exercise intention in participant sport events Abstract: •Athletic performance is a predictor of participant sport events satisfaction.•Service quality and perceived value are important predictors of event satisfaction.•Achieving athletic performance goals increases re-participation intention.•Achieving athletic performance goals increases future exercise intention.•Performance goal importance does not moderate the effect of athletic performance.The purpose of this study is to develop a comprehensive understanding of consumer experiences in participant sport events. The authors explored two traditionally prominent components (i.e., service quality and perceived economic value) and one emerging factor (i.e., athletic goal achievement) of consumer experiences at participant sport events. The authors examined the effects of these three factors on re-participation intention and the effect of athletic goal achievement on future exercise intention. Results of moderated serial mediation analyses based on data from a sample of marathon runners (N = 3186), all three factors exerted significant effects on re-participation intention. In particular, athletic goal achievement was positively associated with re-participation intention and future exercise intention through the serial mediation of performance satisfaction and overall event satisfaction. However, the moderating effects of athletic goal importance on the serial indirect relationship between athletic goal achievement and two outcome variables (i.e., re-participation intention and future exercise intention) were not significant. The findings of this study offer participant sport service providers with insights to manage participants’ athletic performance, service quality, and perceived economic value for better consumer experiences. Such efforts should result in higher participant satisfaction, better retention rates, and a higher post-event physical activity level. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 256-270 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.01.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.01.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:256-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Terri Byers Author-X-Name-First: Terri Author-X-Name-Last: Byers Author-Name: Emily Hayday Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Hayday Author-Name: Athanasios (Sakis) Pappous Author-X-Name-First: Athanasios (Sakis) Author-X-Name-Last: Pappous Title: A new conceptualization of mega sports event legacy delivery: Wicked problems and critical realist solution Abstract: •Wicked Problems (WP) and Critical Realism underpin mega sport event legacy.•A new holistic conceptualization of legacy delivery.•Legacy of mega sport events is a wicked problem, to varying degrees.The authors present a new conceptualization of mega sports event legacy delivery, which accounts for the problematic nature of legacy by viewing it as a wicked problem. Research on mega sports event legacy has focused on establishing typologies of legacy, investigating outcomes, and consequences, with limited attention to legacy delivery. The conceptualization of legacy delivery has largely relied on a positive, utopian legacy rhetoric. In contrast, the authors advance the understanding of legacy by proposing a conceptual approach of the legacy delivery process, to enable empirical studies in different contexts to be conducted. Specifically, the authors examine the wicked problem of mega sports event legacy delivery from a Critical Realist perspective, which serves to give meaning and order to this complex process. This conceptualization reveals that legacy delivery is inclusive of deep social structures which underpin different stakeholders’ interpretations and interactions, which produce or limit legacy delivery. The role of social, generative structures as causal mechanisms has not been considered as a way to understand legacy delivery previously. Implications for teaching, research, and practice are discussed to demonstrate the value of this new approach. Importantly, this conceptualization focuses on processes rather than outcomes and encourages the identification of unexpected or unanticipated components of legacy delivery beyond the formal policies and plans designed to create or leverage legacy. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 171-182 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:171-182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Charles Mountifield Author-X-Name-First: Charles Author-X-Name-Last: Mountifield Author-Name: Stirling Sharpe Author-X-Name-First: Stirling Author-X-Name-Last: Sharpe Author-Name: A.C. Billings Author-X-Name-First: A.C. Author-X-Name-Last: Billings Author-Name: J.E Black Author-X-Name-First: J.E Author-X-Name-Last: Black Title: Mascot Nation: The Controversy Over Native American Representations in Sports 2018 University of Illinois Press Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 361-362 Issue: 2 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 4 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.010 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:2:p:361-362 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Helmut Dietl Author-X-Name-First: Helmut Author-X-Name-Last: Dietl Author-Name: Anil Özdemir Author-X-Name-First: Anil Author-X-Name-Last: Özdemir Author-Name: Andrew Rendall Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Rendall Title: The role of facial attractiveness in tennis TV-viewership Abstract: •Facial attractiveness increases viewership for female tennis matches.•Facial attractiveness has no effects on male tennis matches.•Expected match quality drives tennis TV-viewership, especially for male matches.•Viewers are interested in close and uncertain matches.Social sciences, anthropology, psychology, and economics researchers have shown various effects of physical attractiveness. In this study, the authors analyze 622 live tennis matches from 66 Grand Slam tournaments between 2000 and 2016, examining the relationship between facial attractiveness, measured by tennis players’ facial symmetry, and TV-viewership. Results indicate that facial symmetry plays a positive role for female matches while there is no significant effect for male matches. The effect persists in several subsample regressions and robustness checks. The findings have important implications for managers in the field of sports. While public broadcasters have a public service function and therefore should be careful in exploiting consumer biases to avoid reinforcing non-sports taste-based discrimination types. Commercial broadcasters and media institutions with solely profit-maximizing objectives will likely exploit consumer biases. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 521-535 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:521-535 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Loïc Pedras Author-X-Name-First: Loïc Author-X-Name-Last: Pedras Author-Name: Tracy Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Tracy Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Stephen Frawley Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Frawley Title: Responses to multi-level institutional complexity in a national sport federation Abstract: •Three levels of complexity: logics, models, agendas.•Emotional responses play a role (connection and harness).•Hybrid organising via centralised and partially blended agendas, models and logics.•Centralisation amplified complexity but created hybrid responses to address it.•Responses allowed to retain stakeholder legitimacy and dual-mission delivery.National Sport Federations are responsible for governing all aspects of a sport within their respective countries. In developing and promoting their sport National Federations must respond to multi-level complexity arising from internal stakeholder needs and commercial, government and social demands. While organisational complexity responses have been extensively researched, little of this work has considered the unique positioning of sport federations. Drawing on the theoretical perspective of institutional logics and complexity, the authors adopted a case study approach to investigate Triathlon Australia’s response to its complex operating environment, conducting 18 in-depth semi-structured interviews with current and former board members, chief executives, senior managers, and government representatives responsible for national sport policy and funding. Interview data were complemented with an examination of Triathlon Australia’s annual reports and Australian government policy documents (1998–2016 period). Four themes and several organisational responses’ themes emerged from the inductive and iterated thematic data analysis: (a) external complexity – alignment, diversification, transcendence, negotiation; (b) interstitial complexity – empathy, formalisation, collaboration, specialisation; (c) internal complexity – division, balance, leverage; and (d) emotions – connection, harness. Driven by quasi-insolvency and admission into the Olympic programme, and national government policy requirements for funding, Triathlon Australia responded to its complex environment by embracing all logics, designs and agendas, unravelling new ways to solve or mitigate it via hybrid responses. Implications for both theory and practice are outlined. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 482-497 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:482-497 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Maurizio Valenti Author-X-Name-First: Maurizio Author-X-Name-Last: Valenti Author-Name: Nicolas Scelles Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas Author-X-Name-Last: Scelles Author-Name: Stephen Morrow Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Morrow Title: The determinants of stadium attendance in elite women’s football: Evidence from the UEFA Women's Champions League Abstract: •Stadium attendance in the UEFA Women’s Champions League has not substantially changed in the last nine seasons.•Uncertainty of outcome is a key determinant of stadium attendance in women’s football.•Spectators of women’s football are not interested in games with a clear favourite.•Stadium attendance in women’s football is driven by away clubs’ reputation.Women’s football struggles to build a solid platform in terms of fan interest. However, while an increase in gate receipts can help assist its long-term sustainability, there is limited evidence in the academic literature on the factors influencing spectator demand in women’s football. The authors investigate determinants of stadium attendance for UEFA Women's Champions League (UWCL) matches. Using regression models deployed on 554 UWCL games played between 2009/10 and 2017/18, the authors examine contextual and sport-related variables as the main predictors of stadium attendance. Findings show that there is no continuous growth of attendance over the period examined, and highlight that spectators’ interest is positively associated with five factors: stage of the competition, uncertainty of match outcome, competitive intensity, away club’s reputation and weather conditions. Football governing bodies should put in place initiatives to ensure match outcome uncertainty is maintained as this represents a key determinant to maximise stadium attendance. Based on the specific context of European women’s football, recommendations to foster its development are discussed. These include incentivising investment into the elite women’s game and designing sport policies to encourage participation at grassroots levels. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 509-520 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:509-520 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bram Constandt Author-X-Name-First: Bram Author-X-Name-Last: Constandt Author-Name: Milena M. Parent Author-X-Name-First: Milena M. Author-X-Name-Last: Parent Author-Name: Annick Willem Author-X-Name-First: Annick Author-X-Name-Last: Willem Title: Does it really matter? A study on soccer fans’ perceptions of ethical leadership and their role as “stakeowners” Abstract: •Soccer fans are “stakeowners,” being stakeholders with rights and responsibilities.•Soccer fans largely support the notion of being a “stakeowner”.•Yet, soccer fans put more emphasis on their rights than on their responsibilities.•Soccer fans mainly care about fan-related ethical leadership aspects in their club.•The club’s leadership questions the importance of fans for soccer club leadership.Ethical leadership is increasingly studied in the context of soccer clubs, as it is believed to represent an effective answer to soccer’s “dark side.” However, current academic understanding is limited to key internal stakeholders’ perspectives, such as coaches and players. A highly relevant stakeholder group that is still largely neglected is fans, as they are believed to be uniquely able to influence leadership in sport clubs, while some of soccer’s ethical issues, such as violence and discrimination are strongly associated with fans. This study highlights this duality by referring to fans as “stakeowners,” namely legitimate stakeholders with certain rights as well as responsibilities. Moreover, the authors examine whether ethical leadership by soccer club leaders really matters to fans. Drawing on a qualitative case study in a Belgian professional soccer club, findings indicate fans care mainly about those aspects of ethical leadership that impact their own position, such as clear communication and fan empowerment. On the other hand, findings suggest fan influence on the leadership of their club should not be exaggerated. After all, the club’s leadership questions the critical importance of fans as being core to (soccer) management’s activities and leadership. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 374-386 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:374-386 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine R.N. Reifurth Author-X-Name-First: Katherine R.N. Author-X-Name-Last: Reifurth Author-Name: Henry T. Wear Author-X-Name-First: Henry T. Author-X-Name-Last: Wear Author-Name: Bob Heere Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Heere Title: Creating fans from scratch: A qualitative analysis of child consumer brand perceptions of a new sport team Abstract: •No branded imagery utilized by children younger than age 7.•Adult brand associations such as success and logo found in child drawings.•Adult brand associations like acceptance and community pride not found in child drawings.•Differences in branded imagery used based on awareness and past attendance.When a new sport team enters an existing league, branding becomes an important tool the team uses to establish itself and gain a following within the community. Previous research on new sport teams has focused on adult attachment and formation of fan communities, but few researchers have focused on children learning to value brands and branding techniques. Through this study, the authors examine the aspects of branding efforts, specifically branded imagery and associations, that children find important, relevant, and representative of a new sport team. A drawing contest for children ages 5–14 enrolled in public schools executed in conjunction with a local single-A baseball team after their inaugural season revealed many brand associations traditionally tied to adult fans of both new and established sport teams were irrelevant to the child participants included in this study. Branded imagery was also not used by any participants before the age of 7, extending current research on branding and child development to highlight the lack of effectiveness of branding on children younger than 7. Further findings are also discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 428-442 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.07.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.07.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:428-442 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Hiroaki Funahashi Author-X-Name-First: Hiroaki Author-X-Name-Last: Funahashi Author-Name: Simon Shibli Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Shibli Author-Name: Popi Sotiriadou Author-X-Name-First: Popi Author-X-Name-Last: Sotiriadou Author-Name: Jarmo Mäkinen Author-X-Name-First: Jarmo Author-X-Name-Last: Mäkinen Author-Name: Bake Dijk Author-X-Name-First: Bake Author-X-Name-Last: Dijk Author-Name: Veerle De Bosscher Author-X-Name-First: Veerle Author-X-Name-Last: De Bosscher Title: Valuing elite sport success using the contingent valuation method: A transnational study Abstract: •The contingent valuation method was used to value elite sport success on a transnational basis.•Samples of adults in five countries were asked for their willingness to pay for a ‘high-performance sport fund’ in order to avoid a decline in medal performance at the next Summer Olympic Games.•Respondents in the more successful medal winning countries reported higher willingness to pay than those in the relatively less successful countries.•In line with welfare economics theory, more medals won appears to be linked with more utility among individuals.This study presents an application of the contingent valuation method for valuing medal winning success on a transnational basis to test whether more medals won equates to more utility. To achieve this aim, a research project was set up in five countries: Belgium, Finland, Japan, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Respondents were asked to state their willingness to pay to avoid a large-scale reduction in government funding for elite sport, resulting in a 50% reduction in medals won at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Results show that willingness to pay for avoiding reduced medal winning performance differs significantly between countries with the more successful countries reporting higher willingness to pay values than the relatively less successful countries. This finding indicates that more medals won appears to be linked with more utility. The validity tests on the regression models were generally consistent with the theoretical expectations. Implications are discussed in terms of how governments can promote elite sport development while being conscious of the public's acceptability of such investment. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 548-562 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:548-562 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kevin Filo Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Filo Author-Name: David Fechner Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Fechner Author-Name: Yuhei Inoue Author-X-Name-First: Yuhei Author-X-Name-Last: Inoue Title: Charity sport event participants and fundraising: An examination of constraints and negotiation strategies Abstract: •Fundraising is challenging for charity sport event (CSE) participants.•CSE participants are confronted by donor’s lack of interest and lack of funds.•CSE participants are also confronted by a lack of time and discomfort in asking.•Storytelling and giving prize incentives help overcome these fundraising challenges.•Soliciting donations of any size can also assist in addressing these challenges.Charity sport events provide participants with a meaningful event experience, and the opportunity to support a charitable cause is a critical component of this experience. This opportunity often involves fundraising, either as a requirement of event participation or as an option to supplement registration. However, fundraising as part of charity sport event participation is a difficult task. In the current research, the authors examine the challenges faced by charity sport event participants in soliciting donations, and the effort made to overcome these challenges. Constraint negotiation served as a theoretical framework to guide this examination. Semi-structured interviews (N = 27) were conducted with Triathlon Pink participants to discuss their fundraising process and their attitudes towards fundraising. Four constraints were revealed: lack of receptivity among potential donors, perceived lack of money from potential donors, discomfort in asking, and lack of time. These constraints were negotiated through three strategies: narrative, prizes and incentives, and emphasising that any bit helps. Based upon the themes uncovered, charity sport event managers can implement increased education of fundraisers and point of sale donations within the registration process. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 387-400 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.02.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.02.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:387-400 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christine E. Wegner Author-X-Name-First: Christine E. Author-X-Name-Last: Wegner Author-Name: Ceridwyn King Author-X-Name-First: Ceridwyn Author-X-Name-Last: King Author-Name: Jeremy S. Jordan Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy S. Author-X-Name-Last: Jordan Title: The role of organizational membership in overcoming dissonant sport activity identities Abstract: •Organizational members use scaffolding to overcome dissonance to running.•Organizational members form identities as runners through negotiation strategies.•Members become modellers of a running identity for new members.•An organization can facilitate running as a normative identity in a community.•Organizations may have the capacity to shift dominant social perceptions in sport.Forming a strong identity with a sport or activity is a key variable that informs sustained behaviour of that activity. As identities are informed by social forces, marginalized and underrepresented groups face social barriers to embodying a non-traditional sport or activity. Given the power of organizational identities, it may be possible for sport organizations to facilitate salient identities for groups for whom the sport/activity was previously considered dissonant. In this study, the authors used interviews to explore the identity formation processes for members of a national running group for Black women in the United States. Results indicate that members overcame their dissonance to running through their identification with the organization who they felt facilitated education, support, and the connection to existing members who served as identity models. Through their own negotiation strategies, they were able to form a salient identity around the activity, and contribute to a growing collective running identity for this group as a whole. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 455-468 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:455-468 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuta Hino Author-X-Name-First: Yuta Author-X-Name-Last: Hino Author-Name: Fumiko Takeda Author-X-Name-First: Fumiko Author-X-Name-Last: Takeda Title: Market reactions to sport sponsorship announcements: Comparison between sponsors and their rivals Abstract: •Market responses to sport sponsorship announcements are positive for sponsors.•National congruence is positively related to market reactions.•Market responses to sport sponsorship announcements are negative for rivals in Japan.•Market reactions for sponsors are negative for events held for 2010–2014 in Japan.In this study, the authors investigate the impact of sport sponsorship announcements on the stock prices of sponsors and their rivals in Japan. The event study analyses show that while market reactions for Japanese sponsors are significantly positive, those for rivals are significantly negative. Thus, in Japan, sponsorships might help sponsors build a competitive advantage over their rivals. During 2010–2014, market reactions for sponsors are significantly more negative but less so when the sponsored party is Japanese. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 401-413 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.02.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.02.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:401-413 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Christoph Hohenberger Author-X-Name-First: Christoph Author-X-Name-Last: Hohenberger Author-Name: Reinhard Grohs Author-X-Name-First: Reinhard Author-X-Name-Last: Grohs Title: Old and exciting? Sport sponsorship effects on brand age and brand personality Abstract: •Sport sponsorship can alter the perceived age of the sponsored brand.•Sports sponsorship can alter the brand personality of the sponsored brand.•Brand Personality and brand age stereotype transfer effects occur independently.•No effect was found between brand personality and brand age after the STT.Brand managers often use sport sponsorship to position a brand in terms of human-like personality traits (e.g., exciting or sophisticated) and demographic characteristics (e.g., young or masculine). Yet, little is known why, how, and under which conditions such associations transfer from a sport property to a sponsor brand. The present study introduces spontaneous trait transference as a mechanism and explicates that its properties can account for such associative transfer effects in typical sport sponsorship contexts with unintentional exposure and limited control. Two experiments show that, consistent with spontaneous trait transference predictions, (a) sport sponsorship transfers only the sponsored sports’ focal traits (but no general evaluative halo) to the sponsors, (b) spontaneous trait transfer occurs for both sport personality and age traits largely independent from each other, and (c) transfer effects occur for unfamiliar brands, but also (to a lesser extent) for familiar brands. Practical implications of these findings for the selection of sponsorship properties, the design of sponsorship communication, and for targeting specific consumer segments with appropriate sponsorships are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 469-481 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:469-481 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Peter Dawson Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson Author-Name: Patrick Massey Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Massey Author-Name: Paul Downward Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Downward Title: Television match officials, referees, and home advantage: Evidence from the European Rugby Cup Abstract: •65% of European Rugby Cup group stages matches resulted in home wins.•64% of yellow cards awarded to away team in ERC.•Crowd effects and referee experience key to home advantage in rugby.•Television match official (TMO) has increased home advantage.•Technology need not necessarily improve balance in decision making.The regulation of on-field competition by officials is an important aspect of the management of sport. Increasingly, sports are providing technological support for officials to aid their decision making. In this paper, the authors analyse the impact of such an innovation by exploring the impact of the introduction and subsequent extended role of the television match official on the award of sanctionable offences of players in matches played in the group stages of the European Rugby Cup (ERC) and European Rugby Champions Cup (ERCC) over 15 seasons from 2000/01 to 2015/16. Rugby Union is an important sport to reflect upon because of the central role that the referee plays in rule interpretation and game management and the level of home advantage tends to be relatively high in the sport. Indeed, 65% of all matches in the sample analysed resulted in home wins. Results suggest that crowd effects and referee experience influence referee decisions, but the effects vary depending on the type of incident being considered. The main finding and contribution of the paper is that the introduction of the television match official has influenced the incidence of sanctions issued to both teams. However, the increase in the number of yellow cards awarded to away teams implies that home bias has increased since the introduction of the television match official. This suggests that referees may have been consciously or unconsciously seeking to avoid contributing to home bias before the introduction of a further official who is remote from the effects of the crowd. Recognising that such an adjustment takes place according to the circumstances is important information for the training of officials; particularly as a television match official may not be present in all games that they will referee. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 443-454 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:443-454 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tom Webb Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Webb Author-Name: Matt Dicks Author-X-Name-First: Matt Author-X-Name-Last: Dicks Author-Name: Daniel J. Brown Author-X-Name-First: Daniel J. Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Jimmy O’Gorman Author-X-Name-First: Jimmy Author-X-Name-Last: O’Gorman Title: An exploration of young professional football players’ perceptions of the talent development process in England Abstract: •Priorities and processes of talent development in English soccer were considered.•Performance levels of teams affects player identification and development pathways.•Educational welfare within clubs varies, as does player interest in education.•Talent identification criteria differs between clubs, showing a fractured system.•Future research should compare players operating in other countries and leagues.The identification and development of players in English professional football has become an increasingly significant topic of debate given the historical perceived underperformance of the English national team at international tournaments. To enhance understanding of the challenges and barriers experienced by English youth footballers, the authors explore the developmental experiences of English professional football players from different levels of the English football pyramid. Professional players (N = 11) from football clubs in the top four professional divisions in England took part in individual semi-structured interviews, which were analysed inductively using thematic analysis. The data revealed three interrelated themes that were perceived to mediate player identification and development pathways at professional clubs. Pathways for young players to progress and experience first-team competitive football differed when the level of the league that the players operated within was considered, with significant issues also raised relating to the suitability of the under 21 league structure, the importance attached to the educational welfare of young players, and variations in the identification of player attributes. This study sheds new light on the priorities and processes of talent development and education provision in English football. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 536-547 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:536-547 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Aaron C. Mansfield Author-X-Name-First: Aaron C. Author-X-Name-Last: Mansfield Author-Name: Elizabeth B. Delia Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth B. Author-X-Name-Last: Delia Author-Name: Matthew Katz Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Katz Title: The blurry spectrums of team identity threat Abstract: •Fans use social creativity/competition to cope with sustained team identity threat.•Numerous contextual factors differentiate types of team identity threat.•Team identity threat should not be differentiated by time period alone.•Team identity threat also varies by salience and impact on meaning.Team identity threat is an area of growing interest in sport consumer behaviour. Despite scholars’ calls for examinations of prolonged threat in the context of sustained team performance failure, researchers have not yet answered the call. In the current study, the authors use social identity as a theoretical lens, interviewing fans of a historically poor-performing team. Results indicate such fans cope with prolonged threat through social creativity and competition; they also perceive their social identity as distinct. More critically, the authors find that the identity threat experienced by these fans is not just unique due to the duration of threat, but also the threat’s salience and overall impact on the identity meaning. In light of findings and existing literature, the authors introduce spectrums that illustrate the different types of threat fans may experience. Because identity threat differs contextually, these spectrums are understood as blurry. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 414-427 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.07.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.07.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:414-427 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Annette Stride Author-X-Name-First: Annette Author-X-Name-Last: Stride Author-Name: Hayley Fitzgerald Author-X-Name-First: Hayley Author-X-Name-Last: Fitzgerald Author-Name: Alexandra Rankin-Wright Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra Author-X-Name-Last: Rankin-Wright Author-Name: Luke Barnes Author-X-Name-First: Luke Author-X-Name-Last: Barnes Title: The en/gendering of volunteering: “I’ve pretty much always noticed that the tail runner is always female” Abstract: •A volunteer centred perspective is critical to better understanding the place and meaning of volunteering in women’s lives.•Middle ground thinking enables a gendered analysis of women volunteers’ experiences.•Gender influences the volunteer experience - directly in the volunteering setting and indirectly in women’s broader lives Sports organisations need to be more caring and interested in women volunteers’ lives and circumstances.The authors report on findings from part of a larger research project ‘Gender in Volunteering Research’ (GiVR). Data were collected from 24 women volunteers in 3 contexts—cycling, parkrun, and the broader field of leisure to explore the ways these women volunteer— including a consideration of the key challenges they face and how they overcome them. By taking a gendered analysis and drawing on feminist middle ground thinking, the authors extend current qualitative research within volunteering. Findings suggest the en/gendering of volunteering is evident within volunteer organisations through the ways in which gender influences the roles and volunteering experiences within these settings. Personal circumstances also mediate the en/gendering of volunteering and the women in this study were aware of how they needed to negotiate these so they could continue their volunteer activities. The authors highlight the need for sport organisations to be more caring and interested in their volunteers’ lives and circumstances. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 498-508 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:498-508 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ramón Spaaij Author-X-Name-First: Ramón Author-X-Name-Last: Spaaij Author-Name: Annelies Knoppers Author-X-Name-First: Annelies Author-X-Name-Last: Knoppers Author-Name: Ruth Jeanes Author-X-Name-First: Ruth Author-X-Name-Last: Jeanes Title: “We want more diversity but…”: Resisting diversity in recreational sports clubs Abstract: •Resistance to diversity by those in positions of leadership is one reason why change has been slow in coming.•We identify six discursive practices that club leaders draw on to resist diversity.•Resistance emerges from a confluence of discourses that enable noncompliance.•Suggestions for future research, policy, and practice are provided.Participation in sport is highly valued by governments and policy makers. Policies and programs encourage participation of populations who are underrepresented in sport. In many countries sport participation is possible primarily under the auspices of voluntary sports clubs, many of which name demographic diversity as an organizational value. Underrepresented population groups continue to lag, however, in participating in sports clubs. Change has been slow in coming. Relatively little research focuses on resistance by those in positions of leadership to the entry or involvement of underrepresented or marginalized population groups into sports clubs. The purpose of this paper is to develop insight into why change may be so slow in coming even though demographic diversity is purportedly highly valued. Drawing on Raby’s (2005) conceptualizations of practices of resistance, on empirical research on diversity in recreational sports clubs and on work by Foucault, the authors identify six discursive practices that those in positions of leadership in sport clubs draw on to resist diversity: speech acts, moral boundary work, in-group essentialism, denial/silencing, self-victimization, and bodily inscription. The authors conclude that resistance to diversity in sport clubs has emerged from a confluence of discourses that enable noncompliance at the micro level with the use of a macro-level discourse of diversity. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 363-373 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.05.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:363-373 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 3 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 7 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(20)30129-7 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(20)30129-7 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:3:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gareth J. Jones Author-X-Name-First: Gareth J. Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Michael B. Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Michael B. Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Author-Name: Jason N. Bocarro Author-X-Name-First: Jason N. Author-X-Name-Last: Bocarro Author-Name: Per G. Svensson Author-X-Name-First: Per G. Author-X-Name-Last: Svensson Author-Name: Katie Misener Author-X-Name-First: Katie Author-X-Name-Last: Misener Title: A community capacity building approach to sport-based youth development Abstract: •Sport for development (SFD) research has been critiqued for “individual-oriented” approaches to positive youth development (PYD).•Community capacity building provides a complementary framework for youth SFD organizations to also promote community capacity.•Youth SFD organizations offer a unique context to promote PYD and community capacity, but must be strategically managed to do so.•Promoting community capacity can enhance youth-context interactions outside program context, and promote sustainable development.Positive youth development (PYD) is the most popular framework guiding sport-for-development (SFD) research. To date, much of this work has focused on how sport programs are purposefully designed to promote PYD outcomes. However, the youth-context interactions that form the theoretical basis of PYD occur across all aspects of youth ecologies, meaning youth SFD organizations are most effective when they enhance the capacity of communities as well. Although the need to expand current youth-centred perspectives has been noted by SFD scholars, implementing this insight into practice has proven difficult. In this paper, the authors provide a conceptual advancement to the literature through three objectives. First, a theoretical basis for linking PYD and community capacity frameworks is provided. Second, specific capacity building strategies are critically explored within the context of youth SFD organizations. Third, a community capacity building approach to sport-based PYD is presented and discussed in light of key considerations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 563-575 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.09.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.09.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:563-575 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Evan Gwartz Author-X-Name-First: Evan Author-X-Name-Last: Gwartz Author-Name: Kirsty Spence Author-X-Name-First: Kirsty Author-X-Name-Last: Spence Title: Conscious capitalism and sport: Exploring higher purpose in a professional sport organization Abstract: •Employees of a sport organization struggled describing why the organization exists.•Leaders did not state an organizational purpose and employee perceptions differed.•Enhancing stakeholders’ quality of life was the most prominently espoused purpose.•Pursuing excellence and giving back to the community were also espoused purposes.The higher purpose of a professional sport organization has been an elusive concept, with both sport organizational scholars and leaders seemingly ambiguous in their definitions of why such organizations exist (Newman, 2014; Zeigler, 2007). In contrast, management researchers (Sisodia et al., 2014) provided evidence that organizational leaders’ communication of an organization’s higher purpose profoundly benefits organizational performance. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to present the findings of a qualitative, descriptive case study of a single professional sport organization, whereby 13 participant leaders and employees espouse their organization’s higher purpose. Data including interviews, observation of organizational artifacts, and an analysis of organizational documents were analyzed by creating typologies based upon Mackey and Sisodia’s (2013) Conscious Capitalism framework that defines four types of higher purpose (i.e., The Good, The Beautiful, The True, The Heroic). Participants espoused several sources of higher purpose that related to The Good, The Beautiful, and The Heroic, and did not espouse any source of higher purpose related to The True. Moreover, participants espoused no definitive statement of the organization’s higher purpose and each participant’s espoused higher purpose varied. These findings suggest that leaders and scholars alike have an opportunity to collectively reflect upon and define the purpose of a professional sport organization. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 750-763 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.09.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.09.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:750-763 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kate Westberg Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Westberg Author-Name: Constantino Stavros Author-X-Name-First: Constantino Author-X-Name-Last: Stavros Author-Name: Francis Farrelly Author-X-Name-First: Francis Author-X-Name-Last: Farrelly Author-Name: Aaron C.T. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Aaron C.T. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Title: Fan empathy as a response to athlete transgressions Abstract: •The concept of fan empathy is introduced and explicated.•An understanding of fan empathy adds to the knowledge of how fandom is experienced.•Fan empathy as a response to athlete transgressions may protect identification.•Five sensemaking processes that contribute to fan empathy are identified.Sport has the capacity to intimately engage fans, deliver intensely emotional experiences, and create attachments to athletes and teams. This connection can be threatened by a number of actions or incidents, including scandals, and fans may engage in a range of behaviors to protect their identification. The purpose of this study is to explore and explicate the concept of fan empathy and illuminate the processes that fans engage in that lead to an empathetic response. Using data from online discussion forums and in-depth interviews, the authors examined empathy in the context of athlete misbehavior and indiscretions. Results provide evidence for the concept of fan empathy as both a cognitive and emotionally focused response, extending the current knowledge of fan behavior. Further, the findings reveal five sensemaking processes that facilitate an empathetic response in the context of inappropriate athlete behavior. This research has implications for sport managers seeking to manage and maintain relationships with fans, including in the face of actions or behavior that might threaten fan identification and association with the sport entity. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 719-735 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.09.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.09.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:719-735 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ye Hoon Lee Author-X-Name-First: Ye Hoon Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: The role of mindfulness and occupational stress in the goal orientations of development and winning Abstract: •This study introduces the topic of mindfulness in sport management literature.•This study identifies factors associated with the two athletic goals of winning and development.•Mindfulness is positively associated with development goal orientation.•Mindfulness is negatively associated with perceived stress.•Perceived stress is positively associated with winning goal orientation.Emphasis on winning in youth sport, fueled by media, parents, coaches, as well as communities, has become a key concern for positive youth development in sport. By integrating the topic of mindfulness into organizational behavior in sport management, the author investigated how sport leaders in youth sports focused or refocused on the two athletic goals of development and winning in their stressful working conditions. Data were collected through an online survey completed by 478 sport managers across the United States. The results indicated that mindfulness was negatively associated with perceived stress and positively associated with development goal orientation. Additionally, perceived stress was positively associated with winning goal orientation and fully mediated the relationship between mindfulness and winning goal orientation. The findings of this research highlight the importance of mindfulness and perceived stress in the sport managers’ pursuit of two different goals in youth sport. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 626-639 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.08.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.08.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:626-639 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Cohen Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Cohen Author-Name: Elizabeth Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Stephanie Hanrahan Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie Author-X-Name-Last: Hanrahan Title: Strong intentions but diminished impact: Following up with former participants in a sport for development and peace setting Abstract: •This study illustrates the perspectives of participants who had been distanced from their intervention and openly spoke about their experience.•The study extends previous work on the organizational capacity highlighting key dimensions determining long-term program outcomes.•This study highlights the difficulty of culture change via a temporary intervention emphasizing the importance of long-term sustainable solutions.Sport for development and peace (SDP) scholars have stressed the need for monitor and evaluation efforts to not simply highlight positive outcomes. Potential barriers regarding successful evaluation of SDP programs are the focus on positive and biased perspectives of participants and limited long-term data. Guided by SDP and organizational capacity literature, this study aimed to evaluate an SDP program through the lens of former participants who were willing to discuss their experience and subsequent lifestyle changes. The researchers were particularly interested in the feasibility of long-term habit change through an 8-week intervention. While findings revealed an initial positive impact (e.g. fitness, eating habits, and socializing) because of the program, these results were seemingly mitigated over time due to a lack of additional programming and influence of cultural norms. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 671-687 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.08.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.08.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:671-687 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Trevor Bopp Author-X-Name-First: Trevor Author-X-Name-Last: Bopp Author-Name: Joshua D. Vadeboncoeur Author-X-Name-First: Joshua D. Author-X-Name-Last: Vadeboncoeur Author-Name: Robert Turick Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Turick Title: The conceptualization of racial tasking: Uncovering the (un)intended consequences Abstract: •Racial tasking occurs when racially different individuals perform different tasks although occupying the same position.•Black collegiate quarterbacks and coaches have been found to experience disparate outcomes resulting from racial tasking.•Racial tasking requires the converging interests of multiple stakeholders, often with racial and power differentials.•Racial tasking is a new and covert form of institutionalized discrimination and systemic oppression.•One outcome of racial tasking is the forgoing of long-term development in lieu of the potential for short-term success.Racial tasking focuses on prejudicial attitudes toward racial minorities’ athletic and cognitive abilities, and the subsequent impact on coaching decisions. Lacking, however, is a definitive conceptualization of racial tasking and its theoretical tenets. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to advance the concept by clearly outlining the four essential tenets of racial tasking: (a) positional similarity, (b) racial dissimilarity, (c) interest convergence/task divergence, and (d) capital (dis)accumulation. To this end, the authors introduce and review influential theories and ideologies, with particular application to the sport industry. In doing so, the authors detail the primary tenets of racial tasking, provide examples, and discuss implications to further situate this phenomenon and framework within the sport industry and sport management research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 601-614 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.08.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.08.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:601-614 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Westmattelmann Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Westmattelmann Author-Name: Marius Sprenger Author-X-Name-First: Marius Author-X-Name-Last: Sprenger Author-Name: Sascha Hokamp Author-X-Name-First: Sascha Author-X-Name-Last: Hokamp Author-Name: Gerhard Schewe Author-X-Name-First: Gerhard Author-X-Name-Last: Schewe Title: Money matters: The impact of prize money on doping behaviour Abstract: •Using agent-based simulation, doping behaviour can be quantified realistically.•The total amount of prize money has little impact on the doping rate.•Prize money function with consistently large gradient leads to highest doping rate.•Doping costs affect the prevalence of doping only marginally.•Allocating prizes more even, sport event organisers can reduce doping by up to 40%.In professional sports, the amounts disbursed in rank-based prize money distributions decline sharply, and differences in performance are extremely small. This disparity may provide a high incentive for doping. Due to the complexity of doping, obtaining meaningful insights on the influence of prize money distribution and the pecuniary value of prize money on doping behaviour of elite athletes using game theory or other approaches has not been possible. The authors perform a computerised social simulation through agent-based modelling to analyse doping behaviour in competitive sport. The results show that the distribution of prize money in particular has an enormous impact on the prevalence of doping. By contrast, the total amount of prize money is less decisive for doping behaviour. Further, doping costs are observed to have only a marginal effect on doping prevalence, depending on the tested prize money distribution and its amount. The simulation results can be used by sports federations and competition organisers who should distribute the prize money more evenly to all athletes to reduce doping. