Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mikel Landabaso
Author-X-Name-First: Mikel
Author-X-Name-Last: Landabaso
Title: The promotion of innovation in regional policy: Proposals for a regional innovation strategy-super-1
Abstract:
This paper argues that given the correlation of innovation and R&TD
efforts with regional economic development, closing the inter-regional
‘technology gap’ in the European Union, which risks further
widening, becomes a pre-condition for reducing the ‘cohesion
gap’, which is the primary objective of regional policy. Therefore
regional policy should hcreasingly concentrate its efforts in the
promotion of innovation if it is to be successful in creating the
conditions for a sustained (and sustainable) economic development process
in less favoured regions. Hitherto, support for the promotion of
Innovation in the less developed regions has been generally inadequate in
quantity and quality to meet their economic developmc:nt needs and it has
not been adapted to the specific characteristics of the process of
Innovation in different regional contexts. The inadequate intensity of the
Innovation effort by the public sector and particularly by the private
sector, and its poor adaptation to the specific needs and, conditions in
the less developed regions (due to a lack of understanding of the
innovation prorocess at the regional level) helps increase the
‘technology gap’ between regions and tends to perpetuate or
even increase the ‘cohesion gap’. The author argues that one
practical way to approach this problem may be to encourage regions to
develop regional Innovation strategies. These strategies should aim at
promoting publiclprivate and inter-firm cooperation and creating the
institutional conditions (consensus among the key regional players) for a
more efficienl: use of scarce public and private resources for the
promotion of innovation (bigger and better spending in this field through
regional policy).
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-24
Issue: 1
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000001
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000001
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:1:p:1-24
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christos Kalantaridis
Author-X-Name-First: Christos
Author-X-Name-Last: Kalantaridis
Title: Between the Community and the World market: garment entrepreneurs in rural Greece
Abstract:
During the 1980s and early 1990s it was widely reported that rural areas
located on the periphery of Europe had undergone rapid economic growth and
structural transformation. Change in these regions was led by small- and
even micro-scale enterprises. The growth of these firms was associated
with an increased internationalization of production and the renaissance
of the industrial district. This paper investigates how small towns and
rural areas located along the periphery of Europe are integrated in
international production networks.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 25-44
Issue: 1
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000002
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000002
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:1:p:25-44
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Udo Staber
Author-X-Name-First: Udo
Author-X-Name-Last: Staber
Title: An ecological perspective on entrepreneurship in industrial districts
Abstract:
The model of industrial districts postulates that business foundings are
driven by co--operative and competitive processes. These dynamic processes
reflect inter--firm learning, operational flexibility, and constant
innovation, and are seen as the source of a district's economic vitality.
However, empirical studies have usually followed static research designs
and investigators have tended to make dynamic inferences from
cross--sectional data. In this study, the author draws on organizational
ecological theory to test hypotheses concerning temporal variations in the
relationship between co--operation, competition, and business founding
rates in a textile--clothing district in Germany.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 45-64
Issue: 1
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000003
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000003
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:1:p:45-64
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dylan Jones-Evans
Author-X-Name-First: Dylan
Author-X-Name-Last: Jones-Evans
Title: Technical entrepreneurship, experience and the management of small technology--based firms --exploratory evidence from the UK
Abstract:
The effect of previous occupational background of the technical
entrepreneur has been recognized as being highly influential on the
management of a small technology--based firm. However, while the high
technical expertise of such individuals is seen as being relevant to the
future success of a technological organization, considerable doubt has
been cast on whether technical entrepreneurs have the necessary management
skills required to manage a successful business. In fact, lack of
management expertise may lead to problems as the organization grows,
leading to considerable leadership crises at important stages of
development. Utilizing a typology based on previous organizational
background, this paper presents the results of an exploratory qualitative
study of 38 technical entrepreneurs in the UK, concentrating on an
examination of the effect of previous management experience on the
functions undertaken by the technical entrepreneur within a small
technology--based firm. The study found that, in general, entrepreneurs
assume responsibility for functions in which they had previous experience.
However, unlike other studies of entrepreneurship, there is very little
reluctance by these individuals to delegate responsibilities for
management roles of which they have very little prior knowledge or
experience.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 65-90
Issue: 1
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000004
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000004
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:1:p:65-90
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John R. Bryson
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: R. Bryson
Title: Business service firms, service space and the management of change
Abstract:
The growth of business service firms represents the latest stage in a
continuing twentieth century process of technological and organizational
restructuring of production and labour skills. It is associated with the
rising information intensiveness of production and the development of an
economy of signs. Business service activities located in service spaces
drive innóva.tions both in production technology and in management
systems. The co-presence of business service firms with their clients as
well as other business service firms shapes the possibilities of trust
between them. A detailed case study of the way in which large client firms
utilize the services of independent business service companies is
provided. This is followed by an examination of the relationship between
small firms and business service expertise. A dual information economy may
be developing in which large firms are able to search for specialist
business service expertise irrespective of its location, while SMEs are
tied into local providers of more generalist expertise.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 93-112
Issue: 2
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000005
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000005
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:2:p:93-112
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Can Erutku
Author-X-Name-First: Can
Author-X-Name-Last: Erutku
Author-Name: Luc Vallée
Author-X-Name-First: Luc
Author-X-Name-Last: Vallée
Title: Business start-ups in today's Poland:who and how?
Abstract:
Poland provides a prime opportunity to study the emergence of businesses
in newly formed capitalist economies and to compare this process with
business creation elsewhere. Small businesses, which were virtually absent
in Poland from 1940 to 1990, have now become, and are likely to remain,
the engine of the economy in the years to come. At the same time, large
state-owned firms are slowly being reorganized and privatized. In this
context, determining the key factors that explain the successes and
failures of private businesses in Poland should be of special interest to
policy-makers in that country.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 113-126
Issue: 2
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000006
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000006
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:2:p:113-126
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul. Westhead
Author-X-Name-First: Paul.
Author-X-Name-Last: Westhead
Title: Ambitions, external environment and strategic factor differences between family and non--family companies
Abstract:
Family firms are regarded as an important phenomenon throughout the
world. It is, however, surprizing to note that empirical research
surrounding the ambitions, ‘external’ environments and
strategies of family firms is scarce. This exploratory paper addresses
this research gap. To detect real rather than sample differences between
independent family i and non--family unquoted companies in the UK, a
matched sample methodology was utilized. In total, data was collected on
51 variables. Chi--square tests revealed 16 statistically significant
contrasts between the two matched groups of companies. A discriminant
analysis model, in addition, revealed the combination of variables that
best dichotomized family from non--family companies. This model confirmed
that family companies faced a number of unique issues that influ--enced
their competitive stance. Interestingly, family companies that were
resistant to change and unaware of emerging industry and market
opportunities were markedly less likely to have focused upon technology
concerns in order to improve their competitive position.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 127-158
Issue: 2
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000007
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000007
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:2:p:127-158
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alain Thierstein
Author-X-Name-First: Alain
Author-X-Name-Last: Thierstein
Author-Name: Manfred Walser
Author-X-Name-First: Manfred
Author-X-Name-Last: Walser
Title: Sustainable regional development the squaring of the circle or a gimmick?
Abstract:
In 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, 179 countries agreed on three declarations
including Agenda 21. The concept of Sustainable Development (SD) became a
triumph in both speeches and potential concepts. The various meanings of
‘sustainable development’ led to a confusion of Babylonian
proportions. The obvious overloading of the term to meet high expectations
makes it much more difficult to set into practice. The clever construction
of the Rio Declaration allows for opportunities that must not be
squandered. The strength of SD as a concept lies in the complexity of the
problem and its high degree of commitment among signing members. In this
study, SD will be investigated for its applicability; the authors consider
the quality of the concept of SD and the handling of the complexity of SD.
A two-strategy approach is developed: the difference between the global
project ‘SD’ and the short-run mastery of the SD problem.
Such statements need to be investigated and measured against the global
context of SD. SD can then be integrated into the concept of regional
‘sustainable development’.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 159-174
Issue: 2
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000008
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000008
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:2:p:159-174
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Holmquist Carin
Author-X-Name-First: Holmquist
Author-X-Name-Last: Carin
Title: Guest editorial
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 179-182
Issue: 3
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000009
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000009
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:3:p:179-182
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jerome A. Katz
Author-X-Name-First: Jerome
Author-X-Name-Last: A. Katz
Author-Name: Pamela M. Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Pamela
Author-X-Name-Last: M. Williams
Title: Gender, self-employment and weak-tie networking through formal organizations
Abstract:
Aldrich and colleagues have used intensive study of samples of
convenience in their research on social networking among female
entrepreneurs. This means that several questions remain only partially
answered. Foremost among these is the incidence of social networking
itself, differences in the level of networking between female
entrepreneurs and logical comparison groups - male entrepreneurs and
female salaried managers, and that most networking theories are developed
for strong--tie rather than weak--tie processes. Building on the
conceptualizations of Aldrich and colleagues, we chose a secondary
analysis approach to a neglected aspect of social networking, weak--tie
network linkage in formal organizations, using a representative sample of
American self--employed and salaried managers drawn from the General
Social Survey (GSS). The results suggest that entrepreneurs' weak--tie
network efforts are less than those of managers, with female entrepreneurs
engaging in weak--tie networking less than salaried male managers.
Explanations of why these results differ from studies by Aldrich and
colleagues, and implications for future research, are given.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 183-198
Issue: 3
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000010
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000010
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:3:p:183-198
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Susan Marlow
Author-X-Name-First: Susan
Author-X-Name-Last: Marlow
Title: Self--employed women — new opportunities, old challenges?
Abstract:
In this paper it is argued that the gender of an individual entering
self--employment will significantly affect the experience of owning a
business. Given that women are subject to patriarchal pressures that
underlie their subordination in society, it is argued that being female
will affect the experience of self--employment from initiation of the
firm, to development of the enterprise through to the manner of daily
management challenges. This hypothesis is evaluated through a matched
study of male and female small business owners where the effect of gender
upon the experiences of small firm ownership is evaluated.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 199-210
Issue: 3
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000011
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000011
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:3:p:199-210
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nancy M. Carter
Author-X-Name-First: Nancy
Author-X-Name-Last: M. Carter
Author-Name: Kathleen R. Allen
Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen
Author-X-Name-Last: R. Allen
Title: Size determinants of women-owned businesses: choice or barriers to resources?
Abstract:
Although one of the fastest growing segments of the US economy,
women-owned Businesses still lag behind men-owned businesses in size as
measured by sales and income. This study examines women-owned businesses
in the adolescent stage of their life cycle to determine whether firms
that are larger than the typical women-owned businesses are so because
their owner's lifestyle intentions and choice differ or because size is
linked directly to the resources that the entrepreneurs control. The
results indicate that having access to financial resources and emphasizing
the financial aspects of the business overwhelm the effects of the
entrepreneur's lifestyle intention or choice on their chances for having
large businesses.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 211-220
Issue: 3
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000012
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000012
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:3:p:211-220
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ted baker
Author-X-Name-First: Ted
Author-X-Name-Last: baker
Author-Name: howard E. aldrich
Author-X-Name-First: howard
Author-X-Name-Last: E. aldrich
Author-Name: liou nina
Author-X-Name-First: liou
Author-X-Name-Last: nina
Title: Invisible entrepreneurs:the neglect of women business owners by mass media and scholarly journals in the USA
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 221-238
Issue: 3
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000013
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000013
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:3:p:221-238
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nilsson Pernilla
Author-X-Name-First: Nilsson
Author-X-Name-Last: Pernilla
Title: Business counselling services directed towards female entrepreneurs - some legitimacy dilemmas
Abstract:
This paper follows on from a governmental business support programme
directed towards female entrepreneurs in the rural districts of Sweden.
The implementation of a gender segregated business counselling service is
discussed from feminist and neo-institutional perspectives. The intention
is to explore the components of the counselling service's identity
formation within an institutionalized field of business. Female
entrepreneurship as ‘the other’ leads 1.0 legitimacy
dilemmas concerning the interactions between the counselling service and
the Local Enterprise Boards. The study illustrates a situation where
legitimacy is acquired by directing the search-light to external
resources.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 239-258
Issue: 3
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000014
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000014
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:3:p:239-258
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Berg Nina Gunnerud
Author-X-Name-First: Berg
Author-X-Name-Last: Nina Gunnerud
Title: Gender, place and entrepreneurship
Abstract:
In this paper it is argued that feminist geographies may contribute to
new insights about entrepreneurship. First, the implicit masculinism of
conventional entrepreneurship research is challenged. Second, different
conceptions of place and gender are explored to demonstrate that the way
we conceive of place and gender is crucial to our understanding of
entrepreneurship. Third, the interweaving of place, gender and
entrepreneurship is focused. It is concluded that when studying
entrepreneurs one is studying gendered individuals in gendered places. The
difference that place makes to gender relations and entrepreneurship
should be taken into account.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 259-268
Issue: 3
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000015
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000015
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:3:p:259-268
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David L. Rigby
Author-X-Name-First: David L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Rigby
Author-Name: Micheal J. Webber
Author-X-Name-First: Micheal J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Webber
Title: The forms and determinants of technological change in US manufacturing†
Abstract:
An evolutionary model of process-induced technological change is
outlined. The model identifies processes of innovation, imitation,
selection, and entry and exit. The theoretical impact of these processes
on the rate and direction of technological change is specified. The model
of technological change is estimated for the US manufacturing sector
between 1965 and 1990 and for 20 individual manufacturing industries. The
post-war history of process-induced innovation in the manufacturing sector
of the US reveals that the pace and direction of technical change has been
dominated by the effects of selection and by the entry and exit of
marginal firms rather than by innovation and imitation. Thus, the movement
of production costs has been driven more by changes in the structure of
the market within which manufacturing firms operate than by changes in the
pace of‘real’ technical change. Most accounts of
technological change, at least in the case of the US manufacturing sector,
exaggerate the impact of innovation and imitation on unit costs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 273-298
Issue: 4
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000016
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000016
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:4:p:273-298
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jawad Inayatullah
Author-X-Name-First: Jawad
Author-X-Name-Last: Inayatullah
Author-Name: Sue Birley
Author-X-Name-First: Sue
Author-X-Name-Last: Birley
Title: The Orangi Pilot Project: the evaluation of a micro-enterprise credit institution
Abstract:
This paper evaluates the functioning of the Orangi Pilot Project, a
credit institution set up to invest in small scale enterprises in a large
slum in Karachi. Despite severe poverty and street violence, the project
extended loans to 4382 businesses between 1987 and 1996. Of these, 58%
were closed at the time of the study, with 94% having fully repaid the
loan within the time agreed. The paper examines the reasons for this high
success rate and concludes that the institute had developed efficient and
robust lending procedures which were innovative, disciplined and
streamlined. Case studies of typical investments are presented to
illustrate both the nature of the investee businesses and the role of the
loan officers and field personnel.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 299-318
Issue: 4
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000017
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000017
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:4:p:299-318
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John B Miner
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: B Miner
Title: A psychological typology and its relationship to entrepreneurial success
Abstract:
This research indicates that typologies covering multiple types of
entrepreneurs are applicable within the realm of entrepreneurial
personality. Four such personality types - personal achievers, real
managers, expert idea generators, and empathic supersalespeople - are
identified, and shown to be related to subsequent entrepreneurial success.
The evidence indicates that entrepreneurial talent may be gauged in terms
of the number of these patterns present in a given individual. Those with
more patterns are more likely to achieve a substantial level of success.
These results have implications for anyone whose work touches upon the
field of entrepreneurship. This paper is concerned primarily with how the
typology was developed and how the relationship of each type to
entrepreneurial success was established. The career routes that fit each
type (and which must be followed to obtain success) are considered.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 319-334
Issue: 4
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000018
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000018
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:4:p:319-334
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ivan Turok
Author-X-Name-First: Ivan
Author-X-Name-Last: Turok
Title: Evaluating European support for business development: evidence from the structural funds in Scotland
Abstract:
Small business development is a priority of the European Structural Funds
in the late 1990s. This coincides with the economic development efforts of
many European regions and nations. Policy measures include the provision
of business information, advice and counselling; grants, loans and equity
investment; schemes for management and workforce development; assistance
for innovation and technical development; and infrastructural support for
marketing and training. Evaluation of the Structural Funds is generally
undeveloped because of institutional and technical difficulties. The
concept of thematic evaluation may be useful by allowing a focus on
particular issues or policies and avoiding the complexity of regional
programme-wide evalu--ations. This paper illustrates this with an
evaluation of business development policies in Central Scotland. The
evaluation examined issues concerned with the strategy and organization of
business support as well as its economic impact and effectiveness.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 335-352
Issue: 4
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000019
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000019
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:4:p:335-352
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephen Roper
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen
Author-X-Name-Last: Roper
Title: Strategic initiatives and small business performance: an exploratory analysis of Irish companies
Abstract:
Using information provided by over 450 small firms throughout Ireland
this paper examines the links between firms' strategic initiatives and
their growth, profitability and asset utilization. Strategy choice is
found to have an important and significant link to business growth and
profitability but no significant link to asset utilization. Growth and
profitability linkages, however, often operated in opposite directions.
For example, strategies designed to centralize the ownership or control of
sample businesses were positively associated with business growth but had
negative profitability links. Similar results were evident for a number of
market and systems strategies. The implication is that the appropriate
strategy choices for a firm depend strongly on the firm's business
priorities. The strongest growth associations were with the introduction
of management accounting systems, the introduction of new or improved
products and moves to centralize ownership. For businesses with broader
development objectives, new product development, export market development
and moves towards more consensual managerial approaches had positive
profitability, growth and asset utilization links.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 353-364
Issue: 4
Volume: 9
Year: 1997
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629700000020
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629700000020
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:9:y:1997:i:4:p:353-364
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Denis Maillat
Author-X-Name-First: Denis
Author-X-Name-Last: Maillat
Title: Innovative milieux and new generations of regional policies
Abstract:
The main objective of regional policy is to reduce regional differences.
The means by which this objective is reached have changed considerably. In
this paper, four generations of regional policy are discussed. The first
generation, dating back to the beginning of the sixties and a time of
economic growth, was based on the principle of distribution. As of the end
of the seventies, the environment began to change, with no growth left to
distribute, but with territorial production systems to be restructured and
reorganized. The issue of distribution gave way to the issue of creating
specific territorial resources. From being of exogenous nature, regional
policy became more endogenous. Thus, the policies of the
second--generation were geared to promoting the endogenous development
capacities of each region depending on each region's specific resources.
With globalization, the opposition between endogenous and exogenous
development policies became outdated. Third--generation policies presented
a combination of endogenous and exogenous aspects aimed at creating
comparative, environmental advantages. Lastly, and more recently,
fourth--generation policies have made their appearance, revealing the need
to stimulate, in medium--sized towns, the external manifestations of
neighbourhood, variety and accessibility.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-16
Issue: 1
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000001
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000001
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:1:p:1-16
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sara Carter
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Carter
Title: Portfolio entrepreneurship in the farm sector: indigenous growth in rural areas?
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 17-32
Issue: 1
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000002
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000002
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:1:p:17-32
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Keshabanada Das
Author-X-Name-First: Keshabanada
Author-X-Name-Last: Das
Title: Collective dynamism and firm strategy: Study of an Indian industrial cluster
Abstract:
An attempt to contribute to the debate on flexibility-collectivity in
small and medium enterprises, this study presents the complex character of
a typical cluster in a developing country. It analyses various aspects of
organization of production, the process of internal differentiation,
competitive strategies of the firms, collective action and conditions of
labour. Despite the growth of SMEs, technological advancement has been
limited. Fast proliferation of business has given a boost to easy entry of
entrepreneurs with the vested motive of making a quick profit. This has
encouraged price competition based on using inferior inputs that would
tarnish the image of the cluster. Importantly, the predicament of labour
has remained a disturbing feature in such clusters. Promoting clusters
would have to be based on mutual trust and networking, especially in the
non-competitive areas such as ensuring product quality and enhancing
standards of employment.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 33-49
Issue: 1
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000003
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000003
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:1:p:33-49
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Barbara Orser
Author-X-Name-First: Barbara
Author-X-Name-Last: Orser
Author-Name: Sandy Hogarth-Scott
Author-X-Name-First: Sandy
Author-X-Name-Last: Hogarth-Scott
Title: Case analysis of Canadian self--employment assistance programming-super-1
Abstract:
Governmentslsaquo;Perceptions of the importance of self--employment is
underscored by the growing number of publicly--supported self--employment
training schemes. This study contrasts findings from two Canadian case
studies on self--employment programming. The scope of issues inherent in
programme assessment are presented. Findings suggest that the make--up of
the assessment team and methodology employed impact the criteria used and
interpretation of programme effectiveness. Programme stakeholders include
participants, training and programme delivery agents, policy--makers,
unions, business owners, and employment equity groups. Recommendations
include the use of more inclusive assessment criteria in monitoring
programme impact, criteria that include changes to participantsrsaquo;
lifestyle, work/family relationships, longer--term earning patterns,
income stability, the quality of work life, etc. Evaluation criteria from
which agencies can model future programme assessments including
measurement characteristics of the costs and benefits for stakeholders are
provided.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 51-69
Issue: 1
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000004
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000004
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:1:p:51-69
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Autio Erkko
Author-X-Name-First: Autio
Author-X-Name-Last: Erkko
Author-Name: Yli--Renko Helena
Author-X-Name-First: Yli--Renko
Author-X-Name-Last: Helena
Title: New, technology--based firms as agents of technological rejuvenation
Abstract:
In this paper the catalysing impact of new, technology--based firms in
industrial technolog--ical renewal is analysed. New, technology--based
firms are studied from the resource--based perspective, as concentrations
of technological competencies that operate in industrial networks. The
empirical database contains information on nearly 400 Finnish new,
technology--based firms. The empirical evidence suggests that new,
technology--based firms tend to operate in envir--onments where the
notions of the resource--based perspective are of high relevance, striving
to generate economic profit through the innovative combination of their
knowledge resources with those provided by their operating environment.
The technology links and value--creation mechanisms depicted by the sample
firms are in line with the Pavitt taxonomy, and help to understand why the
bulk of the population of new, technology--based firms are not growth
oriented. This paper argues that new, technology--based firms can
catalyse economic growth without growing themselves, by contributing to
the dynamism of regional innovation systems.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 71-92
Issue: 1
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000005
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000005
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:1:p:71-92
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giuliano Bianchi
Author-X-Name-First: Giuliano
Author-X-Name-Last: Bianchi
Title: Requiem for the Third Italy? Rise and Fall of a too succesful concept
Abstract:
This paper reviews first the long controversy that finally led to
recognition that dualistic models (North versus South) were no longer
suitable for understanding the multi-regional differentiation of
contemporary Italian development, since that development had generated a
new geo-economic formation labelled as ‘peripheral economy’
or ‘Third Italy’, whose speciific development agent had been
small enterprise spatial systems, later named with terms that were newly
coined (‘system areas’) or rediscovered (the Marshallian
‘industrial district’). Frorn that point onwards, the
Italian as well as the international debates on small enterprise spatial
systems (SESSs), and especially on industrial districts, record attitudes
oscillating from being passionately in favour to being hypercritical but,
in both cases, strongly ideologized. The Third Italy's case supplies a
pertinent example of the risk of ideologizing a scientific controversy.
Despite the continuing emphasis put on their past performances, the most
recent difficulties of the SESSs to cope with post-industrial transition
pose the question of whether and to what extent the Third Italy concept
can hold its former epistemological and interpretative power. Components
and mechanisms of the SESSs currently affected by the post-industrial
processes are identified by means of three stylized schemes (the
production, spatial and social models of an SESS). A brief overview of the
evolution of the Italian regions from 1951-91 supports the assumption that
the SESSs have been the dynamic agent of both the genesis and the
dissolution of the Third Italy. The conclusions of the paper can be
summarized as follows: 1 SESSs, even in their most illustrious form, the
industrial district, are concrete geo-historical formations and not
abstract timeless constructions to be studied in their processes of
genesis, decline and transformation; 2 ideological stereotypes impeded,
some two decades ago, the recognition of the specificity of Italian
development and, in particular, that of the Third Italy with its SESSs; 3
this ‘distraction’ hindered the timely adoption of
appropriate policies; and 4 it would be ironic if an innovative analysis
such as that which led to the identification and the conceptualization of
industrial districts and the Third Italy now became a new stereotype.
Hence further empirical field research is required which can protect the
considerable accumulation of knowledge about small enterprise spatial
systems from the risk of becoming an ideological faith far from reality.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 93-116
Issue: 2
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000006
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000006
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:2:p:93-116
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: chell Elizabeth
Author-X-Name-First: chell
Author-X-Name-Last: Elizabeth
Author-Name: susan baines
Author-X-Name-First: susan
Author-X-Name-Last: baines
Title: Does gender affect business ‘performance’? A study of microbusinesses in business services in the UK
Abstract:
There is a dearth of studies that have examined the issue of the impact
of gender on business performance. Three problems are evident in this
earlier work:(1) the need to expose theoretical assumptions; (2) the
adequacy of methodologies adopted; and (3) apparent equivocal results. A
theme running through much of this work is whether the concept of
‘performance’ is itself gendered. This paper confines itself
to addressing three research questions in respect of the impact of gender
of business owner on business performance. The field data comprise a
sample of 104 microbusinesses in business services in two
locations-Newcastle upon Tyne and Milton Keynes, in the UK. The results
show (1) no significant difference between the performance of the
businesses of sole male and sole female owners, (2) clear evidence of the
underperformance of spouse-owned businesses, (3) no support for the
hypothesis that women have an ‘integrated approach’ to their
business and personal lives (in contrast to men), and (4) evidence that
cultural presuppositions about gender roles were most clearly demonstrated
in the spouse-owned businesses.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 117-135
Issue: 2
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000007
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000007
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:2:p:117-135
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark S. Freel
Author-X-Name-First: Mark S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Freel
Title: Evolution, innovation and learning: evidence from case studies
Abstract:
Whilst considerable work has addressed the characteristics of innovative
small firms and their aggregate contribution to economic growth and
development, the internal processes of learning and innovation have
remained relatively neglected. Drawing upon evolutionary ideas within
economics and the broader social sciences, this paper begins the
development of an appropriate process theory of learning within innovative
small firms. The theory conceptualizes; the skills of the firm in terms of
organizational routines. These routines are subject to self--reinforcing,
path--dependent development which result in the tendency towards lock--in
within product innovative small firms. Amongst other things suggested by
the paper are the need to augment the knowledge bases of technically
driven firms and the need for training policy differentiation between
product innovative small firms and their more mainstream counterparts.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 137-149
Issue: 2
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000008
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000008
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:2:p:137-149
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Felsenstein
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Felsenstein
Author-Name: Aliza Fleischer
Author-X-Name-First: Aliza
Author-X-Name-Last: Fleischer
Author-Name: Adi Sidi
Author-X-Name-First: Adi
Author-X-Name-Last: Sidi
Title: Market failure and the estimation of subsidy size in a regional entrepreneurship programme
Abstract:
Capital subsidy programmes aimed at small businesses attempt to
compensate for market failures that exist in the conventional financing
markets. The existence of these market failures means that some small
firms can be denied access to credit despite the fact that they have
viable business projects. This rejection occurs because the ‘risk
profile’ of the small business is likely to be weighted by factors
other than project viability such as ownership structure, business
experience and location of the firm. Information on firms with these
characteristics is often limited and thus they are overlooked by otherwise
well-functioning credit markets. This paper presents an empirical
examination of the subsidy embodied in a capital assistance programme that
addresses this situation. Data are analysed pertaining to nearly 500 loans
and loan guarantees authorized for small businesses in peripheral regions
in Israel over the period 1993--95. The gross size of the subsidy embodied
in the programme is calculated and a methodology is presented. Employment
impacts of the programme are also presented. On this basis, the magnitude
of the subsidy-per-job is estimated and the implications of this kind of
programme for increasing regional welfare are discussed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 151-165
Issue: 2
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000009
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000009
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:2:p:151-165
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Feiwel Kupferberg
Author-X-Name-First: Feiwel
Author-X-Name-Last: Kupferberg
Title: Humanistic entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial career commitment
Abstract:
Although the crucial role of entrepreneurs in the process of establishing
firms is common knowledge in SME research, a major theoretical problem has
been how to combine theories of ‘persons’ (entrepreneurs)
with theories of ‘organizations’ (firms). In this study I
suggest that what is missing is a dynamic or processual approach to the
study of entrepreneurs. Just as organizations change during their
development, so do persons. In order to understand how in particular new
firms come about, we should look more closely into the dynamics of
personal change that lead certain individuals to commit themselves to
entrepreneurial careers. A study of humanistic entrepreneurs in Denmark
indicates that the process of becoming an entrepreneur can be seen as a
particular kind of career commitment. The emergence of such career
commitments is analysed. Different patterns of entrepreneurial career
commitments are presented and explained in terms of both structural
conditions and biographical self--narratives.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 171-188
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000010
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000010
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:3:p:171-188
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hannu Littunen
Author-X-Name-First: Hannu
Author-X-Name-Last: Littunen
Author-Name: Esa Storhammar
Author-X-Name-First: Esa
Author-X-Name-Last: Storhammar
Author-Name: Tuomo Nenonen
Author-X-Name-First: Tuomo
Author-X-Name-Last: Nenonen
Title: The survival of firms over the critical first 3 years and the local environment
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to examine the success of new firms in
different environments and the factors affecting it. In this study the
criterion of a successful firm is that of continued functioning, and firms
are divided into two groups: those that have closed down and those that
continue after the critical first 3 years. As the basis for a regional
analysis the authors look first at the differences between these two
groups in terms of the characteristics of firms and entrepreneurs. The
regional distribution of the firms that closed down is then examined,
followed by an analysis of the regional differences in the characteristics
of all the firms and entrepreneurs studied. Regional differences were
found in the closing down of firms as well as in the factors explaining
the continuation/closing down of business activities. Explanations for the
success of firms were found in the characteristic of the entrepreneur, the
success of the start--up phase, and in the characteristics of the firm
itself. The effects of the environment on firms can thus be seen through
these variables.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 189-202
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000011
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000011
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:3:p:189-202
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Judit Karsai
Author-X-Name-First: Judit
Author-X-Name-Last: Karsai
Author-Name: Mike Wright
Author-X-Name-First: Mike
Author-X-Name-Last: Wright
Author-Name: Zbigniew Dudzinski
Author-X-Name-First: Zbigniew
Author-X-Name-Last: Dudzinski
Author-Name: Jan Morovic
Author-X-Name-First: Jan
Author-X-Name-Last: Morovic
Title: Screening and valuing venture capital investments: evidence from Hungary, Poland and Slovakia
Abstract:
This paper examines the screening and valuation approaches used by
venture capital firms in emerging markets using evidence from surveys of
venture capital firms in Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. The results show
notable differences in the state of development and operation of the
venture capital markets both between the three countries and in comparison
with the developed UK venture capital market, especially in relation to
the degree of equity ownership sought by venture capitalists, the
information used in deal screening and valuation methods.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 203-224
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000012
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000012
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:3:p:203-224
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carter Sara
Author-X-Name-First: Carter
Author-X-Name-Last: Sara
Author-Name: Rosa Peter
Author-X-Name-First: Rosa
Author-X-Name-Last: Peter
Title: The financing of male-- and female--owned businesses
Abstract:
Whether female entrepreneurs are disadvantaged in financing their
business has been an important policy theme within the gender and
enterprise literature. The question has remained controversial, as
different methodological approaches have yielded contradictory results. A
particular challenge is how we can best move on from exploratory research
to more rigorous methods needed to separate gender differences from other
causative agents. This paper presents new data on the sources and uses of
finance by male and female proprietors using data obtained from a
customized academic survey of 600 (300 male--owned and 300 female--owned)
British businesses, part of a 3--year study on the impact of gender and
small business management. The results show quantifiable gender
differences in certain areas of business financing, although
intra--sectoral similarities demonstrate that gender is only one of a
number of variables that affect the financing process.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 225-242
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000013
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000013
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:3:p:225-242
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert J. Bennett
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: J. Bennett
Title: Business associations and their potential contribution to the competitiveness of SMEs
Abstract:
This paper examines the relations between small and medium sized
enterprises (SMEs) and business associations. It identifies sectoral,
local and national dimensions and reports survey results in Britain that
evidence the range of services supplied and demanded. The paper reviews
the theoretical understanding of how associations operate and how they can
be expected to relate to their SME members. Using this framework the paper
then assesses, largely using new survey evidence, the types of
associations most relevant to SMEs, their characteristics, and their
services. The paper concludes by arguing that SMEs are one of the least
well represented groups of business, their interests are often likely to
be swamped in association governance either by large businesses or by
employee--status individuals. In general there are also limits to
development of services through business associations, although there is
strong variation between businesses by sector, location and size. The
author concludes that contributions by associations through specific
services to individual companies appears to be relatively limited. The
chief contribution of associations to competitiveness of their member
businesses appears to be their improvement of collective industry
standards, e.g. through codes of conduct, information, collective events,
benchmarking and management seminars.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 243-260
Issue: 3
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000014
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000014
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:3:p:243-260
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alan D. MacPherson
Author-X-Name-First: Alan D.
Author-X-Name-Last: MacPherson
Title: Academic-industry linkages and small firm innovation: evidence from the scientific instruments sector
Abstract:
This paper explores the role of academic linkages in the product
development efforts of small and medium-sized manufacturing firms (SMFs).
Data from a sample of 204 SMFs in New York State's scientific instruments
sector suggest that university research units can play a helpful role in
small firm innovation. Knowledge spillovers from the academic sector are
shown to be geographically localized. A key finding is that the intensity
of academic-SMF interaction varies inversely with the time-distance that
separates firms from major campuses. A related finding is that innovation
rates are higher among SMFs that enjoy close proximity to academic
resources. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the role of
micro-geographical factors in regional knowledge diffusion.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 261-276
Issue: 4
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000015
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000015
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:4:p:261-276
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Hassink
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Hassink
Author-Name: Michelle Wood
Author-X-Name-First: Michelle
Author-X-Name-Last: Wood
Title: Geographic ‘clustering’ in the German opto electronics industry
Abstract:
The dynamics of industrial clustering and its implications for regional
development present important challenges for research in economic
geography. Awareness of the potential economic and innovative benefits
from the geographic ‘clustering’ of firms in related
industries is longstanding. In turn, the means of aiding and promoting
such clustering forms an important focus for government agencies and other
support organizations. This paper aims to explore these issues by drawing
on empirical evidence from the opto--electronics industry in Germany. In
sum, the paper argues that, indeed, there appears to be geographic
clustering in the opto--electronics industry in Germany, notably in the
region of Thuringia, around Jena, and in the Munich area. The contrasting
experiences of Jena and Munich suggest, however, that geographic
clustering in high--technology industry does not necessarily lead to R&D
collaboration and innovation. Further, in--depth research is required to
determine the conditions under which geographic clustering is beneficial
to innovation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 277-296
Issue: 4
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000016
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000016
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:4:p:277-296
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bengt Johannissson
Author-X-Name-First: Bengt
Author-X-Name-Last: Johannissson
Title: Personal networks in emerging knowledge-based firms: spatial and functional patterns
Abstract:
The commercialization of high technology and professional knowledge is
often organized by individuals and firms within networks. Operational
models of the personal network entrepreneurs build both individually
(egocentric networks) and collectively as members of the small--firm
clusters (sociocentric networks), which are presented and applied to
Swedish data. Entrepreneurs in knowledge--based firms, when compared with
traditional firms, invest more time in networking and also build more
focused networks. Academic entrepreneurs in science parks establish less
dense local networks than traditional entrepreneurs in the industrial
districts. A panel analysis suggests that the differences between
knowledge--based and traditional firms with respect to personal networking
are reduced over time.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 297-312
Issue: 4
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000017
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000017
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:4:p:297-312
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Benson Honig
Author-X-Name-First: Benson
Author-X-Name-Last: Honig
Title: Who gets the goodies? An examination of microenterprise credit in Jamaica
Abstract:
This research examines the lending decisions made by microenterprise
credit support pro--grammes in Jamaica, focusing on what types of owners
of firms successfully obtain loans. Utilizing agency theory, human capital
and social capital theories, the study examines what types of borrowers
successfully navigate the credit market nurtured by non--governmental
orga--nizations (NGOs). It is based on field research comparing five
organizations, evaluating the loan process and characteristics of each
lender, with a study of their market, utilizing interviews conducted with
entrepreneurs of 254 informal sector firms. The study first describes and
exam--ines the organizational character of the loan agencies, to discern
their effect on the loan granting process. Subsequent analysis examines
the characteristics of those individuals who received loans, and compares
them with those who did not.
The research shows that the behaviour
of NGO microenterprise credit institutions in Jamaica conform closely to
predictions based on agency theory, behaving very differently from banks,
credit unions, informal lending associations and families. Although the
bureaucratic mechan--isms and organizational goals and objectives were
found to be quite similar among the five different NGO credit agencies
studied, each lender varied considerably in their tacit selection criteria
of their clientele. The research underscores the importance of social
capital and human capital on the lending process.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 313-334
Issue: 4
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000018
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000018
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:4:p:313-334
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lybaert Nadine
Author-X-Name-First: Lybaert
Author-X-Name-Last: Nadine
Title: The association between information gathering and success in industrial SMEs:the case of Belgium
Abstract:
The proposition that having adequate information and a sound information
system can bring about competitive advantages has been stated and
demonstrated many times. Although the potential importance for success of
acquiring and processing information has been stressed for small companies
as well, empirical research that focuses on this issue has been scarce in
Belgium. This study tries to fill the gap by gaining some insights into
the importance of information use for the performance of Belgian small and
medium enterprises (SMEs). Data supplied by a sample of 208 Flemish
industrial SMEs with a staff size of 20 to 100 people are presented. They
support the contention that firms that use more information had better
results in the past. Also, the results concerning expected performance
confirm the formulated hypothesis.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 335-351
Issue: 4
Volume: 10
Year: 1998
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985629800000019
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985629800000019
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:10:y:1998:i:4:p:335-351
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: MICHAEL TAYLOR
Author-X-Name-First: MICHAEL
Author-X-Name-Last: TAYLOR
Title: The small firm as a temporary coalition
Abstract:
The small firm is frequently cast as a key player in processes of local
economic growth. In the literature supporting this view, the nature of the
small firm remains largely opaque with little attention being given to
real people running real firms. The small firm is treated as atomistic and
the ‘business enterprise’ as an object is assumed to
coincide with processes of enterprise and the actions of individuals being
‘enterprising’. The paper develops an alternative view of
the small firm as a networked temporary coalition. To develop this view,
six existing perspectives on small firms are reviewed and the networked
temporary coalitions perspective is elaborated through two case studies of
manufacturing and service coalitions. A review of existing research
suggests that a third of small firms appear to fit this model. The
temporary coalition is interpreted as mirroring relationships in the
‘gift economy’ and ‘reciprocal’ modes of
exchange.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-19
Issue: 1
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283263
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283263
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:1:p:1-19
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: PETER ROSA
Author-X-Name-First: PETER
Author-X-Name-Last: ROSA
Title: The prevalence of multiple owners and directors in the SME sector: implications for our understanding of start-up and growth
Abstract:
The contribution of portfolio entrepreneurs to the business birth rate
has not been systematically researched. To explore this a triangulation
approach is adopted involving three data sets: an analysis of a one year's
new company incorporations in Scotland; a re-analysis of a survey of 600
male- and female-owned businesses in three industry sectors; and an
analysis of a practitioner selected data set of successful Scottish
entrepreneurs (‘local heroes’). The paper reports that
multiple ownership and cross-linkages between firms are extensive (up to
40% of limited companies may be involved) and occur in reduced frequencies
in sole traders and partnerships. There is also a strong gender effect
with men much more likely to diversify their business portfolios than
women. Failure rates were also low in associated companies, implying that
growing clusters of companies rather than single ones may be more
efficient. The highest rates of inter-company links were found in the
sample of high growth companies. The study confirms the prevalence and
importance of inter-firm links to the process of new firm creation, but
more research is required to explore multiple directorships as a proxy for
business ownership or portfolio entrepreneurship. There are policy
implications of shifting the unit of analysis from the firm to the
entrepreneur. On the one hand perhaps ‘no policy’ is best,
if the business community is adequately recreating and growing by itself
through these ownership, control and transference mechanisms. On the other
hand, there may be a need for better segmentation, to identify true novice
entrants who are not linked to the business community. Further, picking
winners and losers may not be possible at the level of the firm, but may
be more feasible at the level of entrepreneurs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 21-37
Issue: 1
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283272
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283272
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:1:p:21-37
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: MATTHEW GORTON
Author-X-Name-First: MATTHEW
Author-X-Name-Last: GORTON
Title: Spatial variations in markets served by UK-based small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
Abstract:
This paper considers the existence of spatial variations in the
geographical markets served by UK-based SMEs. This topic has largely been
ignored within the existing literature and there is little evidence on how
the dependence of SMEs on local, national and international markets varies
spatially. In dealing with this weakness a standardized postal
questionnaire was distributed to SMEs in two study areas: one economically
peripheral and, the other, an economic core area. The results show that
peripheral firms supply a significantly higher percentage of goods and
services to local markets (when controlling for life-cycle and sectoral
differences). In contrast, core firms are more oriented to the whole
region to which they belong and to national markets, but rather
surprisingly there are no significant statistical differences with regard
to exporting.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 39-55
Issue: 1
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283281
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283281
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:1:p:39-55
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: CHRISTOS KALANTARIDIS
Author-X-Name-First: CHRISTOS
Author-X-Name-Last: KALANTARIDIS
Title: Processes of innovation among manufacturing SMEs: the experience of Bedfordshire
Abstract:
This paper contributes to the study of innovative SMEs in two ways.
First, the entirety of recent work focuses upon success cases of local
innovation systems at the expense of less successful areas, which are thus
in greater need of policy intervention. This paper aspires to address this
gap in the literature by focusing on the experience of an area
(Bedfordshire) characterized by low levels of innovative activity. Second,
the search for the factors that accommodate or hinder innovation
concentrated heavily at the macro-level. Consequently, any policy
recommendations failed to distinguish between SMEs according to the extent
and nature of their previous involvement in innovation. In response the
authors develop a typology of SMEs based upon the extent and timing of
innovation; the underlined aim is to undertake a comparative analysis of
the causes, processes and obstacles to innovative activity. It is argued
that: (1) there appears to be some relationship between the size of an
enterprise and the extent of its involvement in innovation within the SME
sector; (2) there are fundamental differences in the characteristics,
processes and obstacles to innovation between the four elements of the
typology; and (3) at the micro-level innovative activity does not appear
to be positively related to job creation. Thus, increasing the innovative
propensity of SMEs will not necessarily reduce unemployment rates.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 57-78
Issue: 1
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283290
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283290
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:1:p:57-78
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: ANTONIO VAZQUEZ-BARQUERO
Author-X-Name-First: ANTONIO
Author-X-Name-Last: VAZQUEZ-BARQUERO
Title: Inward investment and endogenous development. The convergence of the strategies of large firms and territories?
Abstract:
Inward investment is often understood as an inadequate instrument for
self-sustained growth and as being responsible for the insufficient
development of peripheral areas. Globalization and increasing competition
within the markets, however, changed the firms' and regions' adjustment
environment, and led to the convergence of spatial strategies of the large
innovative firms and the development strategies of regional and local
governments. This process contributes toward the integration of the
external firms within local productive systems and, therefore, large
innovative firms can play a relevant role in endogenous development
processes. Although the convergence of strategies is not a phenomenon that
can be generalized for all types of firms and territories, a new line of
action opens up that permits improved productive restructuring and
economic development, even in less favoured and peripheral regions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 79-93
Issue: 1
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283308
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283308
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:1:p:79-93
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: MONDER RAM
Author-X-Name-First: MONDER
Author-X-Name-Last: RAM
Title: Trading places: the ethnographic process in small firms' research
Abstract:
Ethnography has gained increasing acceptance as a valuable means of
analysing the dynamic nature of life in small enterprises. This paper
focuses on the process of ‘exchange’ between researcher and
researched, which emerged as a key issue in a year-long ethnographic
investigation of employment relations in three small firms.
‘Exchange’ has connotations of trading, bargaining and
negotiation. Although these practices have been implied in previous
studies using ethnography, they were central to the research reported on
here. The paper considers how the intensive level of involvement during
the research was managed, the various modes of ‘exchange’
that were negotiated, and their contribution to shaping an understanding
of employment relations in the case study firms. A number of implications
arise from the exercise. First, the ‘exchange’ process can
act as an important ‘facilitator’ of research in the
often-unpredictable arena of the small firm. Hence, it should be
acknowledged and analysed accordingly rather than seen as ancillary to
‘sound’ research. Second, managing fieldwork roles in such
contexts is as much a creative act as it is a ‘scientific’
procedure. Finally, theorizing these processes can deepen understanding of
substantive research issues, which is perhaps the key contribution of
ethnographic work.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 95-108
Issue: 2
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283218
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283218
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:2:p:95-108
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: DAVID SMALLBONE
Author-X-Name-First: DAVID
Author-X-Name-Last: SMALLBONE
Author-Name: DAVID NORTH
Author-X-Name-First: DAVID
Author-X-Name-Last: NORTH
Author-Name: CHRISTOS KALANTARIDIS
Author-X-Name-First: CHRISTOS
Author-X-Name-Last: KALANTARIDIS
Title: Adapting to peripherality: a study of small rural manufacturing firms in northern England
Abstract:
Using empirical data drawn from two studies of manufacturing SMEs in
‘remote’ rural areas in northern England, the paper examines
some of the ways in which firms have adapted to the characteristics of
their local external environment over a 16-year period. The evidence
presented suggests that in both the 1980s and 1990s successful adaptation
to local conditions in peripheral rural regions included: proactive
product and market development to overcome the limited size and scope of
local markets; a labour-intensive development path to exploit the
potential advantages of remote rural labour markets; and a relatively low
level of subcontracting-out of production activities. The study also shows
that whilst the recession of the early 1990s had an impact on the annual
profitability and sales growth performance of rural manufacturing SMEs,
its impact on their survivability was less than might be expected.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 109-127
Issue: 2
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283227
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283227
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:2:p:109-127
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: PAUL WESTHEAD
Author-X-Name-First: PAUL
Author-X-Name-Last: WESTHEAD
Author-Name: STEPHEN BATSTONE
Author-X-Name-First: STEPHEN
Author-X-Name-Last: BATSTONE
Title: Perceived benefits of a managed science park location
Abstract:
This study explores the benefits of a managed science park location in
the UK for independent technology-based firms. Property needs of
independent technology-based firms located on managed science parks are
compared with the property needs of technologybased firms located on
non-managed parks. The role played by the science park manager/ director
in the development of firms located on managed and non-managed science
parks is also explored. Conclusions and implications for policy-makers and
practitioners are detailed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 129-154
Issue: 2
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283236
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283236
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:2:p:129-154
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: ROBERT J. BENNETT
Author-X-Name-First: ROBERT J.
Author-X-Name-Last: BENNETT
Author-Name: PAUL J. A. ROBSON
Author-X-Name-First: PAUL J. A.
Author-X-Name-Last: ROBSON
Title: The use of external business advice by SMEs in Britain
Abstract:
This paper reports new survey results on the extent, sourcing and impact
of external business advice to SMEs in Britain. The survey, covering 2547
respondents, is the largest and most definitive assessment to date. Its
results demonstrate the very wide extent of external advice: used by 95%
of respondent SMEs, an increase from 85.8% in a similar survey in 1991.
The analysis of the survey assesses sources of advice in terms of the
level of trust that exists between the supplier and the SME client. The
market appears to be strongly segmented and dominated by high trust
specialist sources (accountants, lawyers), customers, suppliers and
business friends. Business associations and government-backed sources play
an important but lesser role. The recent government initiative of Business
Link has, however, established an important market, used by 27% of
respondents. Impact assessments confirm the significance of high trust
private sector suppliers for the most crucial supplies of advice.
Variations in use occur by SME type chiefly by size but also by sector and
growth record. Generally levels of use vary by SME type to a greater
extent than levels of impact.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 155-180
Issue: 2
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283245
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283245
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:2:p:155-180
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: JARI J. RITSILA
Author-X-Name-First: JARI J.
Author-X-Name-Last: RITSILA
Title: Regional differences in environments for enterprises
Abstract:
Over the past decade there has been a strong emphasis on the analysis of
local economic development. Current research on local development has
strongly promoted endogenous growth mechanisms, stressing factors such as
local entrepreneurship, social networks, synergy, innovativity, dynamic
learning processes and factor flexibility. Accordingly, there has been an
increasing interest in the role of innovations and their diffusion in
regional development and growth. However, few studies have focused on
lagging regions and the problems that they are faced with. This paper
attempts to chart the existing regional differences in environments for
enterprises in Finland following the concept of innovative milieu.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 187-202
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283164
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283164
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:3:p:187-202
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: ULRICH J. FRANKE
Author-X-Name-First: ULRICH J.
Author-X-Name-Last: FRANKE
Title: The virtual web as a new entrepreneurial approach to network organizations
Abstract:
The term ‘virtual organization’ has become a very popular
expression to describe a new evolving organizational form. However, for
many people it is difficult to distinguish between the different forms of
virtual organizations. From an inter-organizational perspective the
virtual organization is a network of companies. This paper reviews first
the different typologies of interorganizational networks before it
presents a case study of a stable SME network. The member companies of
this stable SME network have decided to extend their network, which leads
to a virtual web. The ‘virtual web’ is basically a pool of
independent enterprises that have generally agreed to co-operate. The
partnerships deriving from the virtual web are called ‘virtual
corporations’, which exist only for a certain period of time or for
a particular project. Both concepts are described in detail. Based on the
presented case study, possible implications of the evolution process from
a stable network to a virtual web are identified. One of the major
concerns of this development process is that it leaves the virtual web
with a managerial vacuum. A possible solution to overcome the lack of
management at the macro-organizational level is to implement the
‘net-broker concept’. The net-broker's task is to initiate
and maintain the virtual web as well as to facilitate the formation of
virtual corporations. A discussion of the traditional understanding of
entrepreneurs and the net-broker identifies the net-broker as an
entrepreneur, but an entrepreneur with a different understanding of
conducting business.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 203-229
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283173
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283173
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:3:p:203-229
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: MAUREEN KILKENNY
Author-X-Name-First: MAUREEN
Author-X-Name-Last: KILKENNY
Author-Name: LAURA NALBARTE
Author-X-Name-First: LAURA
Author-X-Name-Last: NALBARTE
Author-Name: TERRY BESSER
Author-X-Name-First: TERRY
Author-X-Name-Last: BESSER
Title: Reciprocated community support and small town - small business success
Abstract:
This paper presents an empirical test of the significance of reciprocated
community support, in contrast with traditional economic factors and
unilateral support, in the success of small businesses in small towns. The
central hypothesis is that entrepreneurs who make non-market contributions
to their community and whose community supports them, are more likely to
consider their businesses to be successful. Logistic regression is used to
analyse survey data from over 800 small businesses in 30 small towns of
the state of Iowa (USA). The authors found that the interaction effect of
an entrepreneur's service to the community, reciprocated by community
support of the business, is the single most significant determinant of
business success among dozens of indicators and characteristics of the
respondent, the business, and the small towns in the sample. In addition,
it was found that business people who feel successful expect to expand.
These findings are relevant to rural development. The expansion of
existing businesses is an important component of regional job growth.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 231-246
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283182
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283182
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:3:p:231-246
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: EDWARD J. MALECKI
Author-X-Name-First: EDWARD J.
Author-X-Name-Last: MALECKI
Author-Name: RYAN M. POEHLING
Author-X-Name-First: RYAN M.
Author-X-Name-Last: POEHLING
Title: Extroverts and introverts: small manufacturers and their information sources
Abstract:
This paper investigates the information sources used by 50 small
manufacturing firms in North Florida, USA, for a number of regulatory and
competitive purposes. Some sources are used on a regular, ongoing basis,
permitting the classification of firms as extroverts or introverts,
depending on the number of sources used. The two groups are significantly
different in their use of external information for non-routine issues that
appear. Although customers are overall the most frequently used external
information source, they are prominent only for competitive matters, such
as product development, new mandates and exporting. Government agencies,
on the other hand, are the sources most frequently turned to for
regulatory matters, including environment, worker safety and local land
use regulations. The most versatile information source for both extroverts
and introverts is the small manufacturer's network of ‘other
firms’, which is the only source used by most firms for problems
concerning labour. The detailed examination of information source usage
permits the preliminary identification of firm personality types with
respect to external information.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 247-268
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283191
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283191
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:3:p:247-268
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: ALEXEI TKACHEV
Author-X-Name-First: ALEXEI
Author-X-Name-Last: TKACHEV
Author-Name: LARS KOLVEREID
Author-X-Name-First: LARS
Author-X-Name-Last: KOLVEREID
Title: Self-employment intentions among Russian students
Abstract:
The present research investigated employment status choice intentions,
defined as the decision to enter an occupation as a waged or salaried
individual as opposed to a self-employed one. Hypotheses based on tracking
models and the theory of planned behaviour were tested on a sample of 512
Russian students from three different universities in St. Petersburg. The
results showed that the theory of planned behaviour, not tracking models
or demographics, determined employment status choice intentions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 269-280
Issue: 3
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283209
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283209
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:3:p:269-280
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pierre-Andre Julien
Author-X-Name-First: Pierre-Andre
Author-X-Name-Last: Julien
Author-Name: Louis Raymond
Author-X-Name-First: Louis
Author-X-Name-Last: Raymond
Author-Name: Real Jacob
Author-X-Name-First: Real
Author-X-Name-Last: Jacob
Author-Name: Charles Ramangalahy
Author-X-Name-First: Charles
Author-X-Name-Last: Ramangalahy
Title: Types of technological scanning in manufacturing SMEs: an empirical analysis of patterns and determinants
Abstract:
As the component of environmental scanning that is concerned with science
and technology, products, production processes, hardware and information
systems, the concept of technological scanning, especially in small
business, has received little empirical attention in the past. This paper
aims to better define the different technological scanning practices of
small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) and identify the main factors
that determine these differences. This is done without relation to
organizational effectiveness as technological scanning is but one of many
potential influences on business performance. Using data obtained from a
mail survey on the scanning practices of 324 SMEs, the study hopes to
increase our understanding of how various entrepreneurs confront various
environments in practice. The research model used is based on the notion
that, to define different technological scanning practices in small
business, four aspects must be considered: strategic orientation
(objectives pursued); types of information sought (on technologies and
their costs, human resources necessary, etc.); sources used (customers,
fairs, specialized publications, suppliers, research centres, etc.); and
scanning management practices (methods used, staff involved, level of
formalization, and integration of activities). These aspects are
contingent upon four factors: the managers' profile; their perception of
the environment; their firm's characteristics; and their information
network. A cluster analysis reveals that the sampled firms can be grouped
into four separate categories, according to the intensity of their
technological scanning activities and the type of strategy used. In the
first category, where scanning is most developed, the SMEs emphasize cost
reduction and control, followed by improvements in competitiveness; they
seek mainly financial and human resource information, and use their own
internal resources to obtain it. A second category, where scanning is
least developed, puts the emphasis on increasing production capacity and
flexibility; these SMEs seek very diverse information from many sources.