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 688-703 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.09.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.09.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:688-703 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bradley J. Baker Author-X-Name-First: Bradley J. Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Author-Name: James Du Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Du Author-Name: Mikihiro Sato Author-X-Name-First: Mikihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Title: Rethinking segmentation within the psychological continuum model using Bayesian analysis Abstract: •We propose a novel approach to segmentation within the Psychological Continuum Model.•We compare conventional segmentation, k-means clustering, and Bayesian LPA approaches.•Bayesian LPA outperforms the conventional staging algorithm in assigning PCM stage.•Bayesian LPA offers more distinct segmentation boundaries and greater predictive power.•We encourage the use of Bayesian analysis in future sport management research.The Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) represents a theoretical framework in sport management to understand why and how consumer attitudes form and change. Prior researchers developed an algorithmic staging procedure using psychological involvement to operationalize the PCM framework within sport and recreational contexts. Although this staging procedure is pragmatically sound, it rests upon a procedure that, while intuitively sensible, lacks scientific rigor. The current research offers an alternative approach to PCM segmentation using Bayesian Latent Profile Analysis (Bayesian LPA). Comparing three analyses (the conventional PCM segmentation algorithm, K-means clustering, and Bayesian LPA), results demonstrated that Bayesian LPA provides a promising and alternative statistical approach that outperforms the conventional PCM staging algorithm in two ways: (a) it has the ability to classify individuals into the corresponding PCM segments with more distinct boundaries; and (b) it is equipped with stronger statistical power to predict conceptually related distal outcomes with larger effect size. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 764-775 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.09.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.09.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:764-775 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steve Swanson Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Swanson Author-Name: Jon Billsberry Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Billsberry Author-Name: Aubrey Kent Author-X-Name-First: Aubrey Author-X-Name-Last: Kent Author-Name: James Skinner Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Skinner Author-Name: Jacqueline Mueller Author-X-Name-First: Jacqueline Author-X-Name-Last: Mueller Title: Leader prototypicality in sport: The implicit leadership theories of women and men entering sport management careers Abstract: •Sport management ILTs are discovered for individuals who intend to enter this industry.•The sport management ILT profiles have distinctions from generic superordinate ILTs.•Sport management ILTs incorporate physical and emotional dimensions.•The first quantitative analysis of ILTs by gender indicates some differences.•Sport management ILTs do not include antiprototypical factors seen in the mainstream.Implicit leadership theories (ILTs) matter because they are used as the benchmark against which people determine who is a leader and who is not. This assessment informs their behavioral responses. People are thought to have a superordinate-level ILT representing their prototypical mental model of leadership and a series of basic-level ILTs. Each of these represents how people conceptualize leadership in particular domains (e.g., sport, politics, and popular culture). In this study, the authors generate the structures of basic-level sport management ILTs for women and men who are about to enter this industry. These form the baseline from which socialization to work, organizational cultures, and the sport management industry begins. The ILTs of women entering sport management careers have a 35-item, 6-factor structure (Sensitivity, Knowledgeable, Physical Attractiveness, Inspirational, Dedication, and Focused), whereas men entering the industry have a 32-item, 7-factor structure (Sensitivity, Dedication, Physical Attractiveness, Focused, Creativity, Inspirational, Courageous). The resulting sport management ILT profiles differ from superordinate ones by emphasizing physical and vitality attributes, incorporating emotional elements, and by eschewing antiprototypical elements. The paper ends with a discussion of the implications for leadership research in sport management. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 640-656 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.08.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.08.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:640-656 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Amy Rundio Author-X-Name-First: Amy Author-X-Name-Last: Rundio Author-Name: Marlene A. Dixon Author-X-Name-First: Marlene A. Author-X-Name-Last: Dixon Author-Name: Bob Heere Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Heere Title: “I’m a completely different person now”: Extraordinary experiences and personal transformations in sport Abstract: •Extraordinary experiences in sport can result in lasting personal transformation.•Newness, intense emotions and deep interpersonal connections led to transformations.•Participants developed a sense of empowerment and new meaning and purpose in life.Many sport programs aim to positively impact participants’ lives, but there is little understanding of how sport leads to those changes. The purpose of this study was to examine an extraordinary experience and the participants’ interpretations of that experience as well as their feelings of personal transformation through the experience. In doing so, the authors developed an understanding of how sport can be used to create meaningful life changes at the individual level. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 past participants of a long distance cycling ride that raised money and awareness for cancer research. Data analysis included three rounds of coding. Participants reported that the unusualness and sense of newness of the ride, the high levels of emotional intensity experienced, and the deep interpersonal connections developed led to a sense of empowerment and new meaning and purpose in life. Results indicate that extraordinary experiences contribute to lasting personal transformations, beyond intended behavior changes, within sport and out of sport. The characteristics of extraordinary experiences that contribute to personal transformation are discussed, as are suggestions for sport managers to leverage extraordinary experiences to create positive personal transformations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 704-718 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.09.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.09.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:704-718 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lea Rossi Author-X-Name-First: Lea Author-X-Name-Last: Rossi Author-Name: Christoph Breuer Author-X-Name-First: Christoph Author-X-Name-Last: Breuer Author-Name: Svenja Feiler Author-X-Name-First: Svenja Author-X-Name-Last: Feiler Title: Determinants of non-profit sports clubs’ perceived competition from commercial sports providers Abstract: •Competition is investigated from the perspective of non-profit sports clubs.•The majority of non-profit sports clubs report to be unaffected by competition from commercial sports providers.•Especially clubs offering health sports see themselves in competition to commercial sports providers.•Competition can present clubs with challenges in terms of price and costs for instructors.•Organizational characteristics need to be considered in analyzing strategies in the non-profit sports market.The purpose of the study was to investigate if non-profit sports clubs are affected by the growth of the commercial market and, if so, which clubs are affected and why. The authors employed a mixed-method design, collecting quantitative data from a sample of 4456 non-profit sports clubs in Germany and then conducting a follow-up qualitative study including semi-structured interviews with 6 sports clubs. Descriptive results showed that 35.3% of clubs perceived competition from commercial sports providers as a problem. The logistic regression analysis revealed that clubs offering sports for health and fitness, rehabilitation sports, martial arts, and dancing are more likely to perceive competition as a problem. Clubs aiming at social integration are also more likely to report a problem, while clubs following a strategic management approach are less likely to be affected by competition. The interviews unveiled that the reasons for competition are the different types of sports offered, financial aspects, characteristics of clubs, and markets. The findings suggest that organizational characteristics and types of sports offered are better suited as strategic group variables in the sports market than organizational strategies. Measures to counteract competition include the use of strategic management principles, cooperative relationships with commercial providers, and quality and specialization of services. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 736-749 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.10.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.10.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:736-749 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Russell Hoye Author-X-Name-First: Russell Author-X-Name-Last: Hoye Author-Name: Milena M. Parent Author-X-Name-First: Milena M. Author-X-Name-Last: Parent Author-Name: Marijke Taks Author-X-Name-First: Marijke Author-X-Name-Last: Taks Author-Name: Michael L. Naraine Author-X-Name-First: Michael L. Author-X-Name-Last: Naraine Author-Name: Benoit Seguin Author-X-Name-First: Benoit Author-X-Name-Last: Seguin Author-Name: Ashley Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Ashley Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Title: Design archetype utility for understanding and analyzing the governance of contemporary national sport organizations Abstract: •Design archetypes are central to exploring change dynamics in NSOs.•NSOs must strategically adapt and change to be effective.•New ways to improve the representation of design archetypes for contemporary NSOs.•Future research agenda to help understand change within NSOs.More than 30 years has passed since the foundational works of the late Trevor Slack and his colleagues first appeared using design archetypes to explore change dynamics amongst National Sport Organizations. The scale and nature of change that has continued to occur in the operating environment for these organizations over the last three decades has resulted in NSOs increasingly being required to be more professional, to manage more complex sport delivery systems, and strategically adapt and change to be effective. In that context, the authors explore the contemporary nature of NSO design archetypes in order to better understand the current and emerging dynamics of change for these organizations. This conceptual paper reviews the theory and utility of design archetypes in helping to understand organizational change dynamics in relation to NSOs, revisits the work of Slack and others in order to identify ways to improve the representation of design archetypes for contemporary NSOs, and presents an argument for a renewed emphasis on design archetypes as a fundamental driver for future research efforts to help understand change within NSOs, and indeed, other sport organizations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 576-587 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.10.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.10.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:576-587 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jun-Phil Uhm Author-X-Name-First: Jun-Phil Author-X-Name-Last: Uhm Author-Name: Hyun-Woo Lee Author-X-Name-First: Hyun-Woo Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Jin-Wook Han Author-X-Name-First: Jin-Wook Author-X-Name-Last: Han Title: Creating sense of presence in a virtual reality experience: Impact on neurophysiological arousal and attitude towards a winter sport Abstract: •Cognitive involvement increased sense of presence in a virtual reality experience.•Increase in sense of presence positively affected neurophysiological arousal.•Increase in sense of presence positively affected attitude towards sport.The authors of this study examined the impact of sense of presence on affective responses to a virtual reality experience and attitude towards a winter sport—luge. An experiment was implemented to compare virtual reality experience environments where a sense of presence was stimulated to the experimental group. Electroencephalogram was used to measure emotional arousal and self-report measures were used to assess attitudes. The experimental group with higher sense of presence showed higher arousal and attitude towards luge. While most of the literature of virtual reality has focused on creating a high-fidelity virtual environment, results of this study highlight the importance of creating an immersive environment in the physical space where a person experiences virtual reality. The authors further discuss the implications to scholars and managers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 588-600 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.10.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.10.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:588-600 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Per G. Svensson Author-X-Name-First: Per G. Author-X-Name-Last: Svensson Author-Name: Fredrik O. Andersson Author-X-Name-First: Fredrik O. Author-X-Name-Last: Andersson Author-Name: Tara Q. Mahoney Author-X-Name-First: Tara Q. Author-X-Name-Last: Mahoney Author-Name: Jae-Pil Ha Author-X-Name-First: Jae-Pil Author-X-Name-Last: Ha Title: Antecedents and outcomes of social innovation: A global study of sport for development and peace organizations Abstract: •An empirical application of the Bridgespan Group’s innovation capacity framework.•Innovation capacity dimensions explain significant variance beyond five control variables.•Product- and process-based social innovation predicted organizational performance.•Social innovation partially mediated relationship between capacity and performance.•Only idea pathways was a significant predictor across all types of social innovation.The purpose of this study was to examine antecedents and outcomes of social innovation in a global sample of sport for development and peace (SDP) organizations. Specifically, the authors used multiple regression analysis and parallel mediation analysis to test the relationships between innovation capacity, three types of social innovation, and organizational performance. An electronic survey was distributed to 817 SDP organizations. Results indicated five dimensions of innovation capacity explain a significant amount of variance in all three types of social innovation practices by SDP organizations when controlling for geographical location of agencies, where an organization’s founders were from, program location, organizational age, and organizational size. An additional regression analysis indicated two of three types of social innovation were also significant predictors of organizational performance. A parallel mediation analysis revealed the relationship between capacity and organizational performance was partially mediated by social innovation, specifically by program-focused social innovations. The findings from this study provide a foundation for funders and practitioners to identify organizational practices needed for facilitating different types of social innovations in SDP. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 657-670 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.08.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.08.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:657-670 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Karolina Eszter Kovács Author-X-Name-First: Karolina Eszter Author-X-Name-Last: Kovács Author-Name: A.C. Sparkes Author-X-Name-First: A.C. Author-X-Name-Last: Sparkes Title: Seeking the senses in physical culture: Sensuous scholarship in action Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 778-779 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.07.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.07.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:778-779 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Heetae Cho Author-X-Name-First: Heetae Author-X-Name-Last: Cho Author-Name: Chunxiao Li Author-X-Name-First: Chunxiao Author-X-Name-Last: Li Author-Name: Yandan Wu Author-X-Name-First: Yandan Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Title: Understanding sport event volunteers’ continuance intention: An environmental psychology approach Abstract: •Work climate positively predicts intrinsic motivation and attitude, and negatively predicts emotional exhaustion.•Intrinsic motivation is a positive predictor of attitude and a negative predictor of emotional exhaustion.•Emotional exhaustion has a negative influence on attitude.•Attitude but not emotional exhaustion has a negative effect on continuance intention.•The environmental psychology model is a viable framework to explain sport event volunteers’ behavior.The purpose of this study was to investigate influences of environmental and personal factors on volunteers’ behavioral intention. More specifically, the authors examined the relationships among work climate, intrinsic motivation, attitude, emotional exhaustion, and continuance intention through the lens of environmental psychology model. Survey forms tapping the interested outcomes were collected from 924 volunteers of a national sporting event in China. Results of structural equational modeling supported all hypothesized relationships, except the negative relationship between emotional exhaustion and continuance intention. This study expanded the understanding and application of the environmental psychology model in the context of volunteerism in sport. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 615-625 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.08.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.08.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:615-625 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryan Clutterbuck Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Clutterbuck Author-Name: J.W. Weese Author-X-Name-First: J.W. Author-X-Name-Last: Weese Title: The 5C Leader: Exceptional Leadership Practices for Extraordinary Times Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 776-777 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.06.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.06.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:776-777 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jana Nová Author-X-Name-First: Jana Author-X-Name-Last: Nová Author-Name: Rick Horrow Author-X-Name-First: Rick Author-X-Name-Last: Horrow Title: The sport business handbook: Insights from 100+ leaders who shaped 50 years of the industry Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 780-781 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.07.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.07.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:780-781 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(20)30143-1 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(20)30143-1 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Special Issue Call for Papers: Sport and Public Health Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: iv-iv Issue: 4 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(20)30155-8 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(20)30155-8 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:4:p:iv-iv Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steven Salaga Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Salaga Author-Name: Matthew Juravich Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Juravich Title: National Football League head coach race, performance, retention, and dismissal Abstract: •Test for racial discrimination in the retention and dismissal of National Football League head coaches.•Statistically significant evidence that Non-White head coaches have longer employment spells in the Rooney Rule era.•Head coach employment tenure and dismissal are largely driven by raw performance and to a lesser degree, relative performance.•No statistically significant evidence that dismissal, raw performance, or relative performance differs by race.The authors tested for evidence of racial discrimination in the employment retention of National Football League head coaches. A robust data set spanning the modern history of the sport (1985–2018) was generated to examine managerial employment tenure, dismissal, and subsequent organizational performance. After controlling for performance differences and heterogeneity between head coaches, the authors uncover statistically significant evidence that Non-White head coaches experience longer employment spells relative to White head coaches in the Rooney Rule era. No statistically significant evidence of racial differences in the rate at which head coaches are fired is found. Both employment tenure and dismissal are largely driven by raw performance, and to a lesser degree, relative performance. Finally, the relationship between head coach race and organizational performance is examined, but no statistically significant differences by race are uncovered. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 978-991 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:978-991 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Caroline Riot Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Riot Author-Name: Wendy O’Brien Author-X-Name-First: Wendy Author-X-Name-Last: O’Brien Author-Name: Clare Minahan Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: Minahan Title: High performance sport programs and emplaced performance capital in elite athletes from developing nations Abstract: •Emplaced performance capital examines the material and sensory world of elite athletes.•The material and sensory produce affects and capacities impacting athlete’s development.•Deficits of emplaced performance capital affect athlete’s performance at international events.•Sports managers need to be attuned to the affects produced through the material and sensory.For elite athletes from developing countries, providing access to high performance services is often a low priority, when other issues such as basic social, health, and community needs take precedence. Little is known about how these athletes develop the skills necessary to compete at international events. Prior to the Commonwealth Games in Australia, a series of training camps were trialed, designed to expose athletes from a small group of developing countries in the Oceania region to the high-performance training environment. Drawing on data from focus groups conducted with athletes and coaches, the authors explore the struggles that occur as athletes negotiate the affects produced through the material and sensory world of their everyday lives. The authors propose the notion of emplaced performance capital to examine the complex interplay between field, capital and habitus and the place-events of training and performing. Implicit within these negotiations is how power is exercised in conflicts over resources to produce inequalities and marginalization. While the research is conducted in developing countries, the authors argue that athletes from developed countries are also situated in material and sensory environments producing affects that potentially impact performance. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 913-924 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.11.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.11.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:913-924 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Minjung Kim Author-X-Name-First: Minjung Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Young Do Kim Author-X-Name-First: Young Do Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Hyun-Woo Lee Author-X-Name-First: Hyun-Woo Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: It is time to consider athletes’ well-being and performance satisfaction: The roles of authentic leadership and psychological capital Abstract: •Athletes were recruited to determine how their development states are influenced by head coaches’ authentic leadership.•Head coaches’ authentic behaviors exerted no direct effects on athletes’ performance satisfaction and psychological well-being.•Psychological capital (PsyCap) positively influenced performance satisfaction and psychological well-being.•A moderating effect of student development was found between authentic leadership and PsyCap.The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among coaches’ authentic leadership and athletes’ psychological capital (PsyCap), performance satisfaction, and psychological well-being. The authors recruited 224 athletes participating in intercollegiate athletics in the United States. The results indicated that the authentic leadership of the head coaches positively influenced the athletes’ PsyCap levels. The enhanced PsyCap, in turn, positively influenced both performance satisfaction and psychological well-being. The interaction effect of student development was found in the relationship between authentic leadership and PsyCap. The findings contribute to an improved understanding of a head coach’s authentic behaviors in sport teams, and also illuminate how athletes’ performance satisfaction and psychological well-being can be augmented by PsyCap enhancement. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 964-977 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.008 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.008 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:964-977 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gareth J. Jones Author-X-Name-First: Gareth J. Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Moonsup Hyun Author-X-Name-First: Moonsup Author-X-Name-Last: Hyun Author-Name: Michael B. Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Michael B. Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Author-Name: Jonathan Casper Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Casper Author-Name: Jason N. Bocarro Author-X-Name-First: Jason N. Author-X-Name-Last: Bocarro Author-Name: James Lynch Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Lynch Title: Is “school sport” associated with school belongingness? Testing the influence of school sport policy Abstract: •Interscholastic sport is often prioritized by administrators due to a presumed influence on school belongingness.•The association between sport and school belongingness is different depending on policy context.•The indirect effect of sport competence is stronger in schools with interscholastic sport policies.•Policymakers should look beyond “single entity” categorizations of school sport.One of the primary justifications for middle school sport is the presumed association between sport participation and school belongingness. However, concerns regarding school sport values have called this association into question. Previous researchers have focused primarily on school sport as a single entity, with far less consideration for the different policies available to guide sport management and delivery in the school context. The authors examine the association between sport participation and school belongingness under two sport policies (i.e., interscholastic and intramural). Moderated mediation analysis is used to examine the relationships underpinning this connection in both policy contexts. Results indicate differences across policy contexts related to the salience of perceived sport and academic competence. The discussion highlights intriguing implications for sport administrators regarding school sport policy, particularly as it pertains to promoting school belongingness. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 925-936 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:925-936 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jon Welty Peachey Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Welty Peachey Author-Name: Nico Schulenkorf Author-X-Name-First: Nico Author-X-Name-Last: Schulenkorf Author-Name: Patrick Hill Author-X-Name-First: Patrick Author-X-Name-Last: Hill Title: Sport-for-development: A comprehensive analysis of theoretical and conceptual advancements Abstract: •Systematic review conducted of sport-for-development derived-theories.•Five sport-for-development theories and frameworks identified.•Review highlights articles that mention, engage with, or apply theories.•Significant challenges and gaps in theory-building identified.•Opportunities and future directions for theory-building proposed.Over the past decade, the field of sport-for-development (SFD) has experienced significant growth and diversification across research and practice. In this review paper, the authors provide a comprehensive analysis and discussion of the theoretical and conceptual developments within SFD, addressing a gap in the literature. Following a sport-focused review of SFD literature, the authors first identify five theoretical and conceptual frameworks that have emerged from within the SFD space. As a second step, they analyze and discuss scholarly work that has utilized these theories and frameworks. Building on a comparison of key messages, themes, and concerns, the authors highlight that to date, limited SFD scholarship has truly applied, extended, or challenged existing frameworks and conceptualizations. Motivated by this review, they posit several conceptual advancements, and offer directions for future research and theoretical development. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 783-796 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.11.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.11.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:783-796 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Natalie L. Smith Author-X-Name-First: Natalie L. Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: B. Christine Green Author-X-Name-First: B. Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Green Title: Examining the factors influencing organizational creativity in professional sport organizations Abstract: •In professional sport organizations, the better the work environment, the more employees perceive their organization to be creative overall.•Self-perception of employee creativity was not related to higher perceptions of organizational creativity.•Work environment is perceived as two distinct areas: strong processes and clear vision.•An individual’s engagement in creativity-related processes did not influence their co-worker’s perception of organizational creativity.Increasingly, globalization and the adoption of a market economy have made innovation fundamental for the success of professional sport organizations. Yet oligarchical league structures, isomorphic and hyper-traditional cultures, and hierarchical organizational structures can enhance or hinder organizational creativity, the beginning stage of the innovation process. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to determine the antecedents of organizational creativity in professional sport organizations. Perception of organizational creativity is theorized to be influenced by employee creativity, work environment, and the social interactions of employees. The results, based on a survey of three professional sport organizations’ front offices, indicated perceptions of a work environment with a clear vision and better work processes were associated with greater perceptions of organizational creativity. The lack of relationships between many of the factors theorized to influence organizational creativity, such as an employee’s advice network, could indicate the sport industry is unique in creativity management. This study is the beginning in understanding the first step of innovation, and the processes that influence employees’ perceptions regarding the ways in which their work environment relate to organizational creativity. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 992-1004 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.02.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.02.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:992-1004 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Han Soo Kim Author-X-Name-First: Han Soo Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Minjung Kim Author-X-Name-First: Minjung Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Viewing sports online together? Psychological consequences on social live streaming service usage Abstract: •We provided a comprehensive understanding of social live streaming services (SLSSs) in sport contexts.•We explored the expected gratifications of sport fans who use SLSSs for watching sport events.•Four expected gratifications enhanced flow and satisfaction, which increased social well-being and decreased loneliness.•We examined the moderating role of team identification on the relationship between affective gratification and flow in using SLSSs.Social live streaming services (SLSSs) have recently been introduced as a new type of synchronous social networking services for sport fans. Given the popularity of these innovations, the authors examined how the use of SLSSs can augment users’ social well-being and mitigate loneliness through the mechanisms of team identification, flow experiences, and satisfaction with SLSSs. To this end, the researchers collected data from 231 SLSS users who watched sport events over the SLSS platforms during the past 12 months. Results indicated that four types of gratification expectations positively influenced the users’ flow states. Among highly identified users with their preferred teams, affective gratification exerted the greater impact on the flow, predicting satisfaction with SLSSs. Such satisfaction enabled the users to enhance their social well-being and ease their feelings of loneliness. This study provides empirical evidence and new insights that elevate our understanding of SLSSs for sports content. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 869-882 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.007 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.007 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:869-882 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jacqueline Martins Patatas Author-X-Name-First: Jacqueline Martins Author-X-Name-Last: Patatas Author-Name: Veerle De Bosscher Author-X-Name-First: Veerle Author-X-Name-Last: De Bosscher Author-Name: Inge Derom Author-X-Name-First: Inge Author-X-Name-Last: Derom Author-Name: Jens De Rycke Author-X-Name-First: Jens Author-X-Name-Last: De Rycke Title: Managing parasport: An investigation of sport policy factors and stakeholders influencing para-athletes’ career pathways Abstract: •Stakeholders involved in policy processes need to critically position disability in order to develop para-athletes’ pathways.•Support services provided to para-athletes need to be tailormade to each disability group and sport classification.•Need to revisit the level of education, qualification, and investments that coaches receive to deliver optimal para-athletes’ pathways.The way disability is understood and positioned by key stakeholders informs how policies are implemented in the development of pathways to sporting excellence of an athlete with a disability. In this paper, the authors seek to identify which sports policy factors and stakeholders influence the development of athletic career pathways in Paralympic sport (i.e., attraction, retention, competition, talent identification and development, elite, and retirement phases). Drawing from the theories of disability and the literature on elite sport policy, an interview protocol on policy dimensions and principles to support para-athletes’ development was created, and 32 key stakeholders from the Brazilian Paralympic sport context were interviewed. The data revealed that coaching provision and education as a policy factor and coaches with disability-specific knowledge as a stakeholder were perceived as most influential during all the phases of para-athletes’ careers. The classification system emerged as a parasport-specific factor that can facilitate or inhibit the development of para-athletes’ careers, influencing the implementation of policies. The authors suggest that understanding the concept of disability is notably essential when stakeholders have to think strategically and adapt management principles from able-bodied sporting contexts. Therefore, critically positioning disability within policy decision making can improve the thinking, action, and behaviour of policymakers, coaches, and sports managers, leading to the more efficient delivery of successful para-athletes’ careers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 937-951 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:937-951 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matthew Keane Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Keane Author-Name: Jacqueline K. Eastman Author-X-Name-First: Jacqueline K. Author-X-Name-Last: Eastman Author-Name: Rajesh Iyer Author-X-Name-First: Rajesh Author-X-Name-Last: Iyer Title: Predicting adventure seeking of young adults: The role of risk, innovativeness and status consumption Abstract: •Innovativeness in extreme sports increases adventure seeking.•Risk aversion negatively affects attitude towards adventure seeking.•Status consumption mediates the risk aversion – adventure seeking relationship.•Status consumption mediates innovativeness – adventure seeking relationship.Extreme sports continue to grow and attract young adults. Research is needed to better understand what motivates athletes to participate in the adventure seeking of extreme sports beyond the need for thrills. The results of a survey utilizing a sample of young educated adults, those more likely to be able to fund adventure seeking, finds that those who are more innovative in the domain of extreme sports and who are less risk averse are more likely to participate in adventure seeking activities. The motivation to consume for status plays a key mediating role between innovativeness, risk aversion, and adventure seeking which suggests that status consumption is a vital individual difference variable in understanding and reaching the adventure seeking young adult. Furthermore, there is no difference by gender in the model tested. The implications for sport marketing managers and future research are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 952-963 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.009 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.009 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:952-963 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michelle Hayes Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Hayes Author-Name: Kevin Filo Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Filo Author-Name: Andrea Geurin Author-X-Name-First: Andrea Author-X-Name-Last: Geurin Author-Name: Caroline Riot Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Riot Title: An exploration of the distractions inherent to social media use among athletes Abstract: •Positive and negative commentary presents distractions to athletes.•Social media can used to manage the moods of athletes during events.•Athletes engage in self-awareness to address social media distractions.•Developing athlete coping and mental skills could assist in minimising distractions.Social media present athletes with a number of benefits and challenges. As a result, various sport stakeholders have debated appropriate social media use among athletes at major sport events, with some suggesting that using these platforms can have negative consequences. The purpose of this research was to examine the elements of social media that athletes perceive to be distracting during major sport events and the practices they undertake to address such distractions. Interviews with Australian elite athletes (N = 15) were conducted and data were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal several elements associated with distraction, including positive and unwanted messages, branding pressures, and competitor content. Athletes reported two key practices that assisted in overcoming distractions, including switching off and handing over the control of their social media accounts. The findings extend distraction-conflict theory to athlete social media research, while presenting a preliminary conceptual model to assist researchers in further understanding the potential impact of social media distractions on athletes. Opportunities for sport practitioners to develop or implement social media education programs are described. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 852-868 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:852-868 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Géraldine Zeimers Author-X-Name-First: Géraldine Author-X-Name-Last: Zeimers Author-Name: Mathieu Winand Author-X-Name-First: Mathieu Author-X-Name-Last: Winand Author-Name: Christos Anagnostopoulos Author-X-Name-First: Christos Author-X-Name-Last: Anagnostopoulos Title: Research Handbook on Sport Governance Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1005-1006 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:1005-1006 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Calvin Nite Author-X-Name-First: Calvin Author-X-Name-Last: Nite Author-Name: Christopher M. McLeod Author-X-Name-First: Christopher M. Author-X-Name-Last: McLeod Author-Name: Zachary Beldon Author-X-Name-First: Zachary Author-X-Name-Last: Beldon Author-Name: John Nauright Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Nauright Title: Establishing a professional Rugby Union Football League in the USA: Managing institutional pluralism in sport entrepreneurship Abstract: •Sport entrepreneurship is characterized by institutional pluralism.•Strategic institutional infrastructure work resulted in support from stakeholders.•Institutional infrastructure work is important for developing participants and fans.•Lack of institutional infrastructure work alienated important stakeholders.•Institutional infrastructure work necessary for sport entrepreneurship.Given the growth of sport leagues globally, we sought to understand how sport entrepreneurs addressed institutional plurality as they worked to establish a new professional sport league in the USA. Drawing on institutional pluralism, we critically examine two efforts to establish professional rugby union football leagues in the USA. Pluralism resulted in tensions among rugby stakeholders. While both leagues sought to reconcile tensions through institutional infrastructure work, one of the leagues garnered more stakeholder support as it was attentive to more institutional contexts. The other league’s infrastructure work was limited and resulted in the alienation of many important rugby stakeholders. Our research demonstrates the theoretical and practical importance of institutional infrastructure work within sport entrepreneurship, especially when navigating institutional pluralism. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 883-897 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.02.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.02.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:883-897 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine Sveinson Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: Sveinson Author-Name: Larena Hoeber Author-X-Name-First: Larena Author-X-Name-Last: Hoeber Title: “So begins the demise of #Superman from Metropolis”: Consumers’ Twitter reactions to an athlete’s transgression Abstract: •We explore an athlete transgression in the form of a homophobic slur.•Twitter responses to the transgression are analyzed via critical discourse analysis.•Language use by sport consumers in tweets creates both inclusivity and exclusivity.•Managing transgressions becomes complicated in the age of political correctness.When athlete transgressions occur both on and off the field, there can be negative impacts on stakeholders. Therefore, it is essential to explore how consumers react to transgressions to gain a better understanding of how they can be successfully managed. The purpose of this study was to explore consumers’ Twitter reactions to an athlete’s transgression using a homophobic slur, drawing on critical discourse studies as a conceptual framework. Using Visual Twitter Analytics (Vista), tweets were collected over the 2017 Toronto Blue Jays’ season. For this study, the subset of tweets related to the incident were isolated. We found a duality in discourses, in that consumers shared perspectives for and against the use of homophobic language in sport. Practically, many consumers supported the idea of athletes being assigned a punishment for this type of language use. While consequences may satisfy some consumers, a cultural change within the organization and fan base is required to create an inclusive sport environment regarding language use. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 810-823 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.03.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.03.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:810-823 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stephen L. Shapiro Author-X-Name-First: Stephen L. Author-X-Name-Last: Shapiro Author-Name: Joris Drayer Author-X-Name-First: Joris Author-X-Name-Last: Drayer Author-Name: Brendan Dwyer Author-X-Name-First: Brendan Author-X-Name-Last: Dwyer Title: An examination of consumer reactance to daily fantasy sport and sport gambling regulatory restrictions Abstract: •Psychological reactance theory was examined in the context of sports gambling and daily fantasy sport.•An experimental design was used to test the impact of proposed restrictions on consumer behavioral intentions.•Significant differences were found between high and low levels of consumer reactance to proposed government restrictions.•Results regarding restrictions to freedom were contrary to previous literature on consumer reactance.•Consumer reactance should be considered as governments decide on sports gaming legislation.According to psychological reactance theory (PRT), when an individual’s freedom is threatened or eliminated, a state of reactance will occur in an attempt to have the freedom restored. Consumer reactance to firm marketing strategies and governmental restrictions have been examined in a variety of contexts. However, an examination of consumer reactance regarding participation in sport gaming activities, such as daily fantasy sport and sport gambling is non-existent. Two studies were developed using experimental designs to: (a) identify whether sport gaming participation intentions were influenced by government restrictions; (b) examine the influence of reactance tendencies on behavioral intentions; and (c) test whether consumer reactance moderates the relationship between government restrictions and gaming intentions. Our results showed significant differences in intentions based on government restrictions for both daily fantasy sport (DFS) and sport gambling participants. Mean intention scores were highest in the scenarios where the activities were legal, which is contrary to previous consumer reactance literature. However, varying state regulations may be playing a role, as individuals can participate in these activities in states where they are legal. Additionally, consumer reactance played a moderating role for groups that were discouraged or restricted from the activity. Consumers with high reactance tendencies reacted unfavorably to threats of freedom as anticipated, extending our knowledge of the impacts of consumer reactance within the sport gaming industry. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 797-809 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.02.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.02.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:797-809 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eric Hungenberg Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Hungenberg Author-Name: Mark Slavich Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Slavich Author-Name: Andrew Bailey Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Bailey Author-Name: Taylor Sawyer Author-X-Name-First: Taylor Author-X-Name-Last: Sawyer Title: Examining Minor League Baseball Spectator Nostalgia: A Neuroscience Perspective Abstract: •Novel methods yielded comparatively more objective nostalgia research findings.•Results exhibited relationship between fans’ neurological traits and nostalgia.•Visual, sound, and social interaction stimuli elicited most nostalgic responses.•Nostalgia was most experienced during middle of game experience.•Nostalgia maintained positive relationship with attendees’ behavioral intentions.The purpose of this study was to explore nostalgia’s effect on MiLB spectators’ psychological, emotional, and behavioral responses. Mobile encephalography (EEG) headsets were used to monitor attendees’ neurological responses that may be indicative of nostalgia, while an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) permitted the capturing of spectators’ self-reported nostalgic levels. This approach allowed participants’ mental scores to be analyzed in relationship to their nostalgic occurrences. Brainwave frequencies emblematic of inward attention and arousal were significantly related with the number of instances spectators reported feeling nostalgic, which denote mental dispositions prevalent among attendees more prone to nostalgia. Moreover, PROCESS macro regression highlighted nostalgia’s ability to influence spectators’ behavioral intentions. Results also revealed environmental stimuli originating from sight, sound, and sociability to be especially prominent in triggering nostalgia. Overall, the study’s findings reveal unique characteristics present in baseball that render both immediate and enduring effects. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 824-837 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.04.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.04.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:824-837 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andre Michael Andrijiw Author-X-Name-First: Andre Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Andrijiw Title: Identity regulation in the North American field of men’s professional ice hockey: An examination of organizational control and preparation for athletic career retirement Abstract: •Organizations and managers in professional ice hockey regulate(d) athletes’ identities.•Regulation engendered a pronounced and pervasive athletic identity.•Regulation of alternate and broadened identities was constrained.•Identity regulation limited development and athletic career retirement preparation.Quality of adjustment to athletic career retirement is dependent, in part, on athletic identity salience, or the degree to which one defines themself in the athlete role. Researchers, however, have seldom explored how athlete identities are shaped and reshaped by organizations and managers prior to retirement. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to examine identity regulation in the North American field of men's professional ice hockey. Results from the study indicate that managers regulated a bipartite athletic identity, defined by performance excellence and beneficence; a largely self-directed, non-sporting alternative; and a nascent merger between the two. Further, regulation was found to limit individual development and, in turn, preparation for athletic career retirement. In an effort to assist athletes in developing identities that are more conducive to retirement and individual long-term well-being, the author suggests that organizations and managers in professional ice hockey challenge and reform extant practices and modes of regulation. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 898-912 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.04.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.04.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:898-912 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ashlee Morgan Author-X-Name-First: Ashlee Author-X-Name-Last: Morgan Author-Name: Tracy Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Tracy Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Daryl Adair Author-X-Name-First: Daryl Author-X-Name-Last: Adair Title: Sport event sponsorship management from the sponsee’s perspective Abstract: •Structural and relational considerations are critical for sponsorship management•Brand and strategic compatibility are valued by the sponsee•Trustworthy relationships are instrumental in managing sponsors•Staff turnover impacts asset-specific knowledge and inter-firm social bondsSponsorship plays a critical role in the delivery of major sport events. To date, the majority of sponsorship research has focused on the sponsors’ perspective or consumer responses. Drawing upon brand alliance literature and relationship marketing theory, this paper discusses learnings from the management of sponsor-sponsee relationships at a major sport event. We provide insights from the sponsee (i.e., the event) perspective: this is intended to further our understanding of relationship management in the context of event sponsorship, as well as providing practical information for both event industry and sport industry practitioners. This case study produced three main findings in terms of relational effectiveness: clear and compatible strategy, development of positive inter-organisational culture and inter-personal relationships, and stability. Each of these attributes are key to successful and effective sponsorship management. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 838-851 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.04.006 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.04.006 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:838-851 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Inside front cover: Editorial board/Aims & Scope Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-1 Issue: 5 Volume: 23 Year: 2020 Month: 12 X-DOI: 10.1016/S1441-3523(20)30165-0 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/S1441-3523(20)30165-0 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:23:y:2020:i:5:p:1-1 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vahid Delshab Author-X-Name-First: Vahid Author-X-Name-Last: Delshab Author-Name: Do Young Pyun Author-X-Name-First: Do Young Author-X-Name-Last: Pyun Author-Name: Shannon Kerwin Author-X-Name-First: Shannon Author-X-Name-Last: Kerwin Author-Name: Juan-Gabriel Cegarra-Navarro Author-X-Name-First: Juan-Gabriel Author-X-Name-Last: Cegarra-Navarro Title: The impact of unlearning context on organizational performance through knowledge management: A case of community sport clubs in Iran Abstract: The authors examined the effect of unlearning context on organizational performance of community sport clubs (CSCs) via knowledge management. The board of directors of CSCs in Iran were invited to participate in this study. The research employed the multidimensional constructs of unlearning context, knowledge management, and organizational performance. The findings indicated that unlearning context had positive effects on knowledge management and organizational performance. Knowledge management played a role of partial mediator in the relationship between unlearning context and organizational performance. Non-profit sport organizations need to take advantage of promoting unlearning context to facilitate acquisition, creation, sharing, storage, and application of new knowledge among members, which in turn, could help them perform better. The study provides both theoretical and managerial implications that promote sport clubs to apply unlearning context and knowledge management processes to increase both financial and non-financial aspects of their organizational performance.The role of unlearning context on knowledge management in community sport clubs is examined.We investigate how individual unlearning impacts community sport clubs’ performance.This study highlights the need to create an unlearning context in non-profit sport organizations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 156-178 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.02.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.02.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:1:p:156-178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wonseok (Eric) Jang Author-X-Name-First: Wonseok (Eric) Author-X-Name-Last: Jang Author-Name: Linwan Wu Author-X-Name-First: Linwan Author-X-Name-Last: Wu Author-Name: Jing (Taylor) Wen Author-X-Name-First: Jing (Taylor) Author-X-Name-Last: Wen Title: Understanding the effects of different types of meaningful sports consumption on sports consumers’ emotions, motivations, and behavioral intentions Abstract: This study extends the existing sport management literature by examining how meaningful sports consumption could be conceptualized differently based on self-construal. In particular, we demonstrate that from a self-oriented perspective, highlighting the extraordinary skills of athletes makes sports consumption meaningful, whereas from an other-oriented perspective, highlighting the moral-excellence of athletes makes sports consumption meaningful. The results of two experiments indicated that sports consumers experienced different types of affective responses, self-transcendent emotions (admiration vs. elevation), motivations (self-improvement vs. compassionate love), and behavioral consequences (improving professional skills vs. helping others), depending on the type of sports consumption (skill-based meaningful vs. moral-based meaningful vs. hedonic), and the self-construal mindset (independent vs. interdependent).Meaningful sports consumption determines various types of behaviors.Meaningfulness could be elicited by the act of moral-excellence.Meaningfulness could be elicited by the demonstration of athletes’ extraordinary skills. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 46-68 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.07.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.07.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:1:p:46-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mel Johnston Author-X-Name-First: Mel Author-X-Name-Last: Johnston Author-Name: Michael Naylor Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Naylor Author-Name: Geoff Dickson Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Dickson Author-Name: David Hedlund Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Hedlund Author-Name: Timothy Kellison Author-X-Name-First: Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Kellison Title: Determinants of support and participation in a major sport event referendum Abstract: In recent years, referenda have been used to inform decisions to bid on major sport events. Recognising referenda as a means to engage a community in a major sport event, the purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of referenda support and participation intention. A sample of 603 New Zealanders completed a questionnaire a) the intention to participate in such a referendum. Based on exploratory factor analysis assessing b) their support for a referendum on their city bidding to host the Commonwealth Games, and multinomial logistic regression, the key findings are that political cynicism, civic duty, event status and involvement affected voters’ referendum support, while political cynicism, civic duty, political interest, event status and involvement impacted their voting intentions. The results have implications for prospective host cities, sport managers, policymakers, and ordinary citizens.We investigate the determinants of referenda support and participation intention in the context of a major sport event.Political cynicism, civic duty, and event status impacted voters’ referendum support.Civic duty, satisfaction with democracy, and event status impacted voting intentions.This study benefits those considering referenda in major sport event contexts. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 134-155 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.08.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.08.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:1:p:134-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Graham Cuskelly Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Cuskelly Author-Name: Liz Fredline Author-X-Name-First: Liz Author-X-Name-Last: Fredline Author-Name: Eunjung Kim Author-X-Name-First: Eunjung Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Shane Barry Author-X-Name-First: Shane Author-X-Name-Last: Barry Author-Name: Pam Kappelides Author-X-Name-First: Pam Author-X-Name-Last: Kappelides Title: Volunteer selection at a major sport event: A strategic Human Resource Management approach Abstract: Volunteers have long been regarded as an essential part of the staging major sport events both to encourage community participation and to contain labour costs. Major sport events often attract a large pool of applicants which exceeds the number of volunteer positions available. Selecting the best qualified applicants for available positions requires volunteer selection processes that are fair, effective, and efficient from both the volunteer and event organising committee perspectives. Using a Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) approach, the authors investigated factors that predicted the selection of applicants interviewed for volunteer positions from the perspective of a major sport event organiser. Using deidentified data from all volunteer applications (n = 53,234) for the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games, the authors identified a number of factors that predicted the likelihood of an applicant being selected for an interview for a volunteer position. SHRM principles were applied to volunteer selection decisions but in a limited way. The authors found some evidence of links between volunteer selection decisions and the overarching strategies of the Games. However, these decisions prioritised the short-term goal of filling volunteer positions to stage a successful Games rather than longer-term strategic goals. The research contributes to better understanding links between major event HRM strategies and volunteer selection, identifying factors which predict volunteer selection, and possible limitations in the application of volunteer database management systems from a SHRM perspective.We analysed data from 53,234 cases in volunteer application data from the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games.From a Strategic HRM perspective several factors were found to predict volunteer selection.Event organisers prioritised short-term event delivery goals over longer-term strategic goals. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 116-133 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.02.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.02.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:1:p:116-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Antti Kauppinen Author-X-Name-First: Antti Author-X-Name-Last: Kauppinen Title: Managing Sport Events Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 179-180 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2019.11.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2019.11.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:1:p:179-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jeremy J. Foreman Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy J. Author-X-Name-Last: Foreman Author-Name: Robert M. Turick Author-X-Name-First: Robert M. Author-X-Name-Last: Turick Title: The effect of race on lateral moves to coach central positions Abstract: Racial discrimination in the coaching labor market has garnered substantial attention among researchers; however, scholars have struggled to empirically answer the question of why these disparities exist. The stacking of players into certain positions based on race in football substantially impacts future coaching candidate pools, as studies consistently find that incumbents of central positions experience more upward mobility in their careers. The purpose of the present study is to identify factors that allow coaches to make lateral moves into central coaching positions, specifically focusing on race. Examining all lateral moves among position and assistant position coaches across 32 National Football League seasons, logistic regression results indicate that, holding central position playing experience constant, Black coaches are less likely to lateral move to coach central positions. Moreover, earlier and later in the sample period, minority head coaches were less likely to assign Black assistant coaches to coach central positions. In addition to race, a separate effect of central position playing experience exists, which further emphasizes the effect of racial stacking, resulting in Black coaches experiencing discrimination still emanating from their playing careers. Based on these findings, implications within and outside sport are discussed.Black coaches are less likely to lateral move to coach central positions.Coaching staff diversity remained steady since the 2003 Rooney Rule implementation.Minority head coaches increasingly assigned Blacks to central positions until 2003.Minority head coaches decreasingly assigned Blacks to central positions after 2002.Central position playing experience increases chances of coaching central positions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 69-91 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.04.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.04.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:1:p:69-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lisa A. Kihl Author-X-Name-First: Lisa A. Author-X-Name-Last: Kihl Author-Name: Katie E. Misener Author-X-Name-First: Katie E. Author-X-Name-Last: Misener Author-Name: Graham Cuskelly Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Cuskelly Author-Name: Pamela Wicker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Wicker Title: Tip of the iceberg? An international investigation of fraud in community sport Abstract: This study examines the nature and incidences of occupational fraud in community sport organisations (CSOs) as reported in media coverage from Australia, Canada, Germany, and the United States from 2008−2018. Using the fraud diamond framework, the main indicators for fraud occurring in CSO’s included: incentive (i.e., personal financial struggles, supporting lavish lifestyles, addictions, and mental health issues); opportunity (i.e., access to organisational accounts, insufficient financial control mechanisms, vacancy in key positions, singular role responsibilities, and perceived trustworthiness of club leaders), rationalisation (i.e., denial of responsibility, good intentions, and self-justification), and capability (i.e., educated professionals and learned advantage). The findings showed that individuals who committed various forms of occupational fraud typically held the trusted volunteer positions of treasurer or president. The research offers a new understanding of the global nature of fraud and its risk indicators within the CSO context, and begins to identify how CSOs might be susceptible to fraud, thereby articulating a future research agenda to explore fraud vulnerability in CSOs. In practice, this study offers important insights for anti-fraud strategies and training in the community sport sector.Community sport organisations (CSOs) like many nonprofits are susceptible to fraud.The paper outlines the global nature of fraud across Australia, Germany, Canada, and the U.S.Perpetrators are trusted volunteers in positions such as president and treasurer.Fraud is driven by pressure, opportunity, capability, and rationalization. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 24-45 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.06.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.06.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:1:p:24-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: John W. Hayton Author-X-Name-First: John W. Author-X-Name-Last: Hayton Author-Name: Milly Blundell Author-X-Name-First: Milly Author-X-Name-Last: Blundell Title: Exploring the relationship between social class and sport event volunteering Abstract: There is a dearth of research that examines the relationship between sport event volunteering and social class. This article contributes to this gap by exploring the social class of volunteers involved in the running of a series of major international field hockey events held between 2015 and 2017 at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, London. The authors draw upon longitudinal research that utilises demographic information and qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with 46 event volunteers. To gauge the social composition of this volunteer pool, the authors first discern the social class categories of the study’s participants.Following analysis of the qualitative data, the authors then examine how the interplay between social class and Pierre Bourdieu’s principal forms of cultural, economic and social capital shapes the volunteer workforce, and how they might operate to inhibit under-represented groups from volunteering. In parallel to the class analysis of the participants, the authors provide novel insights into the organisational amassing of an event volunteer workforce. The article concludes by considering the implications of the nexus between social class, capitals, and inclusion within event volunteering and its management.Event volunteers sampled predominantly hail from middle-to-higher social classes.Cultural, economic and social capitals combine to facilitate sport-event volunteering.Institutional and technical capital are key to access and selection.Embodied cultural capital facilitates role progression and leadership opportunities.The serial hosting of single-sport major events promotes repeat event volunteering. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 92-115 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.06.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.06.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:1:p:92-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ashley Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Ashley Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Author-Name: Milena M. Parent Author-X-Name-First: Milena M. Author-X-Name-Last: Parent Title: Understanding the impact of radical change on the effectiveness of national-level sport organizations: A multi-stakeholder perspective Abstract: The purpose of this study was to understand how radical organizational change impacts the effectiveness of national-level sport organizations from the perspectives of internal and external stakeholders. A single case study methodology of U SPORTS – the national governing body of university sport in Canada – was employed. Data sources included 32 semi-structured interviews with internal (n = 16) and external stakeholders (n = 16), as well as documentation (e.g., annual reports, financial statements). Results indicated the effectiveness of organizations can be impacted by radical change but can vary in the degree of impact, depending on the organizational effectiveness approach and stakeholder perspective used. Using both internal and external stakeholders contributes to our understanding of radical organizational change, as it demonstrates the outward impact of change on not only the focal sport organization but also its external stakeholders, which are critical for organizational survival.Radical change is a key aspect of survival, but difficult to manage successfully.A case study of U SPORTS and its internal and external stakeholders was undertaken.Radical change can impact the effectiveness of national-level sport organizations.Impact of radical change varies based on the effectiveness approach used.Impact of radical change varies based on the perspective of different stakeholders. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-23 Issue: 1 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.04.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.04.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:1:p:1-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gareth J. Jones Author-X-Name-First: Gareth J. Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Elizabeth Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Christine Wegner Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Wegner Author-Name: Colin Lopez Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez Author-Name: Heather Kennedy Author-X-Name-First: Heather Author-X-Name-Last: Kennedy Author-Name: Anthony Pizzo Author-X-Name-First: Anthony Author-X-Name-Last: Pizzo Title: Cultivating “safe spaces” through a community sport-for-development (SFD) event: implications for acculturation Abstract: The change that takes place as a result of contact between two or more cultures, often referred to as acculturation, can present challenges that impede adaptation. This has raised important policy concerns for governments seeking to support acculturating individuals and groups, particularly as global migration rates continue to increase. Community sport-for-development (SFD) events provide opportunities to cultivate “safe spaces” that support acculturation, yet this process is not inherent and in some instances sport can actually reinforce perceived barriers. The purpose of this study is to analyse how dimensions of safe space were cultivated through a community SFD event and assess their influence on acculturating individuals and groups in one American city. Data was generated through focus groups conducted with key informants and supplemented by observations conducted at games and events. The results of the theoretical thematic analysis indicate that the cultivation of safe space contributed to adaptation, yet also reveal nuances related to the cultural resonance of sport and the emergence of place-based identities that carry important theoretical and practical implications.Cultivating safe space is key to leveraging community SFD events.Safe spaces cultivated through community SFD events can enhance the adaptation of acculturating individuals and groups.Dialectical relationships exist between dimensions, as positive outcomes in one dimension may be counterbalanced by negative outcomes in another.The social and physical infrastructure created through community SFD events is just as influential to cultivating safe space as the sport activities that are delivered.The experimental dimension of safe space may be more appropriately conceptualized as an overarching element that must be present in the other four dimensions. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 226-249 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1879559 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1879559 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:2:p:226-249 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ben Larkin Author-X-Name-First: Ben Author-X-Name-Last: Larkin Author-Name: Janet S. Fink Author-X-Name-First: Janet S. Author-X-Name-Last: Fink Author-Name: Elizabeth B. Delia Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth B. Author-X-Name-Last: Delia Title: Identified, but not identical: exploring the influence of collective narcissism in team identification Abstract: To date, inquiry into team identification has focussed on the implications for consumer behaviour, with relatively limited focus on within group differences of highly identified fans. In the current study, collective narcissism is used to explore attitudinal and behavioural differences among highly identified fans. By interviewing highly identified fans both high and low in collective narcissism, we explore the unique attributes of highly narcissistic fans and how these differ from low narcissistic fans who are equally identified with a team. We find high collective narcissistic fans possess pervasive views that the team is unique, under scrutiny, and harbour beliefs related to within-group exclusivity, whereas low narcissistic fans do not. The findings highlight the need to understand attitudinal and behavioural differences among highly identified fans. Practically, it highlights the importance of increased specificity in market segmentation of team fan bases.Assessing collective narcissism reveals differences among highly identified fans.Perceptions of the team (ingroup) vary by collective narcissism level.High collective narcissists emphasise ingroup uniqueness, scrutiny, and exclusivity.Comparatively, low collective narcissists have more tempered views of the ingroup. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 297-321 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1880767 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1880767 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:2:p:297-321 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Edward T. Hall Author-X-Name-First: Edward T. Author-X-Name-Last: Hall Author-Name: Shirley Gray Author-X-Name-First: Shirley Author-X-Name-Last: Gray Author-Name: Amanda Martindale Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Martindale Author-Name: John Sproule Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Sproule Author-Name: John Kelly Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Kelly Author-Name: Paul Potrac Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Potrac Title: Doing hybrid management work in elite sport: the case of a head coach in top-level rugby union Abstract: HIGHLIGHTSHybrid management, leadership and coaching work involved navigating complex webs of relations.Strategic interaction generated “buy-in”, space and time to carry out key agendas.Support, capital, resources and information flowed through relational networks.This paper examines a head coach’s enactment of their hybrid role (i.e., it was comprised of leadership, management, and coaching responsibilities) in an elite level sport organization. A methodological bricolage comprising a) participant observation and reflexive field notes, b) ethnographic film, and c) semi-structured and stimulated recall interviews was used to generate data during 20 months of ethnographic fieldwork with an international rugby union team. Data were iteratively analysed using Crossley’s (2011) relational theorizing. The head coach was found to strategically manage nuanced relations with, and between, more and less trusted collaborators in the organization. This positioned her to maintain oversight and to influence the support, capital, resources and information flowing through relational networks towards the organization’s key mission. Strategic interaction that responded to others’ thoughts, feelings and interests was used to generate buy-in, space and time to carry out the manager’s agendas. The findings highlight the importance for researchers, policy makers, sport organizations, educators and practitioners of further engaging with management as an ongoing exercise in collective behaviour, which includes micropolitical struggles and exchange. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 271-296 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1880690 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1880690 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:2:p:271-296 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Timothy Kellison Author-X-Name-First: Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Kellison Author-Name: Brian M. Mills Author-X-Name-First: Brian M. Author-X-Name-Last: Mills Title: Voter intentions and political implications of legislated stadium subsidies Abstract: In the US, decisions to allocate public funding toward professional sports facilities are usually made not by voters via referendum or initiative, but rather by their elected representatives. We examine the attitudes of residents in a region affected by a no-vote stadium subsidy to determine whether policymaking is congruent with public will and to consider the political impact of residents’ support of or opposition to the stadium subsidy. Using survey data from 369 registered voters in Cobb County, Georgia, we found the average voter would have approved of publicly funding a new ballpark, but felt that voters should have had the opportunity to vote via referendum. Additionally, we identified factors contributing to voters’ support of the financing plan, perceptions of support by other residents, and intentions to vote in future elections. Finally, we identify prospective impacts of plan support on voter behaviour in subsequent elections that could have political implications for legislated stadium subsidies.In absence of public vote, it is unclear whether locals support stadium subsidies.Voters affected by US$722-million ballpark subsidy in US were surveyed.Results suggest majority favoured subsidy but were dissatisfied with process.Lack of public vote on stadium subsidy may empower citizens to vote in future. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 181-203 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.07.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.07.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:2:p:181-203 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nico Schulenkorf Author-X-Name-First: Nico Author-X-Name-Last: Schulenkorf Author-Name: Emma Sherry Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Sherry Title: Applying intergroup contact theory to sport-for-development Abstract: Despite evidence of its effectiveness in the area of conflict studies, intergroup contact theory (ICT) has rarely been applied to specifically designed sport-for-development (SFD) interventions. As such, the purpose of this study is to demonstrate the suitability and applicability of ICT as a framework analyzing SFD interventions that aim to foster integrative social transformation. In this paper, we first situate ICT within the broader sport and SFD contexts before demonstrating the utility of ICT through a reflective analysis of League Bilong Laif (LBL), an education-focused SFD intervention in Papua New Guinea. Our examination of LBL demonstrates that ICT may well be a useful framework to design and deliver SFD interventions, particularly in the context of existing intergroup tensions. To maximize opportunities for positive social impact, we propose the aspect of ‘cultural relevance and excitement potential’ as an additional critical condition for achieving meaningful intergroup development.Application of Intergroup Contact Theory (ICT) to Sport-for-Development (SFD).Reflective analysis based on empirical research in Papua New Guinea.ICT identified as a suitable framework for SFD design, delivery and evaluation.‘Cultural relevance and excitement potential’ as critical condition for positive contact. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 250-270 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.08.004 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.08.004 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:2:p:250-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jan Schönberner Author-X-Name-First: Jan Author-X-Name-Last: Schönberner Author-Name: Herbert Woratschek Author-X-Name-First: Herbert Author-X-Name-Last: Woratschek Author-Name: Guido Ellert Author-X-Name-First: Guido Author-X-Name-Last: Ellert Title: Hidden agenda in sport sponsorship – The influence of managers’ personal objectives on sport sponsorship decisions Abstract: Despite companies spending billions of dollars on sport sponsorship every year, little is known about how sponsoring companies make sponsorship decisions. Sponsors are expected to enter into sponsorship agreements strategically, so as to achieve corporate objectives. However, managers who make sponsorship decisions could also be motivated by their own personal interests. As soon as managers’ personal objectives manifest themselves to influence their sponsorship decision-making, we speak of a hidden agenda. In our empirical study, we investigated corporate objectives and managers’ personal objectives, and their respective influence on sport sponsorship decisions. We conducted a three-round qualitative Delphi study with 18 participants employed at sponsor organisations, sport clubs, and sport marketing agencies. The results of our study contribute to our understanding of corporate objectives in the sport sponsorship literature. We reveal 12 different personal objectives of managers underlying sponsorship decision-making. In addition, we develop the steps and stages of the sponsorship decision-making process from a sponsor perspective. We reveal the existence of a hidden agenda in sponsorship decisions. Due to divergences in objectives, a hidden agenda leads to agency effects between the shareholders/owners of the sponsoring company (principal) and the managers (agent). The emerging agency effects can have either negative or positive effects for the sponsor. We derive a model showing the decision-making in sport sponsorship, considering managers’ hidden agendas. Managerial implications are discussed.Updates and extends work on corporate sponsorship objectives.Identifies managers’ personal objectives in sport sponsorship decisions.Reveals managers’ hidden agendas in sport sponsorship decisions.Analyses effects of company size as a contextual factor in sponsorship decisions.Explores sponsorship decision-making process from a sponsor perspective. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 204-225 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.07.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.07.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:2:p:204-225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Bomin Paek Author-X-Name-First: Bomin Author-X-Name-Last: Paek Author-Name: Alan Morse Author-X-Name-First: Alan Author-X-Name-Last: Morse Author-Name: Susan Hutchinson Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Hutchinson Author-Name: Choong Hoon Lim Author-X-Name-First: Choong Hoon Author-X-Name-Last: Lim Title: Examining the relationship for sport motives, relationship quality, and sport consumption intention Abstract: As the sport industry becomes progressively competitive, most professional teams focus on ways to develop a long-term relationship with fans. One such strategy is sport marketing intended to enhance relationship quality between fans and teams, which may be related to high sport consumption. Accordingly, in this study the authors developed a model that explains the antecedents and outcomes of relationship quality initiatives in the context of professional sport. To this end, a sport fan motivation framework and a relationship quality model were used to explain fan behaviors within a professional volleyball league. Results showed that sport fan motives significantly affect relationship quality and behavioral intention regarding sport consumption, with emotional motivation exerting a considerable association. The study also demonstrated that relationship quality mediates the association between emotional motives and behavior intentions. The current research extends the sport management literature by empirically investigating the effects of emotionally driven sport motive on relationship quality and desired relational outcomes.Emotional motives positively impacted relationship quality between sport teams and sport consumers.Relationship quality improved sport consumption behavior intention.Relationship quality mediated emotional motives’ impact on sport consumption behavior intention. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 322-344 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.04.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.04.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:2:p:322-344 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adam Love Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Love Author-Name: Samuel B. Bernstein Author-X-Name-First: Samuel B. Author-X-Name-Last: Bernstein Author-Name: Ryan King-White Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: King-White Title: “Two heads are better than one”: A continuum of social change in sport management Abstract: Since the initiation of the first academic sport management program approximately 50 years ago, the efforts of countless scholars have enabled sport management to attain a strong position as an academic field. However, work within sport management oriented toward fostering social change has often taken a back seat to research that is viewed more favorably by commercial interests in sport. In the current paper, we present a model for bridging the theory-practice divide by conceptualizing social change as a continuum of actions that span across the disciplinary, institutional, and individual levels and involve strategies ranging from pragmatic to possible. Ultimately, we argue that the current moment is ripe for sport management scholars to center social change in their work, seeking critical engagement with a broad range of practitioners and stakeholders to help sport management better serve all sectors of the population.Sport management has achieved a strong position as an academic field.Sport management scholars have tended to focus on elite, commercialized sport.Scholarship that fosters social change has been marginal in the field.Many scholars voice concern about sport management’s lack of impact on sport.Centering social change can help scholars bridge the theory-practice divide. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 345-364 Issue: 2 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.02.005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.02.005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:2:p:345-364 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lindsey Darvin Author-X-Name-First: Lindsey Author-X-Name-Last: Darvin Author-Name: John Holden Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Holden Author-Name: Janelle Wells Author-X-Name-First: Janelle Author-X-Name-Last: Wells Author-Name: Thomas Baker Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Title: Breaking the glass monitor: examining the underrepresentation of women in esports environments Abstract: While the growth of esports is undeniable, access, inclusivity, and diversity within this space is reminiscent of U.S. pre-Title IX traditional sport environments. As such, recent calls for the inclusion of esports within the traditional sport management literature have been persuasive. The esports industry is largely male dominated, as women and girls represent a lower proportion of participants, fans, and employees. While the proportions are staggering, the underrepresentation of women and girls in the esports industry has not been fully explored. In order to investigate this underrepresentation, 10 women esports competitors, content creators, and executives advanced our understanding of both the career experiences and career obstacles they encounter including (1) breaking the glass monitor, (2) toxic “geek” masculinity, (3) hostile sport environments, and (4) “mental” (e.g., grit). This investigation utilized a generic, qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews and employed an inductive thematic-analysis process to uncover the experiences of women employees in the esports industry. This will serve as the first qualitative study in sport management that examines the career experiences of elite-level women gamers and executives. As such, the major contributions are the identified obstacles that women have faced in their rise to elite level careers within this space.Women and girls remain highly underrepresented throughout the esports industry.Elite-level women esports employees encounter numerous barriers and obstacles.The presence of a glass monitor inhibits career access and advancement for women.The industry maintains a hostile culture for women and girls plagued by harassment.Participants experienced toxic masculinity and required extreme grit to sustain. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 475-499 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1891746 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1891746 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:3:p:475-499 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erin Buzuvis Author-X-Name-First: Erin Author-X-Name-Last: Buzuvis Title: Law, policy, and the participation of transgender athletes in the United States Abstract: This article provides an overview of U.S. law and public policy governing the rights of transgender athletes to participate in sports programs and how sports organizers should take the law, or its absence, into account when creating internal policies in this area.Sport organizations should favor gender-identity based participation.Participation restrictions are inappropriate in youth, nonelite athletics.Inclusion promotes dignity, respect and health of transgender participants.Relevant U.S· public law is complex but generally permissive of inclusion.Current controversies in the U.S· may affect transgender athletes’ rights. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 439-451 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1880757 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1880757 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:3:p:439-451 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Chikako Tanimoto Author-X-Name-First: Chikako Author-X-Name-Last: Tanimoto Author-Name: Koji Miwa Author-X-Name-First: Koji Author-X-Name-Last: Miwa Title: Factors influencing acceptance of transgender athletes Abstract: This study examined factors influencing acceptance of transgender athletes in sport events. Quantitative data were gathered from 373 Japanese university student-athletes. We investigated contributions of two types of predictors. One is the context in which trans athletes are placed; the other involves survey respondents’ psychological constructs that may influence their reaction to the issue. The results show that trans men were more accepted than trans women, trans athletes with hormone treatment were considered more acceptable, and trans athletes were more accepted in unofficial sporting events for children and adults than in official national and international events. The results also revealed that for respondents with weaker athletic identity, higher degrees of belief in a just world were positively associated with attitudes of acceptance. Whereas stronger athletic identity was positively associated with acceptance for men, it was negatively associated with acceptance for women. Considering the different nuances surrounding transgender issues in Japan, our study will add cultural diversity to research literature that has mainly focused on the contexts of North America and Western Europe.Trans athletes are accepted more in recreational sports than in elite competitions.Hormone treatment is one of the key elements determining acceptance.Athletic women are less likely to accept trans athletes than non-athletic women.Athletes with strong just belief are not accepting of trans athletes.Justice in sports is different from justice outside sports. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 452-474 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1880771 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1880771 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:3:p:452-474 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ryan Storr Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Storr Title: “The poor cousin of inclusion”: Australian Sporting Organisations and LGBT+ diversity and inclusion Abstract: This article contains an analysis of some of the main drivers of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT+) diversity and inclusion in a selection of sporting organisations. Anchoring the analysis within the context of critical diversity management, some of the key theoretical approaches to LGBT+ diversity and inclusion are discussed. Drawing upon current theoretical debates and discussions on the enactment of diversity and commitment/resistance to diversity within sport, the article foregrounds LGBT+ diversity and discusses the merits of the business case for promoting LGBT + diversity. Is the Australian sport sector doing enough to improve policies and practices for LGBT+ participants? This article critically assesses how Australian Sporting Organisations (ASO) move from engagement with LGBT + diversity to the full inclusion of LGBT+ people, and concludes with insights into future directions for scholarship.This paper provides an overview of the current knowledge base surrounding the engagement and enactment of LGBT+ diversity and inclusion within some Australian sport organisations.Discusses the merits of the business case for LGBT+ diversity and theoretical framework of diversity management.Diversity work is imperative across the Australian sport sector for LGBT+ people to be fully included across all levels of sport.Concludes that sport organisations in Australia are at a point of engagement with LGBT+ diversity, working towards LGBT+ inclusion. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 410-420 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.05.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.05.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:3:p:410-420 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erik Denison Author-X-Name-First: Erik Author-X-Name-Last: Denison Author-Name: Nadia Bevan Author-X-Name-First: Nadia Author-X-Name-Last: Bevan Author-Name: Ruth Jeanes Author-X-Name-First: Ruth Author-X-Name-Last: Jeanes Title: Reviewing evidence of LGBTQ+ discrimination and exclusion in sport Abstract: Sport organisations continue to place a low priority on addressing the exclusion and discrimination experienced by LGBTQ+ people (lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, questioning/queer, and sexual/gender diverse). It was previously thought this was due to a lack of quantitative evidence of a problem; however, over the past decade, a large body of quantitative research has been conducted, including two international studies, providing strong evidence that discriminatory behaviour remains common in sport and is harmful to this population. In this paper, the authors summarise existing quantitative evidence and consider why sport organisations continue to be slow to address LGBTQ+ exclusion. They argue sport management scholars are in a unique and privileged position to address current resistance to action and drive change through conducting research aimed at identifying pragmatic, practical approaches to end harmful discriminatory behaviours. Finally, the authors describe why such research has the potential to mitigate harm while also advancing the discipline in ways described as being needed by leading scholars.There is strong evidence that LGBTQ+ people experience discrimination in sport.Sport managers remain resistant to addressing the harm caused to this community.Solution-focused research is needed to identify ways to overcome this resistance.Sport management scholars are in a privileged position to lead these investigations.Leading this research could mitigate harm while helping to advance the discipline. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 389-409 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.09.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.09.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:3:p:389-409 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohsen Loghmani Author-X-Name-First: Mohsen Author-X-Name-Last: Loghmani Author-Name: Graham Cuskelly Author-X-Name-First: Graham Author-X-Name-Last: Cuskelly Author-Name: Tom Webb Author-X-Name-First: Tom Author-X-Name-Last: Webb Title: Examining the career dynamics of elite football referees: a unique identification profile Abstract: Research into the career dynamics of high-performance level match officials across sports is scarce. The present study analyses the career dynamics of elite football referees from childhood to the elite level, creating a context of life design and a pattern for identifying individuals with potential talent. Twelve international and elite football referees participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews utilizing narrative inquiry. Participants were asked to recall all football refereeing–related experiences associated with their life stories from childhood to obtaining their FIFA Elite Referee (FER) position. Data analysis indicated that there were two common discourses (early and later) in an elite football referees’ career which helped to shape their job role with increased meaningfulness, providing invaluable insights for reaching the FER position. The interviewees experienced specific on- and off-field, reactions during their career (early and late) in order to prepare themselves to face challenging and conflict-related situations in football refereeing. Based on career stages, types of job crafting, and job characteristic levels, we developed the unique career dynamic identification profile of elite football referees. Accordingly, we argue that a talented individual needs to undertake individual training and career-based goal setting in their early career, whilst later in their career the elite referees should move towards collective training and game-based goal setting. The paper discusses the wider implications of the research findings, including their transferability to other societal groups populations, such as public sportspeople, talented individuals, national football federations, referee departments, and concludes by considering suggestions for future research.Explores elite football referees’ real-life stories through career dynamics perspective and narrative inquiry.Develops a unique career dynamics profile illustrating how potentially talented individuals can become elite football referees.Perception of job characteristics determines unique types of job crafting at early and later stages of career.Off-field experiences are linked to choosing and continuing careers, and job crafting behaviors of career-based goal setting and individual training in early careers.Later in career, both off- and on-field experiences help referees to undertake game-based goal setting and collective training to reach and remain at elite level. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 517-542 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1879556 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1879556 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:3:p:517-542 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Argyro Elisavet Manoli Author-X-Name-First: Argyro Elisavet Author-X-Name-Last: Manoli Author-Name: Comille Bandura Author-X-Name-First: Comille Author-X-Name-Last: Bandura Title: Perceptions of the role of traditional and social media in communicating corruption Abstract: Traditional and social media are widely recognised for the role they play in communicating corruption, while even influencing the way in which corruption is perceived. Knowing that not all corruption is perceived the same, due to its various forms and manifestations, the authors flip the question and explore how the perceived severity of corruption influences people’s views on the role that traditional and social media play in communicating it within the context of sport. The authors collected data from 18 focus groups, involving a total of 99 participants in the UK, thereby uncovering the wide spectrum of perceived roles that traditional and social media play in communicating corruption in sport, ranging from informative to misleading, and from democratic tools that enhance self-reflection to broadcasters of ‘fake news’ respectively. What is also highlighted in the study is the reverse analogy observed between the perceived severity of corruption and people’s positive predisposition towards both traditional and social media. Apart from expanding the understanding of the perceived role of traditional and social media in communicating corruption, this study underlines that the volatility of perceptions towards the media can impact people’s future interest in and engagement with traditional and social media.Perceptions of corruption influence views on media’s role in communicating it.A wide spectrum of perceptions of the role of the media is uncovered.Perceptions on traditional media diverge from informative to misleading.Views on social media vary from democratic to fake news broadcasters. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 500-516 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.08.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.08.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:3:p:500-516 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sally Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Author-Name: George B. Cunningham Author-X-Name-First: George B. Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham Title: The rainbow connection: a scoping review and introduction of a scholarly exchange on LGBTQ+ experiences in sport management Abstract: In this scholarly exchange edition, we present a selection of invited articles that focus on the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) persons in sport management. In this introduction, we outline a brief history of how and why sexuality activism evolved over the last 50 years. We also outline why, despite the societal gains in many countries, research into the experiences of LGBTQ+ people in sport management is fundamental to improving those experiences and engendering change. We achieve this by summarizing past research in the area, which lays the foundation for the articles in this scholarly exchange. We provide an overview of the scholarly exchange articles, summarizing how the papers further the understanding of the management, marketing, and governance of sport within the context of LGBTQ+ people’s experiences.The Spectator-based Sports Team Reputation Scale (SSTR) could be applied to the three stakeholders as a general sport team reputation.The three stakeholders significantly differed in assessing sport team reputation, team attachment, and community attachment.Sport team reputation influenced community attachment through team attachment for each stakeholder.The path coefficient of the relationship between sport team reputation and team attachment differed between fans and local residents, and local residents and sponsors.An overview of invited articles for this Scholarly Exchange.A summary of the research in LGBTQ+ scholarship in sport since 1969.Research is fundamental to engendering positive change in LGBTQ+ people’s experiencesThe role of management, marketing, and governance research in these changes.Calls for future research and development in this area. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 365-388 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1880746 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1880746 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:3:p:365-388 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. Nicole Melton Author-X-Name-First: E. Nicole Author-X-Name-Last: Melton Author-Name: Jeffrey D. MacCharles Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey D. Author-X-Name-Last: MacCharles Title: Examining sport marketing through a rainbow lens Abstract: As sport has gradually become more accepting of LGBTQ individuals, sport organizations have attempted to connect with this lucrative market. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing research that examines sport marketing issues related to LGBTQ individuals in sport. In doing so, the authors provide a multilevel model for understanding sport consumer perceptions of LGBTQ-inclusive marketing initiatives and highlight key contributions. The authors conclude by offering suggestions for future research. Based on the review of literature, authentic signals of inclusion can generate positive outcomes for fans and sport organizations. However, there is a need to create inclusive spectator sport spaces where LGBTQ fans feel safe and accepted.Women and girls remain highly underrepresented throughout the esports industry.Elite-level women esports employees encounter numerous barriers and obstacles.The presence of a glass monitor inhibits career access and advancement for women.The industry maintains a hostile culture for women and girls plagued by harassment.Participants experienced toxic masculinity and required extreme grit to sustain.The size and buying power of the LGBTQ market should be attractive to savvy sport managers.A growing number of sport organizations are signaling their inclusivity through marketing communications.Micro, meso-, and macro-level factors influence sport consumers perceptions of LGBTQ-inclusive signalsSpectator sporting events need to be safe and inclusive spaces for all fans regardless of sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression.LGBTQ athletes are gaining popularity and can be effective endorsers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 421-438 Issue: 3 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1880742 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1880742 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:3:p:421-438 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mohsen Behnam Author-X-Name-First: Mohsen Author-X-Name-Last: Behnam Author-Name: Mikihiro Sato Author-X-Name-First: Mikihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Author-Name: Bradley J. Baker Author-X-Name-First: Bradley J. Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Title: The Role of Consumer Engagement in Behavioral Loyalty through Value Co-Creation in Fitness Clubs Abstract: Using service dominant logic as the theoretical framework, this study examines the associations between consumer engagement, two dimensions of value co-creation (co-production and value-in-use), and behavioural loyalty while considering the moderating role of psychological involvement. Participants (N = 559) were recruited from fitness clubs in Urmia, Iran. Structural equation modelling revealed positive associations between consumer engagement, value co-creation, and behavioural loyalty. consumer engagement had a positive indirect effect on behavioural loyalty through co-production, although not through value-in-use. This suggests operationalizing value co-creation as multidimensional is more appropriate than as a unitary construct. Furthermore, psychological involvement had a moderating effect on the relationship between consumer engagement and behavioural loyalty, where the relationship was stronger for individuals with higher psychological involvement. Findings from this study suggest consumer engagement is a key antecedent of behavioural loyalty and highlight the importance of co-production and psychological involvement in promoting behavioural loyalty at fitness clubs.Co-creation is a multidimensional construct comprising co-production and value-in-use.Co-production and value-in-use are differentially related to behavioural loyalty.Co-production mediates the relationship between consumer engagement and behaviour.Psychological involvement moderates the consumer engagement and loyalty relationship. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 567-593 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1880772 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1880772 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:4:p:567-593 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yonghwan Chang Author-X-Name-First: Yonghwan Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Author-Name: Yuhei Inoue Author-X-Name-First: Yuhei Author-X-Name-Last: Inoue Title: Spectator emotions in predicting psychological vigor: emotional meta experience and affect valuation perspectives Abstract: This study investigated the causal influence that game situations-dependent spectator emotions exert on psychological vigor. Four distinctive game situations that evoked four types of spectators’ emotional states – happiness, sadness, anger, and fear – were identified. Virtual reality technology was utilized to replicate sport spectators’ emotional experiences. The results of the laboratory experiments revealed that states of vigor generally corresponded to the winner-loser effect, wherein victories (or losses) are associated with positive (or negative) emotions. Notably, the close victories condition exerted emotional ambivalence, resulting in mixed outcomes on vigor. Moreover, anger evoked through close losses had a positive impact on vigor. This study advances current understandings of sport fans’ emotional ambivalence and negative affect valuation tendencies. The findings provide significant implications for strategies through which marketers, stakeholders, and health managers can facilitate consumer well-being via sport spectatorship.Explored the influence that game situations-dependent spectator emotions exert on vigor.Utilized virtual reality technology to reflect spectators’ actual viewing experiences.States of vigor corresponded to the winner-loser effect.Close victories exerted emotional ambivalence, resulting in mixed outcomes on vigor.Anger evoked through close losses had a positive impact on vigor. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 594-619 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1880759 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1880759 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:4:p:594-619 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joshua McLeod Author-X-Name-First: Joshua Author-X-Name-Last: McLeod Author-Name: David Shilbury Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Shilbury Author-Name: Géraldine Zeimers Author-X-Name-First: Géraldine Author-X-Name-Last: Zeimers Title: Power and rent-seeking on boards: a case study of national sport federations in India Abstract: Rent-seeking refers to the activities of individuals or groups who act to increase their personal benefits at the expense of organizations or wider society. Due to the inherently damaging nature of rent-seeking and its prevalence on some sport boards, there is a need for researchers to examine how it emerges and persists. The purpose of this study is to investigate how power influences the rent-seeking activities of board members in Indian national sport federations. An embedded single case study design is adopted. Drawing on a four-dimensional model of power, the research finds that board members source and use the power of resources, the power of processes and the power of meaning to fuel their rent-seeking activities. The findings show that these three forms of power have a mutually reinforcing effect, while the power of the system creates the context in which the other dimensions are used. The findings offer new insight into how board members, motivated by personal gain, ensure that suboptimal organizational governance structures are preserved in sport. This study contributes theoretically by illuminating how different dimensions of power interact in rent-seeking processes. Practical recommendations are outlined for stakeholders who want to overcome rent-seeking.Rent-seeking is defined as self-serving behaviour that harms organisations.Rent-seeking behaviour is prevalent on sport boards.A case study method was used to examine rent-seeking in Indian sport federations.Board members use four forms of power to fuel their rent-seeking activities.Rent-seeking leads to the perpetuation of suboptimal governance structures. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 697-721 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1880745 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1880745 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:4:p:697-721 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shohei Takamatsu Author-X-Name-First: Shohei Author-X-Name-Last: Takamatsu Title: The effect of sport team reputation on team attachment and community attachment: a comparison of fans, local residents, and sponsors Abstract: The main purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sport team reputation on team attachment and community attachment by comparing fans, local residents, and sponsors. The team targeted for this research was Victorina Himeji, which was the first professional female volleyball club in Japan. This study consisted of separate surveys for fans, local residents, and sponsors. The results demonstrated that: (a) the measurement scale of sport team reputation could be applied to the three stakeholders; (b) the three stakeholders significantly differed in assessing sport team reputation, team attachment, and community attachment; and (c) the multigroup structural equation modelling revealed that the effect of sport team reputation on team attachment was stronger for fans and sponsors than for local residents, although all paths had positive influences. The present study advanced reputation research in sport by demonstrating the relationships among sport team reputation, team attachment, and community attachment across the three stakeholders.The Spectator-based Sports Team Reputation Scale (SSTR) could be applied to the three stakeholders as a general sport team reputation.The three stakeholders significantly differed in assessing sport team reputation, team attachment, and community attachment.Sport team reputation influenced community attachment through team attachment for each stakeholder.The path coefficient of the relationship between sport team reputation and team attachment differed between fans and local residents, and local residents and sponsors. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 620-641 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1879557 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1879557 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:4:p:620-641 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Per G. Svensson Author-X-Name-First: Per G. Author-X-Name-Last: Svensson Author-Name: Shinhee Jeong Author-X-Name-First: Shinhee Author-X-Name-Last: Jeong Author-Name: Brad Shuck Author-X-Name-First: Brad Author-X-Name-Last: Shuck Author-Name: Marcella G. Otto Author-X-Name-First: Marcella G. Author-X-Name-Last: Otto Title: Antecedents and outcomes of employee engagement in sport for development Abstract: Employee engagement has an extensive history of application in the broader management and human resource development literature yet its application in sport contexts has been minimal. This study helps to fill that gap through a structural model of employee engagement in a set of North American sport for development (SFD) agencies. The direct outcome of this work includes field sensitive conceptual clarity of the engagement construct for sport management researchers and the utility of employee engagement in the context of the SFD workforce. Results indicate significant relationships between employee engagement and turnover intentions, psychological wellbeing, organizational performance, and innovative work behavior. Furthermore, mission attachment, intrinsic motivation, and identified regulation motivation were significant preconditions of employee engagement. The findings indicate that employee engagement provides a meaningful framework for understanding employee experiences in SFD agencies. Implications from this study include the integration of compassionate leader behaviors, specific communication strategies highlighting mission attachment, and opportunities for recognition that drive value orientation.An empirical investigation of the role of employee engagement in sport for development.Provides conceptual clarity of the engagement construct in sport management.Establish the utility of employee engagement in the SFD workforce.Mission attachment, intrinsic motivation, and identified regulation predict employee engagement.Employee engagement significantly predicts turnover intentions, psychological wellbeing, organizational performance, and innovative work behavior. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 673-696 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1880758 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1880758 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:4:p:673-696 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fabrice Desmarais Author-X-Name-First: Fabrice Author-X-Name-Last: Desmarais Author-Name: Kayleigh Boobyer Author-X-Name-First: Kayleigh Author-X-Name-Last: Boobyer Author-Name: Toni Bruce Author-X-Name-First: Toni Author-X-Name-Last: Bruce Title: Lingering effects of sponsor transgression against a national fan base: the importance of respect in relationship management Abstract: Research on sport sponsorship–fan relationships rarely explores the duration of fans’ feelings towards a sponsor, even though research demonstrates that management of this relationship is crucial. In addition, little research in management, sponsorship, marketing, or public relations explores contexts in which sponsorship involves a national sports team that attracts significant patriotic sentiment. The purpose of this study was to address these absences by exploring the longevity of public responses to a sponsor transgression crisis. The results identify the central role played by perceptions of respect and disrespect in New Zealanders’ responses to a jersey-pricing crisis and the sponsor’s response to public criticisms. The results indicate that national team sponsors who explicitly galvanize intense feelings of patriotism need to understand and respect the national public’s emotional stake in their national team rather than narrowly pursuing sales or the bottom line. The study also highlights the importance of implementing respectful crisis management strategies during a crisis involving patriotic feelings.Respect is an important but undervalued concept for sponsors of sports teams Foreign sponsors of national teams must respect fans’ national identity feelings.Fan perceptions of disrespect can cause damage to a sponsor’s reputation.Damage caused by a sponsor’s disrespectful transgression has enduring effects.Sponsors must understand they can only borrow, not own, national sport icons. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 642-672 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1880743 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1880743 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:4:p:642-672 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kyungyeol (Anthony) Kim Author-X-Name-First: Kyungyeol (Anthony) Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Kevin K. Byon Author-X-Name-First: Kevin K. Author-X-Name-Last: Byon Title: Conceptualization of switching costs in fitness centers: a higher-order reflective-formative model Abstract: HIGHLIGHTSWe identify switching costs dimensions associated with fitness centres.We propose a higher-order reflective-formative fitness switching costs model.We provide conceptual definitions of switching costs.The concept of switching costs has been given increasing attention in the marketing and management literature. However, conceptual confusion in the literature has impeded applying the concept of switching costs to fitness centres. As such, the purpose of the study is to conceptualize switching costs in the context of fitness centres. Four sequential steps are employed to achieve the objective of the study. In Step 1, a qualitative method using open-ended questions (n = 98) identifies switching costs dimensions in fitness centres. The results show 11 multidimensional constructs, which are then conceptualized as a third-order fitness switching costs model (FSCM) in Step 2. In Step 3, the higher-order FSCM is specified as a third-order formative construct consisting of four second-order formative constructs with 11 first-order reflective constructs. Building on the three step s, Step 4 proposes a formal definition of switching costs as consumers’ perceptions of procedural, relationship, financial, and convenience costs when voluntarily considering switching to another fitness centre. Definitions for all lower-order dimensions are also proposed. The theoretically grounded conceptualization of switching costs in the present study enhances conceptual clarity and builds a foundation for further investigations in this area. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 543-566 Issue: 4 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1879565 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1879565 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:4:p:543-566 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Thilo Kunkel Author-X-Name-First: Thilo Author-X-Name-Last: Kunkel Author-Name: Bradley J. Baker Author-X-Name-First: Bradley J. Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Author-Name: Thomas A. Baker Author-X-Name-First: Thomas A. Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Author-Name: Jason P. Doyle Author-X-Name-First: Jason P. Author-X-Name-Last: Doyle Title: There is no nil in NIL: examining the social media value of student-athletes’ names, images, and likeness Abstract: This research contributes to our understanding of the name, image, and likeness (NIL) value of student-athletes’ social media profiles. In Study 1, we scraped data from the Twitter (Nf = 3,880; Nb = 757) and Instagram (Nf = 2,223; Nb = 647) profiles of male collegiate-level football and basketball athletes. In Study 2, we scraped data from the Twitter (N = 1,058; posts = 20,978) and Instagram (N = 1,410; posts = 16,453) profiles of all student-athletes of four (two top-tier and two mid-tier) representative universities. Applying influencer marketing industry standard rates, the current research shows that student-athletes possess NIL value. Results further indicate student-athletes’ NIL value has a relationship with, but is not solely generated at, the institution level. Thus, this research contributes to student-athlete personal branding knowledge, and informs discussion around policy and industry practice related to student-athletes, university athletics departments, athletic conferences, and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).The NCAA’s position that student-athletes lack meaningful NIL value is false.Student-athletes’ NIL varies between and within institutions.Student-athletes’ NIL value is influenced by, but not created at, the institution level.Results have implications for athletes, universities, and the NCAA. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 839-861 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1880154 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1880154 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:839-861 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Wonju Lee Author-X-Name-First: Wonju Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Gareth J. Jones Author-X-Name-First: Gareth J. Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Moonsup Hyun Author-X-Name-First: Moonsup Author-X-Name-Last: Hyun Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Author-Name: Elizabeth A. Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth A. Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Jon Welty Peachey Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Welty Peachey Title: Development and transference of intentional self-regulation through a sport-based youth development program Abstract: Intentional self-regulation (ISR) is a critical personal asset associated with positive youth development (PYD). It is generally assumed that sport-based youth development (SBYD) programs cultivate skills such as ISR through sport then help youth transfer such skills to other domains of life. However, empirical research on ISR development and transference remains scarce and inconsistent, which complicates effective SBYD program design and management. The purpose of the current study was to examine the influence of a SBYD program on the development and transference of domain-specific ISR (i.e., sport and life), as well as the impact of both ISR domains on a key indicator of PYD (i.e. self-worth). Structural equation modeling and cross-lagged panel modeling was utilized to analyze ISR development and transference during a 5-month program season, as well as the resulting influence on a key indicator of PYD (i.e., self-worth). Findings suggest domain-specific conceptualizations of ISR and an alternative transference logic between sport and life domains. The results offer theoretical implications related to ISR development and transference within SBYD contexts and outline several recommendations of program design and management.Intentional self-regulation (ISR) is a context-specific trait.Compensation is particularly important to the development of ISR in adolescence.Goal-oriented youth sport programs can positively affect ISR and global self-worth.ISR development and transference from sport to life may occur simultaneously.Interorganizational partnerships may help maximize program outcomes. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 770-790 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1907973 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1907973 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:770-790 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Joshua McLeod Author-X-Name-First: Joshua Author-X-Name-Last: McLeod Author-Name: Andrew Jenkin Author-X-Name-First: Andrew Author-X-Name-Last: Jenkin Author-Name: Geoff Walters Author-X-Name-First: Geoff Author-X-Name-Last: Walters Author-Name: Richard Irving Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Irving Title: The role and performance of supporter directors: A social exchange theory perspective Abstract: Supporter directors are individuals elected to a sports organization’s board to represent the interests of its supporters. Although their inclusion on boards is widely considered to be good ethical practice, recent research shows that supporter directors face distinct challenges that often inhibit them from performing effectively. The purpose of this study was to illuminate how supporter directors can overcome these challenges by, firstly, generating a deeper understanding of the roles of supporter directors in Scottish football clubs and, secondly, analysing how board-level social interaction influences supporter directors role performance. The research method consisted of 17 interviews with individuals who are currently serving, or have previously served, as supporter directors on Scottish football club boards. The findings show that supporter directors perceive their role to encompass three elements: (1) promoting supporters’ interests in board meetings, (2) acting as a conduit of information, and (3) complying with their fiduciary duties. Drawing on the social exchange theory, the findings then revealed a perception among supporter directors that successful performance of those roles is dependent on their ability to initiate and sustain patterns of reciprocal social exchange with their board colleagues. The research provides practical recommendations for supporter directors and other types of stakeholder representatives on how to improve their performance.The role of the supporter directors encompasses three core elements.Supporter directors face distinct challenges that inhibit them from performing effectively.Supporter directors can enhance their role performance by engaging in reciprocal exchange. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 862-885 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1880744 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1880744 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:862-885 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Calvin Nite Author-X-Name-First: Calvin Author-X-Name-Last: Nite Author-Name: Jonathon Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Jonathon Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Title: From isomorphism to institutional work: advancing institutional theory in sport management research Abstract: This paper offers a review of institutional work and its utilization in sport management. We detailed how institutional work offers a modern paradigm of institutional theory that addresses calls for examining how institutions are created, maintained, and disrupted in sport. Upon review of the institutional work research in sport management, we argue for more studies of embedded agency and provide insights into how scholars may effectively implement institutional work within studies of sport phenomena. We advocate for the expansion of methods and analyses to provide empirical relationships between embedded agency and institutional outcomes. Further, we concluded that there is a need for more research with institutional work and other core institutional elements. Thus, we offer important insights into the progression of institutional theory research in sport management.Institutional theory has been important within sport management research.Institutional work has gained popularity within the sport management literature.Future research of institutional work should move beyond descriptive accounts.Identity, multi-level research, legitimacy, and logics offer new areas of inquiry.Institutional research should entail better theoretical development and integration. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 815-838 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1896845 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1896845 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:815-838 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kristen A. Morrison Author-X-Name-First: Kristen A. Author-X-Name-Last: Morrison Author-Name: Katie E. Misener Author-X-Name-First: Katie E. Author-X-Name-Last: Misener Title: Exploring the conditions for strategic planning in nonprofit community sport Abstract: Leaders of community sport organizations (CSOs) may use strategic planning to navigate complex pressures, allocate resources and establish a plan of action to meet their mandate. This study draws on institutional theory and a framework of receptive contexts for strategic change to examine the conditions (contextual factors and managerial actions) that influence strategic planning in CSOs. A multiple-case study of six CSOs provided rich detail about how CSOs’ environments shape their decision-making processes and influence strategy. Findings revealed that environmental pressures, including a club’s community profile, inter-club competition and the expectations of governing bodies, influenced strategic planning in CSOs. Other critical conditions included a supportive organizational culture and organizational capacity. Findings also highlighted the isomorphic pressures that CSO leaders respond to and resist through strategic planning. While findings of the current study are consistent with the broad features of receptive contexts related to environmental pressure, supportive organization culture and key people leading change, the subthemes in the current study provide new insight into, and justification for, contextualized approaches to strategic planning. The research provides important insight for CSO leaders to consider when using strategic planning to increase membership, address contemporary challenges and achieve long-term goals.Strategic plans articulate organizational goals, issues and relevant action steps.Contextual factors and managerial actions influence strategic planning in community sport organizations (CSOs).One condition that influenced strategic planning was environmental pressure (i.e., a club’s community profile, inter-club competition, expectations of governing bodies).Strategic planning is also influenced by a supportive organizational culture and organizational capacity.Understanding the conditions that support strategic planning can help CSOs to achieve membership growth and navigate complex pressures. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 747-769 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1906054 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1906054 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:747-769 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Danny O’Brien Author-X-Name-First: Danny Author-X-Name-Last: O’Brien Title: Commercial sport organisations and community capacity building: a case study of two surf parks Abstract: Commercial sector sport organisations increasingly lead innovation in sport delivery and consumption. Despite this, the ways in which sport contributes to community capacity building and sport-for-development has only ever been considered from public and third sector perspectives. Using a qualitative dual case study approach in the commercial surf park context, this research examined how commercial sport organisations can contribute to community capacity building. The findings demonstrate how partnerships among commercial, public and third sector actors encouraged mutual organisational capacity building among partners, facilitated diverse inter-community ties and capacity building outcomes in the wider community. Recognising the role commercial sport actors can play in community capacity building, and equally, the potential utility of lifestyle sports in sport-for-development, engenders a more inclusive, holistic understanding of sport-for development. The findings support the contention that effective community capacity building through sport requires sport actors to align more with less-traditional partners not ordinarily considered part of the recognised sport system.Commercial sport organisations can contribute positively to community capacity building.Commercial sport organisations can stimulate alliance formation among diverse community stakeholders.Organisational capacity outcomes from sport-based alliances can be leveraged for community capacity building.Considering commercial sport in community capacity building engenders a more holistic understanding of sport and community development.Effective community capacity building through sport requires sport actors to align more with less-traditional partners. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 723-746 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1902143 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1902143 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:723-746 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mitchell McSweeney Author-X-Name-First: Mitchell Author-X-Name-Last: McSweeney Author-Name: Lyndsay Hayhurst Author-X-Name-First: Lyndsay Author-X-Name-Last: Hayhurst Author-Name: Brian Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Name: Emerald Bandoles Author-X-Name-First: Emerald Author-X-Name-Last: Bandoles Author-Name: Kelvin Leung Author-X-Name-First: Kelvin Author-X-Name-Last: Leung Title: Colliding mandates of social enterprises: exploring the financial strategies, environment, and social-market tensions of bicycles-for-development organizations Abstract: In the last 15 years, there has been a flurry of sport-for-development and peace (SDP) organizations, corporate-funded interventions and scholarship. Despite burgeoning SDP research, there have been few studies that have investigated the bicycles-for-development (BFD) “movement”, whereby bicycles are perceived as key to achieving international development goals (e.g., gender equality). In this article, an institutional logics lens is used for an analysis of BFD hybrid organizations, particularly social enterprises. Interviews with BFD organizational executives were conducted, and data analysis revealed three overarching themes centered around: (1) BFD social enterprise financial strategies to strive for market and social program sustainability; (2) environmental factors that influence BFD social enterprises; and (3) social-market tensions of BFD hybrid organizations. Expanding understandings of how hybrid organizations in SDP navigate dual bottom-lines, findings and discussion highlight how BFD social enterprises are challenged by the environment in which they operate and as such face questions of their ability to offer clearly articulated social missions that move away from traditional market-based practices. The paper concludes 8with suggestions for further research on BFD and future empirical investigations of social enterprises in sport.8 Sport-for-development (SFD) and research related to social enterprises has increased recently.Less research has focused on the use of bicycles for development (BFD) and hybrid organizations .Institutional logics and a qualitative research design was used to study BFD social enterprises .Findings discuss the paradoxical tensions of social and market logics in BFD hybrid organizations.Future research of BFD and SFD social enterprises is needed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 791-814 Issue: 5 Volume: 24 Year: 2021 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1899721 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1899721 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:24:y:2021:i:5:p:791-814 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tyreal Yizhou Qian Author-X-Name-First: Tyreal Yizhou Author-X-Name-Last: Qian Title: Watching sports on Twitch? A study of factors influencing continuance intentions to watch Thursday Night Football co-streaming Abstract: An emerging form of social media service – livestreaming – has been increasingly adopted by sports organizations to foster fan engagement. The National Football League (NFL) is no exception to this trend as it collaborates with Twitch, one of the most popular livestreaming platforms, to broadcast Thursday Night Football (TNF). By leveraging Twitch’s video game personalities (streamers), the new format of sports livestreaming, also known as co-streaming, allows the co-creation of TNF experience characterized by personalized commentary and ample socialization opportunities. Given the novel partnership, the current study drew from service-dominant logic (S-D logic) to examine the relationships among co-streamer expertise, co-streamer identification, co-streaming fit, virtual interactions, and continuous watching intentions. Results obtained from an empirical study on 2019 TNF co-streaming showed that both co-streaming fit and virtual interactions positively impacted continuous watching intentions. More importantly, co-streaming fit mediated the effects of co-streamer expertise and viewer identification on behavioral proclivities. Among highly identified viewers, co-streamer expertise had a greater impact on co-streaming fit. Findings gleaned from this study broadened the applicability of S-D logic and advanced the understanding of value co-creation in sports livestreaming.This study explores the value of co-creation in co-streaming.Co-streamer expertise and co-streamer identification are critical operant resources conducive to co-streaming.Co-streaming fit and virtual interactions are key value co-creation elements.Co-streaming fit mediates the effects of co-streamer expertise and co-streamer identification on continuous watching intentions.Co-streamer identification moderates the effect of co-streamer expertise on co-streaming fit. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 59-80 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1930700 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1930700 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:1:p:59-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuhei Inoue Author-X-Name-First: Yuhei Author-X-Name-Last: Inoue Author-Name: Daniel Lock Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lock Author-Name: Leah Gillooly Author-X-Name-First: Leah Author-X-Name-Last: Gillooly Author-Name: Richard Shipway Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Shipway Author-Name: Steve Swanson Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Swanson Title: The organizational identification and well-being framework: theorizing about how sport organizations contribute to crisis response and recovery Abstract: During crises, sport organizations are said to play an important social role by facilitating community recovery; however, the literature lacks an overarching theoretical framework to explain how. Drawing on the social identity approach, we argue sport organizations can enhance well-being during crises to the extent that they foster shared identification among current and potential members. The Organizational Identification and Well-being Framework reflects this assertion, illustrating leadership functions to create an organization’s in-group identity that satisfies the needs of members in response to a crisis. It further outlines the SPRInT (Social support, Purpose and meaning, Relatedness, In-group norms, and Trust) pathways, which mediate the effect of organizational identification on member well-being. Our framework extends prior work examining organizational-level antecedents of identification with a sport organization by considering how identity leadership functions may foster organizational identification for individuals both internal and external to the organization. Moreover, it demonstrates how sport organizations may lead shared responses to address community needs and contribute to population well-being.Our framework helps sport organizations respond to crises.Sport organizations contribute to well-being in crises by fostering identification.Identity leadership is crucial to (re)define in-group identities in relation to crises.Identification with sport organizations increases psychological resources.Resilience and consensus about crisis response form contextual factors. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-30 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1911496 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1911496 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:1:p:1-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yue Meng-Lewis Author-X-Name-First: Yue Author-X-Name-Last: Meng-Lewis Author-Name: Donna Wong Author-X-Name-First: Donna Author-X-Name-Last: Wong Author-Name: Yupei Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Yupei Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Author-Name: Gavin Lewis Author-X-Name-First: Gavin Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis Title: Understanding complexity and dynamics in the career development of eSports athletes Abstract: With the accelerated growth of the esports industry over the last few years, there has been a corresponding increase in the number of esports athletes. Yet there is limited research examining these athletes’ professional career journeys. This study provides a novel investigation into their career development process. This qualitative study uses a sample of 35 esports athletes from 16 professional esports clubs in China. Findings from semi-structured interviews confirmed our proposition that traditional career theories may be inadequate to capture the complex and dynamic nature of the newly emerged careers within esports. The authors propose that Chaos Theory in Careers (CTC) provides principles that may more effectively describe and explain the nature and main characteristics of esports careers, compared to the more conventional linear or stage-based sports career theories. This study makes a significant theoretical contribution through developing esports career theory which is applicable to a contemporary setting and has practical implications to practitioners for esports talent identification, recruitment and development.An analysis of the retention of sponsors of six North American sport leagues (MLB, MLS, NASCAR, NBA, NFL, and NHL).Results indicate that NASCAR and NFL sponsors are retained at a significantly higher level.Undergirded by schema theory, clutter and sponsoring at a lower level reduces the probability that sponsors are retained.Tech sponsors are more likely to exit, while automotive and credit card sponsors are more likely to be retained.Results improve understanding of sponsor retention, assisting sponsees in targeting sponsors that engage in longer-term relationships. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 106-133 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.08.003 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.08.003 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:1:p:106-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Cleo Schyvinck Author-X-Name-First: Cleo Author-X-Name-Last: Schyvinck Author-Name: Michael L. Naraine Author-X-Name-First: Michael L. Author-X-Name-Last: Naraine Author-Name: Bram Constandt Author-X-Name-First: Bram Author-X-Name-Last: Constandt Author-Name: Annick Willem Author-X-Name-First: Annick Author-X-Name-Last: Willem Title: A network perspective on cause-related marketing collaborations in professional sport Abstract: Although professional sport teams increasingly engage in cause-related marketing (CRM), implementation often remains ad-hoc and superficial. CRM managers fall short of establishing the needed inter-organizational collaborations to attain mutually beneficial outcomes for the organization and society at large. Little is known about the structures and underlying mechanisms behind these CRM collaborations. Network theory and the associated social network analysis was utilized to unravel and compare network structures and governance of two Belgian professional soccer teams with different CRM strategies (i.e., altruistic and integrative). Findings showed a smaller, more fragmented, and centralized network in the altruistic compared to the integrative CRM type. The community department dominated the flow in the altruistic network (i.e., lead organization-governed), while coordination was shared amongst stakeholders in the integrative network (i.e., shared participant-governed). Findings also indicated that both networks could be optimized to better resonate with the CRM strategy envisioned. This study goes beyond a dyadic view on partnerships and contributes to the CRM literature by revealing stakeholder structures surrounding the focal organization. Practically, it helps managers to develop, manage, and sustain partnerships that are supportive of their respective CRM strategies, resulting in more effective CRM approaches and lasting economic and societal impact.Collaborations of two cause-related marketing approaches in professional sport were compared.Social network analysis revealed smaller, more fragmented and centralized networks in an altruistic compared to an integrative approach.The network of the altruistic type is lead organization-governed, whereas that of the integrative type is shared participant-governed.Professional sport teams could improve CRM strategy implementation by installing a network administrative organization. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 81-105 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1877941 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1877941 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:1:p:81-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yinle Huang Author-X-Name-First: Yinle Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Name: Brian P. Soebbing Author-X-Name-First: Brian P. Author-X-Name-Last: Soebbing Title: The novelty effect and on-field team performance in new sports facilities: the case of the Canadian Football League Abstract: When advocating for public funding assistance for new stadiums, franchise owners often employ the rationale of higher attendance and enhanced on-field team performance among other arguments. The Canadian Football League (CFL) has seen a number of large publicly funded facilities open over the last decade. In the present study, we empirically analyze seasonal attendance and on-field performance data from 1996 to 2019 to see whether these assertations can be supported. Results from a Tobit estimation (n = 203) reveal an increase in teams’ regular season home game attendance attributed to a 5-year long novelty effect. The results of Stochastic Frontier Model analysis (n = 136) indicate playing in new stadiums does not significantly affect team production efficiency. The findings of this study further contribute to our understanding of direct stadium impact for fans along with furthering our evidence in relation to owner behavior after moving into a new facility.The results from a Tobit estimation found a novelty effect for five years of a new Canadian Football League (CFL) facility.The outcomes of a Stochastic Frontier Model analysis revealed that the recipient of new football fields does not affect the production efficiency of CFL teams.The present study contributes to the growing literature examining the novelty effects for new sports facilities that exists within sports leagues throughout the world.Different from previous studies in this area, the present research also seeks to understand any on-field performance impact that new facilities bring. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 188-205 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1908763 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1908763 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:1:p:188-205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jonathan A. Jensen Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan A. Author-X-Name-Last: Jensen Author-Name: David Head Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Head Author-Name: Olivia Monroe Author-X-Name-First: Olivia Author-X-Name-Last: Monroe Author-Name: Scott Nestler Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Nestler Title: Investigating sport league sponsor retention: Results from a semi-parametric hazard model Abstract: Belying the maturity of the sponsorship-linked marketing literature is the fact that quantitative research on sponsor retention is scant, specifically which organizations retain their sponsors at higher rates and investigations of factors that lead one sponsor to renew while others exit. This study fills this gap by analyzing a dataset inclusive of nearly 500 “official product” sponsorships across six North American sport leagues utilizing a proportional hazards model. Results indicate that partnering with tech firms, clutter, and sponsoring at a lower level reduces the probability that sponsors are retained, while congruent and B2B sponsors are more likely to be retained. In addition, results indicate the superiority of the National Football League (NFL) and the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) in their ability to retain sponsors. From a managerial standpoint, these findings improve our understanding of sponsor retention, and assist both sponsors and sponsees in developing longer-term relationships.An analysis of the retention of sponsors of six North American sport leagues (MLB, MLS, NASCAR, NBA, NFL, and NHL).Results indicate that NASCAR and NFL sponsors are retained at a significantly higher level.Undergirded by schema theory, clutter and sponsoring at a lower level reduces the probability that sponsors are retained.Tech sponsors are more likely to exit, while automotive and credit card sponsors are more likely to be retained.Results improve understanding of sponsor retention, assisting sponsees in targeting sponsors that engage in longer-term relationships. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 31-58 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.09.001 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.09.001 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:1:p:31-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elizabeth A. Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth A. Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Rose Marie Ward Author-X-Name-First: Rose Marie Author-X-Name-Last: Ward Author-Name: Matt R. Huml Author-X-Name-First: Matt R. Author-X-Name-Last: Huml Author-Name: Lindsey Darvin Author-X-Name-First: Lindsey Author-X-Name-Last: Darvin Title: Examining intercollegiate athletic department employees’ workplace behaviors using latent profile analysis Abstract: Research examining workplace behaviors has increased over the last 20 years; however, much of this research within the sport context has looked at these issues using a variable-centered approach (e.g., examining work–life interface of mothers). This type of research is useful in describing how work behaviors manifest within specific populations. It does not, however, tell us about how the interaction of multiple variables impacts outcomes. Using social role theory as the guiding framework, the purpose of the study was to examine the presence of naturally occurring groups across a range of workplace behaviors within intercollegiate athletic department employees (N = 4,672) using latent profile analysis. Results indicate naturally occurring groups are present, and contrary to prior research, women were overrepresented in groups with lower levels of conflict (i.e., work–family and family–work) and underrepresented in groups with the higher levels of conflict, whereas men tended to be overrepresented in groups with higher levels of conflict and underrepresented in groups with lower levels of conflict. Further, both men and women with children were overrepresented in the profiles with higher levels of conflict. This work has important theoretical and practical implications for workplace behavior and organizational leadership.Examines workplace behaviors of college sport employees using latent profile analysis.Women tended to be overrepresented in groups with lower levels of work–family/family–work conflict.Participants with children reported higher levels of work–family/family–work conflict.WFC experienced by participants has a greater relationship with burnout and work addiction than FWC. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 162-187 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1899720 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1899720 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:1:p:162-187 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Katherine Raw Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: Raw Author-Name: Emma Sherry Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Sherry Author-Name: Nico Schulenkorf Author-X-Name-First: Nico Author-X-Name-Last: Schulenkorf Title: Managing Sport for Development: An Investigation of Tensions and Paradox Abstract: The professionalization of sport for development (SFD) has resulted in the evolution of increasingly complex organizational environments. As such, these initiatives are often balancing divergent goals such as financial, sport and community outcomes. However, previous research provides minimal insight into how SFD managers handle such tensions, and frequently oversimplifies the realities of these conflicts. To address this knowledge gap, we aim to explore the experiences of SFD managers employed within Australian National Sporting Organizations engaged in SFD programming across Asia and the Pacific. Adopting a basic qualitative methodology, our findings demonstrate how managers are challenged with complexities, tensions, and resourcing. Drawing upon paradox theory, our results also highlight how managers navigate these challenges, including scaling back programs, collaboration, promoting work, fostering local autonomy, and seeking synergies. Through this study, we build upon theoretical understandings of SFD management roles and paradoxes. Further, we offer practical insight into the challenges and strategies of managing SFD hybrids.Sport-for-development madnagers are challenged by tensions and paradox.To navigate paradoxes, managers cut programs and sought additional funding.Managers had to promote sport-for-development in professional sport contexts 1010.Managers should seek to foster collaboration, local autonomy, and synergies. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 134-161 Issue: 1 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2020.09.002 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1016/j.smr.2020.09.002 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:1:p:134-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: The Editors Title: Correction Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 3-3 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2046393 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2046393 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:2:p:3-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Yuhei Inoue Author-X-Name-First: Yuhei Author-X-Name-Last: Inoue Author-Name: Daniel Lock Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lock Author-Name: Mikihiro Sato Author-X-Name-First: Mikihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Title: Psychological processes connecting team identification and social well-being for middle-aged and older adults: moderated mediation of subjective and objective on-field performance Abstract: To cultivate the potential of sport spectatorship to enhance social well-being, a greater understanding of underlying psychological processes is essential. Using the social identity approach as a theoretical framework, we investigate how identification with a sport team interacts with subjective and objective measures of on-field team performance to affect social well-being. Data from 790 U.S. middle-aged and older adults were analysed through a path model combining mediation and moderation. The results indicate that the relationship between team identification and social life satisfaction – a measure of social well-being – is fully mediated by subjective perceptions of a favourite team’s on-field performance. In addition, this mediating effect increases as the objective on-field performance decreases. These findings reveal that team identification drives spectators to subjectively judge their favourite team’s performance, which serves as a coping strategy to enhance their social well-being when the team is performing poorly. Our evidence implies that sport organisations with middling to poor performance records may leverage social and community events to promote consumer social well-being.Team identification (TID) has no direct effect on social well-being.Subjective performance mediates the relation between TID and social well-being.Objective performance moderates the mediating effect of subjective performance.Mediation of subjective performance increases as objective performance declines.Social well-being benefits of TID are greater for fans of poorly performing teams. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 207-233 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1917246 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1917246 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:2:p:207-233 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: David McGillivray Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: McGillivray Author-Name: Joerg Koenigstorfer Author-X-Name-First: Joerg Author-X-Name-Last: Koenigstorfer Author-Name: Jason N. Bocarro Author-X-Name-First: Jason N. Author-X-Name-Last: Bocarro Author-Name: Michael B. Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Michael B. Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Title: The role of advocacy organisations for ethical mega sport events Abstract: We interviewed advocacy organisations campaigning for human rights.We explore the roles and relationships between mega sport event stakeholders with respect to human rights.We found that mega sport event stakeholders recognize the importance of, and accept responsibility for, human rights.We found that building trust with, while protecting the independence of, advocacy organisations is important.We found that advocacy organizations have moved away from shaming to a more collaborative approach with awarding bodies.We recommend that event governance and monitoring need to be implemented before and after the event.Non-governmental organisations have sought to enshrine progressive and ethical principles, protocols, and practices into governance arrangements for mega sport events. Evidence on whether, and how, they influence awarding bodies and events for the better, however, is scarce. Two research questions guided the present research: What role human rights advocacy organisations play at different stages of the event lifecycle? What is the nature of relationships between advocacy organisations and event awarding bodies to ensure that human rights are effectively embedded into decision-making processes? The authors conducted interviews with representatives from three advocacy organisations campaigning for human rights, two event awarding bodies and two intermediary organisations. A thematic analysis revealed four central themes: accepting responsibility for human rights; considering events as human-rights leveraging opportunity; facilitating within-coalition balance and independence of advocacy organisations; and implementing good governance and structural change. The findings contribute to the understanding of advocacy organisations within the sport event context by identifying relevant roles and relationships (including success factors and burdens on human rights). Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 234-253 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1955531 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1955531 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:2:p:234-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: F. Owusu-Sekyere Author-X-Name-First: F. Author-X-Name-Last: Owusu-Sekyere Author-Name: D. J. Rhind Author-X-Name-First: D. J. Author-X-Name-Last: Rhind Author-Name: L. Hills Author-X-Name-First: L. Author-X-Name-Last: Hills Title: Safeguarding culture: towards a new approach to preventing child maltreatment in sport Abstract: There is now undeniable evidence of child maltreatment in sport. This has provoked the gradual proliferation of safeguarding research aimed at protecting children from harm in sport. Such research recognises the need for a comprehensive and holistic approach that addresses individual, interpersonal and systemic contributors to child maltreatment in sport. This study sought to provide such an approach by applying the well-researched concept of safety culture to safeguarding children in sport. The aim of this study was to conceptualise safety culture from a child safeguarding in sport perspective (i.e., safeguarding culture). To achieve this, 77 participants from five globally representative organisations took part in 45 Interviews and 7 focus groups. This produced 52 units of qualitative data which were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings suggested that safeguarding culture represents a holistic and integrated approach to prevent child maltreatment which comprises three first-order themes; safety management systems, committed leadership and stakeholder engagement. These themes have dynamic and reciprocal relationships, with their ideal formation and application dependent on internal and external contextual factors. Based on these findings, the Safeguarding Culture in Sport Model is presented before practical implications, limitations and directions for future research are offered. By presenting a new approach and model to safeguarding children in sport, this study represents an important advancement of knowledge around safeguarding children in sport.This study was the first to conceptualise safeguarding culture in sport.Safeguarding culture is an integrated approach to prevent child maltreatment.Its factors have dynamic and reciprocal relationships.Internal and contextual factors influence safeguarding culture.The Safeguarding Culture in Sport Model is presented. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 300-322 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1930951 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1930951 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:2:p:300-322 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Misener Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Misener Author-Name: Kyle Rich Author-X-Name-First: Kyle Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Author-Name: Erin Pearson Author-X-Name-First: Erin Author-X-Name-Last: Pearson Title: Tensions and opportunities in researching social change in sport management Abstract: Within sport management scholarship, discussions of social change are becoming increasingly prevalent yet the underlying theoretical presumptions about social change are poorly (if at all) articulated. In this paper, we examine this shortcoming and challenge scholars to critically consider their social change agenda. We draw from established theories of social change to articulate how the term has been discussed more broadly in academic literature. In particular, we distinguish between individual, organizational, and community or social level changes as well as the nature of the change in question. Second, we employed a critical interpretive synthesis to consider how social change has been addressed within sport management scholarship. In doing so, we identify both where sport management literature has aligned with the broader social change literature as well as where it has not. Finally, we offer future considerations for sport management scholars interrogating social change, that involves a critical consideration of both level and nature of change. Social change is being readily used by sport management scholars.Theories of social change are often missing from published research.Sport for social change can be practical and impactful if linked clearly to theoretical insights.Distinguishing between individual, organizational, and community or social level changes would increase the impact of sport and social change research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 323-340 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1902123 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1902123 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:2:p:323-340 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Minjung Kim Author-X-Name-First: Minjung Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Han Soo Kim Author-X-Name-First: Han Soo Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Andre Simmond Author-X-Name-First: Andre Author-X-Name-Last: Simmond Author-Name: Stacy Warner Author-X-Name-First: Stacy Author-X-Name-Last: Warner Title: Strengthening referees’ psychological well-being through engagement and authenticity Abstract: Engaged employees are able to effectively deal with work demands and flourish. To illuminate the importance of this for referees, this study was designed to examine the relationships among referee retention, authenticity at work, referee engagement, and psychological well-being. The authors recruited 410 currently registered referees in the United States and utilized a structural equation modeling to test a hypothesized research model. The results indicated that administrator consideration, intrinsic motives, sense of community, and authenticity at work positively influenced referee engagement. Both authenticity at work and referee engagement were positively associated with the psychological well-being of referees. This empirical evidence provides new insights on referees’ well-being. Thus, sport managers should consider ways of enhancing engagement and authenticity as well as provide positive officiating experiences to ensure that sport referees flourish.We examined how sports referees’ engagement in officiating and psychological well-being can be strengthened.Three referee retention variables and authenticity at work positively influenced referee engagement.Referee engagement and authenticity at work enhanced their psychological well-being in the interscholastic sport context.This study provides a new perspective on sport referees’ well-being, which can be achieved through positive officiating experiences. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 254-274 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1930952 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1930952 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:2:p:254-274 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sebastian Uhrich Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Uhrich Title: Sport spectator adoption of technological innovations: a behavioral reasoning analysis of fan experience apps Abstract: Mobile applications specifically designed for in-stadium use during games (referred to as fan experience apps) are an emergent technological innovation in professional team sports around the globe. Drawing on behavioral reasoning theory, this study proposes and empirically tests a model to explain sport spectator adoption of fan experience apps (FEA). By considering both reasons for and reasons against adopting FEA, the model represents an important theoretical extension of existing innovation frameworks in sport marketing. Using a qualitative pre-study, I operationalized reasons using specific pro-adoption factors (i.e., enjoyment, ease of use, game-related content, and social interaction) and anti-adoption factors (i.e., distraction from the game, declining atmosphere, social risk, and data security concerns). Survey data collected among German team sport spectators (N = 792) confirmed that both reasons for adoption (positively) and reasons against adoption (negatively) influenced adoption attitudes, usage intentions, and actual use of FEA. The results indicated that reasons for adoption had a stronger relative impact on spectators’ responses to FEA than reasons against. The study also delineated the relative contribution of specific pro-adoption and anti-adoption factors to overall reasons for and against adoption. The findings imply that FEA developers, marketing communications directed at potential users, and market research that explores consumer opinions of these technological innovations should take into account both reasons for and against FEA usage.Identifies both reasons for and reasons against the in-stadium use of fan experience apps (FEA).Reasons for adoption include enjoyment, ease of use, game-related content and social interactions.Reasons against adoption include distraction from the game, declining atmosphere, social risk and data security concerns.Both reasons for and against influence adoption attitudes, usage intentions and actual use of FEA. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 275-299 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1935577 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1935577 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:2:p:275-299 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kwangsoo Park Author-X-Name-First: Kwangsoo Author-X-Name-Last: Park Author-Name: Seunghyun Brian Park Author-X-Name-First: Seunghyun Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Park Author-Name: Chihyung Michael Ok Author-X-Name-First: Chihyung Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Ok Author-Name: Hyelin (Lina) Kim Author-X-Name-First: Hyelin (Lina) Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Community marathon event participation and quality of life Abstract: This study examined serial multiple mediation effects to explain how participating in a recurring local sport event evolves into events support, contributes to community attachment, and affects the quality of life of residents who participated in the event. Using a web-based survey, 486 responses from marathon runners living in the hosting community were used for data analysis. Results confirmed the focal relationship between event satisfaction and resident marathon runners’ perception of their quality of life. Further analysis validated the sequential effects of participant satisfaction with the marathon event on supporting the event, developing community attachment, and improving quality of life. The findings suggest that hosting a recurring sport event presents a great opportunity for event organizers to enhance residents’ quality of life. Event organizers should maintain the performance of the recurring event to satisfy event participants and may develop partnerships with various organizations to enhance event participants’ quality of life.Event satisfaction significantly affects resident quality of life.Event support of residents mediates between event satisfaction and resident quality of life.Residents who were satisfied with the event were more likely to support the event and that, in turn, led to a higher level of quality of life.Resident satisfaction with the event is positively and significantly associated with quality of life through the mediation of event support followed by community attachment. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 341-359 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1930949 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1930949 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:2:p:341-359 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Kun Yang Author-X-Name-First: Kun Author-X-Name-Last: Yang Author-Name: Paul Dimeo Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Dimeo Author-Name: Mathieu Winand Author-X-Name-First: Mathieu Author-X-Name-Last: Winand Title: Anti-doping in China: an analysis of the policy implementation processes through stakeholders’ perspectives Abstract: Despite the vast research on anti-doping policy, little is known about anti-doping in China and how it responds to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Yet this is an important area for understanding anti-doping at the international level. This article explains anti-doping policy implementation processes in China. It uses the Van Meter and Van Horn top-down policy implementation approach to interpret 42 interviews that come from nine different locations in China and from staff at WADA and other National Anti-Doping Organizations (NADOs), to provide a comprehensive understanding of anti-doping implementation. The results demonstrate that while China has the organizational and financial resources to support anti-doping, some potential risks cannot be ignored, such as funding shortages in poorer provinces, the insufficient manpower of the Doping Control Officers (DCOs), and having a clearer strategy for student and non-elite sports contexts.CHINADA pays less attention to school students, mass sports and public sports clubs.The shortage of DCOs in China is a problem.The vertical communication led by CHINADA is quite frequent and compulsory, but horizontal communication between each local anti-doping agency barely takes place.The mechanism for enhancing police powers to do so would be to codify anti-doping within the criminal law and justice system.The anti-doping policy does not attract much attention from the public and society, who are barely aware of it. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 360-381 Issue: 2 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1917247 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1917247 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:2:p:360-381 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1970972_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Hua Gong Author-X-Name-First: Hua Author-X-Name-Last: Gong Author-Name: Nicholas M. Watanabe Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas M. Author-X-Name-Last: Watanabe Author-Name: Brian P. Soebbing Author-X-Name-First: Brian P. Author-X-Name-Last: Soebbing Author-Name: Matthew T. Brown Author-X-Name-First: Matthew T. Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Name: Mark S. Nagel Author-X-Name-First: Mark S. Author-X-Name-Last: Nagel Title: Exploring tanking strategies in the NBA: an empirical analysis of resting healthy players Abstract: To date, a number of research studies have examined sport leagues for potential evidence of teams strategically losing games on purpose. Following tournament theory, it is believed sport teams will engage in such practices, often called tanking, in order to gain rewards in the form of better draft picks. Where prior research typically focused on detecting evidence of underperformance by teams, the present research analyzed one possible tanking strategy – the resting of healthy players. Specifically using data from National Basketball Association regular season games from the 2006–07 to 2017–18 seasons, we develop a count model of the number of players who are rested by teams. Furthermore, we utilize a natural experiment to consider whether teams eliminated from playoff contention rest more players. Poisson regression estimates found that eliminated teams will rest more players than others, and that the number of players rested by eliminated teams will increase as the competition for draft picks increases. As such, this study is one of the first to show how teams are able to purposefully lose games, with the strategy being instituted through managerial decisions rather than shirking by workers.This paper examines whether NBA teams rest healthy players in order to underperform.Poisson regression estimates find that eliminated teams will rest more players.The number of players rested increases when more teams are tied in the standings.Results align with tournament theory in that teams expend losing effort to gain rewards.Findings suggest NBA teams strategical rest players to improve their position in the draft. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 546-566 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1970972 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1970972 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:3:p:546-566 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1952793_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Lewis Whales Author-X-Name-First: Lewis Author-X-Name-Last: Whales Author-Name: Stephen Frawley Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Frawley Author-Name: Adam Cohen Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Cohen Author-Name: Natalia Nikolova Author-X-Name-First: Natalia Author-X-Name-Last: Nikolova Title: We are a team of leaders: practicing leadership in professional sport Abstract: HIGHLIGHTSLeadership is collectively performed through social action.Relational leadership recognizes and promotes mutual influence.Leadership is practiced through interactions and meaning making.Experience and intuition influence leadership practice.Shared understandings enhance collective performance.Guided by the emerging literature on relational leadership this paper discusses how leadership is socially constructed in the context of a professional sporting organization. An in-depth exploratory case study with a championship winning professional team was conducted for the duration of the championship season. Data was collected through interviews with various members of the organization as well as through observations of training and game sessions. The findings highlight that leadership is practiced through interactions between individuals, informed by established and ongoing relationships. Specifically, leadership is found to be practiced through verbal interactions, non-verbal interactions, and social processes of meaning making. The outlined relational approach is concerned with the collective performance of leadership through social action, revealing insights that can inform leadership practice, development, and recruitment in professional sporting organizations. The paper concludes by suggesting potential directions for research on leadership in professional sport based on conceptualizing leadership as a relational phenomenon. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 476-500 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1952793 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1952793 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:3:p:476-500 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1948260_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Greg Joachim Author-X-Name-First: Greg Author-X-Name-Last: Joachim Author-Name: Nico Schulenkorf Author-X-Name-First: Nico Author-X-Name-Last: Schulenkorf Author-Name: Katie Schlenker Author-X-Name-First: Katie Author-X-Name-Last: Schlenker Author-Name: Stephen Frawley Author-X-Name-First: Stephen Author-X-Name-Last: Frawley Author-Name: Adam Cohen Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Cohen Title: “This is how I want us to think”: Introducing a design thinking activity into the practice of a sport organisation Abstract: As sport users continue to evolve, so must the approaches sport organisations take to optimally serve them. From the field of management, design thinking arises as a promising means of pursuing the human-centred generation of value for users. To establish the suitability of design thinking activities for use in sport management practice, we undertook a qualitative case study intervention within a commercial sport organisation. An activity derived from design practice, known as the Lightning Decision Jam (LDJ), met emergent criteria of suitability for adoption in practice. Further, the introduction of the activity linked to themes of design thinking in a manner consistent with previous explorations of design thinking in sport management research and practice. As such, this study builds on nascent but evolving work on design thinking in sport management and carries implications for both fields.Design thinking enables identification of the unmet needs of sport users.An intervention is undertaken to identify a design thinking activity for sport practice.The Lightning Decision Jam is a useful design thinking activity for sport practice.The Lightning Decision Jam enables reflection in sport management practice.The Lightning Decision Jam might help hybrid sport organisations avoid dysfunction. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 428-453 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1948260 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1948260 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:3:p:428-453 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1949869_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Katherine Raw Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: Raw Author-Name: Emma Sherry Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Sherry Author-Name: Katie Rowe Author-X-Name-First: Katie Author-X-Name-Last: Rowe Title: Sport for social cohesion: exploring aims and complexities Abstract: Over recent years, the field of sport for development (SFD) has seen a substantial growth in the number of initiatives leveraging sport as a means of promoting social development outcomes. Despite advances in this field, the extent to which social cohesion has been researched in SFD is contested. While past research suggests that a substantial amount of SFD literature focuses on social cohesion, a closer look at the definition and conceptualisation of social cohesion in this context indicates that the term is often used as a catch-all to describe research and programming that focuses on a broad range of sociological concepts. In this paper, we explore how social cohesion is defined in the context of a SFD initiative, the complexities of defining social cohesion, and how this shapes management practices. Adopting an ethnographic approach over two years, we collected data via research observations, reflexive journal entries, organisational documents, and semi-structured interviews. Overall, findings indicated that the initiative struggled to define social cohesion, and this had ramifications upon managerial practices and strategy. Further, this had a flow-on effect upon programs, contributing to deteriorations in social networks and issues with socio-cultural assumptions.The SFD initiative struggled to define and operationalise cohesion.Ill-defined aims had an impact upon managerial practices and strategy.Programs declined and reinforced cultural boundaries and assumptions.Neoliberal interpretations of cohesion can inadvertently promote ‘sameness’. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 454-475 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1949869 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1949869 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:3:p:454-475 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1968174_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Liz Wanless Author-X-Name-First: Liz Author-X-Name-Last: Wanless Author-Name: Chad Seifried Author-X-Name-First: Chad Author-X-Name-Last: Seifried Author-Name: Adrien Bouchet Author-X-Name-First: Adrien Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchet Author-Name: Annie Valeant Author-X-Name-First: Annie Author-X-Name-Last: Valeant Author-Name: Michael L. Naraine Author-X-Name-First: Michael L. Author-X-Name-Last: Naraine Title: The diffusion of natural language processing in professional sport Abstract: Framed by the diffusion of innovations theory, this paper explored the adoption of natural language processing (NLP) in professional sport. NLP, the ability for computer algorithms to be trained for pattern recognition in text data, is of key interest given the surge in text data available for sport business use. Ninety-one teams (73.98%) from the “Big Four” North American professional sports leagues: the National Football League (NFL; 68.75%), the National Basketball Association (NBA; 76.67%), Major League Baseball (MLB; 73.33%), and the National Hockey League (NHL; 77.42%) participated. A multiple methods approach utilizing a discrete derivative of the Bass model, integrative literature review and qualitative description uncovered the mechanisms, timing and key influences surrounding NLP diffusion. The findings highlight NLP diffusion at near peak adoption for the professional sport industry, reveal the organizational influences catalyzing the adoption timing, and create the context for academics and practitioners to embrace NLP.The discrete Bass model findings highlight natural language processing (NLP) diffusion at near peak adoption.Full NLP adoption for the professional sport sample is predicted for 2031.Key NLP adoption influences were multi-faceted from business processes to personnel. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 522-545 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1968174 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1968174 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:3:p:522-545 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1953831_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Steven Salaga Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Salaga Author-Name: Michael Mondello Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Mondello Author-Name: Scott Tainsky Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Tainsky Title: Determinants of consumption for regional sports network programming: an examination of inheritance effects, lead-in, lead-out, and game viewership Abstract: HIGHLIGHTSEstimate viewership determinants for sequenced live sports programming broadcast on Regional Sports Networks.Statistically significant evidence of audience carryover from each broadcast to the next.Viewership preferences vary substantially by program type, suggesting unique consumption preferences.Local team performance impacts viewership for the subsequent pre-game show broadcast.The financial health of major North American professional sports franchises is closely tied to Regional Sports Networks. These networks purchase local market broadcast rights from franchises and then create sequenced pre-game and post-game show content bookending each live contest. Despite the financial importance of Regional Sports Networks, no study has empirically examined the drivers of viewership for this sequential content. We create a sample of sequenced pre-game show, game broadcast, and post-game show ratings and uncover statistically significant audience carryover from each broadcast to the next. We also demonstrate substantial variance in the viewership determinants for each live program, suggesting viewers have different consumption preferences for each program type. We further illustrate that local team performance relative to expectations significantly impacts ratings for the subsequent non-adjacent pre-game show broadcast. The results are crucial to broadcast rights valuation, advertising values, and programming strategy. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 501-521 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1953831 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1953831 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:3:p:501-521 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1935609_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Anthony D. Pizzo Author-X-Name-First: Anthony D. Author-X-Name-Last: Pizzo Author-Name: Gareth J. Jones Author-X-Name-First: Gareth J. Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Bradley J. Baker Author-X-Name-First: Bradley J. Author-X-Name-Last: Baker Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Author-Name: Thilo Kunkel Author-X-Name-First: Thilo Author-X-Name-Last: Kunkel Title: Sensemaking of novelty: the dynamic nature of integrating esports within a traditional sport organization Abstract: Novel innovations influence the way sports organizations are managed. Sport organizations must embrace these innovations for growth opportunities yet also proactively account for the dynamics associated with their integration. Hence, we examine the investment of a professional sport franchise in an esports team and the emergent challenges and opportunities. We adopt a strategy-as-practice (SAP) perspective to examine the deliberate sensemaking strategies used by practitioners within the sport franchise to help create and give meaning to this decision. We augmented interviews with press releases and media coverage, revealing that practitioners used sensemaking strategies initially to foster a progressive culture, create a shared understanding of esports, and promote operational synergies. Subsequent managerial and operational changes required tactical shifts to address gender stigmas and brand demarcation limiting cross-promotion between the sport franchise and esports team. We contribute to the growing SAP perspective by identifying that practitioners engaging in deliberate strategy can proactively utilize sensegiving, sensebreaking, and sensehiding strategies to integrate and legitimize novel activities within an organization and position them to external stakeholders.Novel innovations, such as esports, influence the way sports organizations managed.Sport organizations must account for the change inherent in these innovations.Strategy-as-practice and sensemaking provide a theoretical lens to examine their integration.Sport organizations can proactively adopt sensemaking strategies to legitimize esports.Brand demarcation (sensehiding) praxis suggests distinct sport and esports audiences. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 383-405 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1935609 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1935609 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:3:p:383-405 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1937894_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220823T191300 git hash: 39867e6e2f Author-Name: Melissa Davies Author-X-Name-First: Melissa Author-X-Name-Last: Davies Author-Name: Cole Armstrong Author-X-Name-First: Cole Author-X-Name-Last: Armstrong Author-Name: Matthew Blaszka Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Blaszka Title: No name, no logo, no problem?: Examining early fan connections to NHL Seattle Abstract: At a time of rapid professional sport team expansion in North America, this study sought to qualitatively explore the perceptions and the expectations for the most recent National Hockey League (NHL) expansion team, NHL Seattle, to understand more about what fans perceived about the brand development process and participation in the team’s fan community nearly a year ahead of the announcement of the traditional brand markers (i.e., team name, logo). Findings suggest that fans are looking for a brand that embodies the authentic Seattle characteristics but wished that there were more touch points from the franchise to be able to engage with the brand (e.g., merchandise, community events). Participants expressed an expectation to transfer fan behaviors from other supporter groups in the region. The implications of these findings as well as the delay in announcing the brand name and logo are discussed.Unique challenges exist for team brand managers with almost 2 years to prepare before play.Previous attachments to the sport and league guide fan expectations for the team.Participants displayed characteristics of the brand community even before the team brand launched. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 406-427 Issue: 3 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1937894 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1937894 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:3:p:406-427 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1975402_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Xiao Liang Author-X-Name-First: Xiao Author-X-Name-Last: Liang Author-Name: Shushu Chen Author-X-Name-First: Shushu Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Dongfeng Liu Author-X-Name-First: Dongfeng Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Ian Boardley Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Boardley Author-Name: Liang Shen Author-X-Name-First: Liang Author-X-Name-Last: Shen Title: Strategic thinking and planning behind the development of a sporting event portfolio: the case of Shanghai Abstract: Recent developments regarding event portfolios have renewed research interest in the management and leveraging of sporting events. This study contributes to the topic by examining the purpose of sporting event portfolios and the process of their strategic planning in an Asian context – Shanghai. Guided by strategic planning theories, this paper explores how Shanghai’s sporting event portfolio was developed and why. Empirically, the study draws on extensive data, specifically, policy and strategy documents and interviews with key sport policymakers and sport experts in Shanghai. The results suggest that Shanghai’s event portfolio benefited from more than 20 years of planning and development. Twelve commercial sporting events were carefully handpicked and cultivated to promote destination branding, to advance Shanghai’s reputation as a global city, and to serve other social and economic development agenda. This study offers some important insights for the planning of event portfolios to enhance city image and stimulate regional development.Shanghai creates a sporting event portfolio.The Shanghai event portfolio has gone through three phases of development.Shanghai’s sporting event portfolio formulation is an evolving process, involving reflection and adjustment.Events were carefully selected to reflect Shanghai’s characteristics and to be different from other major cities in China.A sporting event portfolio was a critical source of competitive advantage against domestic major cities. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 679-699 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1975402 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1975402 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:4:p:679-699 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1974222_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Sebastian Flegr Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian Author-X-Name-Last: Flegr Author-Name: Sascha L. Schmidt Author-X-Name-First: Sascha L. Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidt Title: Strategic management in eSports – a systematic review of the literature Abstract: Coinciding with the increasing popularity and the enormous investments that have gone into eSports over the past decade, academic literature on eSports is emerging in several fields, while an overarching perspective on strategic management in eSports is lacking to date. In this paper, we aim to reflect on the phenomenon and the extant literature of eSports from multiple fields to aid an understanding of the strategic management in eSports and to stimulate future research by providing a research agenda. We systematically review the academic literature published before November 2020 applying the PESTLE-framework to develop a holistic perspective on strategic management contributions. We synthesize 43 articles iin peer-reviewed journals using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist. The existing eSports literature is relatively fragmented and spread across several academic disciplines, including sports science, sociology, computer science, business, and law. Our findings demonstrate a large research interest in the socio-cultural aspects of eSports, focusing on the motives and preferences of eSports consumption. Research on the economic, political, legal, and environmental aspects of strategic management is in its nascency. Finally, we discuss practical implications to support the effective management and marketing of eSports.Academic literature has shown little attention to strategic management in eSports.We synthesize the existing multidisciplinary research applying the PESTLE-framework.Extant research has focused on the socio-cultural aspects of eSports.Key areas for further advancement of eSports management research are highlighted. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 631-655 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1974222 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1974222 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:4:p:631-655 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2014182_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Lourdes Turconi Author-X-Name-First: Lourdes Author-X-Name-Last: Turconi Author-Name: Sally Shaw Author-X-Name-First: Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw Author-Name: Mark Falcous Author-X-Name-First: Mark Author-X-Name-Last: Falcous Title: Examining discursive practices of diversity and inclusion in New Zealand Rugby Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine how decision makers interpret diversity and inclusion (D&I) within a national sport organisation (NSO). Discourse analysis within the context of Critical Management Studies was established as a framework to investigate how discursive practices can be simultaneously supportive and restrictive to D&I’s development. Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with key personnel at one NSO, New Zealand Rugby. The findings identified five discursive practices related to D&I. These were speech acts, othering, meritocracy, performance, and the role of sport. The discussion illustrates that these discursive practices can be simultaneously supportive, ambiguous, and contradictory. The study also addresses calls to investigate discursive D&I practices in an NSO. Further research is encouraged to further reflect on the critical paradigm and its usefulness in disrupting the status quo of discursive practices related to D&I, and with practitioners to investigate other D&I discursive practices and to understand and challenge their influence in sport organisations. Diversity and inclusion (D&I) policies are a feature of most sport organisations.Critical Management Studies was used to discursive practices of D&I in a New Zealand National Sport Organisation.Evidence of inclusive practices of D&I were found.Evidence of resistance to D&I was also found.The authors call for a greater understanding of D&I discursive practices and better understanding of their complexity in sport organisations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 589-607 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.2014182 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.2014182 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:4:p:589-607 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1982473_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Jinsu Byun Author-X-Name-First: Jinsu Author-X-Name-Last: Byun Author-Name: Becca Leopkey Author-X-Name-First: Becca Author-X-Name-Last: Leopkey Title: Exploring conflict among stakeholders in the governance of Olympic legacy Abstract: Stakeholder conflict associated with sporting event legacy can have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the related governance system. This study addresses this issue by investigating a case study that focuses on stakeholder conflict at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre, one of the venues for the 2018 Winter Olympics, through the theoretical lens of conflict management. Archival materials and interviews (n = 17) were gathered and analysed using inductive and deductive coding techniques. Findings highlighted that disparate values among stakeholders triggered conflict, which escalated as a result of various drivers (e.g., lack of communication, various interpretations of regulations and information) throughout the pre- and post-Games phases. Several conflict management strategies (e.g., negotiation, communication and mediation) were employed in the case. Functional and dysfunctional effects of the conflict, implications for sporting event legacy governance and directions for future research are discussed.This paper investigates conflict in the Olympic legacy context from a conflict management perspective.Conflict during the governance of Olympic legacy can escalate for a number of reasons including differing values and interests, divergent interpretations of data and regulations and lack of communication.Emergent conflict during the governance of Olympic legacy may be both constructive and destructive.Timely implementation of conflict management strategies can help promote constructive benefits and mitigate negative consequences. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 700-721 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1982473 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1982473 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:4:p:700-721 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1975401_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Ebbe Daigo Author-X-Name-First: Ebbe Author-X-Name-Last: Daigo Author-Name: Kevin Filo Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Filo Title: Exploring the value sponsors co-create at a charity sport event: a multiple stakeholder perspective of sport value Abstract: The charity sport event experience is created by a wide array of stakeholders. This research explores value co-creation for charity sport event sponsors. Specifically, the purpose of the current research is to examine charity sport event sponsors’ and managers’ perceptions of how sponsors co-create value in the charity sport event context. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with charity sport event sponsors (n = 5) and charity sport event managers (n = 5). Within the interviews with sponsor representatives, one theme, sponsor contributions as symbolic contributions, and two categories: giving beyond financial contribution and internal awareness were uncovered. One theme, sponsors as event advocates, and two categories, cause amplification and employee participation, emerged from the interviews with event managers. The interviews also revealed similarities in the perceptions of sponsor managers and event managers in that sponsor employees are viewed as important advocates for the cause and partnership. Meanwhile, differences between the two groups emerged as event managers spoke explicitly about importance of financial contributions from the sponsors, while sponsorship managers highlighted how the sponsorship went beyond the monetary aspects. The findings can be integrated into event management strategy to create off-site event initiatives and to use digital storytelling facilitate engagement between the event and sponsor.Value co-creation within charity sport events (CSEs) is explored.CSE managers and sponsors co-create value within the event.CSE sponsors and managers co-create value through sponsor event participation.CSE sponsors and managers co-create value through sponsor employee buy-in.CSE sponsors and managers co-create value through a sponsor’s non-monetary support. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 656-678 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1975401 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1975401 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:4:p:656-678 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1972664_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Changwook Kim Author-X-Name-First: Changwook Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Jinwon Kim Author-X-Name-First: Jinwon Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Urban sprawl and leisure time physical activity Abstract: Although accumulating evidence has suggested that urban sprawl is associated with leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), the spatially heterogeneous urban sprawl effects on the LTPA type remain unexplored at the community level. Based on a social-ecological framework, this study empirically examines (a) how urban sprawl is associated with LTPA type and (b) the spatially heterogeneous associations between urban sprawl and LTPA types across 37 Florida counties. To achieve this purpose, geographic information system-based mapping and spatial regression analysis using geographically weighted regression were employed. The results indicated that urban sprawl could be positively or negatively associated with different LTPA types. Furthermore, the associations were spatially heterogeneous. Such findings allow community sport agencies to develop effective community-based sport development planning and policy.The association between spatially heterogeneous urban sprawl and leisure-time physical activity types was explored.Geographic information system-based mapping and spatial regression analyses using geographically weighted regression were employed.The association between urban sprawl and leisure-time physical activity varied across activity types.The association between urban sprawl and leisure-time physical activity types was spatially heterogeneous.The study contributes to the implementation of localized sport participation policies. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 608-630 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1972664 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1972664 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:4:p:608-630 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1991688_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Pamela Wicker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Wicker Author-Name: Tim F. Thormann Author-X-Name-First: Tim F. Author-X-Name-Last: Thormann Title: Well-being of sport club members: the role of pro-environmental behavior in sport and clubs’ environmental quality Abstract: Individuals’ mental health and subjective well-being have become increasingly important in public health policy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pro-environmental behavior in sport and clubs’ perceived environmental quality on the subjective well-being of sport club members in Germany. Data were collected using an online survey of club members in five team/racket sports (i.e., basketball, football, handball, ice hockey, and tennis; n = 3,038). The outcome of interest is subjective well-being which is measured with the WHO-5 scale. Pro-environmental behavior in sport is captured by the monthly carbon footprint resulting from traveling to training sessions and pro-environmental actions in sport. The results of regression analyses show that pro-environmental actions in sport have a positive effect on members’ well-being. Individuals producing a higher carbon footprint when traveling to training sessions report lower well-being, but the effect is overlapped by pro-environmental actions in sport. Members who perceived their clubs’ environmental quality as higher scored higher on well-being. The number of weekly sport hours had an inverse u-shaped effect on well-being, with the diminishing returns by additional sport hours being offset by pro-environmental actions. Collectively, these findings suggest that protecting the natural environment goes hand in hand with individuals’ well-being and public health goals in the field of mental health.Survey data from sport club members in Germany are used.The lower the carbon footprint from traveling to training, the higher the well-being.Pro-environmental actions and clubs’ environmental quality improve well-being.Pro-environmental actions in sport overlap the carbon footprint.They also offset diminishing returns from increasing weekly sport hours. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 567-588 Issue: 4 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1991688 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1991688 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:4:p:567-588 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1987737_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Shushu Chen Author-X-Name-First: Shushu Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Name: Xiaoyan Xing Author-X-Name-First: Xiaoyan Author-X-Name-Last: Xing Author-Name: Laurence Chalip Author-X-Name-First: Laurence Author-X-Name-Last: Chalip Title: Planning and implementation of event leveraging strategy: China’s legacy pledge to motivate 300 million people to be involved in winter sport Abstract: This paper examines China’s planning and implementation of leveraging, using the Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, to achieve the winter sport participation legacy of 300 million people involved in winter sport. Drawing upon interviews and documentary data, the authors findings reveal that the planning of the leveraging programme, which was politically motivated, was a centralised and government-led bid to stimulate participation and consumption within China’s winter sport industry. The leveraging programme also served broader economic, social, and political state agendas. The main implementation pathway relied heavily on the existing structures for the provision of sport and education, and, due to a lack of state resources (or facilities), support was sought from the private sector. This study further suggests that state interference to steer the direction and development of leveraging might have served as a double-edged sword: On the one hand, it provided much government-led impetus for goal setting across sectors and departments, directing extensive cooperative efforts and resources towards leveraging. On the other hand, it might not have been the most sustainable approach for increasing participation, due to the overreliance on top-down implementation and short-term policy interventions.The 300 Million Programme is an indicator for measuring the success of the 2022 Beijing Olympic Games.The planning and implementation of the 300 Million Programme has been an iterative process.The leveraging process is both propelled and confined by contextual features (political and cultural).State-led leveraging exerts a significant influence on resource mobilisation, goal alignment and cross-sector coordination.The sustainability of the participation legacy remains uncertain. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 771-790 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1987737 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1987737 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:5:p:771-790 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1993645_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Kevin Filo Author-X-Name-First: Kevin Author-X-Name-Last: Filo Author-Name: Nicholas Hookway Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas Author-X-Name-Last: Hookway Author-Name: Matthew Wade Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Wade Author-Name: Catherine Palmer Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Palmer Title: An exploration of charity sport event donor perceptions of online peer-to-peer fundraising mechanisms Abstract: The employment of online peer-to-peer fundraising has become a critical aspect of the charity sport event experience. Charity sport event participants are encouraged and often requiredto fundraise as part of their involvement. Within this fundraising, participants increasingly use online peer-to-peer fundraising to solicit donations. The current research examines online peer-to-peer fundraising from the perspective of charity sport event donors. Guided by the diffusion of innovation theory and sociological approaches to technology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals who had made an online donation in support of a charity sport event participant in the previous 12 months (N= 24). Four themes emerged from the interviews: technological detachment, technology eases pressure, saturated market, and cause integrity. These themes highlight concerns with the relative advantage inherent to online peer-to-peer fundraising as well as the importance of addressing technological adoption as a social process between users and technologies. The findings provide implications for event managers and charity managers to empower fundraisers to engage further with prospective donors through both online and in-person communication.Online peer-to-peer fundraising within charity sport events is investigated.Charity sport event donor perspectives are solicited through semi-structured interviews.Four themes emerged from the data suggesting some receptivity along with apprehensions towards the number of solicitations and causes.Charity sport event managers should empower and educate fundraisers and donors. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 847-870 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1993645 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1993645 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:5:p:847-870 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2014184_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Yong Jae Ko Author-X-Name-First: Yong Jae Author-X-Name-Last: Ko Author-Name: Akira Asada Author-X-Name-First: Akira Author-X-Name-Last: Asada Author-Name: Wonseok (Eric) Jang Author-X-Name-First: Wonseok (Eric) Author-X-Name-Last: Jang Author-Name: Daehwan Kim Author-X-Name-First: Daehwan Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Yonghwan Chang Author-X-Name-First: Yonghwan Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Title: Do humanized team mascots attract new fans? Application and extension of the anthropomorphism theory Abstract: Most sport teams utilize mascots as a distinctive brand element to draw the attention of existing and potential fans and to deliver optimal fan experiences. We investigated the effects of anthropomorphic promotion using team mascots on the potential fans’ psychological and behavioral responses. We employed a 2 (figure: logo vs. mascot) × 2 (background color: cool vs. warm) between-subjects factorial design, using the Miami Marlins in the experimental scenario. After controlling for baseball involvement and brand familiarity, analysis of data obtained from 239 potential fans demonstrated the positive effect of anthropomorphic promotion using team mascots on participants’ psychological closeness and media consumption intentions. To explain the psychological mechanism of this effect, we tested and confirmed a causal model containing a sequential mediation (figure type → perceived anthropomorphism → psychological closeness → media consumption intentions), in conjunction with perceived loneliness. Anthropomorphism of a mascot creates a closer psychological closeness with new fans.Anthropomorphism of a mascot leads to greater media consumption intentions.Mascots are effective promotional tools for new fans. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 820-846 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.2014184 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.2014184 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:5:p:820-846 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2014225_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Steve Swanson Author-X-Name-First: Steve Author-X-Name-Last: Swanson Author-Name: Samuel Todd Author-X-Name-First: Samuel Author-X-Name-Last: Todd Author-Name: Yuhei Inoue Author-X-Name-First: Yuhei Author-X-Name-Last: Inoue Author-Name: Jon Welty Peachey Author-X-Name-First: Jon Author-X-Name-Last: Welty Peachey Title: Leading for multidimensional sport employee well-being: the role of servant leadership and teamwork Abstract: The personal well-being of sport industry employees has received little attention in the literature. The current investigation addresses this gap by developing a hypothesized model of servant leadership for well-being, positing that such an approach can shape psychological, social, and physical outcomes in the sport workplace. As servant leadership is known to create an environment where employees are awakened, engaged, and developed, this approach is positioned as a key influencer of employee well-being in the sport context. Using data from 489 employees working in professional sports, structural equation modeling analyses indicated servant leadership is predictive of employee life satisfaction and teamwork, with the latter mediating servant leadership’s influence on both life satisfaction and physical health. A holistic approach to leadership for multidimensional well-being is henceforth proposed along with management implications for creating environments where sport employees can thrive both inside and outside the workplace. Servant leadership facilitates psychological, social, and physical well-being.Servant leadership is predictive of employee life satisfaction and teamwork.Employee teamwork emerged as an important mediating factor in this context.The relative strength of servant leadership is assessed across well-being dimensions.A holistic approach to leadership for multidimensional well-being is proposed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 748-770 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.2014225 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.2014225 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:5:p:748-770 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2018836_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Christine Habeeb Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Habeeb Author-Name: Stacy Warner Author-X-Name-First: Stacy Author-X-Name-Last: Warner Author-Name: David Walsh Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Walsh Title: Managing mental health: athlete help-seeking Abstract: Despite sport managers’ efforts to address mental health, many athletes have increased risks of anxiety and depression. Unfortunately, many athletes do not seek help. Using a mixed-method approach, this study’s purpose was to identify organizational factors that impact an athlete’s willingness to seek help (Phase I) and determine the extent to which these identified factors predict athlete help-seeking intentions (Phase II). Phase I focus group (n = 30 athletes) results indicated that Athlete Culture (sub-themes Businesslike and Toughness) and Coach Connection have the greatest impact on athlete help-seeking. Phase II survey (n = 474 athletes) results indicated through structural equation modelling that Businesslike, Toughness and Coach Connection were associated with help-seeking, while controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, and common method variance. Results indicate sport managers that establish genuine relationships with athletes and de-emphasize the sport ethic will better facilitate a help-seeking culture in their organizations. Athlete culture and coach connection impact athletes’ willingness to seek help for a mental health problem.Athletes who endors a businesslike culture report greater intentions to seek help from mental health professionals.Athletes who endors a culture of toughness report a lesser intent to seek help from mental health professionals.Athletes who report stronger connections to their head coachreport greater intentions to seek help.. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 871-891 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.2018836 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.2018836 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:5:p:871-891 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1991675_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Ryan Storr Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Storr Author-Name: Grant O’Sullivan Author-X-Name-First: Grant Author-X-Name-Last: O’Sullivan Author-Name: Ramón Spaaij Author-X-Name-First: Ramón Author-X-Name-Last: Spaaij Author-Name: Caroline Symons Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Symons Title: Support for LGBT diversity and inclusion in sport: a mixed methods study of Australian cricket Abstract: Academic, policy and activist debates on how sport organizations can advance support for Lesbian, Gay, Bi and, Trans (LGBT) people at all levels of competition (from grassroots to elite) have risen to prominence in recent years. This paper explores the extent and nature of support for LGBT diversity in sport, with an empirical focus on cricket in Australia. Using a mixed method research design, the authors combine an online survey (n = 337) and semi-structured interviews (n = 17) across various levels of competition and administration. Drawing on Avery’s theory of support for diversity, the findings demonstrate a perceived lack of institutional support through endorsement and activism for LGBT diversity but noticeable support from the grassroots cricket community. The survey data show a perceived need for increased efforts to include LGBT communities in cricket. Stakeholder interviews demonstrate a lack of understanding and awareness of LGBT diversity amongst administration at both the community and leadership levels. We contend that if cricket in Australia is to truly be a “sport for all”, and policy imperatives around diversity and inclusion are to be achieved, clear and consistent institutional support showing both commitment and action towards LGBT diversity must be demonstrated.Support for Lesbian, Gay, Bi, and Trans (LGBT) communities and athletes at all levels of competition has risen to prominence in recent years.This paper explores the extent and nature of support for LGBT diversity in sport, with a focus on cricket in Australia.The findings suggest varying levels of institutional support across different levels of cricket.Increased organisational support amongst senior leaders helps foster and promotes a welcoming environment for LGBT people across all levels of sport. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 723-747 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1991675 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1991675 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:5:p:723-747 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1991676_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949 Author-Name: Ramon Palau-Saumell Author-X-Name-First: Ramon Author-X-Name-Last: Palau-Saumell Author-Name: Jorge Matute Author-X-Name-First: Jorge Author-X-Name-Last: Matute Author-Name: Santiago Forgas-Coll Author-X-Name-First: Santiago Author-X-Name-Last: Forgas-Coll Title: The roles of team identification and psychological ownership in fans’ intentions to purchase team-licensed and a sponsor’s products: the case of FC Barcelona members Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between points of attachment and participative decision-making, on the one hand, and team identification and psychological ownership, on the other. It also analyses how team identification and psychological ownership explain intentions to purchase team-licensed sports merchandise and the main sponsor’s sports-apparel products. Data were collected from members of FC Barcelona, who are also season-ticket holders, by means of an online survey (n = 1180). Partial least squares is used to test and validate the proposed theoretical model. The results indicate that players, fans and nation-attachment explain team identification and psychological ownership, whereas soccer only affects team identification. Participative decision-making strongly influences psychological ownership, which is in turn positively affected by team identification. Findings also reveal that the intentions to purchase team-licensed sports merchandise and the main sponsor’s sports-apparel products are better explained by members’ psychological ownership than by team identification. Managerial implications, such as the need to improve feelings of psychological ownership in the club’s promotional activities and to continue to strengthen the other professional sports sections are discussed.Psychological ownership explains purchases of the club’s official merchandise.Psychological ownership influences the purchase intentions to the sponsor’s products.Team identification predicts members’ psychological ownership toward the club.Participation in the club’s decision-making explained psychological ownership.Attachment to Catalonia influences team identification and psychological ownership. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 791-819 Issue: 5 Volume: 25 Year: 2022 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1991676 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1991676 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:25:y:2022:i:5:p:791-819 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2048548_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Lisa A. Kihl Author-X-Name-First: Lisa A. Author-X-Name-Last: Kihl Title: Development of a national sport integrity system Abstract: The persistence of integrity problems in national sports organizations (NSOS) globally suggests that current approaches (e.g., good governance, piece meal legislation and policy) to curbing them are ineffective. Scholars have argued for a broad strategy to enhance integrity, deter unethical behavior, and prevent integrity system failures. theoretical gap exists in conceptualizing a national sport integrity system (NSIS). Drawing from accountability, integrity systems, integrity management, and sport integrity literatures a holistic and configurational framework of the actors, and the internal and external components of a NSIS was conceptualized. A NSIS is comprised of institutions, policies, practices, agencies, and actors responsible for promoting and safeguarding the integrity of an NSO. A NSIS was designed for both federated and unitary sport governance models that onsists of three interconnected components: the institutions that serve as the operational arm of the system, the accountability arm that is responsible for guarding integrity, and actors who manage the operational systems and accountability mechanisms. An NSO collaboratively coordinates and assists with capacity building to suitably delivery the system components across the respective levels of governance. The paper concludes with consideration of how the system may be used in practice, challenges for adoption, and directions for future research. The distinction and connection between sport integrity, integrity management and sport integrity systems are made.A novel approach to promoting sport integrity and curbing the broad range of integrity risks and violations is presented.The role of different actors in creating a national sport integrity system id.The design and implementation of a national sport integrity system for federate and unitary sport governance models is outlined.A framework that can be used to design an integrity system that is tailored to the country, national sport organization, and stakeholder needs is presented. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 24-47 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2048548 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2048548 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:1:p:24-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2018838_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Akira Asada Author-X-Name-First: Akira Author-X-Name-Last: Asada Author-Name: Yong Jae Ko Author-X-Name-First: Yong Jae Author-X-Name-Last: Ko Title: Word-of-mouth effectiveness in new fan acquisition: a mediating role of resident prototypicality Abstract: We conducted an experiment (N = 151) and survey (N = 301) in which potential fans of a sports team received a recommendation about the team’s game from either the team’s fan or nonfan. The results of analysis of variance and mediation analysis suggest that potential fans perceive existing fans to be highly representative of a community’s residents if the team is supported by the majority of the residents. Additionally, the potential fans are more likely to watch the recommended game if they believe the recommender is a highly prototypical resident and if they are strongly identified with the community. Our results revealed specific situations (i.e., when the team is supported by the majority of community residents and the recipient is highly identified with the community) and a psychological mechanism (i.e., increasing the recommender’s resident prototypicality) by which existing fans exert greater influence on the consumption intentions of potential fans. We found that a recommender’s fan status could influence potential fans’ intentions to watch the recommended sporting event.The mediation effect was moderated by the relative size of the fan community and the recipient’s community identification.We revealed specific situations and a psychological mechanism by which existing fans influence the consumption intentions of potential fans. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 93-113 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.2018838 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.2018838 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:1:p:93-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1989238_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Vitor Sobral Author-X-Name-First: Vitor Author-X-Name-Last: Sobral Author-Name: Sheranne Fairley Author-X-Name-First: Sheranne Author-X-Name-Last: Fairley Author-Name: Danny O’Brien Author-X-Name-First: Danny Author-X-Name-Last: O’Brien Title: Constraints to leveraging regular season sport team events Abstract: Research on event leveraging has revealed that certain constraints inhibit the realisation of desired benefits from event hosting. Using qualitative action research methods, this study examined the constraints to leveraging regular season professional sport team events for tourism. The leveraging potential of regular season professional sport team events has been largely ignored – both by researchers and practitioners. This presented an ideal opportunity to examine the pre-leveraging phase with a view to understanding leveraging constraints. The results identified five overarching constraints: lack of collaboration; priorities and resources; perceived benefit radius; perceived tourism potential; and, unclaimed responsibility. We propose a process model to better understand how leveraging constraints emerge and can be negotiated over time. This research is among the first to demonstrate the utility of team events for inclusion in regional event portfolios. It, therefore, builds on extant knowledge by presenting a more holistic conceptualisation of the inherent constraints to event leveraging, and further, provides a basis from which to successfully negotiate these constraints.Constraints prevent regular season sport team events from being considered leverageable.Collaboration, priorities, and resources are constraints to leveraging sport team events.Perceived tourism potential and the perceived benefit radius were constraints to leverage.Discussing regular season events in relation to tourism leads to a shift in attitudes in opinions.Identifying responsibility for leverage remains a constraint. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 72-92 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1989238 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1989238 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:1:p:72-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2046971_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Niccolò Maria Todaro Author-X-Name-First: Niccolò Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Todaro Author-Name: Brian McCullough Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: McCullough Author-Name: Tiberio Daddi Author-X-Name-First: Tiberio Author-X-Name-Last: Daddi Title: Stimulating the adoption of green practices by professional football organisations: a focus on stakeholders’ pressures and expected benefits Abstract: The authors investigate drivers and expected outcomes of the adoption of environmental practices by football organizations. Based on a survey of European professional football organizations, the authors examine the influence of stakeholders’ pressures on adopting environmental practices, distinguishing between operational and governance practices. The relationship between the adoption of environmental practices and expected benefits is examined. The results partially support the hypothesis of the study, highlighting pressures from market and societal stakeholders as relevant drivers of environmental sustainability in the football sector and identifying a wide range of expected benefits resulting from the adoption of operational and governance practices. Drivers and expected outcomes of the adoption of environmental practices by professional football organizations are examined.The authors distinguish operational and governance practices to provide a nuanced analysis of environmental practices in the football sector.Pressures from market and societal stakeholders emerge as relevant drivers of the adoption of both operational and governance practices.Pressures from football institutions (at national and international levels) positively influence the adoption of governance practices, rather than operational practices.Environmental practices are associated with a wide range of expected benefits, ranging from environmental performance improvements to business benefits. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 156-180 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2046971 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2046971 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:1:p:156-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_1988425_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ray Tak-yin Hui Author-X-Name-First: Ray Tak-yin Author-X-Name-Last: Hui Author-Name: Weisheng Chiu Author-X-Name-First: Weisheng Author-X-Name-Last: Chiu Author-Name: Doyeon Won Author-X-Name-First: Doyeon Author-X-Name-Last: Won Author-Name: Jung-Sup Bae Author-X-Name-First: Jung-Sup Author-X-Name-Last: Bae Title: The influence of team-member exchange on turnover intention among student-athletes: the mediating role of interpersonal self-efficacy and the moderating role of seniority Abstract: Based upon Bandura’s (1986) social cognitive theory (SCT), we examined how the relationship quality among student-athletes in team sports, namely team-member exchange (TMX), regulates the relational-cognitive process in determining their turnover intention. Specifically, we examined interpersonal self-efficacy (ISE) as the mediator and seniority as the moderator of the relationship between TMX and turnover intention, based on a field study of 234 student-athletes in South Korea. The results of the partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) showed that TMX is indirectly related to turnover intention, as fully mediated by ISE. Also, student-athletes’ seniority moderates the relationships between TMX, ISE and turnover intention. Supported by SCT, we contribute to the extant literature on TMX by (1) providing a theoretical explanation of how TMX acting as social cues regulates athletes’ self-efficacy and behavioral intention; and (2) examining the role of seniority as a cultural-specific moderator on TMX effectiveness in team sports in the Asian context. We discuss practical implications for coaches and collegiate athletics administrators about the essential arrangement of both leisure and training activities in building quality relationships among student-athletes and self-belief of their interpersonal competency within the team, especially for less experienced and junior student-athletes.TMX had a positive influence on student-athletes’ interpersonal self-efficacy.Interpersonal self-efficacy negatively affected student-athletes’ turnover intention.Interpersonal self-efficacy fully mediated the relationship between TMX and turnover intention.Student-athletes’ seniority positively moderates the relationships between TMX and interpersonal self-efficacy and between TMX and turnover intention. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 135-155 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.1988425 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.1988425 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:1:p:135-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2038922_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Tyreal Yizhou Qian Author-X-Name-First: Tyreal Yizhou Author-X-Name-Last: Qian Author-Name: Robbie Matz Author-X-Name-First: Robbie Author-X-Name-Last: Matz Author-Name: Lei Luo Author-X-Name-First: Lei Author-X-Name-Last: Luo Author-Name: Claire C. Zvosec Author-X-Name-First: Claire C. Author-X-Name-Last: Zvosec Title: Toward a better understanding of core and peripheral market demand for women’s spectator sports: An importance-performance map analysis approach based on gender Abstract: Although the concept of market demand has been extensively examined in the literature, most scholarly efforts have been devoted to understanding men’s spectator sports. There is scant research that investigates market demand for women’s spectator sports with a focus on gender dynamics. This study sought to fill that gap through developing a formative–formative hierarchical component model of core and peripheral market demand for a women’s professional tennis event (the Wuhan Open) and examining their differing impacts on future attendance intentions based on gender. Results derived from the importance-performance map analysis (IPMA) indicated that the most important core market demand components were player quality and economic consideration. However, only women considered game schedule important, while only men deemed venue characteristics and peripheral services important. Our study highlights the necessity and merits of deciphering market demand for women’s spectator sports in a more nuanced manner and contributes to the growing marketing literature on women’s sports fandom. Managerially, we offer practical implications per the IPMA for more effective and efficient integration of marketing initiatives. We examined the impact of perceived market demand for a women’s professional tennis event on attendance intentions based on gender.Game schedule was more important among women, while venue characteristics and peripheral services were more important among men.Event activities, venue characteristics, and peripheral services were of little to no importance among women.Player quality and economic consideration were of greatest importance in enhancing attendance intentions regardless of gender. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 114-134 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2038922 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2038922 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:1:p:114-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2059998_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Simon Darcy Author-X-Name-First: Simon Author-X-Name-Last: Darcy Author-Name: Hazel Maxwell Author-X-Name-First: Hazel Author-X-Name-Last: Maxwell Author-Name: Melissa Edwards Author-X-Name-First: Melissa Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards Author-Name: Barbara Almond Author-X-Name-First: Barbara Author-X-Name-Last: Almond Title: Disability inclusion in beach precincts: beach for all abilities – a community development approach through a social relational model of disability lens Abstract: In this paper we examine a community development approach to including people with disability in a sport context within beach precincts for a project called Beach for All Abilities. The aim of this research is to investigate innovative and transformative solutions that enable inclusion. The research design used multiple methods and data sources across 30 projects and three geographically diverse precincts. The theoretical framework brought together community development and the social relational model of disability to inform the research. The findings show how the funded organisation working in partnership with not-for-profit, commercial and government programs, facilitated processes and practices enabling greater access and inclusion for people with disability in the beach precincts. These included solutions to constraints in the built, outdoor and natural environments across mobility, vision, hearing, intellectual and mental health disability from low to very high support needs. Yet, the overall program had a major shortcoming in establishing ongoing beach-related activities for people with disability. The paper concludes with implications for longevity, limitations, and future research. Disability inclusion in beach environments is absent from the sport management literature.A hybrid community development model through the lens of a social relational model of disability is used to analyse the projects.30 community development projects provide insights to the social inclusion of the lived embodied experiences of people with impairments.Innovative inclusive transformative solutions were implemented to counter the interpersonal, structural and environmental constraints present.Projects are identified with potentially sustainable and scalable outcomes for the inclusion of people with disability in beach environments. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-23 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2059998 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2059998 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:1:p:1-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2066391_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Alana Thomson Author-X-Name-First: Alana Author-X-Name-Last: Thomson Author-Name: Michelle Hayes Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Hayes Author-Name: Clare Hanlon Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: Hanlon Author-Name: Kristine Toohey Author-X-Name-First: Kristine Author-X-Name-Last: Toohey Author-Name: Tracy Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Tracy Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Title: Women’s professional sport leagues: a systematic review and future directions for research Abstract: Women’s professional sport has grown over the last decade and so has academic scholarship investigating it. It is timely to review and consolidate extant scholarship to identify patterns and gaps in research and future directions for research to support continued advancement in women’s professional sport knowledge and practice. This paper presents a systematic quantitative literature review (SQLR) of 57 academic peer-reviewed journal articles researching women’s professional sport leagues and published between 2000 and 2019. We provide bibliographic findings, extend the typical SQLR approach and provide an inductive thematic analysis of article findings to synthesise the knowledge base present in the extant research. Based on our SQLR findings, we highlight four key research directions, including the need for (1) diversity in inquiry and reflexivity by researchers, (2) innovative and enabling theories and conceptual frameworks, (3) transdisciplinary research approaches and (4) sustainable business models for women’s professional sport. We emphasise that to advance our theoretical understandings and sport management practices in women’s professional sport, academics must commit to exploring women’s sport in new and different ways, to achieve new and different knowledge and outcomes. Research into women’s professional sport leagues is predominantly informed by academics and research contexts from the USA and Australia, and some European countries.Mainstream theories from sports sociology, marketing and management dominate the body of knowledge and most adopt qualitative methods.There appears to be an expectation that women’s professional sport should be an exemplar of diversity, inclusion and social change.Opportunities exist, moving forward, for transdisciplinary research to advance women’s professional sport knowledge and practice. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 48-71 Issue: 1 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2066391 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2066391 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:1:p:48-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2014183_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Guninder Pal Singh Author-X-Name-First: Guninder Author-X-Name-Last: Pal Singh Author-Name: Anirban Chakraborty Author-X-Name-First: Anirban Author-X-Name-Last: Chakraborty Author-Name: Swapan Deep Arora Author-X-Name-First: Swapan Deep Author-X-Name-Last: Arora Title: Uncovering the knowledge structure of the fan-sporting object relationship: a bibliometric analysis Abstract: Fans are a central entity in the sport ecosystem, and their importance in the sport value chain needs no emphasis. Despite extensive scholarly work around fans in sport management, the discipline lacks a unified view from a relational perspective. In this study, we present a bibliometric and content analysis of the fan-sporting object relationship literature. We conduct citation and cocitation analysis across 1704 journal documents, having 91,071 references. Our study finds that six intellectual clusters depict the realm of this relationship. Further, we report the centrality attributes of the most influential works of the domain. Our work thereby presents the intellectual structure of the literature of the fan-sporting object relationship and depicts it in an integrated framework. We complement our bibliometric review with a content analysis of relevant recent scholarly work to incorporate contemporary viewpoints. In doing so, we contribute to sport management by taking an expansive perspective of fans and accordingly provide future research directions. This study presents the state of research around the fan-sporting object relationship through bibliometric and social network analyses.It complements the bibliometric methods by using content analysis to present contemporary themes emanating from current research.It depicts the dominant clusters around the relationship and synthesizes them into a framework that acts as this relationship’s blueprint.Finally, the study guides future research that identifies the transcendence of fans beyond spectating roles. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 181-202 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2021.2014183 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2021.2014183 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:2:p:181-202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2059992_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Argyro Elisavet Manoli Author-X-Name-First: Argyro Elisavet Author-X-Name-Last: Manoli Author-Name: Michael Anagnostou Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Anagnostou Title: Operational crisis communication management: a content analysis of FIFA’s communication during Covid-19 Abstract: Despite the high number of crises encountered within sport, crisis communication management in sport remains understudied. Operational crisis communication in particular can be considered an uncharted territory, regardless of its potential significant effects on sport organisations’ reputation. In this study we explore the themes used in FIFA’s communication during the Covid-19 pandemic, to understand how operational organisational crisis communication was managed by football’s leading sport organisation in this unprecedented climate. Content analysis is conducted in all FIFA’s press releases and Twitter messages related to Covid-19 from March 5th to July 3rd 2020, in order for insights to be offered to the content and meaning of FIFA’s operational crisis communication, their attempts to emphasise the organisation’s positive traits and actions, and the links built with managing and improving the organisation’s reputation. The analysis of the themes used indicates that proactive planning of crisis communication management had been conducted, while lessons from previous handling of crises appear to have been learned. By outlining the crisis communication strategy adopted by FIFA, we offer insights to the unexplored area of operational crisis communication in sports, while presenting a roadmap for operational crisis communication management for other sport organisations and future studies exploring the topic. The study highlights the main themes used by FIFA, focusing on positive traits of the organisation.FIFA’s crisis communication management deviates from pre-prescribed recommendations.A roadmap for operational crisis communication management for sport organisations is offered. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 293-314 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2059992 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2059992 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:2:p:293-314 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2051393_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Wenche Wang Author-X-Name-First: Wenche Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Stacy-Lynn Sant Author-X-Name-First: Stacy-Lynn Author-X-Name-Last: Sant Title: A big data analysis of social media coverage of athlete protests Abstract: Using a contentious issue in sport – the athlete protests during the playing of the national anthem – this paper examined the relationship between media outlets’ social media coverage of athlete protests and the social media user interest and sentiment. We analysed data sourced from the media outlets’ official Instagram accounts, along with comments on these posts. Using both sentiment lexicons and Random Forrest machine learning models, we derived the sentiment of 496 official Instagram posts and 137,735 user comments. We utilised logit and ordered logit regressions to examine whether media coverage of the athlete protests was responsive to user interest and user sentiment towards the issue. In addition, we employed multinomial logit regressions and two-stage least squared regressions to investigate media’s selection of topics and portrayal of the protests. We found strong evidence that both media’s decisions to cover the protests and how they cover the issue are sensitive to social media user interest and sentiment. Test the relationship between social media coverage of athlete protests and social media user interest and sentiment.Media coverage of the protests was sensitive to social media user interest and sentiment.Media outlets were more likely to cover topics at the intersection of sport and politics when user sentiment towards the protests was negative.When there was increased social media interest media outlets tend to use more negative tones to cover the protests. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 224-245 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2051393 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2051393 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:2:p:224-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2120010_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Stacy-Lynn Sant Author-X-Name-First: Stacy-Lynn Author-X-Name-Last: Sant Author-Name: Christine Maleske Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Maleske Author-Name: Wenche Wang Author-X-Name-First: Wenche Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Name: Elizabeth J. King Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth J. Author-X-Name-Last: King Title: Leveraging sport events for the promotion of human rights in host communities: diffusion of anti-trafficking campaigns at Super Bowl LIV Abstract: Human trafficking is a complex human rights issue, and it has been associated with hosting large-scale sport events since the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens. Along with potential increases in demand for low-wage labour, the influx of tourists may lead to increased demand for sexual services which may be met, in part, by trafficked persons. Event rights holders and local organising committees have recognised human trafficking as a risk to be managed, leading to the implementation of anti-trafficking initiatives in host communities. In this study we employed a social event leverage framework and the theory of diffusion of innovations to examine how large-scale sport events can be harnessed by local communities to promote awareness of human trafficking. Using a social constructionist perspective, we utilised an instrumental case study design to understand the processes involved in planning, designing, and implementing event-related anti-trafficking campaigns. In this instance, the case – the 2020 Super Bowl hosted in Miami, Florida – facilitated the examination of the processes involved in leveraging events for the purpose of increasing awareness of human trafficking. Data included semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders and archival materials. Results of a thematic analysis highlighted the importance of peer networks, local and international partnerships, and campaign strategy in the execution of event-related anti-trafficking campaigns. Utilises diffusion of innovations to examine the planning and management of event-related social marketing campaigns. Highlights the social value of events for promoting awareness of human trafficking. Emphasises the importance of collaboration, peer networks, and existing anti-trafficking and event infrastructure in event leveraging. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 203-223 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2120010 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2120010 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:2:p:203-223 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2074709_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sangchul Park Author-X-Name-First: Sangchul Author-X-Name-Last: Park Author-Name: Calvin Nite Author-X-Name-First: Calvin Author-X-Name-Last: Nite Author-Name: Hyun-Woo Lee Author-X-Name-First: Hyun-Woo Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Title: The impact of sport organization employees’ justice perceptions on organizational citizenship and dysfunctional behavior: the affect-based model Abstract: This study investigated the impact of sport organization employees’ justice perceptions on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and organizational dysfunctional behavior (ODB). Drawing from social exchange and frustration–aggression hypothesis, we presented an affect-based model of employees’ behavioral responses to justice perceptions. We sampled paid staff from NCAA Division I universities’ athletic departments (N = 602) and found that procedural, interpersonal and informational justice relate positively (negatively) to positive (negative) affect, which in turn leads to organizational citizenship (dysfunctional) behavior. Further, exchange orientation moderated the positive relationship between negative affect and ODB, such that the positive impact of employees’ negative affect – caused by organizational injustice – on ODB became stronger as exchange orientation increased. Our findings advance the understanding of organizational justice in sport by illuminating the role of affect and exchange orientation in the relationship between organizational justice and OCB/ODB. Our research also offers sports organizations practical insights into how to effectively manage their employees for eliciting OCB and diminishing ODB. This study constructs an affect-based model of behavioral responses to justice perception.Procedural, interactional and informational justice were related positively to organizational citizenship behavior via positive affect.Procedural, interactional and informational justice were related negatively to organizational dysfunctional behavior via negative affect.Exchange orientation amplified the positive relationship between negative affect and organizational dysfunctional behavior. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 315-338 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2074709 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2074709 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:2:p:315-338 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2050107_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Edward Horne Author-X-Name-First: Edward Author-X-Name-Last: Horne Author-Name: Leeann Lower-Hoppe Author-X-Name-First: Leeann Author-X-Name-Last: Lower-Hoppe Author-Name: B. Christine Green Author-X-Name-First: B. Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Green Title: Co-creation in youth sport development: examining (mis)alignment between coaches and parents Abstract: The authors explore the challenges and opportunities for a youth sport system in an entrepreneurial marketplace by identifying areas of (mis)alignment between parents and coaches, a key partnership in youth sport development. The context of tennis was used to recruit a sample of 130 parents and 113 coaches based in the United States. Choice-based conjoint analysis was used to compare the relative importance parents and coaches place on key youth sport program attributes and their preference for specific attribute levels. Information sources were also examined. Significant differences were found between parents’ and coaches’ preferences for specific program implementations, and the importance they placed on each attribute. Univariate analyses revealed significant differences for parents’ and coaches’ preferences for levels within each attribute, although the order of preference for each level was the same. Parents and coaches also differed in the importance placed on information sources. Overall findings indicate misalignment, which may affect parent/coach collaboration and ultimately inhibit effective athlete development. However, the findings do suggest the potential for collaboration, as parents and coaches value shared responsibility. Recommendations for facilitating collaboration for more effective athlete development include reducing consumer confusion via shared language and interpretation, and stimulating co-creation via structural change. Youth sport parents considered coach certification the most important element of a youth sport program.Coaches placed the most importance on who had overall responsibility for athlete development.Parents and coaches saw shared responsibility for athlete development as preferrable.Relatively low preference for interaction acts as a barrier to effective co-creation. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 271-292 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2050107 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2050107 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:2:p:271-292 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2138110_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Keita Kinoshita Author-X-Name-First: Keita Author-X-Name-Last: Kinoshita Author-Name: Shintaro Sato Author-X-Name-First: Shintaro Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Title: Incivility and psychological safety in youth sport: the reciprocal effects and its impact on well-being and social outcomes Abstract: Youth can often be the subject of rude and discourteous behaviors in their sport setting, given their susceptibility to the social environments. Incivility refers to insensitive behavior that exhibits a lack of respect for others, namely, disrespectful and rude behaviors. Incivility is a significant issue in youth sport since it negatively influences teams and individuals. The present study aims to investigate 1) how incivility and psychological safety are associated with each other over time and 2) the influence of the initial value of psychological safety and the change in psychological safety on youth athletes’ well-being and social outcomes. Three-wave time-lagged data collection was employed, and the present study included 283 youth athletes who completed the survey three times. The hypotheses were tested in SEM with cross-lagged panel and growth latent curve modeling. The results showed that coach and teammate incivility were significantly associated with the change in psychological safety. In contrast, the initial value of psychological safety was a significant antecedent of the subsequent coach and teammate incivility, well-being, and social outcomes. Lastly, the change in psychological safety was significantly associated with youth athletes’ well-being and social outcomes. The findings suggest that incivility and psychological safety were reciprocally associated, and psychological safety rather than incivility was a significant predictor of youths’ well-being and social outcomes. The present study found a mechanism underlying the relationship between incivility, psychological safety, and essential outcomes (i.e., well-being and social outcomes) in youth sport. Coach and teammate incivility influenced the change of psychological safety over time.Psychological safety predicted subsequent coach and teammate incivility.Psychological safety was significantly associated with youth athletes’ well-being and social outcomes. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 246-270 Issue: 2 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2138110 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2138110 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:2:p:246-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2062975_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ashley Gardner Author-X-Name-First: Ashley Author-X-Name-Last: Gardner Author-Name: Adam Love Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Love Author-Name: Steven Waller Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Waller Title: How Do Elite Sport Organizations Frame Diversity and Inclusion?A Critical Race Analysis Abstract: Sport organizations frequently present themselves as committed to diversity and inclusion by creating an array of policies, programs and other initiatives. However, this image of diversity and inclusion is often not reflected in actual organizational practices, as leadership positions remain largely dominated by White men. To investigate the ways in which elite sport organizations frame diversity and inclusion, the current study analyzed documents produced by the National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball, National Football League and the United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee. Using principles of critical race theory as a framework, the findings illustrate ways in which these organizations frame diversity generally and racial diversity specifically. While each organization publicized numerous policies, programs, events and other initiatives ostensibly intended to promote diversity and inclusion, the terms “racism” or “sexism” did not appear once in their materials. Ultimately, if organizations fail to recognize and address the structural causes of inequality, any initiatives they promote are unlikely to foster meaningful progress with respect to social justice. Sport organizations use a variety of policies, programs and other initiatives to demonstrate their commitment to diversity and inclusion.The actions of sport organizations often fail to align with the commitment to diversity expressed in their policies and statements.An examination of documents from elite sport organizations indicated they frame diversity in a way that obscures structural forces, such as racism and sexism.If organizations fail to address the structural causes of inequality, any initiatives they promote are unlikely to foster meaningful progress with respect to diversity. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 339-360 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2062975 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2062975 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:3:p:339-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2087966_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jonathan Robertson Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Robertson Author-Name: Adam Karg Author-X-Name-First: Adam Author-X-Name-Last: Karg Author-Name: Katie Rowe Author-X-Name-First: Katie Author-X-Name-Last: Rowe Author-Name: Katherine Raw Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: Raw Title: “My definition of community is community, and their definition is more around fan engagement”: balancing business and social logics of professional sport teams’ community activities Abstract: Professional sport teams operate within an increasingly complex institutional environment and are required to often confront incompatible prescriptions from multiple institutional logics, such as performance and commercial goals (i.e., business logics) relative to community development and altruistic goals (i.e., social logics). The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of institutional complexity on managers perceptions of community-oriented practices across 12 professional teams within a single Australian sport league. Using Raynard’s (2016) configurations of institutional complexity, we identify two types of hybrid responses that professional teams utilise to address multiple logics: aligned and segregated. When community managers perceived social logics to be aligned with business logics, community activities were more aligned with commercial organisational outcomes such as brand, fan and sponsorship benefits. Alternatively, when managers perceived social logics to be segregated from business logics, community activities were more autonomous from commercial drivers, allowing a greater focus on community development outcomes including education, health and increased trust. Theoretically, our research adds to institutional logic scholarship by showing that multiple logics can be compatible with each other, central logics influence peripheral logics and organisational responses to institutional complexity can vary within a professional sport league. Professional sport teams are operating in increasingly complex institutional environments.Organisations responded to institutional complexity by either segregating community activities from, or aligning community activities with commercial goals.Community activities that were directed by business logics focused upon commercial outcomes, such as fans, sponsorships, and branding.Community activities that focused upon social logics targeted community outcomes, such as health, education, engagement, and trust. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 405-425 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2087966 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2087966 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:3:p:405-425 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2127073_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Koo Yul Kim Author-X-Name-First: Koo Yul Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: Colin Lopez Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez Author-Name: Joris Drayer Author-X-Name-First: Joris Author-X-Name-Last: Drayer Title: Do consumers care about credibility? Examining corporate credibility and price on sport ticket purchase decision making Abstract: The ticket market for sport events has undergone substantial changes following the emergence of secondary markets (i.e., ticket resale platforms) and changes in consumer preferences. Therefore, the concept of corporate credibility warrants attention in the context of the secondary ticket market, which comprises ticket sellers with varying levels of credibility. Additionally, since secondary ticket companies engage in demand-based pricing, it is critical to measure the effect of ticket prices on the relationship between corporate credibility and purchase intention. In this research we utilize a multi-study design to examine the relationship between corporate credibility and consumers’ purchase intention in the secondary ticket market, as well as the moderating effect of ticket prices. The findings, which run counter to previous literature, suggest that the impact of corporate credibility on purchase intention in the secondary ticket market is negligible. Test for the effect of corporate credibility on consumers’ purchase intention in the secondary ticket market.Consistent evidence from multiple studies demonstrating the lack of significant impact of corporate credibility.No statistically significant effect of ticket price as a moderator between corporate credibility and purchase intention. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 471-493 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2127073 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2127073 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:3:p:471-493 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2119722_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Thomas J. Aicher Author-X-Name-First: Thomas J. Author-X-Name-Last: Aicher Author-Name: Bob Heere Author-X-Name-First: Bob Author-X-Name-Last: Heere Author-Name: Michael A. Odio Author-X-Name-First: Michael A. Author-X-Name-Last: Odio Author-Name: Jeffery M. Ferguson Author-X-Name-First: Jeffery M. Author-X-Name-Last: Ferguson Title: Looking beyond performance: understanding service quality through the importance-performance analysis Abstract: The majority of sport service quality research uses a performance-only measurement technique, a major departure from the foundational theories upon which those studies are grounded. In this study we examined the utility of importance-performance analyses (IPA) to the measurement of sport service quality. Importance-performance analysis has been scantly used in sport literature, and the research that has employed it has ignored advancements: Gap 1 analysis, Gap 2 analysis, and three-factor theory. Data were collected via a partnership with a professional soccer club in the United States. A total of 680 respondents completed the online questionnaire, and responses were used to conduct the four analyses. Results demonstrate the utility of IPA and benefits of measuring both importance and performance to understand consumer attitudes when making service attribute decisions. The article analyzes a method to include importance and performance in evaluating sport service quality, which aligns better with service quality theories.The paper explains and demonstrates the utility of the different IPA methods.IPA methods provide useful insights into evaluating the service attributes and provides stronger recommendations compared to performance only measures.Three-factor theory measures relative importance and ties attribute performance to overall performance, a useful method for consumer behavior research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 448-470 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2119722 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2119722 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:3:p:448-470 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2085430_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Seungmin Kang Author-X-Name-First: Seungmin Author-X-Name-Last: Kang Author-Name: Per G. Svensson Author-X-Name-First: Per G. Author-X-Name-Last: Svensson Title: The benefits and challenges of shared leadership in sport for development and peace collaboratives Abstract: Inadequate leadership is a common reason for the failure of multi-organizational collaboratives, yet limited attention has been given to explore the role of shared leadership in these types of collaborations. The purpose of this study was therefore to explore the perceived benefits and challenges of shared leadership in two multi-organizational collaboratives in Sport for Development and Peace (SDP). Semi-structured interviews (n = 30) with members along with publicly available documents were analyzed. Perceived benefits of shared leadership included (a) collective impact, (b) collective learning, (c) network capacity, (d) cohesion and (e) shared responsibilities. At the same time, challenges were centered around (a) challenging leadership dynamics, (b) varying levels of information sharing, (c) lack of understanding of shared leadership and (d) inconsistent quality of engagement. This study contributes to sport management literature by focusing on practitioners’ lived experiences of the positive outcomes and possible barriers to shared leadership in the context of multi-organizational collaboratives. Empirical research of outcomes of shared leadership in sport for development and peace.Benefits of shared leadership include improved collective impact, collective learning, network capacity, cohesion and shared responsibilities.Challenges of shared leadership were centered around challenging leadership dynamics, varying levels of information sharing, lack of understanding of shared leadership and inconsistent quality of engagement.The role of shared leadership to improve sustainability of SDP partnerships.Implications for better leveraging collaborative leadership approach in the context of multi-organizational SDP collaboratives. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 383-404 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2085430 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2085430 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:3:p:383-404 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2071054_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Verity Postlethwaite Author-X-Name-First: Verity Author-X-Name-Last: Postlethwaite Author-Name: Claire Jenkin Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Jenkin Author-Name: Emma Sherry Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Sherry Title: Sport diplomacy: an integrative review Abstract: In the fields of politics, history and international relations, the phrase sport diplomacy has attracted a growing multi-disciplinary interest in debate around relations between different actors. In this article we trace the emergence of academic literature connected to sport diplomacy and further identify the relevant empirical, conceptual and theoretical frames used to study sport diplomacy. Using an integrated review approach, we collected peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2000 and 2020, with 224 articles subsequently analysed for key attributes such as research location and type of diplomacy. The results and discussion support and challenge some current tropes connected to sport diplomacy research, such as the overreliance on case studies, lack of theoretical consistency and dominance of research from higher-income countries. Further, we highlight opportunities for scholars to develop empirical and theoretical bridges between fields to overcome disciplinary differences and engage with the growing organisational interest to operationalise sport diplomacy. This review of sport diplomacy literature and opens up lines of inquiry for sport management and sport development scholars to further advance our understanding of sport diplomacy. The integrative review demonstrates a recent significant increase in peer-reviewed journal articles on the topic of sport diplomacy.The sport diplomacy literature included in this review is dominated by historical studies focusing on political actors and outcomes.We outline the challenges for sport management and sport development scholars to operationalise sport diplomacy in both research and practice. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 361-382 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2071054 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2071054 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:3:p:361-382 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2106722_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Christine E. Wegner Author-X-Name-First: Christine E. Author-X-Name-Last: Wegner Author-Name: Patti Millar Author-X-Name-First: Patti Author-X-Name-Last: Millar Author-Name: Trevor Bopp Author-X-Name-First: Trevor Author-X-Name-Last: Bopp Author-Name: Shannon Kerwin Author-X-Name-First: Shannon Author-X-Name-Last: Kerwin Title: Understanding experiences with capacity building in the sport for development context Abstract: Sport-for-development organizations (SFDs) require capacity to meet their goals and sustain their programming. However, capacity building may need to be imagined differently from other nonprofit organizations, given the distinctiveness of the SFD context. Using Millar and Doherty’s (2016) process model of capacity, we analyze the capacity-building process in an SFD context through a network of organizations engaged in a structured capacity-building program, seeking to understand the role that nuances in the context play to enable and/or constrain from the capacity-building process. Data collected from focus groups, individual interviews, field notes and workshop document(s) revealed that existing human resources capacity and passion for the cause both enabled and constrained capacity building. Furthermore, the burden of building capacity for sport and capacity for developing programming problematized the process. This suggests that capacity building in an SFD context is not a one-size-fits-all proposition and that organizations can benefit from tailored capacity-building initiatives that meet individual needs. Existing organizational capacity and passion for the cause both enabled and constrain capacity building in a sport-for-development context.The dual burden of building capacity for sport and capacity for development programming problematizes the capacity-building process.Capacity building in an SFD context is not a one-size-fits-all proposition, and organizations can benefit from more tailored initiatives. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 426-447 Issue: 3 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2106722 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2106722 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:3:p:426-447 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2163074_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Gidon Jakar Author-X-Name-First: Gidon Author-X-Name-Last: Jakar Author-Name: Kiernan Gordon Author-X-Name-First: Kiernan Author-X-Name-Last: Gordon Author-Name: Qian He Author-X-Name-First: Qian Author-X-Name-Last: He Title: The temporal and spatial relationships between professional sport events and reported vehicular crashes: an analysis of Cleveland, Ohio Abstract: Road safety is one of the world’s greatest public health challenges, with more than 3,500 deaths on the roads each day and estimated 50 million injuries annually (World Health Organization, 2021). This study explores the relationship between professional sporting events and vehicular crashes by examining crash data, game times, and venues using longitudinal data from Cleveland, Ohio (2017–2019). We employ two multivariate modeling analyses and spatial statistical techniques to examine the extent to which sporting events are related to car crashes before, during, and after events and the spatial relationship between where the venues are located and the number of crashes. The temporal analyses (n = 28,260) show that crashes with damage reported a significant increase, particularly after the more attended NFL games. Meanwhile, a spatial analysis (n=741) shows that the location of the sports venue also demonstrates associations with the number of crashes, while the significance varies across spatial distances. From a scholarly perspective, our study identifies the relationship between sports events and car crashes nearby sports venues, which adds to the broader literature on vehicular crashes and society. Practically, addressing this relationship can provide a concise strategy for both the public and private sectors to reduce car crashes. We explore the relationship between sporting events and vehicular crashes.Crashes with damage particularly increase after NFL games nearby the stadium.We find a non-linear relationship between distances from sport venues to vehicle crash rates.Neighborhoods adjacent but not next to stadiums have higher crash rates.Findings contribute to the growing literature on the externalities of sports. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 628-648 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2163074 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2163074 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:4:p:628-648 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2148858_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Katherine Sveinson Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: Sveinson Author-Name: Elizabeth B. Delia Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth B. Author-X-Name-Last: Delia Author-Name: Aaron C. Mansfield Author-X-Name-First: Aaron C. Author-X-Name-Last: Mansfield Author-Name: Emma Calow Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Calow Title: The Impact of a Life-Disrupting Threat on Team Identity Abstract: Team identity is periodically disrupted by identity threat, yet minimal research has addressed how life-disrupting threats impact team identity. In the current study, the authors employed a case study design to examine the effects of a life-disrupting threat (i.e., the start of the COVID-19 pandemic) on team identity. The authors, leveraging interviews and participant journaling, examined individuals who identify with at least one sport team, finding that team identity was mostly “inactive” as this life-disrupting threat set in. Further, although participants recognized the importance of their fandom in terms of social connectivity (i.e., relationships with fellow fans) and opportunity for escape, they emphasized that, overall, being a fan was unimportant during the early months of the pandemic. Collectively, these findings highlight the need to study team identity (and identity threat) from a more “macro” perspective – that is, considering fandom in conjunction with other salient factors in fans’ lives. A case study design was used to understand how a life-disrupting threat (i.e., the start of the COVID-19 pandemic) impacted team identity.During a period of life-disrupting threat, team identity was not salient, becoming an inactive frame of reference.Individuals recognized a simultaneous importance and unimportance of their fandom amid the life-disrupting threat.The research has implications concerning team identity from a macro perspective, or the extent to which fandom fits into the rest of life. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 561-581 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2148858 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2148858 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:4:p:561-581 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2148861_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Mitchell McSweeney Author-X-Name-First: Mitchell Author-X-Name-Last: McSweeney Title: Sport and social entrepreneurship in the base-of-the-pyramid: The institutional work of refugees and a refugee-led organization in Uganda Abstract: Social entrepreneurship has garnered increased attention from scholars in a number of disciplines, especially international development and to a growing degree, sport management. Responding to recent calls within institutional theory and sport management, in this study, the lens of institutional work is employed to explore how a refugee-led organization in Uganda and its members utilize sport-related social entrepreneurship to create, maintain, and disrupt institutions. Data analysis revealed three overarching themes related to the purposeful, intentional work of actors, including: the use of sport microfinance savings groups to fill institutional voids; social entrepreneurship work by refugees to build social and economic value; and experimentation work to disrupt gender norms. Findings underscore the way in which both organizations and individuals engage in sport-related social entrepreneurial activities to create, maintain, and contest interrelated institutions, in particular institutionalized poverty and gender. Discussion is presented which expands theoretical and practical knowledge on the institutional work and practices of individuals and organizations acting innovatively to contest institutional arrangements and the poverty of refugees. Entrepreneurship is claimed to contribute to poverty alleviation in base-of-the-pyramid markets.Limited research has investigated the institutional work of social entrepreneurship.Sport and social entrepreneurship combine to foster institutional work by refugees.Institutional work by refugees both challenges and maintains institutional arrangements. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 582-606 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2148861 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2148861 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:4:p:582-606 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2140886_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Nina Siegfried Author-X-Name-First: Nina Author-X-Name-Last: Siegfried Title: Relationship marketing: a strategy for acquiring long-term strategic sponsorships in the disability sport sector Abstract: Since the founding of the National Wheelchair Basketball Association (NWBA) in 1949, wheelchair basketball has expanded to over 200 teams in the U.S. and Canada. Despite the success and growth of wheelchair basketball in the U.S., NWBA programs still face funding challenges. Considering the potential to generate funding through corporate sponsorship, nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals in charge of sponsorship management of NWBA programs to gain insight into the acquisition and relationship management of their sponsorship programs. Findings showed several unique ways NWBA programs attract sponsors, including focusing on sponsors with an existing interest in the disability community, and highlighting the unique assets of NWBA teams such as their compelling stories, the program’s impact, disability expertise, and corporate social engagement opportunities. Communication, evaluation, and cross-marketing opportunities were found to be key in retaining sponsors. Both successful sponsorship acquisition and retention are underlined by relationship marketing efforts to build commitment and trust by establishing an emotional connection and mutually beneficial relationship between the sponsor and the team, as well as having a dense network of relationships between the sport property and sponsor. The results aid current and future programs in successful sponsorship acquisition and retention.NWBA teams heavily rely on building commitment with potential sponsors for sponsorship acquisition.NWBA sport managers need to focus on the relationship building through their unique assets and offerings.NWBA teams retain sponsors through building and keeping trust and commitment.Sponsorship activation, ROI measures, and cross-marketing opportunities are key for sponsorship retention. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 540-560 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2140886 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2140886 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:4:p:540-560 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2127179_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Paul Bertin Author-X-Name-First: Paul Author-X-Name-Last: Bertin Author-Name: Sylvain Delouvée Author-X-Name-First: Sylvain Author-X-Name-Last: Delouvée Author-Name: Kathleen McColl Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen Author-X-Name-Last: McColl Author-Name: Jan-Willem van Prooijen Author-X-Name-First: Jan-Willem Author-X-Name-Last: van Prooijen Title: Rage against the machine: investigating conspiracy theories about the video assistant referee on Twitter during the 2018 FIFA World Cup Abstract: Conspiracy theories arise during important societal and political events, with negative consequences. Yet, conspiracy theories remain to be investigated in the context of sporting tournaments, in spite of the importance of such events in contemporary societies. During the 2018 FIFA World Cup, conspiracy theories alleging that the newly introduced video Assistant Referee (VAR) was used with malevolent motives gained popularity online. In this paper, we used a Twitter content analysis to explore VAR conspiracy theories during the World Cup (N = 2,768 tweets). Conspiracy tweets peaked after eliminations of some teams and were strongly associated with labels referring to self-categorization at the group-level, supporting the notion that conspiracy beliefs are triggered by contexts threatening one’s social identity. Conspiracy tweets were also correlated with tweets expressing skepticism or defiance against the VAR, suggesting that conspiracy beliefs might be related to sport fans’ other identity management strategies. Finally, we drew an intergroup typology of VAR conspiracy beliefs’ recurrent figures, highlighting that higher ordered categorization helped conspiracy narratives and content to adapt throughout the tournament. We discuss the identity management strategy status of sport fans’ conspiracy beliefs. Tweets accusing the Video Assistant Referee to be a conspiracy peaked as some teams were eliminated from the 2018 FIFA World Cup.A small proportion of group-stage matches generated most of the conspiracy tweets, notably those leading to African teams’ eliminations.Conspiracy tweets were characterized by group-level labels, suggesting conspiracy beliefs were expressed as identity management strategies.Conspiracy narratives evolved through the tournament following a higher ordered categorization process to include more eliminated teams. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 495-516 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2127179 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2127179 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:4:p:495-516 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2137969_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Minkyo Lee Author-X-Name-First: Minkyo Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Robert F. Potter Author-X-Name-First: Robert F. Author-X-Name-Last: Potter Author-Name: Jingjing Han Author-X-Name-First: Jingjing Author-X-Name-Last: Han Title: Motivational system approach to understand ad processing following various game outcomes Abstract: In this study we test how audience emotions induced by televised sports interact with the emotional tone of advertisements to influence ad processing. Past research exploring this carry-over effect has either neglected the arousal induced by the sporting event or failed to present positive and negative ads to participants. In this study we use a 2 (sports-induced valence: positive/negative) x 2 (sports-induced arousal: calm/arousing), x 2 (ad valence: positive/negative) mixed-design experiment. Participants had psychophysiological measures of cognitive resource allocation and emotional response measured throughout. We found that positive advertisements performed best in cognitive resource allocation in a congruent arousing/positive programming context, whereas negative advertisements worked better following an incongruent calm/positive programming context. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed. We use the theory of dual-motivation systems to undersatnd program-ad matching.Different patterns of memory processing occurr as interacting functions of sport and ad-induced emotions.Positive ads perform best in a congruent situation (i.e., a close win).Negative ads worked best following an incongruent situation (i.e., a lopsided win). Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 517-539 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2137969 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2137969 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:4:p:517-539 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2152936_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Svenja Feiler Author-X-Name-First: Svenja Author-X-Name-Last: Feiler Author-Name: Dennis Coates Author-X-Name-First: Dennis Author-X-Name-Last: Coates Author-Name: Pamela Wicker Author-X-Name-First: Pamela Author-X-Name-Last: Wicker Author-Name: Christoph Breuer Author-X-Name-First: Christoph Author-X-Name-Last: Breuer Title: The perceived financial situation of nonprofit sports clubs explained by objective financial measures Abstract: In surveys across countries, nonprofit sports clubs report their perceived financial situation using some form of Likert scale; however, it is unclear what this subjectively reported rating reflects. The purpose of this study is to examine the link between objective financial measures and club officials’ perceptions of the financial situation. The main research question is: What objective financial measures best reflect the level and changes in the perceived financial situation of nonprofit sports clubs? The study used panel data from four consecutive waves of a German sports club’s panel (n = 2,859). The clubs’ financial situation was assessed on a 6-point scale (1 = no problem; 6 = existential problem). This subjective measure was juxtaposed with several objective financial measures drawn from the literature and financial theories. These measures include general financial measures like interest coverage, margin, and revenue diversification, but also measures specifically developed for the nonprofit sports clubs’ context. The results of regression analyses show that operating margin, revenue diversity, the share of facility expenses relative to total expenses, and administrative expenses relative to total revenue significantly explained the subjectively rated financial situation. The findings suggest that objective financial measures are required to better understand the financial situation of sports clubs and design more targeted support programmes. Objective financial measures are applied to examine the subjectively measured financial situation of nonprofit sports clubs.Panel data from a sports club panel are used.Operating margin, revenue diversity, and proportions of administrative and facility expenses reflect the perceived financial situation of clubs.Clubs perceive lower financial troubles when revenue exceeds expenses, which is a prerequisite for staying financially stable.Clubs should be supported by sports governing bodies in their financial management. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 607-627 Issue: 4 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 08 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2022.2152936 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2022.2152936 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:4:p:607-627 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2271779_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Sheranne Fairley Author-X-Name-First: Sheranne Author-X-Name-Last: Fairley Title: Editorial: 25th Anniversary Special Collection Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 766-768 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2271779 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2271779 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:5:p:766-768 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2171276_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Ralph Ramos Author-X-Name-First: Ralph Author-X-Name-Last: Ramos Author-Name: Veerle De Bosscher Author-X-Name-First: Veerle Author-X-Name-Last: De Bosscher Author-Name: Aurélie Pankowiak Author-X-Name-First: Aurélie Author-X-Name-Last: Pankowiak Author-Name: Christian Wisdom Valleser Author-X-Name-First: Christian Wisdom Author-X-Name-Last: Valleser Title: Contexts shaping the development and success of elite sport systems: a scoping review Abstract: The importance of contexts in analysing elite sport systems and policies, as reflected in substantial research over the past couple of decades, is considered to nurture or constrain the development and outcome of elite sport systems toward international sporting success. Theorising elite sport systems as institutions operating and embedded in an open system may provide insight into the “hows” (throughput processes) and the “whys” (conditions) of the effectiveness of sport systems and policies to determine what may work (or not work) for each country’s specific context. This scoping review aims to examine and map determinants of elite sport development in nations. Specifically, the review analysed how studies: (1) theorised the determinants, (2) used terms to denote contextual determinants for elite sport development and success and (3) described or conceptualised context. Further, the review identified context dimensions derived from the elite sport development determinants. The scoping review identified 19 studies that contain relevant contextual determinants. Findings present seven context dimensions derived from a neo-institutional organisation framework that pertain to different institutional contexts that may influence the development of elite sport policy systems. An improved conceptualisation of context may enhance our understanding of the relationship between processes (i.e., sport policy mechanisms) and contexts. The scoping review analysed how studies: (1) theorised the elite sport determinants; (2) used terms to denote contextual determinants for elite sport development and success; and (3) described or conceptualised context.The scoping review identified 19 studies describing determinants of the development of elite athletes and sport systems in relation to success.Findings present seven context dimensions derived from a neo-institutional organisation framework that pertains to different institutional contexts that may influence the development of elite sport policy systems.Contextual determinants in the 19 studies can be categorised into seven different context dimensions, namely: (1) belief system; (2) historical development; (3) culture; (4) dominant interest groups; (5) legal rules and structures; (6) development standards of conduct and conventions; and (7) transnational influence.Further improved conceptual clarity on contextual dimensions of elite sport systems may enhance our understanding of the interdependent relationship between mechanisms (i.e., sport policy processes) and the contexts. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 649-676 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2171276 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2171276 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:5:p:649-676 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2215557_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Masayuki Yoshida Author-X-Name-First: Masayuki Author-X-Name-Last: Yoshida Author-Name: Mikihiro Sato Author-X-Name-First: Mikihiro Author-X-Name-Last: Sato Author-Name: Anthony D. Pizzo Author-X-Name-First: Anthony D. Author-X-Name-Last: Pizzo Author-Name: Rieko Kuramasu Author-X-Name-First: Rieko Author-X-Name-Last: Kuramasu Title: The evolution of psychological involvement and customer loyalty: a longitudinal analysis of fitness facility members Abstract: Psychological involvement is a leading concept within sport management used to understand consumers’ behavior and their connection with a sport entity. Despite the concept’s importance, there is limited evidence on the longitudinal dynamics of its three facets (pleasure, centrality, and sign). To examine the relationships between the facets of psychological involvement and customer loyalty (attitudinal loyalty and visit frequency) over time, we conducted a three-wave longitudinal investigation using data from new fitness center customers (n = 150). Results indicate that while the impact of pleasure on attitudinal loyalty decreased from time 1 to time 2, the relationship between centrality and attitudinal loyalty increased during the same time period. Our findings further demonstrate that baseline pleasure (t1) has a sequential relationship with visit frequency (t3), first through baseline attitudinal loyalty (t1), and then through future attitudinal loyalty (t2). Our results imply that pleasure and centrality are salient to loyalty development. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 744-765 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2215557 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2215557 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:5:p:744-765 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2261655_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Farah R. Palmer Author-X-Name-First: Farah R. Author-X-Name-Last: Palmer Author-Name: Sarah I. Leberman Author-X-Name-First: Sarah I. Author-X-Name-Last: Leberman Author-Name: Bevan Erueti Author-X-Name-First: Bevan Author-X-Name-Last: Erueti Title: “He ringa raupā - Calloused hands”: Negotiating the intersections and responsibilities as sport practitioners and academics in Aotearoa Abstract: Indigenous voices are rising across the world. Indigenous people and culture exist in sport, although it is challenging to hear their voices in sport management. A review of the published journal articles in the main sport management journals revealed that Indigenous voices and an understanding of Indigenous issues are largely absent. This article highlights the challenges of publishing articles that include Indigenous voices and, demonstrates an attempt for Indigenous and non-Indigenous authors within Aotearoa (New Zealand) to genuinely work in partnership. The pertinent literature in the field is summarised highlighting the literature published by Indigenous authors. The Ringa Raupā model to test the veracity of a Kaupapa Māori approach is introduced as a reflective tool to frame the lived experiences in sport and academia of the Māori authors. We collectively reflect on how to be responsive to the provisions and principles of Te Tiriti o Waitangi as Tangata Whenua and Tangata Tiriti in a sport management and university context. Questions of positionality, criticality, self-determination, access, authorship, praxicality and dissemination are raised, to challenge readers, and enable Indigenous scholars’ voices to be heard on their, not Western, terms. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 769-787 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2261655 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2261655 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:5:p:769-787 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2260079_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Nerilee Hing Author-X-Name-First: Nerilee Author-X-Name-Last: Hing Author-Name: Matthew Rockloff Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Rockloff Author-Name: Matthew Browne Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Browne Title: A bad bet for sports fans: the case for ending the “gamblification” of sport Abstract: A “gamblification” of sport has occurred over the last 25 years. Sports betting operators are now major sponsors of sport, and gambling activities and cultures are firmly embedded into sport. This paper considers the key issues affecting harmful gambling amongst sport audiences arising from this gamblification and implications for sport management. A narrative literature review identifies seven key issues: 1) harmful sports betting and negative consequences, 2) increased access to sports betting through smartphones, 3) innovated betting options that appeal most to bettors already experiencing gambling harm, 4) how advertising exacerbates harmful betting, 5) the normalisation of sports betting amongst sports fans, 6) impacts on children and adolescents, and 7) the heightened risk of harmful betting amongst sports participants. Sports organisations play an instrumental role in the gamblification of sport and derive revenues from wagering operators that are, in large part, derived from harmful gambling by sports fans. Rising community backlash against the normalisation of sports betting, and increasing regulatory restrictions on sports betting sponsorship and advertising, suggest that gambling sponsorship of sports will increasingly become untenable. Sports organisations need to plan for a future without wagering sponsorships and use their considerable influence to reduce gambling harm amongst their fans, players and broader communities. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 788-812 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2260079 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2260079 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:5:p:788-812 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2175493_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Yannick Kluch Author-X-Name-First: Yannick Author-X-Name-Last: Kluch Title: Why don’t more college athletes engage in activism? A multilevel analysis of barriers to activism in the hegemonic arena of intercollegiate sport Abstract: Drawing from interviews with 31 collegiate athlete activists, the goal of this study was to identify barriers to athlete activism in the hegemonic arena of U.S. college sport. I utilize a multilevel analysis to map how activism is rendered counter-hegemonic, non-normative behavior in college sport through barriers manifesting at the macro-level (societal), meso-level (organizational), and micro-level (individual). Barriers at the macro-level include social norms prioritizing athlete identity and stigma attached to activism, while barriers at the meso-level include the strict regulation of athletes’ lives, isolation on campus, team cultural norms, and institutional power relations. Finally, emotional exhaustion and lack of rapport with peers manifested at the micro-level, further constituting barriers to activist efforts. The complex interplay of barriers at multiple levels, I argue, perpetuates a hegemonic order where contemporary collegiate athlete activists and the arena of sport become sites for the struggle for power – that is, cultural sites in which the battle between hegemonic forces and agents of resistance becomes manifested and visible. Collegiate activists face barriers to activism on many levels, ranging from macro-(societal) to meso- (organizational) and micro-levels (individual).There continues to be intense stigma attached to activist behaviors in U.S.intercollegiate sport, despite an increase in activism.On an emotional level, collegiate athlete activists often experience feelings of isolation and exhaustion.At the institutional level, unsupportive institutional climates and team cultural norms can prevent athletes from engaging in activism.The barriers identified serve as powerful hegemonic tools to render activism non-normative behavior in U.S.intercollegiate sport. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 677-697 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2175493 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2175493 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:5:p:677-697 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2260078_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Brian P. McCullough Author-X-Name-First: Brian P. Author-X-Name-Last: McCullough Title: Advancing sport ecology research on sport and the natural environment Abstract: Sport and the natural environment have an intimate relationship threatened by global warming and climate change. Individual sport organizations and events to the collective global sport sector must address climate change on two primary fronts – (1) reducing their impact on the natural environment resulting in climate change to sustain the environments individual sport organizations and events taking place and (2) sustaining sport from changing environments due to climate change. This paper examines previous research from these two fronts, and gaps are identified that can inform future research to advance our understanding of environmental sport management or sport ecology topics. The paper then discusses practical and measured responses to climate change using examples from other disciplines beyond sport management to enhance these research lines and inform industry practice. As the sport sector advances, a fourth wave of the sport environmental movement is emerging where sport organizations encounter internal and external pressures to resolve contradictions in their stated environmental values and organizational operations (e.g. short-haul flights, carbon-intensive sponsors). The paper concludes with recommendations across these two fronts to engage fans and participants in meaningful climate action with demonstrative results. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 813-833 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2260078 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2260078 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:5:p:813-833 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2190431_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Qi Peng Author-X-Name-First: Qi Author-X-Name-Last: Peng Author-Name: Chunbin Liu Author-X-Name-First: Chunbin Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Name: Nicolas Scelles Author-X-Name-First: Nicolas Author-X-Name-Last: Scelles Author-Name: Yuhei Inoue Author-X-Name-First: Yuhei Author-X-Name-Last: Inoue Title: Continuing or withdrawing from endurance sport events under environmental uncertainty: athletes’ decision-making Abstract: This paper seeks to answer the question: what impacts athletes’ decision-making to continue or withdraw from an endurance sport event under environmental uncertainty amid the rise of extreme weathers? Underpinned by prospect theory and the framework of risk information seeking, qualitative data were collected via 14 in-depth semi-structured interviews with amateur and professional athletes and coded using thematic analysis. Findings suggest that endurance sport athletes do consider withdrawal as an option before and during an event. The severity of weather and a lack of physical and psychological preparedness may lead to the decision of withdrawal. Additionally, different decisions can be made under an interplay between weather conditions and physical and psychological status. Event organisers, family, friends and fellow participants may also influence athletes’ decision-making. Finally, based on personal goals set for an event, both risk-seeking (continue) and risk-aversion (discontinue) behaviours may occur when facing the same environmental uncertainty. The paper calls attention to protecting athletes’ wellbeing by undertaking timely withdrawals under environmental uncertainty. By highlighting the vulnerability of endurance sport athletes to environmental uncertainty, this study encourages event organisers to evidence their ability to face environmental uncertainty and enhance/preserve their reputation in event risk management. This paper illustrates endurance athletes’ decision to withdraw from events.Crucial factors impacting athletes’ decision-making process under environmental uncertainty are identified.The study calls for timely withdrawal under environmental uncertainty to protect athletes’ health and wellbeing. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 698-719 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2190431 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2190431 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:5:p:698-719 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2210360_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20 Author-Name: Jeeyoon Kim Author-X-Name-First: Jeeyoon Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Name: YuKyoum Kim Author-X-Name-First: YuKyoum Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Title: Coping with losses: Need unfulfillment, coping strategies and temporal well-being of sport fans Abstract: This study investigates how sport fans psychologically process and cope with the loss of one’s team and how the process is linked to temporal well-being. Grounded on need theory and Lazarus’ model of stress, need unfulfillment is introduced as a psychological threat derived from a loss, which triggers coping strategies to deal with the negative well-being effects associated with the loss. With a two-wave survey-based natural field study conducted with identified NFL team fans, the relations among need unfulfillment (of arousal, achievement and social needs), coping strategies (i.e., seeking social support, positive reinterpretation/growth, venting, denial and CORFing) and temporal well-being (i.e., self-worth and negative affect) are examined with structural equation modeling. Need unfulfillment after a loss, particularly achievement unfulfillment, was found as a meaningful antecedent of coping behavior. The five coping strategies had distinctive effects on self-worth and negative affect. Strategies to help fans effectively cope with losses are discussed. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 720-743 Issue: 5 Volume: 26 Year: 2023 Month: 10 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2210360 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2210360 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:26:y:2023:i:5:p:720-743 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2243109_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Erik L. Lachance Author-X-Name-First: Erik L. Author-X-Name-Last: Lachance Author-Name: Ashley Thompson Author-X-Name-First: Ashley Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson Author-Name: Jordan T. Bakhsh Author-X-Name-First: Jordan T. Author-X-Name-Last: Bakhsh Author-Name: Milena M. Parent Author-X-Name-First: Milena M. Author-X-Name-Last: Parent Title: Sport management or the management of sport? Reframing the theory debate Abstract: As a field, sport management is arguably divided into two perspectives related to theory: sport management or the management of sport. This division hinders the development and credibility of the field in the broader academic community. Thus, we adopt a perspective style of theorizing to critically discuss and reframe the sport management theory debate, suggesting an integrated perspective in the process. Each perspective’s central tenets, supporting arguments, and contentions are presented. The Sport-Management Theory Development Framework is proposed, which combines each perspective and includes four main facets: the what; the how; the why; and the who, when, and where of sport management research. Sport management scholars can use the proposed conceptual framework to critically appraise and advance research to establish a credible body of knowledge in sport and beyond. The framework allows the field’s existence to be defended according to its distinct knowledge, thus demonstrating its value in academia. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 90-110 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2243109 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2243109 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:1:p:90-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2233342_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Heath McDonald Author-X-Name-First: Heath Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald Author-Name: Jason Pallant Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Pallant Author-Name: Daniel C. Funk Author-X-Name-First: Daniel C. Author-X-Name-Last: Funk Author-Name: Thilo Kunkel Author-X-Name-First: Thilo Author-X-Name-Last: Kunkel Title: Who doesn’t like sport? A taxonomy of non-fans Abstract: The motives and behaviour of sports fans are heavily researched. Past work has distinguished “fans” and “supporters” on engagement with teams or athletes and identified “non-fans” who have little interest in sport; the latter are rarely investigated further. Sport’s ubiquity, both socially and in media, means that, unusually, disinterested people are often interacting with sport. A better understanding of non-fans could assist strategies to grow sports markets and encourage engagement. This paper describes a study, using both theory-driven and machine learning approaches, of types of self-identified non-fans of a professional sport. A nationally representative sample of 3,496 adults enabled investigation of non-fandom. Five segments of non-fans are identified, differing in terms of consumption of and passion for professional sport. There is a clear hierarchy of likelihood to consume, driven by social contacts, experiences and access to the product, and impeded by satisfying alternatives. To enable easier practical application of this work, a simplified (four question) segmentation process is also presented. This simplified process maintains a high degree of classification accuracy. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 67-89 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2233342 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2233342 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:1:p:67-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2229097_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Yonghwan Chang Author-X-Name-First: Yonghwan Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Author-Name: Matthew Katz Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Katz Title: When feeling is for pursuing: exploring the moderating role of spectatorship locus of control on fans’ emotion-directed pursuit of consumption goals Abstract: This study explores emotions-directed activation of consumption goals in conjunction with the role of locus of control (LOC) in the context of spectatorship sport. The functionalist perspectives of emotions position as a major theoretical framework. By adapting the consumption goals hierarchy (gain, hedonic, normative) as well as the four types of discrete emotions (happiness, sadness, anger and fear), the current study postulates that specific emotions activate certain consumer goal hierarchies corresponding to internal vs. external LOC. A laboratory experiment is conducted where a unique statistical approach is employed to control for 17 confounding variables. The results revealed that emotions more dynamically activate consumption goals for spectators with an internal LOC. This study provides implications of what product information and attributes consumers would look for to cope with their emotions, and also what business tactics would be most appropriate corresponding to the rise of certain emotions in relation to spectatorship LOC. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 1-22 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2229097 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2229097 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:1:p:1-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2247652_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Marcel Fahrner Author-X-Name-First: Marcel Author-X-Name-Last: Fahrner Title: Conditions and mechanisms of trust within boards of voluntary sport governing bodies Abstract: Trust is considered beneficial for team work, as, for example, in boards of sport governing bodies (SGBs). However, strong trust within teams can also limit creativity and encourage corruption. Dealing adequately with trust, hence, seems to be a challenge for organisations and decision-makers involved. To better understand the complex phenomenon of trust in the SGB board context, the study examines the conditions and underlying mechanisms of trust within SGB boards. Referring to systems theory and the social function of trust, the empirical design of the study follows a constructivist approach. To ensure indepth insights into the multifaceted issues of trust, the study comprises data from organisational documents and semi-structured interviews with 16 volunteer board members of German state-level SGBs. The data was analysed by content analysis according to Mayring (2015). Findings indicate low reliability of decision-making structures, with personal trust serving as a functional equivalent to the weak formal regulations set out by the organisations. In this respect, system trust seems to be based on a common sense of mutual personal trust on the board. The findings also highlight trust-relevant conditions and mechanisms of trust and reveal how these affect the functioning of the board. By demonstrating the functionality of trust for establishing reliable expectations within boards of voluntary SGBs, the paper complements the literature on good governance, leadership, and voluntary engagement in sport organisations. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 130-149 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2247652 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2247652 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:1:p:130-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2233341_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Carlos Gomez-Gonzalez Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Gomez-Gonzalez Author-Name: Helmut Dietl Author-X-Name-First: Helmut Author-X-Name-Last: Dietl Author-Name: David Berri Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Berri Author-Name: Cornel Nesseler Author-X-Name-First: Cornel Author-X-Name-Last: Nesseler Title: Gender information and perceived quality: An experiment with professional soccer performance Abstract: Whether one looks at revenue, investment or coverage, men’s sports do better than women’s. Many assume that absolute differences in quality of athletic performance are the driving force. However, the existence of stereotypes should alert us to another possibility: gender information might influence perceived quality. We perform an experiment in which 613 participants viewed clips of elite female and male soccer players. In the control group, participants evaluated unmodified videos where the gender of the players is clear to see. In the treatment group, participants evaluated the same videos but with gender obscured by blurring. Using a regression analysis, we find that participants rate men’s videos higher – but only when they know they are watching men. When blurring obscures the gender, ratings for female and male athletes do not differ. We discuss implications for research and the sports industry. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 45-66 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2233341 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2233341 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:1:p:45-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2231315_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Stacy-Lynn Sant Author-X-Name-First: Stacy-Lynn Author-X-Name-Last: Sant Author-Name: Christine Maleske Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Maleske Author-Name: Kathryn Vanderboll Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn Author-X-Name-Last: Vanderboll Title: Research on human rights and large-scale sport events from 1990 to 2022: a scoping review Abstract: Hosting large-scale sport events presents inherent human rights risks and opportunities across the event life cycle due to their size and complexity. Few studies on the planning, organising, management, and delivery of large-scale sport events incorporate a human rights perspective; however, human rights outcomes may be implicit in research on event impact, legacy, leverage, and event-led development. This paper presents a scoping review of the state of research on human rights and large-scale sport events in sport management and related fields for the time period 1990–2022. Specifically, our review identifies and maps existing scholarship on human rights issues, summarises findings, and highlights areas for future research. We utilised a range of scholarly articles, reports, and human rights instruments to develop a list of 14 human rights topics related to the study of large-scale sport events. Using the Joanna Briggs Institute’s scoping review framework, we searched 100 sport-related journals across 10 databases, yielding 279 articles. Our deduplication and data extraction processes were supported by DistillerSR project management software. We followed the PRISMA Scoping Review Extension guidelines to present our results. The most prominent human rights issues examined are equity and inclusivity and public health, well-being, and quality of life. In contrast, there was a dearth of research on issues, such as children’s rights and safeguarding and privacy rights of athletes, spectators, and consumers. Our review highlighted a need for more empirical and theory-driven scholarship in the area of human rights and sport events. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 23-44 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2231315 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2231315 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:1:p:23-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2243110_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Tracy Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Tracy Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Name: Wendy O’Brien Author-X-Name-First: Wendy Author-X-Name-Last: O’Brien Author-Name: Kristine Toohey Author-X-Name-First: Kristine Author-X-Name-Last: Toohey Author-Name: Clare Hanlon Author-X-Name-First: Clare Author-X-Name-Last: Hanlon Title: The psychological contract of women athletes in semi-professional team sports Abstract: Within the dynamic landscape of women’s semi-professional and professional leagues, athletes and their employers are negotiating their employment relationship parameters. Positioning our research in a postfeminist sensibility, we explore both parties’ expectations and obligations through psychological contract (PC) theory. We conducted interviews across two semi-professional sports leagues, with 30 athletes, 20 coaches and managers and two league-level representatives. The data analysis identified three themes: 1. Obligations, commitment, and choice; 2. Expectations of conformity and power relations; 3. Fulfilling organisational goals. Many athletes spoke about power imbalances in the PC with employers “exploiting” athletes’ desire to be play in the league at almost any cost. Athletes felt they had little choice but to accept the current state of employment, endure sacrifices and hope for a better future where they could reach their potential through viable career pathways and a living wage. Our research provides a better understanding of the PC employment relationship and associated implications. Greater knowledge about PCs could be used to develop work practices and relations that enhance and benefit athletes and employers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 111-129 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2243110 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2243110 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:1:p:111-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2259146_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857 Author-Name: Lennart Pape Author-X-Name-First: Lennart Author-X-Name-Last: Pape Author-Name: Joerg Koenigstorfer Author-X-Name-First: Joerg Author-X-Name-Last: Koenigstorfer Author-Name: Jonathan Casper Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan Author-X-Name-Last: Casper Title: Sport teams’ promotion of plant-based food consumption among fans Abstract: The study’s goal is to examine the downstream relations of fan awareness of a favorite sport team’s pro-environmental food initiatives, considering fans with different degrees of team identification. Building upon the Awareness-to-Action Continuum, the authors propose two pathways that may help explain reported plant-based food consumption among fans (i.e. eating vegetables, eating vegan food, and avoiding meat), particularly at high (vs. low) degrees of team identification: team value internalization and fan-team personality match. Study 1 surveyed 799 fans of 12 different sport teams from various countries, which had implemented pro-environmental food initiatives in the past. Study 2 used a survey-experimental design to manipulate identification with one selected team from the U.S. (n = 356 fans) and assessed the downstream relations of fan awareness of the team’s pro-environmental food initiatives. The authors control for attitude and subjective norm in their analyses and show that the levels of team identification associate with the relation between fan awareness and reported consumption of plant-based foods via fan-team personality match but not via value internalization. Ironically, the perception of the team’s personality as superior to their own personality among low-identification fans is negatively related to the adoption of a plant-based diet despite high awareness levels. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 150-174 Issue: 1 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 01 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2259146 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2259146 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:1:p:150-174 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2276442_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Alexander Davidson Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Davidson Author-Name: Matthew D. Meng Author-X-Name-First: Matthew D. Author-X-Name-Last: Meng Author-Name: Scott Tainsky Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Tainsky Author-Name: Mitchell C. Olsen Author-X-Name-First: Mitchell C. Author-X-Name-Last: Olsen Title: A dual account of how excitement impacts risk-taking: Evidence from the National Hockey League’s 50-50 raffle Abstract: The current research seeks to explain the motivation to participate in risk-taking activities as a function of game-related dynamics. We examine the role of excitement in predicting purchase behaviour toward a 50–50 raffle, a prevalent social responsibility activity among sport organizations where half the amount raised is offered to charity while the other half is allocated to a randomly drawn participant. We combine a proprietary dataset of 50–50 transactions for a National Hockey League team with publicly-available information and box scores across two seasons of home games. A dual account reveals that excitement increases risk-taking towards 50–50 purchase amount (1) during non-gameplay (i.e., the pregame and intermission) due to excitement-as-anticipation, and (2) during gameplay due to excitement-as-experience. We discuss the findings’ practical implications for sport organizations’ socially responsible activities and suggest directions for future research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 280-299 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2276442 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2276442 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:2:p:280-299 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2259147_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Jeffrey Q. Barden Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey Q. Author-X-Name-Last: Barden Author-Name: Scott Kozlak Author-X-Name-First: Scott Author-X-Name-Last: Kozlak Title: Resource deprivation, decision stakes, and the selection of foreign players in the NBA draft Abstract: This study examines the way resource endowments and decision stakes influence the managerial decision to select a foreign player during the NBA’s amateur draft. Building on evidence that general managers perceive foreign players to be riskier draft choices and on risk sensitivity theory, this study tests hypotheses that NBA teams accept greater uncertainty and risk associated with selecting foreign players in response to indicators of resource deprivation – payroll disadvantage and poor team performance. A regression analysis of 900 NBA draft selections, 2006–2020, provides mixed support for these hypotheses. Teams tend to select more foreign players later in the draft when the stakes of the decision are lower, and payroll disadvantage increases teams’ propensity to select foreign players. Evidence that poor team performance increases teams’ propensity to select foreign players is marginal. Further, the effect of payroll disadvantage tends to decrease across the draft’s first round in conjunction with the decrease in the stakes of each pick. However, the influence of payroll disadvantage appears to remain constant across the second round where NBA rules do not provide contract guarantees to players. In sum, this study adds to the growing bodies of sport management research on risk behavior, foreign players, and the amateur draft. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 175-196 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2259147 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2259147 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:2:p:175-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2261650_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Gidon S. Jakar Author-X-Name-First: Gidon S. Author-X-Name-Last: Jakar Author-Name: Fatemeh Binesh Author-X-Name-First: Fatemeh Author-X-Name-Last: Binesh Title: College sport, events tourism and the demand for short-term rentals Abstract: Using a central place theory approach, this study investigates the demand for short-term rental units and how it is impacted by external sport-related events (college football, university events, and holidays), location, and the characteristics of the units. Using an extensive database of 1,852 units and their daily availability in Ann Arbor, Michigan, findings of the main model and two robustness models support the relevancy of central place theory to sport tourism and reveals from an externalities perspective just how dependent the city’s hospitality and tourism industry is on the university, and particularly the scheduling of events including American football games. The findings provide detailed results for short-term rental bookings based on unit characteristics, dates, and external factors. This study reveals the impact a sport organization has on the local hospitality market that should be further examined in other towns and cities debating the future of hospitality industry and the relationship between sport and tourism. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 234-253 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2261650 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2261650 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:2:p:234-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2261659_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Mohsen Loghmani Author-X-Name-First: Mohsen Author-X-Name-Last: Loghmani Author-Name: Popi Sotiriadou Author-X-Name-First: Popi Author-X-Name-Last: Sotiriadou Author-Name: Jason Doyle Author-X-Name-First: Jason Author-X-Name-Last: Doyle Title: Unlocking the power of job design in sports: a systematic review and future research agenda Abstract: Using a Systematic Quantitative Literature Review (SQLR) approach, this article consolidates studies on the job characteristics (top-down process of job design) and job crafting (bottom-up process of job design) components of sport-related jobs. The SQLR maps the emerging research topic of job design in sport and provides a research direction agenda to guide scholarship. Out of 5,974 retrieved documents, a total of 187 academic articles published in English journals between 1988 and 2021 matched the selected terms in title or abstract or keywords. Following a deductive coding process using NVivo 12, the results demonstrated that previous research has been undertaken mainly over the last 15 years with a focus on job characteristics (77%) compared with job crafting (23%). The emphasis in prior research is placed on: (1) sport managers’ “task” and “knowledge” job characteristics; (2) coaches’ “social” job characteristics; (3) referees’ “contextual” job characteristics, and (4) athletic trainers’ “work – life crafting”. Findings were used to develop two models representing the top-down and bottom-up processes of job design in sport. The top-down model illustrates that: task and knowledge job characteristics influence attitudinal and behavioural outcomes; contextual job characteristics build only well-being outcomes; and social job characteristics predict a wide range of job outcomes. The bottom-up model highlights the significance of approach relational crafting, avoidance task crafting and work – life crafting in shaping behavioural and well-being outcomes. The most understudied area is job crafting among sport volunteers, a gap worth examining further in future research. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 254-279 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2261659 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2261659 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:2:p:254-279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2260940_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Yonghwan Chang Author-X-Name-First: Yonghwan Author-X-Name-Last: Chang Author-Name: Ye Lei Author-X-Name-First: Ye Author-X-Name-Last: Lei Author-Name: Aaron C. Mansfield Author-X-Name-First: Aaron C. Author-X-Name-Last: Mansfield Title: NFL fandom and unhealthy eating behavior: Exploring the role of introspective focus from a functionalist perspective of emotions Abstract: We examine the effects of team identification on unhealthy eating behavior. Leveraging the functionalist perspective of emotions, we also examine how an introspective focus on particular affective states impacts this phenomenon. The results of two online studies (one cross-sectional survey, one experiment) indicate fans display emotional eating, implicit preferences toward high-calorie, indulgent foods, and higher body mass index (BMI) numbers when they identify highly with a sport team. Further, fans’ introspective focuses on anger and happiness (vs. hope) lead team identification to have a more positive (vs. more negative) relationship with indulgent food consumption. We contribute to the literature by highlighting how sport fans’ goal-directed food consumption is driven by their affective states. After presenting findings, we unpack implications of this project for population health and promotional practices for policy-makers and managers. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 213-233 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2260940 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2260940 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:2:p:213-233 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2259148_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Shannon Kerwin Author-X-Name-First: Shannon Author-X-Name-Last: Kerwin Author-Name: Dawn E. Trussell Author-X-Name-First: Dawn E. Author-X-Name-Last: Trussell Author-Name: Rob Cheevers Author-X-Name-First: Rob Author-X-Name-Last: Cheevers Author-Name: Talia Ritondo Author-X-Name-First: Talia Author-X-Name-Last: Ritondo Author-Name: Cole McClean Author-X-Name-First: Cole Author-X-Name-Last: McClean Title: A critical examination of how experiences shape board governance at the community level of sport Abstract: The purpose of this research is to critically examine how individual board members’ behaviours and experiences shape board governance at the community level of sport. To serve the purpose, a qualitative ethnographic approach was appropriate. For one sport, six boards, across one province in Canada comprised the sample. Importantly, these boards govern sport clubs that serve thousands of sport participants in the community area. Observations during monthly/bi-monthly board meetings took place for 1 year with each board, alongside interviews with 30 board members. Data analysis was guided by an interpretative approach to thematic analysis underpinned by concepts related to design archetypes and organizational culture to search for patterns of meaning across the qualitative dataset. The findings illustrate how interrelated levels of culture influenced how board members engage in operational versus strategic governance priorities. Moreover, individual assumptions manifested in varying foci of sense of community (fragmented or cohesive) and the enactment of individual values influenced structural coherence and power. In turn, these assumptions and values shaped board member decision-making as well as board member contributions to board discussions. This study emphasizes how individual board members shape group-level criteria for effectiveness, principles of organizing and domain at the community level of sport. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 197-212 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2259148 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2259148 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:2:p:197-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2284987_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Perry Stewart Author-X-Name-First: Perry Author-X-Name-Last: Stewart Author-Name: David Fletcher Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Fletcher Author-Name: Rachel Arnold Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Arnold Author-Name: Desmond McEwan Author-X-Name-First: Desmond Author-X-Name-Last: McEwan Title: Exploring perceptions of performance support team effectiveness in elite sport Abstract: Elite sport organisations are increasingly recruiting diverse and sophisticated performance support teams in an attempt to optimise athlete health and performance. These multiteam systems are commonly comprised of sport medicine and sport science personnel (e.g. physiotherapists, sport scientists, strength and conditioning coaches, nutritionists, psychologists), yet the effectiveness of such teams is reliant upon more than the mere aggregate of the assembled expertise. Whilst the multidimensional nature of team effectiveness has been investigated in other domains, such research pertaining to performance support teams in elite sport is sparse. A qualitative method of enquiry was used to explore performance support team effectiveness across a range of elite sports. Four online focus groups consisting of a total of 18 participants working in English Premier League Football, Formula One, and Olympic Sports (summer and winter) were conducted, and reflexive thematic analysis was employed to analyse the data. Four overarching themes were generated which are deemed to be associated with performance support team effectiveness: team structure (composition, geographic dispersion, hierarchical arrangement, and leadership), team member attributes (role proficiency, open mindedness, adaptability, and humility), shared mental model (shared objectives, role understanding, and contextual awareness), and social capital (trust, respect, cohesion, and communication). This study provides a greater understanding of performance support team effectiveness in elite sport which has conceivable implications for future research and also professional practice. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 300-321 Issue: 2 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 03 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2284987 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2284987 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:2:p:300-321 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2288713_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Daniel Read Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Read Author-Name: James Skinner Author-X-Name-First: James Author-X-Name-Last: Skinner Author-Name: Aaron CT Smith Author-X-Name-First: Aaron CT Author-X-Name-Last: Smith Author-Name: Daniel Lock Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Lock Author-Name: Maylin Stanic Author-X-Name-First: Maylin Author-X-Name-Last: Stanic Title: The challenges of harmonising anti-doping policy implementation Abstract: The policy-implementation gap conceptualises how policy intentions and outcomes often differ due to a failure to consider the realities of implementation. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) directs Olympic anti-doping policy, seeking to harmonise anti-doping policy globally; however, the realisation of consistent implementation has proven challenging. A major cause of inconsistent policy implementation is inter-signatory variation, but the mechanisms of variation are poorly understood. WADA provides an excellent example to explore why policy gaps occur in international sport governance. Consequently, we aimed to analyse the different types of inter-signatory variation in anti-doping policy and identify practical solutions to address inter-signatory variation in anti-doping. Data were collected from the Regional Anti-Doping Programme (RADO), a group of organisations tasked with increasing the capacity of NADOs globally. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 RADO staff and board members who were sampled as key informants to discuss how inter-signatory variation affects anti-doping policy compliance. Following reflexive thematic analysis, we identified four thematic categories explaining inter-signatory variation in anti-doping implementation: (1) socio-geographic, (2) political, (3) organisational, and (4) human resources. Based on our analysis, we theorise why the policy-implementation gap occurs and provide recommendations to improve anti-doping policy implementation. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 365-386 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2288713 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2288713 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:3:p:365-386 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2300160_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Keita Kinoshita Author-X-Name-First: Keita Author-X-Name-Last: Kinoshita Author-Name: Satoshi Usami Author-X-Name-First: Satoshi Author-X-Name-Last: Usami Author-Name: Hirotaka Matsuoka Author-X-Name-First: Hirotaka Author-X-Name-Last: Matsuoka Title: Perceived event impacts of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games on residents’ eudaimonic well-being: a longitudinal study of within-person changes and relationships Abstract: The present study investigated 1) the changes in positive and negative event impacts and residents’ eudaimonic well-being before and after Tokyo 2020 and 2) how the social impacts are related to eudaimonic well-being. Three-wave panel data were collected from 1692 Japanese residents before and after the event. We performed linear mixed modeling (LMM) and a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) to investigate the within-person fluctuations in the event impacts and eudaimonic well-being and the within-person relationships. The LMMs showed that only negative event impacts significantly changed after the event. The RI-CLPM revealed that positive event impacts before the event were significantly related to eudaimonic well-being right after the event, and eudaimonic well-being right after the event was significantly associated with positive event impacts two months after the event. The findings indicate that the influence of positive event impacts on residents’ eudaimonic well-being might be only temporal, but also eudaimonic well-being right after the event may have a significant role in positive evaluations of the event two months later. The results illustrated that the government and sport organizations need to pay more attention to contemplate the strategies to increase the eudaimonic well-being of residents through the power of sport to make “sport as an enabler of sustainable development”. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 455-479 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2300160 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2300160 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:3:p:455-479 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2297472_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Rory Mulcahy Author-X-Name-First: Rory Author-X-Name-Last: Mulcahy Author-Name: David Fleischman Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Fleischman Author-Name: Peter English Author-X-Name-First: Peter Author-X-Name-Last: English Author-Name: Emma Florence Author-X-Name-First: Emma Author-X-Name-Last: Florence Author-Name: Retha Scheepers Author-X-Name-First: Retha Author-X-Name-Last: Scheepers Author-Name: Malin Sofia Roennberg Author-X-Name-First: Malin Author-X-Name-Last: Sofia Roennberg Title: Promoting sport organisations inclusivity initiatives: tailored message frames and audience selection to drive change and attitude towards team Abstract: Sporting organisations are increasingly marketing their LGBTQI+ initiatives. However, limited research provides insights and guidance on how to effectively communicate these initiatives to improve attitudes towards a team and support for the cause. To address this gap, the current research uses Construal Level Theory and cognitive appraisal theory as guiding frameworks to explore how different message frames and target audiences can improve perceptions of sporting organisations being value-driven in their inclusivity initiatives and enhance positive emotional responses of individuals. Two experimental studies were conducted (Study 1 – Australian sport followers n = 403, Study 2 – U.S. sport followers n = 455), with results showing that concrete (as opposed to abstract) message frames targeted towards fans (as opposed to individuals or the community) can enhance support for both inclusivity and attitude towards the team. This is explained by appraisals of value-driven motives and affection as a positive emotional response. The findings have important implications for sport management literature and practice relating to inclusivity marketing, LGBTQI+ initiatives, message framing, construal level theory, and cognitive appraisal theory. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 432-454 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2297472 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2297472 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:3:p:432-454 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2289686_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Tyler Skinner Author-X-Name-First: Tyler Author-X-Name-Last: Skinner Author-Name: Steven Salaga Author-X-Name-First: Steven Author-X-Name-Last: Salaga Title: Gender differences in lead executive compensation: evidence from intercollegiate athletics Abstract: This paper contributes to the literature examining gender differences in executive compensation by assessing whether gender is systematically associated with the guaranteed base salary and maximum potential compensation of the athletic director (AD) who serves as the lead executive of the organization in intercollegiate sport. We utilize National Collegiate Athletic Association compensation data from the United States spanning from 2009 to 2020. We match this with data capturing AD personal characteristics and institutional factors to produce a sample of 613 annual observations. The results from panel regressions and Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions indicate statistically significant evidence that women ADs earn lower base salaries than men ADs after controlling for numerous personal and institutional characteristics. These results suggest potential gender-specific discriminatory treatment in guaranteed compensation. The modeling also produces largely non-significant evidence to suggest women ADs sign employment contracts specifying lower maximum potential compensation values. Overall, the results suggest a sizeable executive compensation gap in a sport setting subject to substantial public awareness and media attention. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 387-408 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2289686 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2289686 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:3:p:387-408 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2286005_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Olivia Garrod Author-X-Name-First: Olivia Author-X-Name-Last: Garrod Author-Name: Daniel Rhind Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Rhind Title: You do not suddenly become safe on your 18th birthday: managing safeguarding cases involving adult athletes in the United Kingdom Abstract: Despite publicised cases of abuse impacting those above the age of 18, little research attention has been paid to the safeguarding of adults. The present study is informed by the recommendations of the Duty of Care in Sport Review, aiming to inform the development of a case data collection tool. Semi-structured online interviews were conducted with 11 key stakeholders. Inductive thematic analysis of the interview transcripts revealed several challenges to collecting adult safeguarding case data in sport which were categorised into three domains: conceptualising cases, managing cases, and recording cases. Developing an effective case management process for adults will require a broader, and shared, understanding of the conceptualisation of adult safeguarding cases, including that vulnerability is not solely determined by personal characteristics, but is affected by the behaviour of perpetrators and fluctuates as circumstances change. Top-down support is necessary to ensure greater consistency in the reporting of valuable adult case data. With clear expectations, regarding what an adult safeguarding case is, what data should be collected, how it should be collected and why, as well as adequate resources, sports of all levels will be in a better position to protect adults from abuse or harm. A clearer roadmap for the management of adult safeguarding concerns in sport is offered. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 344-364 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2286005 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2286005 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:3:p:344-364 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2292904_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Margot Ricour Author-X-Name-First: Margot Author-X-Name-Last: Ricour Author-Name: Veerle De Bosscher Author-X-Name-First: Veerle Author-X-Name-Last: De Bosscher Author-Name: Jo Van Hoecke Author-X-Name-First: Jo Author-X-Name-Last: Van Hoecke Title: Operational quality in youth sport clubs: towards a conceptual model Abstract: Existing research of service quality within the context youth sport clubs has elaborated on determining quality at the organizational level. Yet, at the operational level of quality, considering the content and processes of youth sport practices, research is lagging. Therefore, a scoping review was conducted to understand and conceptualize operational quality in youth sport clubs. A thematic analysis on the resulting 155 articles formed the base for the preliminary conceptual model of operational quality in youth sport clubs (OQYS), consisting of seven categories representing 29 sub-categories: (1) long-term sport development with focus on fun throughout whole sport career; (2) skill building opportunities; (3) personal involvement of youth members in the sport club; (4) positive relationship and interaction between coach and youth members; (5) cohesion and friendship between youth members; (6) safe (physically and psychologically) and healthy environment in the sport club; (7) strong connection and communication between sport club, coach, and parents. This study provides insights in how operational quality can be comprehensively conceptualized within sport clubs. Further research is encouraged to advance and validate the preliminary conceptual model, include every stakeholder’s perspective, and account for differences according to youth members’ individual characteristics. For policymakers and mangers of sport federations, the model serves as inspirational tool to effectively implement, manage, and evaluate strategies improving the quality of youth sport within sport clubs. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 409-431 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2292904 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2292904 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:3:p:409-431 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 # input file: RSMR_A_2285488_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a Author-Name: Wonju Lee Author-X-Name-First: Wonju Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Name: Gareth J. Jones Author-X-Name-First: Gareth J. Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Name: Christine Wegner Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Wegner Title: It’s all relative: examining the influence of social identity on sport-based youth development Abstract: Social identity theory provides a framework for understanding how identities tied to sport-based youth development programs facilitate positive youth development (PYD). A common assumption guiding youth sport policy and practice is that the social identities formed around sport-based youth development programs are more salient for youth with limited social support, yet this relationship has not been empirically examined. Using a repeated measures research design, the current study examined the influence of program-based social identity on PYD indicators and tested if this association varied across youth with different levels of social support. Latent profile analysis was employed to identify sub-groups based on key social support domains (i.e. family, peers, coaches). The identified subgroups were then integrated into a repeated measures multivariate analysis of covariance, followed up by univariate and regression analyses. Findings reveal that the impact of program-based social identity on the change in PYD indicators was stronger for youth with limited support from family and peers. However, youth with the strongest support in all domains displayed the strongest indicators of PYD over the program season. The results inform a discussion of theoretical implications related to the role of program-based social identity in PYD and highlight managerial recommendations of sport-based youth development program design and management. Journal: Sport Management Review Pages: 323-343 Issue: 3 Volume: 27 Year: 2024 Month: 05 X-DOI: 10.1080/14413523.2023.2285488 File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/14413523.2023.2285488 File-Format: text/html File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers. Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:27:y:2024:i:3:p:323-343