Of the two intermediate groups, one aims to diversify and increase the
quality of products and services; marketing information is obtained
through customers, suppliers and subcontractors. The other, whose scanning
is better organized, favours increasing production capacity through
innovation and market information with the help of governmental and
financial institutions. This research concludes that there is no
‘one best way’ to environmental scanning in manufacturing
SMEs, and that it all depends upon the organization, its objectives and
its environmental pressures.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 281-300
Issue: 4
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283119
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283119
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:4:p:281-300
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christian Weikl
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Weikl
Author-Name: Reinhold Grotz
Author-X-Name-First: Reinhold
Author-X-Name-Last: Grotz
Title: Transnational technology transfer of SMEs and its impact on regional development
Abstract:
Innovatory activities and the innovatory capacity of enterprises are key
factors for entrepreneurial competitiveness especially in the context of
internationalization. Transnational technology transfer can have a
positive impact on the technological capability of enterprises in the host
country and on regional economic development. The role of small and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has remained obscure in this context.
Against this background, the empirical research undertaken by the present
authors intends to clarify the role of German SMEs in the context of
internationalization with regard to transnational technology transfer and
its impact on home and host countries on an empirical basis. Therefore, a
representative postal survey of German SMEs in selected industries was
sent out (8% random sample) and complementary interviews with
matched-pairs of SMEs were conducted. The empirical results indicate that
the success of an internationalization strategy depends on the methods of
strategic orientation. Most internationalized enterprises are specialized
in certain products with a specific know-how. Against this background,
internationalization normally takes place with capital intensive forms in
important markets. Subsidiary firms, affiliates or branch plants are set
up that remain in control of the investing German company. These forms of
internationalization are chosen by enterprises that want to assure that
specific know-how, as being a critical determinant for their
competitiveness, is not transferred to third parties. The regional impact
of such a transfer is of little relevance as the partners are not
integrated into the regional networks. Theories currently discussed in
this context do not address transnational technology transfer and its
regional impact sufficiently.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 301-315
Issue: 4
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283128
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283128
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:4:p:301-315
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Hinz
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Hinz
Author-Name: Monika Jungbauer-Gans
Author-X-Name-First: Monika
Author-X-Name-Last: Jungbauer-Gans
Title: Starting a business after unemployment: characteristics and chances of success (empirical evidence from a regional German labour market)
Abstract:
Labour market policy in Germany strongly supports initiatives to found
new businesses. In addition to credit programmes with low interest rates
open to everyone, the state also supports the foundation of businesses by
the unemployed. Business founders who are entitled to receive unemployment
compensation get temporary financial assistance to start up a business on
their own. In this paper, the authors evaluate how this policy instrument
works. The analysis is based on data taken from a mail survey with
business founders who started their businesses in 1995 in the metropolitan
area of Munich. The results show that it is hard to define whether the
programme supports additional business foundations.
However, the authors have some empirical evidence that this might be the
case. In addition, the analysis did not reveal a deficit in human capital
among the unemployed founders. However, a deficit in financial resources
was detected. Unemployed founders have to negotiate higher hurdles if they
want to raise outside capital. The businesses founded by the unemployed
founders are on average as competitive as those founded by employed
founders; however, they show a slower pace of employment growth.
Furthermore, the authors demonstrate that the unemployed founders are a
highly selective sample of all the unemployed, especially if one focuses
on human capital resources. As a consequence, the effects of the programme
should be interpreted conservatively.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 317-333
Issue: 4
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283137
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283137
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:4:p:317-333
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Timo Pihkala
Author-X-Name-First: Timo
Author-X-Name-Last: Pihkala
Author-Name: Elina Varamaki
Author-X-Name-First: Elina
Author-X-Name-Last: Varamaki
Author-Name: Jukka Vesalainen
Author-X-Name-First: Jukka
Author-X-Name-Last: Vesalainen
Title: Virtual organization and the SMEs: a review and model development
Abstract:
Virtual organizations have been presented as one solution for SMEs aiming
to increase their competitiveness. This paper seeks to clarify those
preconditions that affect the abilities of SMEs to participate in virtual
organizations. The reviews on the networking literature and the
resource-based theory show that the demands that virtual organizations set
to the SMEs are substantial, and that from this point of view getting
access into this type of networking is possible only for those SMEs that
are competitive already. In the theoretical part of the paper a typology
of SMEs is created, highlighting the resource base and networking
capabilities of different MEs. The paper presents four illustrative cases,
reflecting the theoretical types. The cases bring out the nature of SME
networking as an iterative process: the more the firm participates in
networking the better it is capable of creating new co-operation. On the
other hand, if the firm is either unwilling or incapable of networking
with other firms the preconditions for participating in a virtual
organization become unreachable.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 335-349
Issue: 4
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283146
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283146
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:4:p:335-349
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Milan Zafirovski
Author-X-Name-First: Milan
Author-X-Name-Last: Zafirovski
Title: Probing into the social layers of entrepreneurship: outlines of the sociology of enterprise
Abstract:
This paper analyses entrepreneurship in an unconventional manner from the
viewpoint of conventional economic wisdom. The latter imputes to
entrepreneurship as well as development of an ‘inner logic’
of its own. In contrast with this imputation, a complex social structure
is attributed to entrepreneurship and hence to economic development.
Entrepreneurship possesses an eminently social character and is subject to
the operation of definite societal processes. Of these, of particular
relevance are cultural-historical and social-structural factors, as
exemplified in the ‘spiritual’ and institutional
preconditions of modern dynamic capitalism, including entrepreneurship. At
this juncture, the profit motive of entrepreneurship appears as a
culture-specific, institutional incentive, not as an expression of some
inborn propensity to profiteering. For human motives, preferences and
values cannot be taken as parametric, homogeneous and exogenous to
society, but as variable, heterogeneous and endogenous to it and its
culture and institutions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 351-371
Issue: 4
Volume: 11
Year: 1999
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856299283155
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856299283155
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:11:y:1999:i:4:p:351-371
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frederic Delmar
Author-X-Name-First: Frederic
Author-X-Name-Last: Delmar
Author-Name: Per Davidsson
Author-X-Name-First: Per
Author-X-Name-Last: Davidsson
Title: Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs
Abstract:
This paper reports on a unique study of a large, random sample of
business start-ups that were identified prior to the actual, commercial
launch of the ventures. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, to
present frequencies on the involvement of the Swedish population in the
small business sector (particularly in start-ups of firms) and to compare
these with estimates from Norway and the USA, which are based on studies
using a similar research design. The authors also discuss the possible
reasons for the differences that emerge between countries. Second, the
characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs (i.e.
individuals trying to start an independent business) are analysed and
compared for sub-groups within the sample and with characteristics of
business founders as they appear in theoretical accounts or retrospective
empirical studies of surviving all firms. In order to get a representative
sample from the working age population, respondents (n =
30,427) were randomly selected and interviewed by telephone. It was found
that 2.0% of the Swedish population at the time of the interview were
trying to start an independent business. Sweden had a significantly lower
prevalence rate of nascent entrepreneurs compared to Norway and the USA.
Nascent entrepreneurs were then compared to a control group of people not
trying to start a business. The results confirmed findings from previous
studies of business founders pointing to the importance of role models and
the impression of self-employment obtained through these, employment
status, age, education and experience. Marital status, the number of
children in the household, and length of employment experience were
unrelated to the probability of becoming a nascent entrepreneur. The
gender of the respondent was the strongest distinguishing factor.
Importantly, the results suggest that while one has a reasonably good
understanding of the characteristics associated with men going into
business for themselves, the type of variables investigated here have very
limited ability to predict nascent entrepreneur status for women.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-23
Issue: 1
Volume: 12
Year: 2000
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200283063
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200283063
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:1:p:1-23
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mauri Laukkanen
Author-X-Name-First: Mauri
Author-X-Name-Last: Laukkanen
Title: Exploring alternative approaches in high-level entrepreneurship education: creating micromechanisms for endogenous regional growth
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship is widely regarded as instrumental in economic growth, a
balanced regional development and for creating jobs. To fulfil what is
called their ‘third obligation’, universities are expected
to contribute by research, teaching and transfer of technology.
Entrepreneurial education is one of the responses to the realities. For
the field of entrepreneurship, the enhanced status may seem welcome.
However, there is a downside, related to the at times nebulous conceptual
and efficacy notions of entrepreneurship and its education, breeding
unreasonable and unpredictable expectations. This paper explores
alternative strategies in university-based entrepreneurial education,
describing, as a starting point, the dominant pattern of education, based
on an individual-centred mindset. Further, it is argued that by
conceptualizing the university as a regional evolution mechanism, a
different yet parallel educational strategy may be suggested, called a
business generating model. Its aim is to foster the necessary conditions
for new ventures and for the strategic expansion of regional SMEs: the
emergence and fusion of viable business concepts, entrepreneurial actors,
resources and a munificent environment. It is suggested that educational
applications based on this logic might be effective for meeting the new
demands. The paper concludes by discussing some of the contingency issues
related to the two broad models.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 25-47
Issue: 1
Volume: 12
Year: 2000
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200283072
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200283072
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:1:p:25-47
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dave Crick
Author-X-Name-First: Dave
Author-X-Name-Last: Crick
Author-Name: Shiv Chaudhry
Author-X-Name-First: Shiv
Author-X-Name-Last: Chaudhry
Author-Name: Stephen Batstone
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen
Author-X-Name-Last: Batstone
Title: Revisiting the concentration versus spreading debate as a successful export growth strategy: the case of UK SMEs exporting agricultural-related products
Abstract:
This paper investigates the behaviour of small and medium sized
enterprises (SMEs) that export agricultural-related products from the UK.
Although a body of knowledge exists on both the areas of export strategy
and competitiveness, empirical data has tended to relate to manufacturing
as opposed to agricultural products. Multivariate quantitative analysis of
survey data and subsequent findings from interviews indicate that limited
statistical differences exist between the competitiveness of agricultural
firms that employ as a growth strategy an approach which concentrates on
key export markets compared with those that spread their efforts over a
number of markets. Firm size, experience and commitment are investigated
as co-variates within the analysis. Implications for policy-makers are
drawn from the findings.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 49-67
Issue: 1
Volume: 12
Year: 2000
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200283081
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200283081
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:1:p:49-67
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bernadette Andreosso-O'Callaghan
Author-X-Name-First: Bernadette
Author-X-Name-Last: Andreosso-O'Callaghan
Title: Territory, research and technology linkages - is the Shannon region a propitious local system of innovation?
Abstract:
Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs)
in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing
the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National
System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government
R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages
between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However,
the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific
institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a
strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the
administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as
the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic
development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models
articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper
analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example,
mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study
is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 69-87
Issue: 1
Volume: 12
Year: 2000
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200283090
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200283090
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:1:p:69-87
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alistair R. Anderson
Author-X-Name-First: Alistair R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson
Title: Paradox in the periphery: an entrepreneurial reconstruction?
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between
entrepreneurship and the structure of the periphery. The objective is to
reach an understanding of the entrepreneurial process within the context
of the periphery, which is traditionally seen as a poor environment. The
paper considers the concept of peripherality and identifies a process of
gravitation that drains higher order services towards the core. However,
this deterministic model does not correspond with the realities of the
Scottish Highlands. The paradox is that new businesses are being created
that appear to use old redundant peripheral values such as tradition. It
is argued that it is the social construction of the periphery that
produces this post-modern change. The qualitative methodology indicates
the emergence of a new spatial paradigm of aesthetic consumption. Two
indicative case studies are presented which show that entrepreneurship is
the creation and extraction of value from the environment. Their
businesses are the commodification of non-material and aesthetic values.
Further analysis of these data demonstrates that entrepreneurs interpret
their own version of the environment, rather than merely reacting to it.
In turn, they enact this interpretation which forms the basis of their
businesses.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 91-109
Issue: 2
Volume: 12
Year: 2000
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200283027
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200283027
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:2:p:91-109
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Huggins
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins
Title: The success and failure of policy-implanted inter-firm network initiatives: motivations, processes and structure
Abstract:
This paper examines the processes and causes of inter-firm network
success and failure, defined in terms of the ability of networks to become
a sustained and valued form of business activity for their members. The
paper examines four different case study network initiatives: (1) a failed
informal ‘new entrepreneurs' network’ (2) a successful
informal ‘local cluster group’ (3) a failed formal
‘defence contractors' network’ and (4) a successful formal
‘small-firm technology group’. It is shown that networks in
business are often consciously developed and maintained by those managing
directors who have recognized the importance of cooperative activities for
achieving competitive advantage for their companies. The best network
support consisted of brokers who are able to mix and overlap the
‘hard’ business and ‘softer’ social interests
of participants. The case studies indicate that it is formal groups that
are the most potent form of inter-firm network, but that it is through an
initially informal structure that they are best facilitated. It is
concluded that both economic and social rationalities are at play in the
motivation of firms to join networks, and that their success is closely
connected to pre-existing commonality between members.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 111-135
Issue: 2
Volume: 12
Year: 2000
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200283036
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200283036
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:2:p:111-135
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Allan Gibb
Author-X-Name-First: Allan
Author-X-Name-Last: Gibb
Author-Name: Deepak Adhikary
Author-X-Name-First: Deepak
Author-X-Name-Last: Adhikary
Title: Strategies for local and regional NGO development: combining sustainable outcomes with sustainable organizations
Abstract:
This paper addresses the issue of the development of Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs) and the problem of how to combine sustainable
outcomes from activities with sustainable organizations. It seeks to blend
concept with practice via the development and application of a model of
the NGO as an entrepreneurial organization. The context is that of the
experience of (and work undertaken with) the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur
Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) funded Competency-based Economies through
the Formation of Enterprise (CEFE) Network of NGOs in South Africa. The
paper argues that viewing NGOs as entrepreneurial small organizations with
a focus upon dynamic stakeholder network development, entrepreneurial
management, strategic business development, and strategic alliance
building is the key to the much sought after combination of sustainable
outcomes and organization. After briefly reviewing some of the advantages
and disadvantages associated with the role of NGOs in small enterprise
development and the context of the operation of the CEFE Network of NGOs
in South Africa, a model of entrepreneurial NGOs is proposed and then
applied to South African CEFE Networks. In the conclusion a final outline
of NGO sustainability criteria is offered and implications for donor
approaches are briefly explored.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 137-161
Issue: 2
Volume: 12
Year: 2000
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200283045
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200283045
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:2:p:137-161
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Celine Druilhe
Author-X-Name-First: Celine
Author-X-Name-Last: Druilhe
Author-Name: Elizabeth Garnsey
Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth
Author-X-Name-Last: Garnsey
Title: Emergence and growth of high-tech activity in Cambridge and Grenoble
Abstract:
This paper compares the genesis and growth of two well-known European
high-technology centres, Cambridge in the UK and Grenoble in France. This
paper attempts to explain why, despite strong differences in terms of
initial conditions, Cambridge and Grenoble present similarities, sometimes
striking, related to the creation of their respective science parks and to
the growth of high-tech activities in the wider area. In the early 1970s
Cambridge was a typical British university town while Grenoble had a
strong industrial past and a tradition of relationships between university
and industry. Despite these differences, high-tech activities emerged at
the same time in both places as a unique local dynamic milieu. The paper
shows the similarities and differences in the paths of development
followed in both centres. Current constraints on growth are described and
new dynamics of growth are outlined.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 163-177
Issue: 2
Volume: 12
Year: 2000
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200283054
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200283054
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:2:p:163-177
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tony Fu-Lai Yu
Author-X-Name-First: Tony Fu-Lai
Author-X-Name-Last: Yu
Title: Hong Kong's entrepreneurship: behaviours and determinants
Abstract:
It is widely known that Hong Kong's economic success is to a large extent
attributed to its dynamic entrepreneurs. However, economic studies on Hong
Kong's style of entrepreneurship are few. This paper attempts to throw
light on this issue. It argues that Hong Kong is an entrepreneurial
society. A unique feature of Hong Kong's style of entrepreneurship lies in
its ability to conduct ordinary, rather than extraordinary, discovery.
Through the use of guerrilla business strategy, imitation and regional
arbitrageurship, entrepreneurial firms in Hong Kong are able to exploit
narrow profit margins and to survive global competition. Moreover, the
cultural, economic and political environments of Hong Kong are found to be
favourable in incubating adaptive entrepreneurship. This paper concludes
that, although Hong Kong's style of entrepreneurship emerges out of its
unique environments, Hong Kong's experience can be useful to other
developing economies. The critical issue is whether latecomer countries
can successfully develop adaptive entrepreneurship compatible with their
backgrounds so as to exploit international market opportunities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 179-194
Issue: 3
Volume: 12
Year: 2000
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200413455
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200413455
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:3:p:179-194
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elizabeth Chell
Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth
Author-X-Name-Last: Chell
Author-Name: Susan Baines
Author-X-Name-First: Susan
Author-X-Name-Last: Baines
Title: Networking, entrepreneurship and microbusiness behaviour
Abstract:
It has been argued that networking by owner-managers of small businesses
will enhance business performance. Yet to define and demonstrate the
presence of networking activity is suffused with methodological
difficulties. In this paper the authors attempt to disentangle some of
these difficulties. The paper draws on quantifiable data from 104
owner-managers and qualitative data from 34 critical incident interviews
from a study of microbusinesses to assess the nature and extent of
networking activity. The paper shows: a high proportion of owner-managers
use their trading contacts as sources of useful additional information;
they use ‘weak ties’ for purposes such as recruitment; a
sparse use of institutional networks; an association between networking
activity and business performance, although it seems that this must be
qualified by sectoral differences; an association between type of
owner-manager on a scale of entrepreneurship and networking activity. The
policy implications of this paper suggest that economic development
agencies continue to have problems reaching out to the microbusiness. This
paper recommends that such agencies might use a tool to differentiate more
finely amongst the microbusiness population.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 195-215
Issue: 3
Volume: 12
Year: 2000
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200413464
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200413464
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:3:p:195-215
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Simon Collinson
Author-X-Name-First: Simon
Author-X-Name-Last: Collinson
Title: Knowlege networks for innovation in small Scottish software firms
Abstract:
This paper examines the emergence of small indigenous software companies
in Scotland, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of the region's
socio-economic infrastructure as a foundation for innovative new business
ventures. Following a brief review of some of the accepted wisdom on
high-tech start-ups and regional economic development the paper provides
some background information on the Scottish region, comparing new firms in
the software industry with the foreign multinationals that dominate the
local IT industry. A framework - the ‘sociotechnical
constituencies’ approach - is then proposed that allows the author
to examine networks of specialist knowledge that underlie new business
development. Agglomeration effects and the influence of
‘clusters’ of complementary types of knowledge, expertise
and innovative competencies at the regional level are at the heart of the
analysis. The framework is applied to a sample of local firms, looking at
how ‘learning’ via sociotechnical networks underlies their
evolution. Policy-makers' attempts to boost the region's new business
birth rate and promote the hoped-for ‘silicon glen’ effect
are viewed in the light of the study's findings.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 217-244
Issue: 3
Volume: 12
Year: 2000
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200413473
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200413473
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:3:p:217-244
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark Freel
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Freel
Title: External linkages and product innovation in small manufacturing firms
Abstract:
The requirement for small firms to collaborate, as a means to
supplementing and complementing limited internal resources, has dominated
much of the academic and policy debate on regional development and small
firm innovation throughout the late 1980s and 1990s. However, relatively
little empirical work has sought to look further than simple frequency
enumeration - noting that the most innovative and better performing firms
are generally more likely to have links with external organizations. Based
upon a sample of 228 small West Midlands' manufacturers, this study
considers the source, function, geography and strength of
innovation-related co-operation. While the general findings point to
innovators making greater use of external linkages, of certain types and
in particular directions (notably the preponderance of vertical value
chain linkages), the results are less emphatic than might have been
anticipated. This leads to consideration of the factors contributing to
and impeding joint innovation and the firms' perceptions of the impact of
innovation. From this, it appears that much of the observed difference
between innovators and non-innovators lies in less objective measures. The
data suggest the importance of inter-personal dynamics, attitude and
expectations in facilitating successful collaboration.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 245-266
Issue: 3
Volume: 12
Year: 2000
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856200413482
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856200413482
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:3:p:245-266
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Morten Huse
Author-X-Name-First: Morten
Author-X-Name-Last: Huse
Title: Boards of directors in SMEs: a review and research agenda
Abstract:
This paper aims at reviewing research and presenting a research agenda on
boards of directors in SMEs. While most publications about boards in SMEs
focus on the lack of research in the area, this paper presents some of the
work that has been conducted. Publications on boards of directors during
the 1990s in outlets for SME research are reviewed. Boards of directors in
small and medium-sized companies are getting increased attention, but the
knowledge about boards in such companies is still fragmented. This paper
presents research challenges based on a holistic model of directorates in
SMEs that is elaborated from previous research about directorates. The
papers selected for this special issue on boards of directors in SMEs are
presented in this framework.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 271-290
Issue: 4
Volume: 12
Year: 2000
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620050177912
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620050177912
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:4:p:271-290
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark K. Fiegener
Author-X-Name-First: Mark K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fiegener
Author-Name: Bonnie M. Brown
Author-X-Name-First: Bonnie M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Brown
Author-Name: Dirk R. Dreux
Author-X-Name-First: Dirk R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Dreux
Author-Name: William J. Dennis
Author-X-Name-First: William J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Dennis
Title: The adoption of outside boards by small private US firms
Abstract:
The research issue motivating the present study is concerned with why
some small private firms adopt an ‘outside board’ (i.e.
larger boards in which the majority of directors are neither managers of
the firm nor relatives of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO)) and others do
not. This issue is addressed by investigating whether differing contextual
conditions distinguish adopters from non-adopters of outside boards. The
authors consider the adoption of an outside board to be one part of a
larger organizational life-cycle process in which organizations implement
more ‘professional management’ structures and practices in
response to their evolving internal and external contexts. The authors
examine simultaneously three contextual pressures that commonly confront
small private firms as they develop over time- firm growth and larger
size, the succession of the CEO, and the diffusion of equity to
individuals outside the firm- to determine which of these are salient in
explaining the presence of an outside board. Logistic regression results
(3070 respondents toa cross-industry mail survey) indicate that outside
boards are more likely when more equity is held by individuals outside the
firm, CEOs are older and CEOs do not intend to implement an intra-family
transition of leadership. The results suggest that firms adopt outside
boards primarily to satisfy the desires of external owners, and only
secondarily for the service and resource benefits that outside directors
provide.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 291-309
Issue: 4
Volume: 12
Year: 2000
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620050177921
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620050177921
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:4:p:291-309
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jonas Gabrielsson
Author-X-Name-First: Jonas
Author-X-Name-Last: Gabrielsson
Author-Name: Henrik Winlund
Author-X-Name-First: Henrik
Author-X-Name-Last: Winlund
Title: Boards of directors in small and medium-sized industrial firms: examining the effects of the board's working style on board task performance
Abstract:
Increased attention towards the role of the board makes demands on
reforms in the boardroom. In many countries, even small and medium-sized
firms are experiencing the challenges of creating well functioning boards.
In this paper the authors examine the importance of structures and
processes in the boardroom of 302 small and medium-sized industrial firms
in Sweden. The contribution of the paper is not only that it tries to
explore the relationship between processes in the board and board
performance, but also that it pays attention to the working structures
that exist to maximize the board's task performance. In this study board
task performance is measured as the performance of various control and
service roles. There are two main findings. (1) The board members'
involvement, and (2) the board's formal structures are important for the
board's ability to perform its tasks effectively. The findings empirically
support the arguments about the importance of a good and clearly defined
working style in the board.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 311-330
Issue: 4
Volume: 12
Year: 2000
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620050177930
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620050177930
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:4:p:311-330
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Harry J. Sapienza
Author-X-Name-First: Harry J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sapienza
Author-Name: M. Audrey Korsgaard
Author-X-Name-First: M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Audrey Korsgaard
Author-Name: Philip K. Goulet
Author-X-Name-First: Philip K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Goulet
Author-Name: Jeffrey P. Hoogendam
Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hoogendam
Title: Effects of agency risks and procedural justice on board processes in venture capital-backed firms
Abstract:
This paper builds a model of the effects of agency risk and procedural
justice in the boards of directors of venture capital-backed firms. Such
boards are unique in that they consist of managers and outside owners with
significant power and incentive to be highly involved in venture
governance. The authors integrate agency theory and procedural justice
perspectives to develop propositions regarding the effects of agency risk
and board processes on the responses to poor performance and conflicts of
interest. This integrated perspective suggests that factors that increase
perceived agency risks will increase outsiders' tendency to focus efforts
on monitoring and controlling board decisions and their propensity to
resort to formal means to resolve conflicts. However, the authors suggest
that through their effects on trust and positive attributions, fair
procedures and interactions will reduce these tendencies. A discussion of
the practical and theoretical implications of the proposed model concludes
the paper.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 331-351
Issue: 4
Volume: 12
Year: 2000
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620050177949
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620050177949
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:4:p:331-351
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bengt Johannisson
Author-X-Name-First: Bengt
Author-X-Name-Last: Johannisson
Author-Name: Morten Huse
Author-X-Name-First: Morten
Author-X-Name-Last: Huse
Title: Recruiting outside board members in the small family business: an ideological challenge
Abstract:
The focus of this paper is to explore how contrasting ideologies
influence the selection process of outside directors in the small family
business. Small family businesses donot just represent smallscale economic
activity but they are the outcome of entrepreneurial ambition and family
involvement. This means that willpower and emotional commitment blend with
calculative considerations. As emotional as well as cognitive constructs
the family, management and entrepreneurship each represent an ideology:
paternalism, managerialism and entrepreneurialism. The proposed
ideological framework is positioned against alternative approaches to the
study of board selection processes. Two sets of data are presented. A
piloting survey of 12 family businesses is used to substantiate the
theoretical assumption that entrepreneurial firms avoid having outside
directors and managerial firms welcome outside directors, leaving
paternalistically-run family businesses ambivalent. Repeated in-depth
interviews in two family businesses, one founder-managed and
entrepreneurial, the other established and traditional, reveal how the
professionalization of the board enforces managerialism, challenging thus
far dominating ideologies, entrepreneurialism and paternalism. The outcome
of this ideological contest, if properly orchestrated, is an energized and
more competitive family business.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 353-378
Issue: 4
Volume: 12
Year: 2000
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620050177958
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620050177958
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:12:y:2000:i:4:p:353-378
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maryann P. Feldman
Author-X-Name-First: Maryann P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Feldman
Author-Name: Cynthia R. Ronzio
Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ronzio
Title: Closing the innovative loop: moving from the laboratory to the shop floor in biotechnology manufacturing
Abstract:
Innovation is a hallmark of successful technology-intensive start-up
companies. This paper considers manufacturing as a knowledge-generating
activity integral to product innovation in entrepreneurial biotechnology
firms. The model of the virtual corporation has been advocated as a means
to focus on the resources of start-up companies; yet regional
specialization in technical applications and product categories suggests
that manufacturing may be a knowledge-generating activity that can provide
a potential source of regional advantage. This paper considers the
manufacturing strategies that bio-entrepreneurs would like to pursue and
explores barriers to forward integration. While capital constraints may
force firms to licence and subcontract manufacturing, it was found that
entrepreneurs believe that it is important to undertake manufacturing and,
when they are financially able, they invest in manufacturing facilities.
The authors conclude by providing a framework for considering when it
might be most appropriate for biotechnology firms to invest in
manufacturing.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-16
Issue: 1
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620010005484
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620010005484
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:1:p:1-16
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Westhead
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Westhead
Author-Name: Mike Wright
Author-X-Name-First: Mike
Author-X-Name-Last: Wright
Author-Name: Deniz Ucbasaran
Author-X-Name-First: Deniz
Author-X-Name-Last: Ucbasaran
Author-Name: Frank Martin
Author-X-Name-First: Frank
Author-X-Name-Last: Martin
Title: International market selection strategies of manufacturing and services firms
Abstract:
The following broad research question is explored in this study: do
manufacturing firms cite the same exporting methods and modes as those
cited by firms engaged in construction or service activities? This study,
therefore, addresses a major weakness associated with stage models of
internationalization (i.e. a focus solely upon manufacturing firms). In
1990/91, survey responses were gathered from 621 independent businesses
located in Great Britain. In 1997, a follow-on telephone survey was
conducted with 150 surviving firms. This survey gathered information on
the propensity to export goods or services abroad and the mode of export
behaviour. Implications for researchers, practitioners and policy-makers
are highlighted.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 17-46
Issue: 1
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856201750046793
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856201750046793
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:1:p:17-46
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ted Fuller
Author-X-Name-First: Ted
Author-X-Name-Last: Fuller
Author-Name: Paul Moran
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Moran
Title: Small enterprises as complex adaptive systems: a methodological question?
Abstract:
Complexity science constitutes an emerging post-positivist
interdisciplinary field of investigation of dynamical systems in the
natural and physical worlds. The central concept of complexity is that
interactions between parts of open systems create novel, unpredictable
patterns, and that while the history of the system is relevant in
understanding its dynamic, the isolation of individual parts of the system
(analysis) does not reveal the casual mechanisms in the system. It is
suggested that complexity science can inform our methodologies for
investigating the social sciences. The paper explores whether complexity
science offers ways of theory building that can take account of
pluralistic or interdisciplinary research in enterprise dynamics. The
authors offer a model of six theorized ontological layers, derived from
the canon of research literature within a small enterprise domain, with
boundaries at each end. It is suggested that dynamical concepts of agency
(adaption, evolution, fitness, interdependence) coupled with the theory of
evolutionary autopoietic structures generate a plausible field for the
study of enterprise dynamics. A focus on ontological and experimental
adequacy is necessary to develop theory within this framework. An
appropriate methodology involves iterations between experimental forms of
scientific analysis and the grounding of emergent or evolving theories.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 47-63
Issue: 1
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856201750046801
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856201750046801
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:1:p:47-63
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sergio Mariotti
Author-X-Name-First: Sergio
Author-X-Name-Last: Mariotti
Author-Name: Lucia Piscitello
Author-X-Name-First: Lucia
Author-X-Name-Last: Piscitello
Title: Localized capabilities and the internationalization of manufacturing activities by SMEs
Abstract:
In this paper it is argued that the internationalization of production
through foreign direct investment (FDI) by small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) is influenced by local level idiosyncracies. Although
SMEs suffer from inherent constraints to international growth (due to the
scarce availability of financial and managerial resources), the presence
of qualified localized capabilities strengthen and
complement their competitive/ownership advantages, thus favouring their
internationalization. These capabilities are related to the advanced
specialized services available to the firms, the existence of a
‘marshallian atmosphere’, and an environment conducive to
innovation and learning. However, it is argued that negative externalities
stemming from protectionism-oriented public intervention discourage the
international growth of firms and negatively influence the propensity of
SMEs to internationalize. Empirical support for these premises is provided
by this study of the Italian case over the decade 1986--1995.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 65-80
Issue: 1
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856201750046810
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856201750046810
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:1:p:65-80
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Cees Gorter
Author-X-Name-First: Cees
Author-X-Name-Last: Gorter
Author-Name: Peter Nijkamp
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp
Author-Name: Eric Pels
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Pels
Author-Name: Sytze Rienstra
Author-X-Name-First: Sytze
Author-X-Name-Last: Rienstra
Title: Are entrepreneurs' forecasts of economic indicators biased?
Abstract:
Insight into the investment behaviour of firms is central in
understanding economic dynamics. A critical question, however, is whether
firms provide sufficiently reliable data to enable them to make plausible
forecasts at the meso (regional or sectoral) level. This paper analyses
Dutch investment forecasts at different levels of aggregation. The central
research question is whether entrepreneurs, individually or as a group,
make systematic errors in their investment forecasts. A statistical test
reveals that investment forecasts are not biased at the aggregated
(regional and sectoral) level. At the micro level, however, there is a
significant bias. Hence, using aggregated (regional and sectoral) data to
test the lack of bias (unbiasedness) of forecasts may lead to the wrong
conclusions. Moreover, aggregated investment forecasts may then be an
inappropriate source for policy recommendations, despite their seemingly
high reliability. This finding may in principle be valid for many European
countries, since data collection on investment is organized in similar
ways throughout Europe.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 81-95
Issue: 1
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620010004098
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620010004098
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:1:p:81-95
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wim Vanhaverbeke
Author-X-Name-First: Wim
Author-X-Name-Last: Vanhaverbeke
Title: Realizing new regional core competencies: establishing a customer-oriented SME network
Abstract:
This paper explores the possibilities of combining the recently developed
‘value constellation’ concept and the literature about
industrial districts. The advantages related to the geographical
concentration of economic activities are insufficient in the competition
with companies that are linked to each other within a value constellation
- a customer-oriented inter-organizational strategy. This new type of
competition forces traditionally operating SMEs in industrial districts to
team up with each other in a customer-oriented network. However, these
networking strategies are unlikely to emerge because SMEs are locked into
their traditional competencies and they lack the financial and strategic
resources to develop interactive strategies covering the entire value
system. Business associations and local institutions may play a crucial
role in changing and shaping the emerging network among the SMEs. However,
local institutions are equally susceptible to being locked into
traditional patterns of interaction. Their willingness to break away from
the past is crucial for the learning capabilities of local SMEs. The
difficulties in setting up a customer-oriented network are illustrated by
the ‘construction and home furnishings’ business cluster in
South West Flanders (Belgium).
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 97-116
Issue: 2
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110035642
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110035642
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:2:p:97-116
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tito Bianchi
Author-X-Name-First: Tito
Author-X-Name-Last: Bianchi
Title: With and without co-operation: two alternative strategies in the food-processing industry in the Italian South
Abstract:
Tomato processing and the production of buffalo mozzarella are two
industries that offer an example of a desirable economic development path
for the Italian South, based on the valorization of local resources and
traditions and on the local ownership of a multitude of small firms.
Although they are comparable in many aspects, the two industries have
followed different trajectories in terms of inter-firm co-operation. While
the tomato processing firms seem to confirm the traditional view of
Southern Italian entrepreneurs as individualistic and unable to
co-operate, the producers of buffalo mozzarella have built their
remarkable commercial success precisely by creating a business-level
institution to promote the reputation of their product. The paper
discusses the possible explanations for this different co-operative
attitude in the two industries: those that depend on the different nature
of the two economic activities and those that depend on deliberate choices
made at certain critical stages of the industries' development.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 117-145
Issue: 2
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/089856201750203581
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/089856201750203581
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:2:p:117-145
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mats Hammarstedt
Author-X-Name-First: Mats
Author-X-Name-Last: Hammarstedt
Title: Immigrant self-employment in Sweden - its variation and some possible determinants
Abstract:
This paper examines self-employment among immigrants in Sweden. There are
differences in the self-employment rate between immigrants and the native
population and between different immigrant groups, both in the raw data
and after controlling for variables such as age, gender, education and
civil status. The study shows that non-Nordic immigrants in Sweden who
arrived at an early date have higher self-employment rates than the native
population. It seems as if self-employment among immigrants is to some
extent positively correlated with time elapsed after arrival in the
country. A number of possible explanations for the observed differences in
self-employment between immigrants and natives and between different
immigrant groups are presented in the study. Plausible explanations for
the observed differences in self-employment rates are differences in
traditions from the home country, differences in the labour market
situation, and often a lack of knowledge among immigrants about the
practical and formal matters an individual encounters when trying to
establish a business.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 147-161
Issue: 2
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620010004106
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620010004106
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:2:p:147-161
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Westhead
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Westhead
Author-Name: David J. Storey
Author-X-Name-First: David J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Storey
Author-Name: Frank Martin
Author-X-Name-First: Frank
Author-X-Name-Last: Martin
Title: Outcomes reported by students who participated in the 1994 Shell Technology Enterprise Programme
Abstract:
Policy-makers have supported initiatives that enhance the competitiveness
of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). They have also encouraged
more students to seek jobs in SMEs. This study assessed the contribution
of the 1994 Shell Technology Enterprise Programme (STEP), which subsidized
the employment of students in SMEs in the UK. A key issue is whether STEP
students participating in the programme reported significantly superior
benefits than students who had never participated in the programme (i.e.
non-STEP students). Outcomes associated with the programme were assessed
over a 36-month period between 1994 and 1997. The programme had no
significant impact on the ability students to have obtained full-time
jobs. Similarly, the programme was not found to be significantly
associated with the ability of graduates to have obtained full-time jobs
in small private firms. Both STEP and non-STEP students reported in 1997
less positive attitudes towards self-employment or starting their own
business. However, STEP students expressed a significantly more positive
attitude than non-STEP students towards self-employment or starting their
own business. Conclusions and implications for policy-makers and
practitioners are detailed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 163-185
Issue: 2
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620010018273
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620010018273
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:2:p:163-185
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marco Bellandi
Author-X-Name-First: Marco
Author-X-Name-Last: Bellandi
Title: Local development and embedded large firms
Abstract:
A classification of potential ties between large firms and local
economies is proposed, first, by working on various sections of literature
concerning multinational enterprises, subsidiaries and regional
development. Then, building on a model of a dynamic local economy, i.e.
the vital industrial district, a framework is sketched in which different
combinations of linkages are put in relation to different pools and
degrees of strength of social capital and other local factors. The main
object of this paper is to present that framework and illustrate a
proposition nested in it. The proposition is that involvement in knowledge
exchange and institutional building, identifying ‘developmental
embeddedness’, is more probable where and when the local factors
are neither ‘too weak’ nor ‘too strong’, and
contextual policies fostering the developmental role of large firm units
are present.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 189-210
Issue: 3
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110051103
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110051103
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:3:p:189-210
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joaquín Guzmán
Author-X-Name-First: Joaquín
Author-X-Name-Last: Guzmán
Author-Name: F. Javier Santos
Author-X-Name-First: F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Javier Santos
Title: The booster function and the entrepreneurial quality: an application to the province of Seville
Abstract:
The objectives of this paper are two-fold. First, to elaborate a
theoretical model that shows the characteristics of an entrepreneur of
quality and the factors that influence them. Second, to apply the model to
entrepreneurs in the province of Seville, one of the least developed areas
in the European Union. The purpose is to show the importance of
entrepreneurship for business success and, more importantly, in economic
development. In summary, the model shows that entrepreneurs of quality
possess an intrinsic motivation and, as consequence of this, they adopt
some energizer behaviours, such as the capacity for innovation, ambition
and co-operation with others. The model also takes into account factors
that influence these characteristics, including the personal context of
the entrepreneur, such as experience, education and family, and the global
context, such as productive opportunities, socio-cultural factors and
political-institutional factors. In the analysis of the entrepreneurs of
Seville, the paper mainly focuses on the motivation and the energizer
behaviours and their interdependence. The empirical findings indicate that
the model is valid.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 211-228
Issue: 3
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110035651
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110035651
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:3:p:211-228
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Monder Ram
Author-X-Name-First: Monder
Author-X-Name-Last: Ram
Author-Name: Sue Marlow
Author-X-Name-First: Sue
Author-X-Name-Last: Marlow
Author-Name: Dean Patton
Author-X-Name-First: Dean
Author-X-Name-Last: Patton
Title: Managing the locals: employee relations in South Asian restaurants
Abstract:
This paper examines the management of employee relations in South Asian
firms in the UK independent restaurant sector. Key working practices
pertaining to the employment relationship are examined in a particular
socio-economic and spatial context. Acknowledging such contexts
facilitates an appreciation of how ethnicity and employment relations
interact, rather than abstracting culture from the material context in
which it operates. Consistent with this analytic focus, a mixed
embeddedness perspective (Kloosterman et al. 1999) is adopted which
recognizes the importance of both economic and social aspects of ethnic
minority entrepreneurship. A qualitative methodology, drawing upon 23 case
histories (involving both employer and employee perspectives) is deployed.
The indications from this research suggest that the employment
relationship is an outcome of the fluid interaction of social, economic
and geographical contexts. This renders problematic both culturalist and
purely economic approaches to ethnic minority entrepreneurship. Future
research should carefully consider how the employment relationship is
influenced by its embeddedness within specific communities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 229-245
Issue: 3
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620010029280
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620010029280
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:3:p:229-245
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jon Sundbo
Author-X-Name-First: Jon
Author-X-Name-Last: Sundbo
Author-Name: Robert Johnston
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Johnston
Author-Name: Jan Mattsson
Author-X-Name-First: Jan
Author-X-Name-Last: Mattsson
Author-Name: Bruce Millett
Author-X-Name-First: Bruce
Author-X-Name-Last: Millett
Title: Innovation in service internationalization: the crucial role of the frantrepreneur
Abstract:
This paper introduces the concept of a new entrepreneurial role in
services that we call the frantrepreneur. This is based on two case
studies of the internationalization of two US franchisors, one in
temporary services (Sweden) and the other in computer training
(Australia). The frantrepreneur is defined as a franchisee who innovates
by adapting a standard service concept to meet local conditions. This role
is a further refinement of a series of earlier concepts concerning
entrepreneurship roles such as the intrapreneur. This paper provides an
indepth evaluation of the roles adopted by the frantrepreneurs and how
they changed the original service concept. They did not passively accept
the standard service concept and they developed an unusual partnership
role with their franchisors with a two-way influence over the business.
Although the innovations of frantrepreneurs were mostly in the form of
small and incremental changes they standardized their developments to
facilitate further adoption. The frantrepreneurs appear to play an
important role in smoothing the adaptation and adoption of innovation in
the internationalization of a franchise operation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 247-267
Issue: 3
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620010029271
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620010029271
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:3:p:247-267
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gerard George
Author-X-Name-First: Gerard
Author-X-Name-Last: George
Author-Name: D. Robley Wood
Author-X-Name-First: D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Robley Wood
Author-Name: Raihan Khan
Author-X-Name-First: Raihan
Author-X-Name-Last: Khan
Title: Networking strategy of boards: implications for small and medium-sized enterprises
Abstract:
Development of linkages with the external environment, e.g. interlocks,
is a mechanism to access scarce resources. Creating and maintaining these
linkages may be an organizational capability that creates a competitive
advantage for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). A partial model
of networking strategy is proposed, which includes measures of board
composition, interlocks, entrepreneurial orientation and environmental
hostility. Analysis of 70 community bank Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
responses (58% response rate) lends support to the proposition that firms
with a networking strategy performed better (higher return on assets (ROA)
and higher return on expenditure (ROE)) than those firms that did not
actively pursue the development of networks.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 269-285
Issue: 3
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110058115
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110058115
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:3:p:269-285
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Harald Bathelt
Author-X-Name-First: Harald
Author-X-Name-Last: Bathelt
Title: Regional competence and economic recovery: divergent growth paths in Boston's high technology economy
Abstract:
Since the 1960s, the growth of high technology industries in Boston's
Route 128 region has attracted the attention of academics, planners and
politicians. What was especially remarkable about the region was the
capability of its economic base to recover from major structural crises.
Owing to this ability, the region is often looked at as being an American
example of an industrial district. In contrast to Silicon Valley, however,
Boston does not readily fit into the definition of an industrial district
because of the dominance of large, vertically-integrated producers and the
proprietary nature of high technology production. In the late 1980s,
Boston was hit by an additional structural crisis when the minicomputer
industry lost its competitive basis and defence expenditures were
drastically reduced. As a result, almost 50000 high technology
manufacturing jobs were cut between 1987 and 1997. This paper aims to
identify the forces behind the region's economic recovery in the mid-1990s
and relate these findings to the discussion of the importance of
collective learning processes in industrial production and the development
of localized competencies. In the literature, it is argued that
firm-specific competencies and learning processes can lead to a regional
competitive advantage if they are based on localized capabilities (e.g.
specialized resources, skills, conventions and institutions). The author
will demonstrate in an explorative way that the economic recovery of the
Boston region is related to a number of specific forces that differ
greatly between the subsectors of the high technology economy. I will also
provide tentative evidence of how the willingness to co-operate and engage
in interactive learning processes has encouraged economic recovery.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 287-314
Issue: 4
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110067502
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110067502
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:4:p:287-314
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alain Thierstein
Author-X-Name-First: Alain
Author-X-Name-Last: Thierstein
Author-Name: Beate Willhelm
Author-X-Name-First: Beate
Author-X-Name-Last: Willhelm
Title: Incubator, technology, and innovation centres in Switzerland: features and policy implications
Abstract:
Only since the early 1990s, when unemployment rates in Switzerland soared
to unprecedented levels, has federal technology and innovation policy
begun to design their activities with regard to employment and the
establishment of new firms. Now, all across the country, private as well
as public incubator facilities, technology and innovation centres have
begun to spring up. This paper starts by describing the theoretical and
methodological background of a survey of incubator, technology and
innovation (ITI) centres. In a first step, all cantonal offices for
economic promotion were asked to report and to describe incubator
facilities, technology and innovation centres within their realm. In a
second step a selection of centres were analysed in depth. The key
findings are that: (1) ITI centres are most commonly established by a
combination of public and private initiatives; (2) the main motive for the
creation of ITI centres is to promote startups and the innovative
potential; (3) most ITI centres offer space to rent and make available
joint amenities; (4) ITI centres are predominantly in manufacturing,
services, and development activities; their level of technology input is
high or very high; and (5) the spatial reach of most of the ITI centre is
on the region. Together with selected foreign experiences, some
conclusions and recommendations for the operation of such centres are
formulated.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 315-331
Issue: 4
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110074469
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110074469
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:4:p:315-331
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Evans
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Evans
Author-Name: Thierry Volery
Author-X-Name-First: Thierry
Author-X-Name-Last: Volery
Title: Online business development services for entrepreneurs: an exploratory study
Abstract:
This paper addresses the use of the Internet to provide business
development services such as training, consulting, counselling and
networking. Using a Delphi study of experts from around the world, the
possible uses of the Internet as well as criteria for successful
implementation are presented. Three critical success factors for providing
online services are identified. First, an effective use of online
resources requires that the inherent strengths of the Internet be
exploited. Using online tools when they are perceived to be a
‘second-best’ mode of communication is inefficient and can
be counterproductive. Second, personal contact is still very important and
can complement online services. Third, successful online services require
an effective Internet site and program management. The study also shows
that the specific nature of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs must be
carefully considered when developing online services. The entrepreneur is
more concerned about his/her problems and is less concerned with the
problems of others. However, he or she is willing to participate in a
small learning network if the benefits go beyond that of just learning
together. Similarly, online training for entrepreneurs should be
complemented by a face-to-face component. An efficient/effective pure
online training program for entrepreneurs would be very difficult if not
impossible to develop and implement.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 333-350
Issue: 4
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110052274
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110052274
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:4:p:333-350
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Roger Sørheim
Author-X-Name-First: Roger
Author-X-Name-Last: Sørheim
Author-Name: Hans Landström
Author-X-Name-First: Hans
Author-X-Name-Last: Landström
Title: Informal investors - A categorization, with policy implications
Abstract:
A number of studies concerning informal investors have been carried out
over the last two decades. One main conclusion from previous research has
been that the informal venture capital market is very heterogeneous, and
that classifications for informal investors are needed in order to more
accurately depict the informal venture capital market. In this paper we
propose that the market could be divided in accordance with the informal
investors' investment activity and competence. The study is based on a
sample of 425 active informal investors, divided into four different
categories: (1) Lotto investors; (2) Traders; (3) Analytical investors;
and (4) Business angels. The empirical findings show that there are
considerable differences between the four categories of informal
investors; differences regarding the information sources used, the level
of firm involvement, co-investing, investment horizons, and geographic
preferences, to name some examples. As a consequence, each of the various
informal investor types responds differently to private and public
prospects or motivators. It is suggested, therefore, that the informal
venture capital market could be more effectively analysed and depicted by
using the proposed classifications and applying differing measures to each
informal investor category.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 351-370
Issue: 4
Volume: 13
Year: 2001
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110067511
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110067511
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:13:y:2001:i:4:p:351-370
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Blundel
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Blundel
Title: Network evolution and the growth of artisanal firms: a tale of two regional cheese makers
Abstract:
This paper explores the growth trajectories of two specialist food
producers and the business networks in which they are embedded. The
context is provided by a brief overview of today's complex and dynamic
food industry supply chain, seen from the perspective of a small,
craft-based firm. The sector chosen for this study, English regional
cheese making, is characterized as displaying a long-standing tension
between industrial and artisanal modes of production. The conceptual
framework combines insights from the network and resource-capability
literatures. This blend of ideas prompts several questions relating to the
transfer and appropriation of artisanal knowledge in a network setting.
The empirical section provides some illustrations of the processes in
action. It charts the development of two regional farm-based cheese makers
from their inception in the early 1950s up to the year 2000. The analysis
identifies distinct ‘episodes’ characterized by significant
structural and processual changes at both firm and inter-firm levels. A
series of network maps is used to highlight the distinct pattern of
linkages formed by each firm. The maps are supported by a commentary that
draws on the managers' own perceptions of the changes, including the
reasons why they occurred, and the consequences for their businesses. The
discussion section points to underlying structures and mechanisms that
appear significant in explaining the surface-level events. The paper
concludes by outlining the practical implications for firms in similar
situations and assessing the extent to which the findings may be
generalized to other business networks.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-30
Issue: 1
Volume: 14
Year: 2002
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110094647
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110094647
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:1:p:1-30
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Donato Iacobucci
Author-X-Name-First: Donato
Author-X-Name-Last: Iacobucci
Title: Explaining business groups started by habitual entrepreneurs in the Italian manufacturing sector
Abstract:
The technical (plant) and legal (company) units normally used in official
statistics do not take into consideration the phenomenon of business
groups: i.e. sets of companies controlled by the same entrepreneur. The
main aims of this paper are to assess the presence of such groups in the
Italian small firm manufacturing sector and to examine the causes of their
formation. Two data sets are used: the first is a representative sample of
Italian manufacturing firms while the second is a small sample of groups
localized in the Region of the Marches. They show that groups are widely
present among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Starting from the
premise that the group is the result of the expansion of activities
controlled by the same entrepreneur, this paper reports a first attempt to
discriminate among three alternative propositions regarding the causes of
such growth and the reasons for the adoption of the group form: (1) as the
result of the firm's growth policy; (2) as the result of entrepreneurial
dynamics; and (3) as the result of the capital accumulation process on the
part of the entrepreneur or his/her family. The empirical analysis on the
whole favours the first hypothesis.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 31-47
Issue: 1
Volume: 14
Year: 2002
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110096636
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110096636
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:1:p:31-47
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pierre Desrochers
Author-X-Name-First: Pierre
Author-X-Name-Last: Desrochers
Title: Regional development and inter-industry recycling linkages: some historical perspectives
Abstract:
This paper examines the processes leading to the spontaneous development
of industrial recycling linkages. The famous ‘industrial
symbiosis’ that formed in and around the Danish city of Kalundborg
and other similar cases in other parts of Europe and North America are
taken as a point of departure. These recycling linkages were found to be
primarily the result of the entrepreneurial actions that aimed to create
value out of by-products and/or to reduce production costs through the
adoption of new inputs. As the incentives driving this behaviour are not
new, this paper contends that ‘industrial symbiosis’ is not,
as is usually believed, a break with past practices, but rather a
widespread phenomenon that has been neglected by contemporary researchers.
Historical evidence is provided to support this claim. It is argued that
while significant inter-firm recycling linkages will spontaneously emerge
at the regional level, these should not be forced at the expense of
inter-regional linkages.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 49-65
Issue: 1
Volume: 14
Year: 2002
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110096627
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110096627
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:1:p:49-65
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bruce H. Kemelgor
Author-X-Name-First: Bruce H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kemelgor
Title: A comparative analysis of corporate entrepreneurial orientation between selected firms in the Netherlands and the USA
Abstract:
Firms in turbulent or fast-changing environments must continually
innovate to remain competitive. This study examined how a firm's strategic
management practices influence its entrepreneurial behaviour as compared
to an international competitor. Four firms in the Netherlands were each
matched with a key competitor in the USA. Several survey measures related
to the strategic management process were used along with an instrument
related to corporate entrepreneurship practices. Both managers and
employees participated in the study. Results revealed significant
differences between the Netherlands firms and the US competitors in
entrepreneurial orientation. Results also supported these comparative
differences along three key dimensions of strategic management as they
relate to corporate entrepreneurship. The final set of data revealed a
relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and three measures of firm
performance. The implications focus upon the key role that culture may
play in facilitating corporate entrepreneurship and adaptable
organizational practices. Suggestions for further research are also made.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 67-87
Issue: 1
Volume: 14
Year: 2002
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110087023
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110087023
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:1:p:67-87
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pilar Beneito
Author-X-Name-First: Pilar
Author-X-Name-Last: Beneito
Title: Technological patterns among Spanish manufacturing firms
Abstract:
The present work is orientated towards the study of the configuration of
the innovating processes of Spanish firms. Using recently available data
from a panel of manufacturing firms, a detailed descriptive analysis is
carried out with the objective of providing an overall view of the main
characteristics of the firms and the market structure in which they
evolve. This, in turn, becomes an intermediate step for the establishment
of a taxonomy of cases that underlies the concept of technological
regime. Firms that report R&D expenditures as well as those that
do not are taken into consideration when composing the classification of
firms. This feature distinguishes the present work from others which have
departed from the subset of innovating firms, thus rendering R&D (or other
indicators of formal innovation activities) an obligatory ingredient on
the technological strategies chosen by firms. The clusters obtained
differentiate from each other mainly because of the level, composition and
permanence of investment in formal innovation activities, as well as
because of the different rates of innovation success and their protection
by means of industrial property. The different technological strategies
corresponding to the different clusters are also found to be associated
with locational determinants.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 89-115
Issue: 2
Volume: 14
Year: 2002
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110099390
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110099390
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:2:p:89-115
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sarah Drakopoulou Dodd
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Drakopoulou
Author-X-Name-Last: Dodd
Author-Name: Eleni Patra
Author-X-Name-First: Eleni
Author-X-Name-Last: Patra
Title: National differences in entrepreneurial networking
Abstract:
The paper reports findings of a study into the personal contact networks
of Greek entrepreneurs, and compares these to results already published
for other countries (Canada, Japan, Italy, Northern Ireland, Sweden, the
UK, and the USA). Findings show that generic behaviour across borders
cannot be assumed, although similarities exist in the under-representation
of women as network members, the average age of network contacts, duration
of relationships, and average monthly meetings. A clear example has also
been provided of a culture where business networks are very deeply
embedded in social structures, and where little or no evidence of an
instrumentalist neo-classical model can be found. From a theoretical
perspective, adaptation of Hofstede's four-dimensional model provides a
generally robust interpretive framework for the results.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 117-134
Issue: 2
Volume: 14
Year: 2002
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110111304
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110111304
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:2:p:117-134
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Israel Drori
Author-X-Name-First: Israel
Author-X-Name-Last: Drori
Author-Name: Miri Lerner
Author-X-Name-First: Miri
Author-X-Name-Last: Lerner
Title: The dynamics of limited breaking out: the case of the Arab manufacturing businesses in Israel
Abstract:
This paper investigates the dynamics of breaking out in the Arab
manufacturing business sector in Israel. Based on an ethnographic study
and in-depth interviews, this paper develops a three-tier model
delineating those characteristics that shape the entrepreneurs' response
to structural constraints and their respective mode of operation in the
context of resource disadvantage. The model demonstrates that the limited
break out of ethnic entrepreneurs signifies selective access to the
majority market. Through the model, the paper develops a comprehensive
conceptual framework that incorporates two different sets of constraints
stemming from the nature of the larger market and institutional setting
and community characteristics. The limited breaking out can be explained
largely by the dynamics of the interrelations among the institutional
environment, the local resources, and the entrepreneurs' characteristics.
This implies a Janus-face perspective of breaking out, in which the Arab
entrepreneurs tend to use their resources both for the maintenance of
their local market and for catering to special segments in the majority
market that seek relatively cheap prices or specialized products. The
paper concludes that the limited breaking out reflects institutional
processes that militate against the minority's ability to fully integrate
into the majority market.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 135-154
Issue: 2
Volume: 14
Year: 2002
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110112619
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110112619
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:2:p:135-154
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Quaye Botchway
Author-X-Name-First: Quaye
Author-X-Name-Last: Botchway
Author-Name: George Goodall
Author-X-Name-First: George
Author-X-Name-Last: Goodall
Author-Name: David Noon
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Noon
Author-Name: Mark Lemon
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Lemon
Title: Emergence-based local Economic Development Model: a way forward in responding to turbulent operating environments
Abstract:
This paper seeks to present a new approach to the implementation of local
economic development policies. It takes evidence from such areas as
physics, biology, and management theory and proposes that a new 'model'
may be the way forward for economic development activities. The new
paradigm is based upon research carried out in the Coventry area of the
United Kingdom (UK). The paper has a five-part structure. Initially, it
will provide an overview of underlying local economic and management
trends in the UK. This is followed by an examination of underpinning
theories and how these can be used. The third section will report on local
economic development agencies (LEDAs) which operate in and around
Coventry. The last two sections will draw the strands together to propose
an Emergence-based local Economic Development Model.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 155-174
Issue: 2
Volume: 14
Year: 2002
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210125074
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210125074
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:2:p:155-174
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Cynthia J. Brown
Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Brown
Title: Foreign direct investment and small firm employment in northern Mexico: 1987-1996
Abstract:
This study analyses the impact of foreign direct investment on small
business employment along the border in Mexico between 1987 and 1996.
During this period, unprecedented levels of foreign direct investment
flowed to Mexico, most notably to the northern border region. At the same
time, it appears that internal migration of workers from the interior to
the border occurred in response to employment generated by this
investment. Utilizing 1987 and 1996 data from the Encuesta
Nacional de Empleo Urbano, bivariate probit models of employment
and small/ large firm employment for the border and interior regions are
estimated. The results suggest that the increased employment share
captured by large firms in the border may have hindered growth in the
small business sector. A better understanding of the impact of FDI flows
on small businesses may help policymakers in developing countries as they
strive to create broad-based economic growth.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 175-191
Issue: 2
Volume: 14
Year: 2002
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110074478
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110074478
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:2:p:175-191
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alistair R. Anderson
Author-X-Name-First: Alistair R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson
Author-Name: Sarah L. Jack
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Jack
Title: The articulation of social capital in entrepreneurial networks: a glue or a lubricant?
Abstract:
While social capital has been applied in a variety of contexts, the
nature, role and application of social capital in an entrepreneurial
context have not been extensively explored. The nature of social capital
presents a conceptual puzzle in that it is said to be both glue, which
forms the structure of networks, and at the same time a lubricant that
facilitates the operation of networks. Using techniques of participant
observation and interviews, this paper attempts to resolve this enigma. It
finds that social capital is not a thing, but a process that creates a
condition of social capital. The structural and relational aspects are
found to be dimensions of this process. Interestingly, the data also
demonstrates that there are successful etiquettes of social capital
formation. These etiquettes provide the rules and framework for the
interactions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 193-210
Issue: 3
Volume: 14
Year: 2002
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110112079
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110112079
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:3:p:193-210
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jose Miguel Giner
Author-X-Name-First: Jose Miguel
Author-X-Name-Last: Giner
Author-Name: Maria Jesus Santa María
Author-X-Name-First: Maria Jesus Santa
Author-X-Name-Last: María
Title: ‘Territorial systems of small firms in Spain: an analysis of productive and organizational characteristics in industrial districts’
Abstract:
The objective of this paper is to examine the degree to which the
enterprises located in industrial districts of the Valencian Community (a
Spanish region) have organizational structures and characteristics that
differ from other firms established in other zones of the Community.
Second, the paper tries to determine if these characteristics correspond
to the elements that constitute the theoretical model of the industrial
district. Literature on industrial districts defines the principal
elements constituting this model of organization in which the
co-ordination of specialized activities takes place through the
combination of market forces and of co-operative relations. The empirical
analysis of these factors in firms located within the Valencian Community
shows how those firms that are integrated into local productive systems
have characteristics that correspond to a great degree to the theoretical
characteristics of the industrial district.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 211-228
Issue: 3
Volume: 14
Year: 2002
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210136009
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210136009
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:3:p:211-228
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Westhead
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Westhead
Author-Name: Carole Howorth
Author-X-Name-First: Carole
Author-X-Name-Last: Howorth
Author-Name: Marc Cowling
Author-X-Name-First: Marc
Author-X-Name-Last: Cowling
Title: Ownership and management issues in first generation and multi-generation family firms
Abstract:
A matched sample methodology was utilized to detect ownership and
management differences between first generation and multi-generation
independent unquoted family companies in the UK. Chief Executive Officers
(CEOs) in first generation and multi-generation companies were generally
drawn from the family owning the company. Both types of companies also had
small management teams. Several statistically significant differences were
detected. CEOs served longer apprenticeships in multi-generation rather
than first generation companies. Multi-generation rather than first
generation companies were more likely to employ managers drawn from the
family owning the company. In other respects, multi-generation companies
generally appeared to be better managed than first generation companies.
Multi-generation companies had larger boards of directors. Moreover, a
larger proportion of multi-generation rather than first generation
companies employed a non-executive director. Owners of both types of
family companies, but particularly the owners of first generation
companies may be ‘control averse’. Many first generation
companies (and some multi-generation companies) associated with a
shallower managerial pool had failed to address this potential managerial
and strategic weakness by selective use of ‘outside’
managerial expertise. Implications for practitioners and researchers are
discussed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 247-269
Issue: 3
Volume: 14
Year: 2002
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620110112088
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620110112088
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:3:p:247-269
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bengt Johannisson
Author-X-Name-First: Bengt
Author-X-Name-Last: Johannisson
Author-Name: Marcela Ramírez-Pasillas
Author-X-Name-First: Marcela
Author-X-Name-Last: Ramírez-Pasillas
Author-Name: Gösta Karlsson
Author-X-Name-First: Gösta
Author-X-Name-Last: Karlsson
Title: The institutional embeddedness of local inter-firm networks: a leverage for business creation
Abstract:
There is an increasing concern for the notion of
‘embeddedness’ of economic activity; yet the
conceptualization of the concept and its operationalization remain
underdeveloped. First, embeddedness may concern, on the one hand, the
structure of relations that tie economic actors together (structural
embeddedness) and, on the other hand, the social strands supplementing
economic strands in each relation (substantive embeddedness). In this
paper, a network framework is outlined which proposes several layers or
‘orders’ of embeddedness. Focusing on small firms, the point
of departure is individual exchange relationships as personal ties
combining economic and social concerns. First-order embeddedness concerns
the localized business networks created by combining these dyadic
relations. Second-order embeddedness is achieved when considering also the
memberships of business persons in economic and social local institutions
while third-order embeddedness concerns the special cases where these
institutions bridge gaps between firms. The network model is
operationalized and applied to a small Swedish industrial (furniture)
community, its firms and economic/social institutions. The findings
generally support the applicability of the model and demonstrate the
supplementarity of different layers/orders of embeddedness. Further
research challenges are deduced and implications for practitioners are
provided.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 297-315
Issue: 4
Volume: 14
Year: 2002
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210142020
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210142020
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:4:p:297-315
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: F. Xavier Molina-Morales
Author-X-Name-First: F. Xavier
Author-X-Name-Last: Molina-Morales
Title: Industrial districts and innovation: the case of the Spanish ceramic tiles industry
Abstract:
This paper examines the case of the Spanish ceramic tiles industrial
district, with special emphasis on collective knowledge creation and
innovation processes. Following a brief review of the literature based on
industrial district characteristics, a framework with which to guide the
empirical research is presented. The framework includes a set of
conditions under which knowledge flows across firms' boundaries and how
institutions shape knowledge diffusion. These include: (1) firm
attributes; (2) the role of local institutions; (3) the importance of the
social context; (4) lack of legal protection for innovations; (5)
knowledge transmission mechanisms; and (6) specific outcomes of the
district. These conditions are illustrated by using a comparative study,
of which the key findings are as follows. First, the Spanish ceramic tile
industrial district is characterized by small-sized firms, specialization
and important product and technological overlaps. Second, there is the
important role played by institutions, including academic and research
institutions, as well as the relevancy of the social context and the lack
of patents and other legal rights. There is also an intensive use of
knowledge transmission mechanisms, such as the creation of firms, human
resource mobility and informal channels of communication and, finally, a
specific district technology and common perception of markets.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 317-335
Issue: 4
Volume: 14
Year: 2002
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210144992
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210144992
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:4:p:317-335
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa De Propris
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa De
Author-X-Name-Last: Propris
Title: Types of innovation and inter-firm co-operation
Abstract:
The paper presents the results of an empirical study that aims to
investigate the impact of interfirm co-operation over innovation on four
different types of innovation: product, process, incremental and radical
innovation. Drawing on the innovative milieu literature, the impact on the
above four types of innovation was tested for both external and internal
factors of innovation such as inter-firm co-operation over innovation,
production networking, as well as R&D investment and R&D personnel. Four
probit models were run by using a unique data set compiled as part of the
Regional Innovation Strategy for the West Midlands (UK) Project. The main
findings of the paper seem to provide substantial evidence that, for any
of the four types of innovation considered, firms' capacity to innovate
could greatly improve if they co-operated with other firms over innovation
in addition to or instead of investing in R&D. Innovation policy should
not overlook, therefore, the systemic component of innovation and ought to
attempt to initiate and support inter-firm co-operation. This would mean a
renewed and more focused analysis of firms' clusters as part of a
multi-faceted approach to innovation policy.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 337-353
Issue: 4
Volume: 14
Year: 2002
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210144974
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210144974
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:4:p:337-353
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jan Rath
Author-X-Name-First: Jan
Author-X-Name-Last: Rath
Title: A quintessential immigrant niche? The non-case of immigrants in the Dutch construction industry
Abstract:
Students of immigrant entrepreneurship show a distinct preference for
ethnic concentrations. They focus on small entrepreneurship in sectors
with large concentrations of immigrant businesses or on ethnic commercial
precincts. This preference stems from practical and theoretical
considerations. It seems that the study of such concentrations, or niches,
is essential to the theoretical understanding of the structural
determinants of small entrepreneurship and the processes of economic
incorporation of immigrants. This paper challenges this orthodoxy. It
argues that it is important to assess the factors and processes that
positively and negatively affect the formation of niches.
This argument is corroborated by an analysis of the construction industry
in the Netherlands. According to Waldinger (1995: 577),
‘construction represents the quintessential ethnic niche’,
but immigrants in the Netherlands did not carve out a niche. This
exceptional situation can be attributed to a sector-specific configuration
of social, economic and institutional processes.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 355-372
Issue: 4
Volume: 14
Year: 2002
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562022000013158
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562022000013158
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:14:y:2002:i:4:p:355-372
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christian Lechner
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Lechner
Author-Name: Michael Dowling
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Dowling
Title: Firm networks: external relationships as sources for the growth and competitiveness of entrepreneurial firms
Abstract:
Inter-firm networks, as an inter-organizational form, are increasingly
perceived as a model for entrepreneurial firm growth. We study egocentric
networks of high-growth entrepreneurial firms in the IT industry and
explore how these firms grow through the use of external relations and
become competitive. Based on case study research, we identify that firms
are using relations for a variety of purposes and that every firm has an
individual relational mix. This relational mix changes with the
development of the firms. While the relative importance of social and
reputational networks decrease with the firms' development, co-opetition
networks increase over time. Knowledge and innovation networks are a
function of reputation and management capacity while the development of
marketing networks depends on the firm's culture and management style.
Both weak ties and strong ties are important for the growth of the firm
since they fulfil different functions. Firm growth is determined by
path-dependent relational capability that eventually reaches its limits
and leads to the reconfiguration of a rather stable network. Additionally,
firm growth depends not only on the building of egocentric networks but
also on the existence and development of healthy sociocentric networks.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-26
Issue: 1
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210159220
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210159220
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:1:p:1-26
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elina VaramÄki
Author-X-Name-First: Elina
Author-X-Name-Last: VaramÄki
Author-Name: Jukka Vesalainen
Author-X-Name-First: Jukka
Author-X-Name-Last: Vesalainen
Title: Modelling different types of multilateral co-operation between SMEs
Abstract:
This paper focuses on a theoretical modelling of multilateral SME
co-operation. A major part of the previous research has been done on
dyadic or bilateral relationships between two partners in a vertical chain
although new co-operative ventures increasingly involve multiple partners.
The objectives of the paper are to accomplish a conceptualization of
different types of multilateral co-operation between SMEs as a synthesis
of longitudinal empirical observations and selected theoretical
discussions of inter-firm co-operation, to bring out possible advantages
and prerequisites of successful co-operation of these types, and to show
how co-operation can develop from one basic model to another. The main
point in the modelling of SME co-operation is that those who plan, promote
or build up co-operative arrangements must know right from the beginning
what kind of co-operative model a group of firms will strive for, because
the prerequisites of successful co-operation are emphasized differently in
different types of co-operation. The empirical examples also suggest that
co-operation leads to co-operation, i.e. when a company once joins a net,
it is more probable that the company gets access to other nets as well.
The basic challenge thus is to get the small or medium-sized company to
enter its first co-operative arrangement.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 27-47
Issue: 1
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210157646
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210157646
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:1:p:27-47
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Denis Requier-Desjardins
Author-X-Name-First: Denis
Author-X-Name-Last: Requier-Desjardins
Author-Name: FranÇOis Boucher
Author-X-Name-First: FranÇOis
Author-X-Name-Last: Boucher
Author-Name: Claire Cerdan
Author-X-Name-First: Claire
Author-X-Name-Last: Cerdan
Title: Globalization, competitive advantages and the evolution of production systems: rural food processing and localized agri-food systems in Latin-American countries
Abstract:
This paper reviews the rise of geographic concentrations of small
food-processing units in rural areas of Latin America, in order to show
that, drawing on the literature on the development of clusters, they may
represent a type of local productive system, namely Local Agri-food
Systems. Furthermore it assesses whether they might compete efficiently in
global food commodity chains. In this regard it analyses the specific
assets of these systems, drawing on some specific cases, and stresses the
conditions that can enable them to compete on national or even global
markets in the supply of processed products. These conditions appear to be
a capacity for collective action which, in this particular case, will be
enhanced by qualification processes of the products creating common assets
for the actors involved. These elements could provide a rationale as
regards the categorization of clusters according to their efficiency.
Actually, although they won't be able to achieve competitive efficiency in
every case, some might, and it remains useful to set up a research
programme on their trajectories of development.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 49-67
Issue: 1
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210144983
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210144983
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:1:p:49-67
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ronald V. Kalafsky
Author-X-Name-First: Ronald V.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kalafsky
Author-Name: Alan D. MacPherson
Author-X-Name-First: Alan D.
Author-X-Name-Last: MacPherson
Title: Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers
Abstract:
Firms in the machine tool (MT) industry produce capital goods that are
critical to the manufacturing efforts of other industrial producers,
especially those that engage in metalworking activity. Today, US companies
in this small but strategically important sector are exposed to
substantial import competition, as well as to strong competition from
foreign companies that have established branch facilities inside the USA.
While there are signs that some US firms have expanded their geographic
market ranges domestically and internationally, many producers still sell
within a relatively restricted geographic area. This paper examines the
interconnections that exist between the geographic input-output ranges of
US machine tool producers and various indicators of business performance.
Evidence is taken from a national survey of 104 MT companies. The
empirical results suggest that geographically extensive sourcing
correlates positively with company performance, and the same holds true
for marketing (e.g. serving national or global customers delivers better
results). Overall, the survey findings suggest that the most successful MT
companies serve global markets and/or source globally for inputs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 69-82
Issue: 1
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562022000029269
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562022000029269
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:1:p:69-82
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dan Hjalmarsson
Author-X-Name-First: Dan
Author-X-Name-Last: Hjalmarsson
Author-Name: Anders W. Johansson
Author-X-Name-First: Anders W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Johansson
Title: Public advisory services - theory and practice
Abstract:
Public advisory service to SMEs is a multibillion pound activity
throughout the industrialized world. Yet very little research has been
done on the theoretical basis for this field. This paper proposes some
elements in a theoretical understanding of the rationale behind public
measures. The authors argue that public intervention should be considered
at two levels, as a public market intervention and as a consultant-client
relation at the micro level. At the market intervention level, public
advisory service is seen in the perspective of economic theory, comparing
neo-classical and neo-Austrian theory. Two different kinds of services are
identified and discussed: operational and strategic. At a micro level, the
concepts of client identity and clientifying power relations serve to
understand the small business manager's way of responding to services. In
combining both levels - the market perspective and the micro level - it is
argued that the neo-classical theory is connected to operational/expert
services and objectifying power technologies. The neo-Austrian theory
corresponds with the empirical findings at the micro level showing
strategic services embedded in a subjectifying power technology. With the
neo-Austrian perspective the rather symmetrical relations between client
and consultant at the micro level is comprehensible.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 83-98
Issue: 1
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562021000011205
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562021000011205
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:1:p:83-98
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Monder Ram
Author-X-Name-First: Monder
Author-X-Name-Last: Ram
Author-Name: David Smallbone
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Smallbone
Title: Special Issue
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 99-102
Issue: 2
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000075186
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000075186
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:2:p:99-102
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maggi W. H. Leung
Author-X-Name-First: Maggi W. H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Leung
Title: Beyond Chinese, beyond food: unpacking the regulated Chinese restaurant business in Germany
Abstract:
Drawing upon findings from in-depth interviews with 22 Chinese
restauranteurs, supplemented with communication with key informants and
ethnographic observations, this paper illustrates the policy context in
which the Chinese restaurant trade in Germany is embedded. Based on the
typology from Esping-Andersen, characteristics of the German welfare state
regimes are identified with special focus on their impact on immigration
and migrants' employment options. This establishes the background for a
closer examination of a selection of policies that govern, to different
levels of success: (1) the migration of Chinese migrants, (2) the right of
work for asylum seekers, (3) the level of authenticity of speciality
restaurants, and (4) migrants' access of financial support and advice
regarding self-employment. The paper shows how (migrant) entrepreneurs,
facing changing levels of market challenges and policy controls, are
active and creative agents in optimizing their performances. Strategies
adopted include the modification of their business operations and range of
products as well as tapping their resourceful ethnic social network for
venture capital, necessary information and other forms of support.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 103-118
Issue: 2
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000075140
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000075140
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:2:p:103-118
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maria Kontos
Author-X-Name-First: Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: Kontos
Title: Self-employment policies and migrants' entrepreneurship in Germany
Abstract:
This paper presents results from a European project on policy and
migrants' entrepreneurship in Germany. It develops a concept of
biographical policy evaluation by analysing the extent to which the
biographical processes that have led to self-employment among migrants in
individual cases correspond to those anticipated by policy. The study
identifies a biographical structure composed of two phases that shape the
status passage to self-employment. During these phases, personal resources
are mobilized and/or attempts are made to access policy support.
Self-employment policies are fragmented in that they are designed to
address specific stages of the process. Migrants are often excluded from
policy participation, either as a result of policy failures or through a
manner of implementation that is frequently influenced by prejudices and
stereotypes. Deprived of class resources and sometimes unable to utilize
ethnic resources, migrant would-be entrepreneurs require public support.
The ‘bridging allowance’ scheme to encourage self-employment
among the unemployed currently in place in Germany
(Überbrückungsgeld) could serve as a model for
a more adequate support policy for non-privileged business starters that
would better allow for the participation of migrants.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 119-135
Issue: 2
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000075131
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000075131
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:2:p:119-135
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jock Collins
Author-X-Name-First: Jock
Author-X-Name-Last: Collins
Title: Cultural diversity and entrepreneurship: policy responses to immigrant entrepreneurs in Australia
Abstract:
Australia, one of the most cosmopolitan of contemporary western
societies, has a long history of immigrant entrepreneurship, with many
ethnic groups significantly over-represented in entrepreneurial
activities, particularly in the small business sector of the Australian
economy. This paper addresses the changing policy context that shapes the
rate of formation of - and the growth and expansion of - ethnic
enterprises in Australia. At a macro level, changes to Australian
immigration and settlement policy and taxation policy indirectly impact on
rates of immigrant minority entrepreneurship formation and survival. At
the micro level, policy development that impacts directly on minority
immigrant enterprises in Australia is very recent and largely undeveloped.
This paper looks at immigrant entrepreneurship in Australia, including
spatial dimensions, and at the impact of changing macro policy. It then
reviews three key areas of micro policy responses to immigrant
entrepreneurship: the education and training needs of ethnic
entrepreneurs; policies designed to encourage unemployed immigrants to
become entrepreneurs; and policy related to government strategies to
improve communication with ethnic entrepreneurs. This paper concludes that
there are few direct policy initiatives to promote immigrant
entrepreneurship in Australia.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 137-149
Issue: 2
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000075168
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000075168
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:2:p:137-149
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Monder Ram
Author-X-Name-First: Monder
Author-X-Name-Last: Ram
Author-Name: David Smallbone
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Smallbone
Title: Policies to support ethnic minority enterprise: the English experience
Abstract:
Continued political enthusiasm for encouraging entrepreneurship in the UK
is beginning to influence business support policy towards black and
minority ethnic businesses (BMEBs). The Small Business Service (SBS; the
government agency charged with providing business support to small firms
in England) has an explicit remit to cater for entrepreneurs from all
sections of society. This is an important development given the widely
noted reluctance of BMEBs to avail themselves of the services of
mainstream business support agencies. This paper aims to assess the extent
to which policy aspirations in relation to BMEBs have been realized. A
survey of Business Links (the agencies contracted to deliver SBS services
in England) and interviews with key informants are drawn upon to address
three questions: To what extent do Business Links have a policy to support
BMEBs? What form are initiatives to support BMEBs taking? How can these
experiences inform a policy agenda towards BMEBs? The findings suggest
that uneven and under-developed approaches to the support of BMEBS are
commonplace. However, some encouraging examples of potentially fruitful
initiatives are in evidence, which may reflect a growing awareness of the
particular needs of BMEBs. A number of guidelines for future policy are
presented, including the importance of diversity within mainstream
provision; the need for an engagement strategy; improved access to
finance; the promotion of sectoral diversity; and better evaluation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 151-166
Issue: 2
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000075177
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000075177
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:2:p:151-166
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert C. Kloosterman
Author-X-Name-First: Robert C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kloosterman
Title: Creating opportunities. Policies aimed at increasing openings for immigrant entrepreneurs in the Netherlands
Abstract:
Since the 1980s, subsequent Dutch governments have promoted
self-employment of immigrants to reduce their unemployment rates. These
policies have been focused on the (potential) actors themselves, i.e. the
immigrants who have started or who may want to start a business. Taking
mixed embeddedness as a point of departure, entrepreneurship and
self-employment cannot be solely understood by focusing on the micro-level
but has to include the larger macro and meso structures that impact on
these actors' choices. In this paper, therefore, the focus is on the
opportunity structure and on the policies that affect this set of options
for starting a (small) business. A typology of policies that may alter
this opportunity structure is offered.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 167-181
Issue: 2
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000075159
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000075159
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:2:p:167-181
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Meine Pieter Van Dijk
Author-X-Name-First: Meine Pieter Van
Author-X-Name-Last: Dijk
Author-Name: Árni Sverrisson
Author-X-Name-First: Árni
Author-X-Name-Last: Sverrisson
Title: Enterprise clusters in developing countries: mechanisms of transition and stagnation
Abstract:
This paper analyses the dynamics of clustered enterprise development in
developing countries. It is focused on the different types of clusters
that can be identified in these contexts. After a brief introduction, the
cluster concept is explained and the need to understand clusters as an
expression of social connectivity rather than mere spatial agglomerations
is established. Next, a typology of clusters is presented. This typology
is discussed on the basis of recent research on small and medium-sized
enterprise clusters in different countries and continents. The types of
linkages prevailing in different types of clusters are analysed, as well
as their implications for technological change. It is argued that the
mechanisms of enterprise growth and innovative activity are different in
each type of cluster and hence the opportunity structures that
entrepreneurs face are variable across cluster types. Therefore, the
mechanisms of transition from one type to another are different, and these
are discussed next, as well as mechanisms of stagnation and continuity. In
conclusion, the implications for development research and policy are
outlined and it is emphasized that support must be tailored to the actual
state of existing clusters and cannot be deduced from general theory.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 183-206
Issue: 3
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210159239
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210159239
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:3:p:183-206
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Deniz Ucbasaran
Author-X-Name-First: Deniz
Author-X-Name-Last: Ucbasaran
Author-Name: Mike Wright
Author-X-Name-First: Mike
Author-X-Name-Last: Wright
Author-Name: Paul Westhead
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Westhead
Title: A longitudinal study of habitual entrepreneurs: starters and acquirers
Abstract:
This study provides insights into the characteristics and behaviour of
habitual starter entrepreneurs (i.e. individuals who have established more
than one business) and habitual acquirer entrepreneurs (i.e. individuals
who have purchased/acquired more than one business). A human capital
perspective is utilized to illustrate that the human capital accumulated
by a habitual entrepreneur may influence their subsequent behaviour. Prior
business ownership experience is discussed in relation to an
entrepreneur's human capital accumulation, as well as their search and
business opportunity identification behaviour. A case study approach is
used to develop propositions that highlight the similarities and
differences between habitual starter and acquirer entrepreneurs.
Implications for researchers and practitioners are discussed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 207-228
Issue: 3
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210145009
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210145009
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:3:p:207-228
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kurtis G. Fuellhart
Author-X-Name-First: Kurtis G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fuellhart
Author-Name: Amy K. Glasmeier
Author-X-Name-First: Amy K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Glasmeier
Title: Acquisition, assessment and use of business information by small- and medium-sized businesses: a demand perspective
Abstract:
Geographic context has been shown to be an important factor in
determining the supply of business information available to firms.
However, such studies often ignore the demand for such information by
businesses. Using a mail survey and fieldwork, the authors investigate
business information demand issues for small- and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) in mature industries. Results show that these businesses have
distinct preferences for both particular information sources as well as
differing qualitative assessments of the sources' credibility, relevance
and availability. Thus, studies of organizational information behaviour in
a regional context should attend to the demand side of business
information behaviour to avoid mis-reading the benefits of geographic
location.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 229-252
Issue: 3
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562021000011197
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562021000011197
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:3:p:229-252
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Secondo Rolfo
Author-X-Name-First: Secondo
Author-X-Name-Last: Rolfo
Author-Name: Giuseppe Calabrese
Author-X-Name-First: Giuseppe
Author-X-Name-Last: Calabrese
Title: Traditional SMEs and innovation: the role of the industrial policy in Italy
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is two-fold. First, it analyses the Italian aid
programmes for innovation and technology and, in particular, the role of
the regions in view of the recent legislative framework. The second aim is
to match the needs of Italian SMEs for technological innovation with the
state and regional aid programmes. Two empirical research programmes
carried out at Ceris-CNR (Institute of Economic Research on Firms and
Growth - Italian National Research Council) confirmed that the Italian
SMEs' approach to innovation tends to meet the demand of the existing
market through incremental processes. The most common way of introducing
new technology is by purchasing new machines and equipment to reduce costs
and improve quality. All industrialized countries tend to favour the
linking of SMEs with external sources of knowledge. The paper shows that
in Italy such a policy clashes with the capacity of SMEs for absorbing
innovation. Most of them lack the technical structures (technical office,
design department, R&D laboratory, prototype department, etc.) and the
graduate staff capable of interacting with the research bodies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 253-271
Issue: 3
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620210158401
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620210158401
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:3:p:253-271
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bernard Musyck
Author-X-Name-First: Bernard
Author-X-Name-Last: Musyck
Title: Institutional endowment, localized capabilities and the emergence of SMEs: from mining to recycling, the case of Freiberg (Saxony)
Abstract:
This paper analyses the development of the emerging SME-based recycling
and environmental technology sector in the region of Freiberg in the
former centrally planned economy of the German Democratic Republic. The
author analyses a relatively successful process of economic renewal
resulting from a combination of endogenous assets and exogenous impulses,
set within a socio-economic context often seen as unconducive to the
creation of new and innovative firms. The analysis has three distinct but
interlocking strands of explanation: long-term historical assets and
localized capabilities; the restructuring of existing local research
institutes; and public policies in support of environmental protection and
applied research. The paper analyses how processes of learning and
unlearning, and the existence of tacit and formal knowledge, supported by
a strong social capital reinforced during years of communism, contributed
to the development of the new sector. Overall, the analysis privileges an
historical perspective in highlighting a process of long-term continuity
in the accumulation of skills and entrepreneurial abilities, combined with
a process of industrial transformation and renewal.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 273-298
Issue: 4
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000058905
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000058905
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:4:p:273-298
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frédéric Corolleur
Author-X-Name-First: Frédéric
Author-X-Name-Last: Corolleur
Author-Name: Claude Courlet
Author-X-Name-First: Claude
Author-X-Name-Last: Courlet
Title: The Marshallian Industrial District, an organizational and institutional answer to uncertainty
Abstract:
The object of this paper is to clarify the Marshallian ideas of agents,
markets and evolution that make up his concept of the industrial district.
The industrial district is interpreted as an organizational and
institutional answer to uncertainty. Its longevity depends on the
strategies of the local economic actors, the fruition of external
economies and its adaptation to a particular trade and technological
environment. These propositions are illustrated with regard to
contemporary industrial history.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 299-307
Issue: 4
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000058941
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000058941
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:4:p:299-307
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mauri Laukkanen
Author-X-Name-First: Mauri
Author-X-Name-Last: Laukkanen
Author-Name: Hannu Niittykangas
Author-X-Name-First: Hannu
Author-X-Name-Last: Niittykangas
Title: Local developers as virtual entrepreneurs - do difficult surroundings need initiating interventions?
Abstract:
This paper discusses the preconditions and strategies of local
development and turnaround in difficult surroundings such as peripheral
rural communities. Its key premise is that local decision makers' beliefs
of how such small economies function and of ‘proper’
interventions are critical. Such thought patterns were studied among
Finnish rural municipality directors (RMDs), using comparative cause
mapping. The findings show that while private initiative,
entrepreneurship, is regarded as key for development, prevalent views of
entrepreneurship, especially firm formation, are unsophisticated,
stressing personal traits and social factors such as supportive cultures
and role models. Paralleling these views, the current developmental
doctrine is indirect, focused on resource provision and implying passive
waiting for entrepreneurs to emerge before developers ‘can’
act. Considering their bleak perspectives, the paper argues that
communities with weak autonomous turnaround capabilities need more
interventionist strategies than those built-in the dominant paradigm,
whereas current resource-providing models may be suitable in more
benevolent environments. To augment the dominant thinking, the paper
suggests an initiating ‘business-based development model’ as
a parallel approach for a more effective local economic development in
difficult surroundings.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 309-331
Issue: 4
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562022000029278
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562022000029278
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:4:p:309-331
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Irmi Seidl
Author-X-Name-First: Irmi
Author-X-Name-Last: Seidl
Author-Name: Oliver Schelske
Author-X-Name-First: Oliver
Author-X-Name-Last: Schelske
Author-Name: Jasmin Joshi
Author-X-Name-First: Jasmin
Author-X-Name-Last: Joshi
Author-Name: Markus Jenny
Author-X-Name-First: Markus
Author-X-Name-Last: Jenny
Title: Entrepreneurship in biodiversity conservation and regional development
Abstract:
This paper discusses the protection of biodiversity by means of
market-based activities in the food sector and the preconditions and
context that provide fertile ground. The variables investigated are the
regional production factors involved, the entrepreneurship demonstrated,
the kind of niche market developed, and the various kinds of support
provided. A case study of a Swiss market activity designed to restore and
protect biodiversity is presented; it concerns the cultivation of a
traditionally grown wheat species combined with measures to protect
wildlife and flora. The wheat is processed into a variety of products,
which are sold within the region. The organization of the activity, its
economic development and its ecological implications are presented. The
discussion reveals the particularities of such endeavours that are of
relevance to the economics of regional development (e.g. limited product
and market development, reliance on subsidies, need for broad coalitions)
and factors of success (e.g. networking, involvement of research,
political support). Conclusions with regard to policy are as follows: (1)
support in the very early stages is needed (e.g. start-up capital,
capacity building, partner-like support from administration); (2)
biodiversity-sound agricultural activities rely on subsidies; and (3) a
propitious framework for such market activities is to be conserved.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 333-350
Issue: 4
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000058914
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000058914
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:4:p:333-350
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Franz Tödtling
Author-X-Name-First: Franz
Author-X-Name-Last: Tödtling
Author-Name: Herta Wanzenböck
Author-X-Name-First: Herta
Author-X-Name-Last: Wanzenböck
Title: Regional differences in structural characteristics of start-ups
Abstract:
In recent years new firm formation has become a major area of both
research and policy. Yet, while regional differences in business start-up
intensity, and their causes, have been the subject of various studies, few
attempts have been made to investigate spatial variation in the structural
features of start-ups. Theoretical considerations and the existing
literature both suggest that agglomeration advantages and sectoral
structure of regions figure prominently among the factors important in
influencing start-up activity and characteristics. In the empirical
analysis of start-ups in Austria we accordingly apply a regional typology
based on these two factors. The data analysed were drawn from two
similarly designed surveys relating to the years 1990 and 1997. It is
shown that Austria displays marked regional differences in start-up
activity, in terms of both intensity and characteristics. In line with the
urban incubator hypothesis, tertiary centres - above all the Vienna region
- displayed significantly above-average start-up rates, as well as more
favourable structural characteristics of the new firms. Start-up activity
in old industrial and in rural areas was substantially lower than average,
structural features also being less positive there. Furthermore, the 1990
cohort displayed regional differences in business start-ups' survival
period, although the Cox model indicated no significant direct influence
of area type in this respect. In economic policy terms it can be concluded
that, as well as a general improvement in the environment for start-ups,
greater regional differentiation of financial, informational and
consultancy support is desirable, since not only the conditions for new
firm formation but also the intensity and characteristics of start-ups
themselves vary considerably between regions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 351-370
Issue: 4
Volume: 15
Year: 2003
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000058923
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562032000058923
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:4:p:351-370
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edward J. Malecki
Author-X-Name-First: Edward J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Malecki
Author-Name: Peter Nijkamp
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp
Author-Name: Roger Stough
Author-X-Name-First: Roger
Author-X-Name-Last: Stough
Title: Editorial
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-3
Issue: 1
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000209609
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000209609
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:1:p:1-3
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marina Van Geenhuizen
Author-X-Name-First: Marina Van
Author-X-Name-Last: Geenhuizen
Title: Cities and cyberspace: new entrepreneurial strategies
Abstract:
E-commerce is increasingly influencing business operations, as a major
supportive medium for different strategies or as a strategy on its own.
This paper seeks to identify impacts from concomitant changes on the
development of cities. To this purpose, emerging time-based strategies are
analysed in manufacturing and customer-services strategies are analysed in
the services sector. The focus of the study is on proximity needs and what
these needs imply for elimination of physical segments from value chains
and insertion of virtual segments into these chains. The findings are then
linked with trends for agglomeration or spread of urban activity. The
conclusion is that the future of cities is far from clear. Trends for
agglomeration go hand in hand with trends for spread on different spatial
levels. In addition, there are huge knowledge gaps. The paper concludes
with suggestions for further research to fill these gaps.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 5-19
Issue: 1
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000205009
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000205009
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:1:p:5-19
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edward J. Malecki
Author-X-Name-First: Edward J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Malecki
Title: Fibre tracks: explaining investment in fibre optic backbones
Abstract:
This paper examines the US portion of the global communications network
known as the Internet. The stages in the Internet's evolution,
telecommunications deregulation, and a rush by new competitors to new
market opportunities associated with the Internet combined to prompt a
flurry of investment in new fibre-optic networks. Frameworks to explain
new networks built upon, and added to, existing telecommunications
networks include network economies and the opportunity-rich paths located
between the large markets on the east and west coasts of the country and a
capital-driven set of new and old network suppliers. The paper then
reviews the small but growing body of research on the geographic structure
of the Internet. The empirical section of the paper focuses on analyses of
the variation among urban areas both in bandwidth on interurban Internet
backbone networks and in the number of web design firms in the USA.
Bandwidth investment was attracted not only to cities with larger
populations but also to cities with ‘knowledge economies’,
indicated by doctoral degree-granting institutions and economic dynamism.
The paper concludes with remarks about future research priorities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 21-39
Issue: 1
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000205018
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000205018
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:1:p:21-39
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Helen Couclelis
Author-X-Name-First: Helen
Author-X-Name-Last: Couclelis
Title: Pizza over the Internet: e-commerce, the fragmentation of activity and the tyranny of the region
Abstract:
The question this paper explores is the extent to which e-commerce may be
liberating consumers and merchants from the constraints of space (and
time) that have traditionally led to predictable regional patterns of
retail location. Is distance dead, have the laws of regional organization
dissolved away in the age of Internet shopping? Following a discussion of
some figures, trends and definitions relating to e-commerce, the paper
develops a tentative theoretical framework for the study of this question.
First, the fragmentation of activity hypothesis suggests that the activity
of shopping can be decomposed into a large number of different
sub-activities, some of which can better be carried out physically and
others electronically from a variety of different locations. Next, noting
that the sub-activity of paying for a purchase is the single most critical
one for the survival of a local retail presence, a general game-theoretic
model is outlined to help to estimate the relative amounts of physical vs.
Internet shopping that would help to safeguard a healthy local retail
presence. The paper concludes that e-commerce is not about to end the
‘tyranny of the region’. Regional structure principles
remain important, although many familiar analytic approaches may have to
be rethought or extended.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 41-54
Issue: 1
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000205027
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000205027
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:1:p:41-54
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Juan R. Cuadrado-Roura
Author-X-Name-First: Juan R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Cuadrado-Roura
Author-Name: Antonio Garcia-Tabuenca
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia-Tabuenca
Title: ICT policies for SMEs and regional disparities. The Spanish case
Abstract:
The effective incorporation of Information and Communication Technologies
(ICTs) in business is not something that takes place homogeneously or
always with the same speed, particularly in the case of small and
medium-sized firms (SMEs). Obviously, the adaptation process of these
technologies by the firms affects, and at the same time is conditioned by,
the economic dynamics of the regions. The European Union and the national
and regional governments have designed programmes and policies oriented
towards strengthening the effective development and application of the ICT
in small and medium-sized firms. This paper deals with these subjects
taking the Spanish case as a point of reference. First, significant data
are presented to show the situation in different regions. Second, a more
detailed analysis is made of the promotion policies applied in three
regions taken as a case study. From this, certain conclusions are drawn
and some critical comments are made.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 55-75
Issue: 1
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000205036
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000205036
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:1:p:55-75
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Enno Masurel
Author-X-Name-First: Enno
Author-X-Name-Last: Masurel
Author-Name: Peter Nijkamp
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp
Author-Name: Gabriella Vindigni
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriella
Author-X-Name-Last: Vindigni
Title: Breeding places for ethnic entrepreneurs: a comparative marketing approach
Abstract:
This paper aims to examine the performance conditions of ethnic (migrant)
entrepreneurs in a modern economy. After a broad overview of key issues,
an analytical tool from marketing theory is proposed, based on the five Ps
(Product, Price, Place, Personnel and Promotion). Next, an empirical
application is presented, in which results from an in-depth interview
study on Moroccan entrepreneurs in Amsterdam are discussed. Given the
linguistic and qualitative information in our data base, two recently
developed pattern recognition methods for categorized information, namely
Apriori and rough set methods, are deployed in order to derive meaningful
association and classification rules that are helpful to identify
conditional success or performance rules.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 77-86
Issue: 1
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000205045
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000205045
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:1:p:77-86
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Danny Mackinnon
Author-X-Name-First: Danny
Author-X-Name-Last: Mackinnon
Author-Name: Keith Chapman
Author-X-Name-First: Keith
Author-X-Name-Last: Chapman
Author-Name: Andrew Cumbers
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Cumbers
Title: Networking, trust and embeddedness amongst SMEs in the Aberdeen oil complex
Abstract:
Over the last decade or so, networking has become a ‘vogue
concept’ in small business research, connecting with wider debates
on learning and regional development. Participation in inter-firm networks
is seen to provide small firms with access to a broader pool of resources
and knowledge, helping them to overcome size-related disadvantages. In
particular, the role of such networks as channels for innovation and
learning within regions and localities has been emphasized in the context
of an apparent shift towards a knowledge-driven economy. In this paper, we
provide an empirically-grounded analysis of networking, trust and
embeddedness amongst small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the
Aberdeen oil complex. Drawing upon survey and interview data, it is argued
that connections to extra-local networks play a crucial role in providing
access to wider sources of information and knowledge. At the same time, an
Aberdeen location still matters to oil-related firms because of the access
it offers to crucial forms of industry-specific information and expertise.
In concurring with recent calls for more empirically-grounded
research which seeks to ‘test’ theoretical propositions
against relevant data, we suggest in conclusion that a combination of firm
surveys and face-to-face interviews provides an appropriate way forward.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 87-106
Issue: 2
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620410001677826
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620410001677826
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:2:p:87-106
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mourad Dakhli
Author-X-Name-First: Mourad
Author-X-Name-Last: Dakhli
Author-Name: Dirk De Clercq
Author-X-Name-First: Dirk
Author-X-Name-Last: De Clercq
Title: Human capital, social capital, and innovation: a multi-country study
Abstract:
The authors examine the effects of two forms of capital, i.e. human
capital and social capital, on innovation at the country level. We use
secondary data from the World Development Report on a country's overall
human development to test for a relationship between human capital and
innovation. We also use previous conceptualizations of social capital as
comprising trust, associational activity, and norms of civic behaviour to
test for relationships between these indicators of social capital and
innovation using data from the World Values Survey. Unlike most previous
studies that examined human and social capital within a given country, we
develop and empirically test a theoretically grounded model that relates
human and social capital to innovation at the societal level across 59
different countries, thus providing a more global view of the role of
these two forms of capital in generating value. We find strong support for
the positive relationship between human capital and innovation and partial
support for the positive effect of trust and associational activity on
innovation. However, contrary to our prediction, we find a negative
relationship between norms of civic behaviour and one of our innovation
measures.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 107-128
Issue: 2
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620410001677835
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620410001677835
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:2:p:107-128
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alexius A. Pereira
Author-X-Name-First: Alexius A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pereira
Title: State entrepreneurship and regional development: Singapore's industrial parks in Batam and Suzhou
Abstract:
This paper examines a case of state entrepreneurship and regional
development through an analysis of the Singaporean government's
‘regional industrial parks’ programme, which began in 1990.
To the Singaporean government, this programme was an entrepreneurial
venture because it was designed to generate profits through developing,
leasing and managing industrial estates in selected locations across the
Asia Pacific region. This paper examines two such regional industrial
parks, situated in Batam (Indonesia) and Suzhou (China). It finds that as
an entrepreneurial venture, the parks have both successes and failures. In
addition, the two parks have had different developmental impacts. The
paper concludes by arguing that although the entrepreneurial state's
strategies are important, host governments must act on these strategies
effectively in order to achieve sustained economic development.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 129-144
Issue: 2
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620410001677844
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620410001677844
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:2:p:129-144
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: F. J. Greene
Author-X-Name-First: F. J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Greene
Author-Name: D. J. Storey
Author-X-Name-First: D. J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Storey
Title: An assessment of a venture creation programme: the case of Shell LiveWIRE
Abstract:
This paper examines the problems inherent in assessing the role of
venture creation programmes. It suggests that there are, in particular,
two areas to be considered. First, any assessment is contingent upon the
evaluation context. In other words, not only are the objectives of any
particular venture creation programme important, but also so are the
objectives of the evaluation. Following on from this, it is also apparent
that a simple input-output (‘black-box’) assessment is
unlikely to fully capture the discontinuities or ambiguities inherent in
the entrepreneurial process. To address these issues, an assessment
instrument is developed to estimate the equivocal nature of the venture
creation process. This 4-fold instrument suggests considering individuals
in four states: individuals who use a programme but do not subsequently
consider entrepreneurship to be appropriate (NO WISH); those who would
countenance entrepreneurship in the future (POTENTIALS); those currently
attempting to become entrepreneurs (NASCENTS); and those who are
entrepreneurs (ACTUALS). Subsequently, this assessment instrument is used
to consider the case of Shell LiveWIRE, which is a dedicated provider of
enterprise support to young people in the UK. Based upon a sample of over
1000 young people, a probit and ordered probit analysis show that
‘soft’ forms of support (signposting and information
provision) were of little value in moving individuals towards
entrepreneurial activity. The research also found that the more likely an
individual was to be engaged in entrepreneurial activity, the less their
expressed value of LiveWIRE services.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 145-159
Issue: 2
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620410001677853
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620410001677853
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:2:p:145-159
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wai-Sum Siu
Author-X-Name-First: Wai-Sum
Author-X-Name-Last: Siu
Author-Name: Wenchang Fang
Author-X-Name-First: Wenchang
Author-X-Name-Last: Fang
Author-Name: Tingling Lin
Author-X-Name-First: Tingling
Author-X-Name-Last: Lin
Title: Strategic marketing practices and the performance of Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Taiwan
Abstract:
This paper reports on a survey of the strategic marketing practices of
218 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Taiwan. The survey's
results indicate that while the higher performing Taiwanese SMEs give a
higher priority to marketing than to other business functions in corporate
planning, they are still sales- or production-oriented. The higher
performing Taiwanese SMEs are more aware of strategic planning tools, but
they make less use of them. They compete with value-added products and
good buyer-seller relationships. The findings suggest that broad, small
firm marketing principles, specifically generated from countries in the
West, to some extent contribute to the success of Taiwanese SMEs.
Interestingly, however, the specific marketing practices of these small
firms are different from those of their Western counterparts. The research
results provide additional evidence to support the theory that both
Chinese cultural value orientations and mediating environmental factors
play significant roles in shaping the attitudes and behaviour of Taiwanese
owner-managers and, in turn, the marketing practices of Taiwanese SMEs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 161-178
Issue: 2
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620410001677862
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620410001677862
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:2:p:161-178
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chris Steyaert
Author-X-Name-First: Chris
Author-X-Name-Last: Steyaert
Author-Name: Jerome Katz
Author-X-Name-First: Jerome
Author-X-Name-Last: Katz
Title: Reclaiming the space of entrepreneurship in society: geographical, discursive and social dimensions
Abstract:
This paper seeks to explore and to reflect upon the implications of how
to conceive entrepreneurship when considered as a societal rather than an
economic phenomenon. To conceive and reclaim the space in which
entrepreneurship is seen at work in society, we point at the geographical,
discursive and social dimensions from where we develop three crucial and
connected questions that can reconstruct the future research agendas of
entrepreneurship studies and that can guide us towards a geopolitics of
everyday entrepreneurship: what spaces/discourses/stakeholders have we
privileged in the study of entrepreneurship and what other
spaces/discourses/stakeholders could we consider?
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 179-196
Issue: 3
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000197135
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000197135
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:3:p:179-196
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lauretta Conklin Frederking
Author-X-Name-First: Lauretta Conklin
Author-X-Name-Last: Frederking
Title: A cross-national study of culture, organization and entrepreneurship in three neighbourhoods
Abstract:
When and how do informal institutions reduce the transaction costs for
entrepreneurs? This question is the focus of my cross-national study of
culture and economic activities. I present comparative evidence from three
neighbourhoods across two countries suggesting diverging patterns of
entrepreneurship. In the first neighbourhood, social norms and
relationships integrate into economic activities. It is very different in
the other two neighbourhoods where social norms and relationships are kept
out of economic activities: here, evidence suggests that communities
create cultural separation through formal institutions or through
privatization. Beyond analysing the contrasting relevance of culture in
entrepreneurial activities, I explain why these different patterns emerge.
Structural factors contribute to contrasting processes of immigrant
adaptation in the host countries. The structural context of immigration
laws, housing and education policies affect the way in which groups
organize in the respective neighbourhoods, and it is these patterns of
organization that dictate the subsequent relevance of culture in
entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 197-215
Issue: 3
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000197126
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000197126
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:3:p:197-215
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Harvey Johnstone
Author-X-Name-First: Harvey
Author-X-Name-Last: Johnstone
Author-Name: Doug Lionais
Author-X-Name-First: Doug
Author-X-Name-Last: Lionais
Title: Depleted communities and community business entrepreneurship: revaluing space through place
Abstract:
Depleted communities are a persistent feature of late capitalism. They
can be seen as areas that have lost much of their economic rationale as
space, while retaining high attachments and social
relations of place. While conditions in depleted
communities can limit possibilities for traditional development,
entrepreneurial responses are not similarly constrained. It is argued here
that depleted communities can act as hosts to a unique form of enterprise
that combines good business practices with community goals. We refer to
this as community business entrepreneurship and argue that it is similar
to, but distinct from, the traditional entrepreneurial process. To
illustrate these ideas three cases are examined. Within the setting of the
depleted community, the entrepreneurial process can be modified to pursue
community goals, thereby creating new opportunities and making new forms
of development possible.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 217-233
Issue: 3
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000197117
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000197117
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:3:p:217-233
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alf Rehn
Author-X-Name-First: Alf
Author-X-Name-Last: Rehn
Author-Name: Saara Taalas
Author-X-Name-First: Saara
Author-X-Name-Last: Taalas
Title: ‘Znakomstva I Svyazi’ (Acquaintances and connections) -- Blat, the Soviet Union, and mundane entrepreneurship
Abstract:
The discussion regarding entrepreneurship and society has often
presupposed that this society by necessity will be one that embraces the
market economy as a guiding principle. This paper questions this
assumption by discussing a command economy, namely the Soviet Union, as a
fundamentally entrepreneurial society. By introducing the case of the
blat, ‘Russia’s economy of favours’,
the paper illustrates how mundane individual economies can be a part of
entrepreneurship, and how flexible opportunity networks can support the
rigidity of a command economy. Continuing from this, the exclusion of such
irregular economies is discussed from an ideological rather than an
analytic standpoint. The paper further presents some inferences that can
be drawn from the case of the blat and which
problematizes common assumptions in entrepreneurship studies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 235-250
Issue: 3
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000197108
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000197108
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:3:p:235-250
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pierre-André Julien
Author-X-Name-First: Pierre-André
Author-X-Name-Last: Julien
Author-Name: Eric Andriambeloson
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Andriambeloson
Author-Name: Charles Ramangalahy
Author-X-Name-First: Charles
Author-X-Name-Last: Ramangalahy
Title: Networks, weak signals and technological innovations among SMEs in the land-based transportation equipment sector
Abstract:
On apprend plus par la conversation des Doctes, que par la lecture de
leurs livres Les épistres de Seneque Translation by
François de Malherbe, Paris, Anthoine de Sommaville, 1639, p. 21
Small and medium-sized enterprises, because of their limited resources,
use a variety of sources and are linked to different networks to obtain
the information they need to develop their strategy and then to gradually
organize their environment. Among other things, networks
keep them up-to-date with changes in the economy and allow them to take
advantage of opportunities to innovate, thus remaining ahead of their
competitors. The networks -- personal or business -- with which these
firms interact the most are usually geographically or sociologically close
by, embedded in the environment, and are known as strong
tie networks. They generally supply signals in a familiar language, based
on habit as well a good reciprocal knowledge, which are easy to
understand. In addition to this, however, the most dynamic firms also have
contacts with weak tie networks, which are further removed from the usual
behaviours of entrepreneurs and provide weak signals that, while difficult
to grasp and decode, nevertheless offer new, pre-competitive information
that can support major innovations. Very little empirical research has
been done so far to test the probability of this theory. This paper
reports on the results of a survey involving 147 SMEs, all in the
land-based transportation equipment sector. It confirms the importance of
weak tie networks as opposed to other types of networks, recognizing their
complementary contribution to technological innovation. The organization's
absorptive capacity is also found to be a significant intermediary factor
in taking advantage of weak tie networks.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 251-269
Issue: 4
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000263249
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000263249
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:4:p:251-269
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dan Johansson
Author-X-Name-First: Dan
Author-X-Name-Last: Johansson
Title: Is small beautiful? The case of the Swedish IT industry
Abstract:
In this paper, the net job contribution of new and small firms in the
Swedish Information Technology (IT) industry is investigated. The analysis
is based on an extensive data set covering all IT firms in Sweden between
1993 and 1998. The smallest firms and new firms have experienced an
extraordinarily fast growth and have created all net jobs in the industry,
while large and old firms were major job losers. Private firms and
independent firms, furthermore, grew faster than firms owned by the
government and firms in enterprise groups. The results raise questions
about Swedish economic policy and institutions, which have systematically
disfavoured exactly those firms that the analysis shows have generated
most of the growth in employment. The conducted policies (mainly
introduced in the late 1960s and early 1970s) may partly explain the low
economic growth observed in Sweden during the last three decades.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 271-287
Issue: 4
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000263258
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000263258
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:4:p:271-287
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Denise Fletcher
Author-X-Name-First: Denise
Author-X-Name-Last: Fletcher
Title: International entrepreneurship and the small business
Abstract:
The topic of ‘international entrepreneurship’ is becoming
increasingly popular with researchers concerned with examining how
international and entrepreneurial activities intersect
when people in organizations engage in pro-active brokering and
risk-taking behaviour in cross-border contexts. Some caution is needed in
over-generalizing the meaning and significance of international
entrepreneurship -- especially in relation to small businesses. Not all
entrepreneurial risk-taking, brokering and opportunity-seeking activities
lead to internationalization (as the statistics on small business
international activities indicate). This might suggest then that the only
truly internationally entrepreneurial firms are those that are
‘born global’. However, their entrepreneurial activities are
more ‘spatial’, concerned with what can be constructed again
in relation to global markets rather than in relation to the
local/regional context in which the business is located. For small firms
that internationalize a few years after start-up (late starters),
processes of international entrepreneurship are different. For
‘later starters’, international entrepreneurship is
distinctive in that it is characterized by extending and modifying
entrepreneurial understandings and practices that have been socially
constructed in relation to the local and regional context in which the
small firm is located.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 289-305
Issue: 4
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000263267
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000263267
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:4:p:289-305
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard T. Harrison
Author-X-Name-First: Richard T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison
Author-Name: Colin M. Mason
Author-X-Name-First: Colin M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Mason
Author-Name: Paul Girling
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Girling
Title: Financial bootstrapping and venture development in the software industry
Abstract:
Access to finance has been identified as a significant constraint on the
development of technology-based businesses. Although important,
institutional venture capital and business angel finance are used by only
a small proportion of new and growing ventures. The role of bootstrapping
-- defined here as access to resources not owned or controlled by the
entrepreneur -- has been largely overlooked in studies of small firm
financing. This paper redresses this omission by analysing the role and
importance of bootstrapping in product development and business
development in the independently-owned software industry. Results from two
regions of the UK -- Northern Ireland and South East England -- are
compared with equivalent data from the USA (Massachusetts). Overall,
bootstrapping techniques are less extensively used in the Northern Ireland
industry than in South East England, and in both regions bootstrapping is
less common than in Massachusetts. This may account for the smaller
employment size, growth profile and stronger service/consulting
orientation of these firms. Moreover, there appear to be considerable
variations in the use of bootstrapping. Larger firms tend to make more use
of bootstrapping for product development, and consider it more important
than do smaller firms, who more highly value business development-related
bootstrapping. Small firms are also more likely to use and value
cost-reducing bootstrapping techniques, whereas larger firms make more use
of the exploitation of value-chain based relationships.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 307-333
Issue: 4
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000263276
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000263276
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:4:p:307-333
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael J. Pisani
Author-X-Name-First: Michael J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pisani
Author-Name: José A. Pagán
Author-X-Name-First: José A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pagán
Title: Self-employment in the era of the new economic model in Latin America: a case study from Nicaragua
Abstract:
Using data from the 1993 and 1998 Nicaraguan Living Standards Measurement
Survey, this paper analyses the desirability of self-employment for
Nicaraguan men and women over two points in time in a changing economic
environment characterized by market-based reforms called the New Economic
Model. Switching regressions of the self-employed and waged and salaried
sectoral choice suggest that experience is the major determinant of
self-employment for both Nicaraguan men and women. Mixed findings are
reported for sectoral selection suggesting that the self-employed men,
depending upon current economic conditions, may alternate back and forth
between the sector (self-employment or waged and salaried employment) with
the highest returns. For women, improvement in economic conditions
reflected negative selection in both sectors suggesting that much of the
economic gains in the 1990s accrued to men.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 335-350
Issue: 4
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000263285
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000263285
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:4:p:335-350
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Judith J. Madill
Author-X-Name-First: Judith J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Madill
Author-Name: George H. Haines
Author-X-Name-First: George H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Haines
Author-Name: Allan L. Riding
Author-X-Name-First: Allan L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Riding
Title: Networks and linkages among firms and organizations in the Ottawa-region technology cluster
Abstract:
This paper reports on a study of the networking and linkage practices of
technology and non-technology firms within the Ottawa cluster. The work
seeks to understand how and why particular patterns of networks and
linkages evolve and it examines empirically the usage and value of
networks and linkages. Previous work argues that technology firms need to
be relatively more adept at developing external relationships in order to
be successful than do non-technology based companies. This work, however,
finds that technology firms exhibit fewer linkages than non-technology
based companies do within the Ottawa cluster. The research suggests that
the vitality of the Ottawa cluster could be further enhanced through the
promotion of additional networking and linkages among regional firms. A
key implication for management practice is that CEOs of technology-based
firms should work towards establishing and maintaining additional valued
relationships.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 351-368
Issue: 5
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000188414
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000188414
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:5:p:351-368
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: John N. H. Britton
Author-X-Name-First: John N. H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Britton
Title: High technology localization and extra-regional networks
Abstract:
Firms in spatial concentrations of advanced-technology activities do not
constrain their knowledge inputs to opportunities found within their
industrial cluster. Rather, firms seeking extra-regional markets augment
their in-house resources by means of material (embodied technology) and
knowledge inputs obtained from sources at the extra-regional scale in
addition to within the region. Literature is reviewed on the clustering of
firms and their network geography, models of open and closed industrial
systems, and absorptive capacity. The latter is used to interpret the
search for knowledge undertaken by firms, which are discussed in terms of
their organizational differences and strategic choices. A sample of
manufacturing establishments from the electronics cluster in the Toronto
metropolitan region (Canada) shows firms that are export-intensive have
significantly stronger international input connections, especially with
consultants and alliance partners. Export orientation is associated with
higher levels of expenditure on the in-house generation of knowledge, more
innovation inputs from external sources, and distinctive network
geographies. Differences in network relations occur within and between
three organizational groups of firms -- foreign affiliates, multi-location
and single-location domestic firms. Geographically wide-ranging networks
are interpreted in terms of opportunities in extra-regional locations
compared with local supplies. Regional innovation policy implications are
considered.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 369-390
Issue: 5
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620410001674351
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620410001674351
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:5:p:369-390
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Witt
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Witt
Title: Entrepreneurs’ networks and the success of start-ups
Abstract:
The network success hypothesis assumes a positive relation between the
networking activities of founders and their start-up’s success. The
rationale behind this hypothesis is the theory of socially embedded ties
that allow entrepreneurs to get resources cheaper than they could be
obtained on markets and to secure resources that would not be available on
markets at all, e.g. reputation, customer contacts, etc. This paper
clarifies how entrepreneurial network activities can be measured and which
indicators exist to quantify start-up success. It then reviews empirical
studies on the network success hypothesis. The studies have rarely come up
with significant results. This surprising evidence can be explained by
large differences in the way that the dependent and the independent
variables were defined and by effects of unobserved variables such as the
networking expertise of the founders and the entrepreneurs’ level
of existing know-how in the areas of co-operation and networking
(‘absorptive capacity’). The major shortcomings of existing
network studies are found to be the neglect of different starting
conditions, the focus on individual founders’ networks instead of
multiple networks in start-ups with an entrepreneurial team, and the
assumption of a linear causal relation between networking and start-up
success. Accordingly, the paper develops a new, extended model for the
relation between entrepreneurial networks and start-up success. Finally,
we make some suggestions for the further development of entrepreneurial
network theory.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 391-412
Issue: 5
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000188423
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000188423
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:5:p:391-412
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Hjorth
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Hjorth
Title: Creating space for play/invention -- concepts of space and organizational entrepreneurship
Abstract:
This paper focuses on how one can relate management thinking/practices to
entrepreneurial processes in the context of formal organization. In order
to do this we develop a number of related ‘spatial concepts’
providing us with the possibility of describing entrepreneurship as a
‘creation and use of space for play/innovation’. Using
concepts of space, the managerial and the entrepreneurial dimensions and
perspectives on organizing creativity become highly visible in the case
studied. This is a field study (within the ethnographic tradition)
focusing on an organizational transformation of a former public authority
into a competitive limited company. A distinction between managerialism
and ‘entrepreneurship as event’ is proposed as conceptually
fruitful as well as useful for discussing recommendations to managers for
how to handle entrepreneurial processes. A minimal and contextual role for
management is suggested when aspiring to support the creations of space
for play/invention, for example, for entrepreneurship as forms of
organizational creativity.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 413-432
Issue: 5
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000197144
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000197144
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:5:p:413-432
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edward J. Malecki
Author-X-Name-First: Edward J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Malecki
Title: Book review of Economic Geography of Higher Education: Knowledge Infrastructure and Learning Regions. Edited by ROEL RUTTEN, FRANS BOEKEMA and ELSA KUIJPERS (London: Routledge, 2003). [Pp. 258]
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 433-437
Issue: 5
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620410001674360
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620410001674360
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:5:p:433-437
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Benneworth
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Benneworth
Title: In what sense ‘regional development?’: entrepreneurship, underdevelopment and strong tradition in the periphery
Abstract:
This paper explores whether entrepreneurship can help less successful
regions to improve their regional economic situation, without all the
benefits that entrepreneurship brings when being ‘stripped
out’ to more successful regions. The paper uses the idea that
peripheral regions possess qualities of tradition and underdevelopment,
and that these help to anchor new firms into these regions, resistant to
their concentration in core regions. The paper explores whether particular
entrepreneurial events can be regarded as ‘densifying’ the
regional entrepreneurial environment, thereby making a positive
contribution to its economic development. The paper explores the role of
these negative anchors to the entrepreneurial events and the densification
process by following a sequence of high-technology spin-out firms in the
North East of England. Using a realist methodology attempting to interview
all the firms within the sequence which could be found, the paper
discovers that quite positive advantages exist within these negative
qualities.The paper then considers whether these processes, such as plant
closure, might drive entrepreneurship in all regions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 439-458
Issue: 6
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000249786
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000249786
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:6:p:439-458
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Colm O’gorman
Author-X-Name-First: Colm
Author-X-Name-Last: O’gorman
Author-Name: Mika Kautonen
Author-X-Name-First: Mika
Author-X-Name-Last: Kautonen
Title: Policies to promote new knowledge-intensive industrial agglomerations
Abstract:
This paper explores the role of policymakers in encouraging endogenous
growth in regions. Policymakers in many regions have sought to create the
local conditions and the knowledge base that will allow a dynamic and
innovative cohort of new knowledge-intensive entrepreneurial firms to
emerge. We review existing models of agglomeration to identify the
critical antecedents and dynamic processes that lead to agglomeration
formation. The policy interventions and instruments that impact on these
antecedents and processes are then outlined. We describe the evolution of
two new knowledge-based agglomerations, Dublin in Ireland and Tampere in
Finland, emphasizing the role of policy interventions in the process of
agglomeration formation. We show how policy interventions play an
important role in stimulating the development of new agglomerations.
However, because the process of agglomeration formation is dependent on
local resources and processes, efforts to directly transpose a development
model from an established district are likely to be ineffective.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 459-479
Issue: 6
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000224369
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000224369
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:6:p:459-479
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sara Carter
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Carter
Author-Name: Stephen Tagg
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen
Author-X-Name-Last: Tagg
Author-Name: Pavlos Dimitratos
Author-X-Name-First: Pavlos
Author-X-Name-Last: Dimitratos
Title: Beyond portfolio entrepreneurship: multiple income sources in small firms
Abstract:
The economic activities of entrepreneurs are not confined to the
ownership of a single firm, but encompass income generation from a variety
of sources including wage labour, non-earned income and profit from
secondary business ventures. This paper investigates the multiple income
sources of a sample of 18 561 business owners in the UK. A latent class
analysis revealed seven different groups of entrepreneurs differentiated
by their degree of engagement in enterprise ownership and income
generation. The results demonstrate the importance of multiple income
sources in smaller firms and challenge previous assumptions that portfolio
activities are expedited solely as a profit maximization strategy by
growth-seeking entrepreneurs. While some use portfolio activities for the
purpose of wealth accumulation, others use them as a survival mechanism.
The results also highlight time variations in the use of portfolio
activities. For some business owners, they are a long-term and relatively
stable strategy contributing towards either the economic survival of
marginal ventures or the development of high growth enterprises. For
others, they are a time-limited strategy facilitating business entry or
exit.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 481-499
Issue: 6
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620410001693008
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620410001693008
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:6:p:481-499
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Westhead
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Westhead
Author-Name: Mike Wright
Author-X-Name-First: Mike
Author-X-Name-Last: Wright
Author-Name: Deniz Ucbasaran
Author-X-Name-First: Deniz
Author-X-Name-Last: Ucbasaran
Title: Internationalization of private firms: environmental turbulence and organizational strategies and resources
Abstract:
Profiles of exporting and superior-performing private small and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are presented. Multivariate regression
evidence suggests that SMEs focusing upon an offensive and market
differentiation strategy of product/service protection is associated with
the propensity and the intensity of exporting. Exporting SMEs are also
associated with younger and manufacturing firms as well as firms with
product or service quality and/or technology resources. The perceptions by
SMEs of external environmental turbulence were not significantly
associated with the exporting-dependent variables. Most notably, variables
associated with exporting SMEs are not the same as those associated with
superior firm performance. Moreover, exporting firms did not report
superior levels of performance. Implications for policy-makers,
practitioners and researchers are discussed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 501-522
Issue: 6
Volume: 16
Year: 2004
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000231929
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000231929
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:16:y:2004:i:6:p:501-522
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Angela Tregear
Author-X-Name-First: Angela
Author-X-Name-Last: Tregear
Title: Lifestyle, growth, or community involvement? The balance of goals of UK artisan food producers
Abstract:
This paper examines the goals of contemporary artisans. Two strands of
literature offer different conceptualizations of artisans, the first
inferring proclivity towards co-operation and community involvement, the
second assuming prioritization of lifestyle goals over growth. Each
conceptualization presents alternative implications for regional
development. To assess the contrasting theories of the character and
socio-economic role of artisans, a qualitative study was undertaken,
involving in-depth interviews with 20 artisan food producers in the north
of England, exploring their goals and activities. Results give strong
evidence of both lifestyle goals and commercial ambitions
and skills in the sample. Analysis further suggests that when operating in
buoyant niche markets, artisan producers offer the potential for
valorization of local resources, skilled employment, and development of
localized supply chains. However, under adverse market conditions it is
hypothesized that artisans may follow one of two pathways, both of which
lead to a loss of socio-economic benefits. Further in-depth research is
recommended at the individual firm owner level, to gain more insight into
the balance of artisan goals and perceptions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-15
Issue: 1
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620420002497777
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620420002497777
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:1:p:1-15
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Barbara E. McDade
Author-X-Name-First: Barbara E.
Author-X-Name-Last: McDade
Author-Name: Anita Spring
Author-X-Name-First: Anita
Author-X-Name-Last: Spring
Title: The ‘new generation of African entrepreneurs’: networking to change the climate for business and private sector-led development
Abstract:
This paper discusses the entrepreneurial landscape in Africa and locates
a new generation of African entrepreneurs and their business networks
within it. Unlike others in that landscape (i.e. micro- or small-scale
informal sector vendors, and traditional or multinational large-scale
formal sector firms), the ‘new generation’ entrepreneurs are
business globalists who organized a system of business enterprise networks
consisting of national, regional, and pan-African organizations. The study
analyses interview data from 57 men and women network members from 10
countries (Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Senegal, South Africa,
Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe). Some defining characteristics of these
entrepreneurs are interactive social and business relationships, use of
modern management methods and information technology, trust among fellow
members, transparent business practices, advocacy on behalf of the private
sector, and commitment to increasing intra-African commerce. Their mission
is to improve the climate for private sector business in Africa and to
promote regional economic integration. They pursue cross-national
commercial ventures, maintain official observer status at established
regional economic organizations, sign memoranda of understanding with
multilateral agencies, establish venture capital funds, and help to change
government policies. The paper identifies characteristics of the
‘new generation’ entrepreneurs, evaluates goals and
achievements of their networks, and concludes that despite limitations,
these entrepreneurs and their organizations have created intra- and
cross-national networks that strengthen private-sector-led economic growth
in Africa.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 17-42
Issue: 1
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000310714
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000310714
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:1:p:17-42
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stefania Zerbinati
Author-X-Name-First: Stefania
Author-X-Name-Last: Zerbinati
Author-Name: Vangelis Souitaris
Author-X-Name-First: Vangelis
Author-X-Name-Last: Souitaris
Title: Entrepreneurship in the public sector: a framework of analysis in European local governments
Abstract:
In this paper we explore the potential role of entrepreneurship in public
sector organizations. At first, we present a review of the
entrepreneurship theme in the political science and public management
research streams, comparing these ideas with the mainstream business
literature on entrepreneurship. Thereafter, we illustrate empirically how
Stevenson's classical framework of entrepreneurship can be applied in a
European local government context to explain the recent initiatives to
compete for and utilize European Union structural funds. The empirical
basis of the study is comprised of ten in-depth case studies of local
government organizations, five in the UK and five in Italy. Finally, we
propose five distinct types of entrepreneurial agents in the public
sector: professional politician; spin-off creator; business entrepreneur
in politics; career-driven public officer; and politically ambitious
public officer.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 43-64
Issue: 1
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000310723
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000310723
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:1:p:43-64
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wai-Sum Siu
Author-X-Name-First: Wai-Sum
Author-X-Name-Last: Siu
Title: An institutional analysis of marketing practices of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan
Abstract:
This paper uses an institutional perspective to examine the interplay
among government intervention, manufacturing systems and business
approaches and its impacts upon the marketing activities of small and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. An
integrative approach, blending the narrative method and content analysis,
is adopted to analyse 391 published news stories about Chinese
owner-managers in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, and to disentangle the
effects of environmental differences. SMEs in China, which come under
strong government influence, carry out minimal planning in marketing and
their marketing activities are implicit. They adopt a relation-oriented
marketing approach and place emphasis on building relations with
government agencies. Most SMEs in Hong Kong operate under the original
equipment manufacturing systems and they tend to invest minimal amounts of
time and money in marketing. SMEs in Hong Kong adopt a
transaction-oriented marketing approach, place emphasis on pricing,
product service and sales forecasts, and adapt promptly to market changes.
Taiwanese SMEs operate in a politically constrained but economically free
environment. They invest substantial amounts of time and money in
marketing and fostering customer and dealer relations. Upgrading to the
original brand manufacturing systems, Taiwanese SMEs develop their own
brands and adapt their marketing plans explicitly and substantially in
response to the specific marketing environment. Based on the research
results, a tentative schema is proposed depicting the interplay and its
impact on the marketing practices of Chinese SMEs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 65-88
Issue: 1
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562052000330306
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562052000330306
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:1:p:65-88
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Johan Lambrecht
Author-X-Name-First: Johan
Author-X-Name-Last: Lambrecht
Author-Name: Fabrice Pirnay
Author-X-Name-First: Fabrice
Author-X-Name-Last: Pirnay
Title: An evaluation of public support measures for private external consultancies to SMEs in the Walloon Region of Belgium
Abstract:
This paper is a contribution to the somewhat scarce literature on the
scientific evaluation of small business policies, and evaluates public
support measures for private external consultants to SMEs in the Walloon
Region of Belgium. A critical analysis of the supply and the demand, an
evaluation of the efficiency and the effectiveness of policy measures, and
real policy recommendations are presented. The rationale for offering
subsidized private external consultancies as a mixed product was confirmed
by the SMEs in the Walloon Region. In general, the consultants received
favourable evaluations from the SMEs. However, our empirical findings
corroborate the shortcomings reported in the literature on the supply of
publicly financed advisory services. We found a profusion of support
services, which led to confusion, a lack of conceptual integration of
services, the exclusion of certain categories of SMEs, and adverse
selection where the consultants push forward their own solutions.
Subsidized private external consultancies to SMEs are effective in the
Walloon Region, in that SMEs refer to their positive qualitative impact.
However, they have no significant influence on net job creation, turnover,
or financial indicators. These findings reflect the qualitative targets of
the SMEs in using private external consultancy and their singularity. To
enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the support measures for the
use of private external consultancies by SMEs in the Walloon Region and to
avoid adverse selection, we recommend that the neo-Austrian approach is
adopted. This means that the real needs of the entrepreneur and of the
SME, and symmetric power relations between SMEs on the one side and public
authorities and consultants on the other side, determine the publicly
financed advisory process.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 89-108
Issue: 2
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/0898562042000338598
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/0898562042000338598
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:2:p:89-108
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Beate Rotefoss
Author-X-Name-First: Beate
Author-X-Name-Last: Rotefoss
Author-Name: Lars Kolvereid
Author-X-Name-First: Lars
Author-X-Name-Last: Kolvereid
Title: Aspiring, nascent and fledgling entrepreneurs: an investigation of the business start-up process
Abstract:
This study focuses on three different milestones in the business
gestation process, i.e. becoming an aspiring entrepreneur, a nascent
entrepreneur, and a founder of a fledgling new business. Moreover, this
study uses a combination of both individual and regional (or
environmental) factors in predicting individuals’ success or
failure to reach each of these three milestones. Hypotheses are developed
to test the effect that human and environmental resources have on the odds
of reaching the different milestones in the business start-up process. The
study is based on interviews of a representative sample of 9533 Norwegians
aged 18 years or older. From this group, 197 respondents qualified as
nascent entrepreneurs. These were subsequently interviewed in follow-up
interviews conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1999. In addition, regional data at
the municipality level is included to measure the available pool of
environmental resources. The results indicate that entrepreneurial
experience is the single most important factor for predicting the outcome
of the business start-up process. Even though environmental resources play
a role, human resources are generally found to be better predictors of the
outcome of the business start-up process. Several important implications
for policy-makers are presented.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 109-127
Issue: 2
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500074049
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500074049
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:2:p:109-127
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard B. Carter
Author-X-Name-First: Richard B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Carter
Author-Name: Howard Van Auken
Author-X-Name-First: Howard
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Auken
Title: Bootstrap financing and owners’ perceptions of their business constraints and opportunities
Abstract:
In this paper we present the results of a regional survey of small
business entrepreneurs that asked about the use of and motivation for
bootstrap financing -- employing resources other than traditional
financing to fund operations. Extending the work of Winborg and Landstrom
(2000) our results indicate that perceived risk is highly associated with
owners’ assessment of the importance of bootstrap financing
techniques. We also find that owners who see themselves as having limited
ability are more likely to use private owner financing techniques that
tend to squeeze all available funds from the owner and those close to
him/her. Alternatively, bootstrap financing techniques involving the delay
of payments are preferred when risk levels appear highest, while owners in
business environments with the most opportunity are more likely to try to
minimize accounts receivable. The results of this research can be used by
consultants and agencies that assist small firms by acquainting owners
with the myriad techniques for funding their companies as well as
understanding the factors that often motivate the use of particular
techniques. Owners should recognize that they should explore various
funding alternatives rather than simply using what they are familiar with
or what is readily available.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 129-144
Issue: 2
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500067548
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500067548
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:2:p:129-144
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: José A. Belso Martínez
Author-X-Name-First: José A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Belso Martínez
Title: Equilibrium entrepreneurship rate, economic development and growth. Evidence from Spanish regions
Abstract:
Over the last few years the entrepreneurship phenomenon has become a
frequent target for policymakers and economic researchers. Recently, a
series of studies has identified the contribution of entrepreneurship to
unemployment reduction and economic growth. At the same time, some
researchers point out the increasing relevance of small and medium
businesses in the developed economies. The aim of the study is to analyse
the evolution of the entrepreneurship equilibrium rate as an economy
reaches higher levels of development, to investigate how the
entrepreneurship rate responds in contexts of imbalance, and how these
imbalances affect economic growth. After a series of hypotheses, we have
built up a model of two equations with provincial data for the period
1998--2002. From this model, we have verified the following evidence: the
relationship between the level of development and the entrepreneurship
equilibrium rate initially decreases and later increases, the existence of
an automatic fit mechanism in situations of imbalance in the
entrepreneurship rate, a penalization of economic growth for any deviation
from the equilibrium rate and heterogeneous behaviour of the
entrepreneurship rate in different Spanish regions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 145-161
Issue: 2
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500032633
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500032633
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:2:p:145-161
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Beyza Oba
Author-X-Name-First: Beyza
Author-X-Name-Last: Oba
Author-Name: Fatih Semerciöz
Author-X-Name-First: Fatih
Author-X-Name-Last: Semerciöz
Title: Antecedents of trust in industrial districts: an empirical analysis of inter-firm relations in a Turkish industrial district
Abstract:
Structural features and institutional settings of industrial districts,
rather than contracts as a co-coordinating mechanism, promote trust in
exchanges between firms in industrial districts. Based on this assumption,
the paper explores the antecedents of trust in a Turkish industrial
district at three levels: institutional environment; institutional
arrangements; and inter-firm exchanges. In relation to institutional
environment, dominant institutions of the Turkish economy -- mainly state
and finance -- and their policies that undermine the role of SMEs in
economic development are studied. In this context a third institution, the
‘district association’ that has a vital role in promoting
trust-based governance has been analysed. At the second level, formal and
informal institutional arrangements that govern the web of exchanges
between firms are surveyed. The third level of analysis is directed at
entrepreneurs and their attitudes towards family, friendship, expertise
and reputation are studied. The research site is the Merter textile
district in Istanbul. Data for second and third levels of analysis has
been collected through structured interviews and is analysed
quantitatively. For institutions and institutional environment, data has
been collected mainly by in-depth interviews and is supported by secondary
data. Research findings show that informal institutional arrangements are
more important than formal arrangements and reputation and expertise of
the other firm is more important than family-friendship connections as
antecedents of trust.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 163-182
Issue: 3
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500102964
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500102964
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:3:p:163-182
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hiro Izushi
Author-X-Name-First: Hiro
Author-X-Name-Last: Izushi
Title: Creation of relational assets through the ‘library of equipment’ model: an industrial modernization approach of Japan's local technology centres
Abstract:
SMEs with a weak internal R&D capacity show the tendency to shy away from
using external sources of technical expertise. The tendency deters
providers of industrial modernization services from supporting such
structurally weak SMEs. This paper examines how Japan's local technology
centres -- kosetsushi -- remove the bottleneck and reach
out to a significant proportion of SMEs with a weak R&D capacity in their
localities. Kosetsushi centres sustain habitual
interactions with client firms through ‘low information gap’
services solving immediate needs and lead the clients to a riskier and
longer path toward innovation capacity building. This gives
kosetsushi centres a position distinct from universities
and consultancies in the regional innovation system. While long-term
relationships between kosetsushi centres and their client
firms can increase switching costs and produce lock-in effects, a case
study of two kosetsushi centres illustrates the
importance of ‘low-information gap’ services and relational
assets created thereby to the modernization of SMEs with a weak internal
R&D capacity. The paper calls for long-term commitment by the public
sector if it addresses the issue through modernization services.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 183-204
Issue: 3
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500102832
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500102832
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:3:p:183-204
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: H. M. Haugh
Author-X-Name-First: H. M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Haugh
Author-Name: P. J. A. Robson
Author-X-Name-First: P. J. A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Robson
Title: Are Scottish firms meeting the ICT challenge? Results from a National Survey of Enterprise
Abstract:
This paper examines the diffusion of Information Communication Technology
(ICT) into firms in Scotland and northern England. Data concerning the
adoption of micro-computers, e-mail, the Internet, ISDN, in-house website,
and the automation of business functions is analysed by industry, firm
size, firm age, rate of growth, export involvement, and innovation
activity. The results from a sample of 1347 firms found an overall
increase in the adoption of ICT in firms between 1998 and 2001. The
increase is led by older and larger firms in comparison to younger and
smaller firms. In addition, the diffusion of the automation of business
functions was found to be sequential, from generic to specific
applications. Further increases in the diffusion of ICT are likely to come
from upgrading existing equipment and increases in the range of business
functions that can be automated. Finally, although use of the Internet and
web-based trading has increased in the sample firms, this has not replaced
traditional marketing and sales. The results support the view that more
firms are taking up the challenge of using ICT in-house, with older and
larger firms leading the way ahead of younger and smaller firms.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 205-222
Issue: 3
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500096711
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500096711
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:3:p:205-222
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Matthew C. Sonfield
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sonfield
Title: A new US definition of ‘Minority Business’: lessons from the first four years
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to discuss current definitional issues
regarding minority business in the USA and the policy-oriented
implications of these issues with regard to European ethnic minority
enterprise. After an introductory discussion of the concept of
‘minority business’ and related terminology, this paper then
examines a major change in the definition of such businesses made by the
National Minority Supplier Development Council (NMSDC), the principal link
between large US corporations and the minority business community. In line
with US government minority assistance programme requirements, a
‘minority business’ previously had to be at least 51%
minority-owned. Under the new NMSDC policy, a firm can have as little as
30% minority ownership and still be eligible for corporate
minority-targeted contracts. This paper explains this re-definition and
discusses the experiences of the first four years of this new policy and
the lessons and implications for the USA. The discussion is then extended
to the European context -- the rise of immigration and the related
increase in ethnic minority business enterprises, the current nature of
public policy toward such enterprises in terms of programmes and
legislation, and the implications of the US experience for Europe.
Finally, future issues with regard to European ethnic minority enterprise
are raised, along with areas for future research focus.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 223-235
Issue: 3
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500121782
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500121782
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:3:p:223-235
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ayda Eraydin
Author-X-Name-First: Ayda
Author-X-Name-Last: Eraydin
Author-Name: Bilge Armatli-Köroğlu
Author-X-Name-First: Bilge
Author-X-Name-Last: Armatli-Köroğlu
Title: Innovation, networking and the new industrial clusters: the characteristics of networks and local innovation capabilities in the Turkish industrial clusters
Abstract:
Elaborating on the literature on industrial districts, this paper
suggests that innovation and networking are the two key issues, which
provide the new generation industrial clusters’ competitive
capacity in the globalization process. The paper presents the findings on
the innovative and networking capabilities of the three important
industrial clusters of Turkey based on the data collected from the sample
firms in each of these industrial clusters through in-depth interviews.
The findings clearly show the importance of local and national networking
as well as global linkages and confirm the positive relation between
intensity of local networking and innovativeness. Moreover, the paper
provides evidence that firms within global networks have higher numbers of
innovations than firms with higher intensity of locally embedded linkages.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 237-266
Issue: 4
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500202632
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500202632
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:4:p:237-266
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Henrik Sornn-Friese
Author-X-Name-First: Henrik
Author-X-Name-Last: Sornn-Friese
Author-Name: Janne Simoni Sørensen
Author-X-Name-First: Janne
Author-X-Name-Last: Simoni Sørensen
Title: Linkage lock-in and regional economic development: the case of the Øresund medi-tech plastics industry
Abstract:
This paper examines the role of interfirm linkages in influencing the
dynamics of regional economic development. Developing a conceptual
framework, we claim that switching costs (real or perceived) can lock
firms into existing linkages with the potential effect of impeding
regional economic development. A main argument is that in dynamic and
competitive environments a class of switching costs, learning
opportunity costs, might arise out of the relative importance of
learning and innovation. We apply our framework to understand what goes on
in the Øresund medi-tech plastics industry, taking as a starting
point the lack of cross-border linkage participation in this industry.
Through a case study research design we obtain evidence about the
characteristics and dynamics of linkage lock-in and switching costs in
this particular context and explain that learning opportunity costs
prevail and make increased linkage participation across Øresund
tardy. Promising future research arising from the present study includes
enquiry into dissimilar industries, the possible intermediating role of
third parties and the complementarities of the Danish and Swedish areas
with a focus on the potential of cross-border regional specialization. All
this would potentially add to a more complete picture of the notion of
switching costs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 267-291
Issue: 4
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500218695
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500218695
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:4:p:267-291
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ross Gittell
Author-X-Name-First: Ross
Author-X-Name-Last: Gittell
Author-Name: Jeffrey Sohl
Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey
Author-X-Name-Last: Sohl
Title: Technology centres during the economic downturn: what have we learned?
Abstract:
This paper documents and assesses the economic performance of
metropolitan technology centres in the USA during the business downturn of
the early 2000s. We find that many of the USA's leading high-technology
centres have performed at or near the national average, but that some of
the nation's most prominent technology centres have fared poorly during
the downturn, including Silicon Valley. The main factors that accentuated
economic decline in technology centres during the recent recession
include: a poorly diversified overall economic base; limited diversity
within high-technology industries; relatively high (all industry) wages;
and high levels of venture capital funding during the end of the
‘boom’ period of the late 1990s. We find that counter to
some of the recent literature on regional development and knowledge-based
industry clustering and networking, the rules of regional economic
development have not changed dramatically with the so-called ‘new
economy’. High-technology regions, just as
‘traditional’ industry regions over the past century, are
vulnerable to pronounced economic cycles of growth and decline. The cycles
can be particularly pronounced if regional economies are not well
diversified and labour costs are not moderated during economic downturns.
We also find that venture capital can exaggerate rather than moderate
regional economic cycles, such as economic growth years in the USA from
the late 1990s to the recession of 2001. The model suggests that
free-flowing venture capital dollars may result in an over reliance on
these funds, at the expense of a sound business model with sustainable
growth and reasonable cash flow. Also, business networks associated with
venture capital fund flow might be detrimental at critical economic
turning points, often resulting in a rush of dollars in a limited business
sector, rather than a diversified set of entrepreneurial ventures.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 293-312
Issue: 4
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500202582
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500202582
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:4:p:293-312
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: AsbjØrn Karlsen
Author-X-Name-First: AsbjØrn
Author-X-Name-Last: Karlsen
Title: The dynamics of regional specialization and cluster formation: dividing trajectories of maritime industries in two Norwegian regions
Abstract:
The theoretical starting point of this paper is the academic debate on
regional specialization, agglomeration and industrial clusters. The paper
offers further insights into the industrial dynamics within regional
contexts by combining two approaches: (1) an historical study of
industrial agency focusing on entrepreneurship, diversification and
specialization; (2) a study of the relations within contemporary
industrial systems important for industrial upgrading. Methodical
triangulation has provided longitudinal studies. Particular attention is
paid to path dependence as well as entrepreneurial capacity in order to
explain why the industrial trajectories of matching regions divide. As the
paper discusses continuity and change, a more dynamic perspective on path
dependency is introduced. The past is not just regarded as a constraint,
but as heritage as well. The dynamics leading to cluster formation and
upgrading as well as industrial fragmentation are investigated in detail.
The developments of shipyards and related maritime industries of the two
Norwegian regions compared are characterized by static continuity and
dynamic continuity, respectively.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 313-338
Issue: 5
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500247702
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500247702
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:5:p:313-338
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Khalid Nadvi
Author-X-Name-First: Khalid
Author-X-Name-Last: Nadvi
Author-Name: Gerhard Halder
Author-X-Name-First: Gerhard
Author-X-Name-Last: Halder
Title: Local clusters in global value chains: exploring dynamic linkages between Germany and Pakistan
Abstract:
Recent research has underlined the importance of external linkages for
industrial clusters. Suppliers and buyers within a global value chain
offer important external ties for cluster-based producers not only in
terms of the distribution of physical goods, but also for knowledge flows
and innovation. Globalization has intensified such value chain links,
connecting geographically dispersed producers to global markets. Yet,
there is limited research on how local clusters enter global chains or on
ties between clusters in the developed and developing world. This study
addresses this gap. It uses the case of the global surgical instrument
industry to analyse connections and differences between the industry's
leading production clusters in Germany and Pakistan. Global standards,
low-cost competition, and advances in medical technology raise challenges
for both clusters. The paper explores the responses to these challenges.
It distinguishes between knowledge and production links to illustrate
differentiation in each cluster, diverging trajectories and continuing
ties.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 339-363
Issue: 5
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500247785
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500247785
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:5:p:339-363
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stein Kristiansen
Author-X-Name-First: Stein
Author-X-Name-Last: Kristiansen
Author-Name: Joseph Kimeme
Author-X-Name-First: Joseph
Author-X-Name-Last: Kimeme
Author-Name: Andrew Mbwambo
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Mbwambo
Author-Name: Fathul Wahid
Author-X-Name-First: Fathul
Author-X-Name-Last: Wahid
Title: Information flows and adaptation in Tanzanian cottage industries
Abstract:
The aim of this research is to identify channels of information flows and
their impact on business adaptation and survival. The analysis is set
within a theoretical framework of information market failure and
information flows. The paper draws on empirical data from a survey
comprising approximately 400 small-scale entrepreneurs in dressmaking and
woodworking industries at different levels of centrality in four regions
in Tanzania. The data reveal that half of the businesses are growing and
one-third have increased profitability by significant adaptations last
year. Most changes occur in products and design. Customers and the media
represent the most important sources of business information, followed by
family members and business partners. Independent variables that
significantly influence adaptability include customer relations,
education, media exposure, social networks, and mobility. Associations are
strongly modified by the entrepreneurs’ age and gender and by
businesses’ size and location. The paper concludes that cottage
industries in Tanzania have a remarkable ability to survive. Garment and
woodwork markets are still predominantly local and competition from
external businesses is limited. Access to business information and new
ideas should be improved, however, to counteract growing competition from
the modern sector.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 365-388
Issue: 5
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500275547
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500275547
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:5:p:365-388
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marie T. Mora
Author-X-Name-First: Marie T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Mora
Author-Name: Alberto Dávila
Author-X-Name-First: Alberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Dávila
Title: Ethnic group size, linguistic isolation, and immigrant entrepreneurship in the USA
Abstract:
Using a sample of immigrant men in US census data from the early and late
1900s and available in the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS),
this study explores: (1) whether immigrant entrepreneurship is positively
affected by ethnic group size and linguistic isolation; (2) how sensitive
these relationships are to English-language proficiency; and (3) if these
relationships have remained stable over time. The empirical results
indicate that the size of the local ethnic population
does not enhance immigrant self-employment for either English-proficient
or limited-English-proficient (LEP) men in the USA. In addition, while
linguistic isolation in the local labour pool seems to promote
entrepreneurship among English-fluent immigrants in certain cases, it
appears to hinder business formation among the LEP. Finally, comparing the
results across time-periods is consistent with the premise that rising
xenophobia pushes a disproportionate share of the LEP into
self-employment.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 389-404
Issue: 5
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500275612
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500275612
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:5:p:389-404
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Blundel
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Blundel
Author-Name: Michael Thatcher
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Thatcher
Title: Contrasting local responses to globalization: the case of volume yacht manufacturing in Europe
Abstract:
This paper is concerned with contrasting the impact of globalization
pressures on industrial development in particular localities, with
specific reference to the relative performance of regional clusters. A
multiple case study approach is adopted in order to examine the decline of
volume yacht manufacturing in a long-established English cluster and to
compare its responses to globalization with those of major competitors
located in other parts of Europe. The case study opens with an analysis of
three sector-specific drivers of globalization that have exercised a
decisive impact on the sector over the last three decades. In the main
analytical section, two alternative approaches to the analysis of clusters
(Porter 1990, 2000, Best 2001) are applied to the empirical material. The
application of Porter's ‘diamond’ framework suggests some
distinctive performance-related characteristics, while Best's
‘cluster dynamics’ model provides a more sophisticated
explanation of the differential responses and outcomes identified in the
English case. The implications for policy are that cluster-level outcomes
may be predicated on the internal dynamics of their respective
‘entrepreneurial firms’, and that regional development
initiatives would benefit from conceptual and empirical studies that can
better address the historical and spatial complexity of the underlying
processes.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 405-429
Issue: 6
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500385619
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500385619
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:6:p:405-429
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alan Macpherson
Author-X-Name-First: Alan
Author-X-Name-Last: Macpherson
Author-Name: Michael Ziolkowski
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Ziolkowski
Title: The role of university-based industrial extension services in the business performance of small manufacturing firms: case-study evidence from Western New York
Abstract:
This paper investigates the role of university-based industrial extension
services in the business performance of small manufacturing firms in an
economically declining region of the United States (Western New York). The
outreach initiatives of a specific University at Buffalo (UB) programme
are described. Particular attention is given to the activities of UB's
Centre for Industrial Effectiveness (CIE), an outreach unit with a mandate
to improve the product and/or process development efforts of local
manufacturing firms. Our data suggest positive returns on investment for
firms that have sought technical support under CIE programmes. A key
finding is that CIE's services typically entail the transmission of
well-established procedures rather than radically new ways of doing
things. A further finding is that firms that have used CIE to develop
improved products have experienced stronger investment returns than their
counterparts that have focused upon process development (although the
returns are positive in both instances). More broadly, our data suggest
positive correlations between levels of project investment and a variety
of commercial outcomes, including sales growth, job-retention, and
unit-cost reduction. The implications of these results for regional
economic development policy are discussed. The paper also reviews some of
the weaknesses that curtail the effectiveness of university-based centres
such as CIE.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 431-447
Issue: 6
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500385601
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500385601
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:6:p:431-447
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Helen Lawton Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Helen
Author-X-Name-Last: Lawton Smith
Author-Name: John Glasson
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Glasson
Author-Name: Andrew Chadwick
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Chadwick
Title: The geography of talent: entrepreneurship and local economic development in Oxfordshire
Abstract:
This paper considers the interaction of stocks of talent,
entrepreneurship, processes of institutionalization and networking in
local development. The main theme is that although innovation necessarily
involves social networks and collective action, it should not be
overlooked that the quality of those networks is dependent on the quality
or talent of individuals who have initiated particular developments. The
paper argues that the literature on local and regional development tends
to overlook the agency of individuals and that to do so ignores processes
that lead to the distinctive characteristics of localities. Using
Oxfordshire as a case study, it demonstrates how the expertise of talented
individuals has been translated in the fastest growing high-tech economy
in the UK. This has brought visibility to the county's techno-economic and
institutional achievements feeding into high-level professional and
political policy agendas.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 449-478
Issue: 6
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500247819
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500247819
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:6:p:449-478
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Caroline Yeoh
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline
Author-X-Name-Last: Yeoh
Author-Name: Wilfred Pow Ngee How
Author-X-Name-First: Wilfred
Author-X-Name-Last: Pow Ngee How
Author-Name: Ai Lin Leong
Author-X-Name-First: Ai
Author-X-Name-Last: Lin Leong
Title: ‘Created’ enclaves for enterprise: an empirical study of Singapore's industrial parks in Indonesia, Vietnam and China
Abstract:
The dynamics of globalization have prompted governments to re-examine
accustomed policies, and search for alternative strategies, in order to
re-position their economies for the future. This paper explores the
spatial context of state involvement in the new economics of competition,
with the focus on Singapore's much publicized, and controversial,
orchestration of its state enterprise network to encapsulate economic
space for Singapore-based firms to expand into the Asian region. This
strategic initiative is promulgated on the exportability of Singapore's
‘state credibility’, systemic and operational efficiencies,
and technological competencies, to locations where these attributes are
less certain. A logit model is applied to questionnaire surveys culled
from Singapore's industrial-township projects in Indonesia, Vietnam and
China and the findings are presented. The authors conclude that the
strategic advantage created for the firms within these privileged
investment enclaves, although remarkable, is often at risk from the
administrative complexities, and socio-political milieux, of the host
environments.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 479-499
Issue: 6
Volume: 17
Year: 2005
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500361115
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500361115
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:17:y:2005:i:6:p:479-499
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard De Martino
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: De Martino
Author-Name: David Mc Hardy Reid
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Mc Hardy Reid
Author-Name: Stelios C. Zygliodopoulos
Author-X-Name-First: Stelios C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Zygliodopoulos
Title: Balancing localization and globalization:exploring the impact of firm internationalization on a regional cluster
Abstract:
This paper explores the impact of firm internationalization on regional
industrial clusters. The past decade has witnessed the popularization of
two intertwined trends in geographic competitiveness: globalization and
localization. While previous research has sought to understand and analyse
how multinational enterprises pursue strategies to capture critical
expertise and resources in dynamic regional environments, to date only
limited efforts have sought to explore how internationalization affects
‘cluster’ relationships among locally founded, rapidly
growing firms. Specifically, this paper explores whether the
internationalization of local firms weakens the local relationships
associated with industrial clusters. It reports the findings of research
conducted on the internationalization of a cluster of companies in the
photonics industry. Twenty-three senior executives were interviewed,
face-to-face. Grounded theory methodology was applied to the data to
create a new conceptual framework to explore how internationalization
impacts the embedded social relationships of locally established firms.
The findings suggest that, as firms internationalize, intimate local
relationships become less significant. As local companies mature and their
sales and markets expand, they develop new capabilities and operations.
Firms pursuing strategies to develop capabilities outside their home
region gain access to outside resources and, in turn, elect to reorient
their level of intra- vs. inter-cluster interaction.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-24
Issue: 1
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500397648
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500397648
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:1:p:1-24
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Cabus
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Cabus
Author-Name: Wim Vanhaverbeke
Author-X-Name-First: Wim
Author-X-Name-Last: Vanhaverbeke
Title: The territoriality of the network economy and urban networks: evidence from flanders
Abstract:
As the network economy is continuing to develop, external economies are
taking over internal economies and they are increasingly determining the
entrepreneurial logic. To evaluate the territorial impact of this new
logic a theoretical framework is developed based on a division of external
economies between agglomeration economies that play a role in the economic
functioning of urban areas and network economies that result from the
networking among firms. The general picture of firms located in Flanders
is one of intense networking within agglomerations, especially in their
networking with suppliers, together with intense short and long distance
relationships, where urban areas dominate the scene. A comparison between
the urban networks introduced in spatial policy and the geography of
firms’ networks, which has been investigated in this paper as the
outcome of a large scale questionnaire, reveals that the nature of the
firms’ networked territory can in fact not be translated in terms
of urban networks but in terms of relationships between firms located in
territories with dynamic industrial communities, and where cities, as a
contextual place, play an important role.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 25-53
Issue: 1
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500466708
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500466708
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:1:p:25-53
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: André Torre
Author-X-Name-First: André
Author-X-Name-Last: Torre
Title: Collective action, governance structure and organizational trust in localized systems of production. The case of the AOC organization of small producers
Abstract:
The objective of this paper is to explore the collective organizational
forms that prevail in localized systems of production. More precisely, in
a study on the governance of groups of small agricultural producers, we
found that a club-based organization with a strong internal governance
structure presents great advantages. Collective action, contractual
relations and organizational trust are important in this governance
system. This paper contributes to the discussion on Appellation
d’Origine Contrôlées (AOCs, Designation of Controlled Origin)
and more particularly provides new elements that help to understand the
forms of collective organization that prevail in these systems. The amount
of research dedicated to AOCs has increased so much that it is no longer
legitimate to claim that they are just an obsolete form of local
production with no future, or a harking back to the past. Yet, they are
still often considered as curiosities, and few studies in the field of
economic organization have focused on the organizational methods that
prevail in these localized groups of producers. Basing ourselves on a
specific example -- that of the Comté AOC -- economic arguments are
presented in terms of legitimacy. It is shown (1) that it is possible to
analyse the methods of internal organization of an AOC, and (2) that this
analysis should be centred on a common good -- reputation -- that
justifies and requires this form of co-ordination and brings into play
mechanisms of organizational trust.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 55-72
Issue: 1
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500467557
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500467557
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:1:p:55-72
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Blackburn
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Blackburn
Author-Name: Monder Ram
Author-X-Name-First: Monder
Author-X-Name-Last: Ram
Title: Fix or fixation? The contributions and limitations of entrepreneurship and small firms to combating social exclusion
Abstract:
Notions of social inclusion and the need to combat social exclusion have
become popular areas of attention in academic and policy circles. The
importance of small firms and entrepreneurship as a means to raising
inclusion has been emphasized in these new agendas. A
priori, there are a number of reasons why small businesses may be
regarded as providing opportunities for social inclusion. However, in this
paper we argue that the recent expectations of the role of small firms and
entrepreneurship in combating social exclusion are over optimistic. Some
of the assumptions on which these expectations are based are questioned.
Instead, we suggest that attention should start by a clearer understanding
of the concept of social exclusion. Individual economic strategies, in the
form of small business activity, can make some contribution but because of
the complex multidimensional nature of social exclusion, over-inflated
claims should be avoided. When these claims are not achieved there may be
a danger of a policy backlash against the promotion of business ownership
and disaffection amongst those who fail to realize their goals. This paper
draws on secondary evidence and concludes with implications for policy and
suggestions for further research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 73-89
Issue: 1
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500419566
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500419566
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:1:p:73-89
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Malin Tillmar
Author-X-Name-First: Malin
Author-X-Name-Last: Tillmar
Title: Swedish tribalism and Tanzanian entrepreneurship: preconditions for trust formation
Abstract:
This paper sets out to explore the preconditions for trust formation
using a comparative approach. It takes an empirical point of departure, in
two longitudinal and ethnographically inspired studies in the differing
contexts of Sweden and Tanzania. The comparison reveals many similarities
between the contexts with regard to the influence of informal
institutions, as well as the significance of categories in trust
formation. Perhaps surprisingly, trust and co-operation are not as low as
could be expected in Tanzania, given the inadequate formal institutional
environment, but instead, the greater need for co-operation evoked
entrepreneurial initiatives that enabled the creation of trust. While the
Swedish small-business owners could afford their
‘tribalism’, Tanzanians created trust in an entrepreneurial
way. The importance of interventions to understand the local institutional
framework is highlighted and it is argued that arranging business
training, or similar events, is a fruitful way to facilitate the trust
creation process in development contexts.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 91-107
Issue: 2
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500531956
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500531956
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:2:p:91-107
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christos Kalantaridis
Author-X-Name-First: Christos
Author-X-Name-Last: Kalantaridis
Author-Name: Zografia Bika
Author-X-Name-First: Zografia
Author-X-Name-Last: Bika
Title: In-migrant entrepreneurship in rural England: beyond local embeddedness
Abstract:
It is now broadly accepted in the literature that in-migrants make a
disproportionately positive contribution in the creation of new ventures
in rural England. However, to date, there have been precious few advances
in our understanding of either the characteristics or, more importantly,
the degree of embeddedness of in-migrant entrepreneurs. This paper aspires
to address this gap in the literature, drawing upon the findings of an
extensive fieldwork investigation in rural Cumbria.1 It is argued that the
attributes of entrepreneurial individuals who are not born locally enable
them to follow distinct routes to starting and/or running a business,
working in contexts that allow them to break away from the confines of
rurality. They appear to rely less upon the local setting for the supply
of materials and capital, as well as a market for their products/services
and to have closer relationships with national and international sources
of information than their locally-born counterparts. Thus, in-migrant
entrepreneurs emerge as a key instrument in enhancing the integration of
rural economies in the national and global markets as well as diminishing
the strength of local ties. Weak local ties also mean that growing
in-migrant entrepreneurship may be linked with the demise of rural
localities as integrated entities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 109-131
Issue: 2
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500510174
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500510174
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:2:p:109-131
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Trevor Jones
Author-X-Name-First: Trevor
Author-X-Name-Last: Jones
Author-Name: Monder Ram
Author-X-Name-First: Monder
Author-X-Name-Last: Ram
Author-Name: Paul Edwards
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards
Title: Ethnic minority business and the employment of illegal immigrants
Abstract:
Based on detailed case histories of South Asian workers and their
co-ethnic employers in the West Midlands clothing and catering industries,
this paper examines the use of illegal immigrant labour in small ethnic
minority firms and attempts to tease out its implications for the migrants
themselves, their employers and the broader national interest. To
establish a proper context, we begin with a review of the recent
literature on the structural changes -- principally the confluence of
globalization and post-industrialism -- which have generated a seemingly
unstoppable flow of labour migration; and the official state policies that
have forced much of it underground. Our own case histories are seen as one
of countless local expressions of this clash between economic and
political imperatives, a clash which effectively criminalizes employers
and workers for providing a positive economic and social contribution to
the wider good. In the present case, it is only by employing immigrant
labour that struggling entrepreneurs can survive in hyper-competitive
sectors of the economy and the stark choice is between official tolerance
of law-breaking or driving many of these enterprises to the wall.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 133-150
Issue: 2
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500531865
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500531865
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:2:p:133-150
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ingrid Verheul
Author-X-Name-First: Ingrid
Author-X-Name-Last: Verheul
Author-Name: André Van Stel
Author-X-Name-First: André Van
Author-X-Name-Last: Stel
Author-Name: Roy Thurik
Author-X-Name-First: Roy
Author-X-Name-Last: Thurik
Title: Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at the country level
Abstract:
Using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data for 29 countries this study
investigates the (differential) impact of several factors on female and
male entrepreneurship at the country level. These factors are derived from
three streams of literature, including that on entrepreneurship in
general, on female labour force participation and on female
entrepreneurship. The paper deals with the methodological aspects of
investigating (female) entrepreneurship by distinguishing between two
measures of female entrepreneurship: the number of female
entrepreneurs and the share of women in the total number
of entrepreneurs. The first measure is used to investigate whether
variables have an impact on entrepreneurship in general (influencing both
the number of female and male entrepreneurs). The second measure is used
to investigate whether factors have a differential relative impact on
female and male entrepreneurship, i.e. whether they influence the
diversity or gender composition of
entrepreneurship. Findings indicate that -- by and large -- female and
male entrepreneurial activity rates are influenced by the same factors and
in the same direction. However, for some factors (e.g. unemployment, life
satisfaction) we find a differential impact on female and male
entrepreneurship. The present study also shows that the factors
influencing the number of female entrepreneurs may be
different from those influencing the share of female
entrepreneurs. In this light it is important that governments are aware of
what they want to accomplish (i.e. do they want to stimulate the number of
female entrepreneurs or the gender composition of entrepreneurship) to be
able to select appropriate policy measures.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 151-183
Issue: 2
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620500532053
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620500532053
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:2:p:151-183
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: H. Doug Watts
Author-X-Name-First: H. Doug
Author-X-Name-Last: Watts
Author-Name: Andrew M. Wood
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Wood
Author-Name: Perry Wardle
Author-X-Name-First: Perry
Author-X-Name-Last: Wardle
Title: Owner-managers, clusters and local embeddedness: small firms in the Sheffield (UK) metal-working cluster
Abstract:
The primary objective of this paper is to explore the ways in which the
characteristics of owner-managers influence the extent to which their
firms are embedded within local clusters of economic activity. Data are
drawn from an interview survey of a random sample of small metal-working
firms in Sheffield, UK. The data are analysed using non-parametric
statistical methods to test bivariate relationships. Owner-manager
attributes are found to have no influence on the extent of the use of
local material supply networks but they do influence the extent of
dependence on local markets. Owner-managers born and bred in the local
region with limited formal education, working as an operative (rather than
executive) prior to start up and with many years experience are more
likely to rely on local markets. Owner-manager characteristics are also
linked to participation in business networks. Those with most experience
and those previously working for large firms are more likely to
participate. It is concluded that owner-manager attributes can be
important in explaining the level of embeddedness of small firms in a
cluster of economic activity and that such attributes need to be built
into theories of cluster behaviour.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 185-205
Issue: 3
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600680141
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600680141
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:3:p:185-205
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: José A Belso-Martínez
Author-X-Name-First: José A
Author-X-Name-Last: Belso-Martínez
Title: Why are some Spanish manufacturing firms internationalizing rapidly? The role of business and institutional international networks
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to examine the profile of international
manufacturing firms located in Spain. After reviewing previous research on
the internationalization of small and medium companies, we will look at
whether the relevance of certain characteristics and key
internationalization factors differ between firms following the
traditional gradual internationalization process and firms
internationalizing rapidly. Basically, economic literature points out that
clients’, suppliers’, competitors’ and
institutions’ networks and differentiation advantages such as
marketing or technology play an essential role in the acceleration of the
internationalization process. Our empirical analysis for the Valencian
Community (a southern Spanish region) shows that some small and
medium-sized companies exhibit an accelerated internationalization
process. Research findings evidence that firms which admitted an
accelerated internationalization process present greater integration in
client networks and greater international orientation of sector and
company. Our investigation does not find greater differentiation for
rapidly internationalized Spanish manufacturing firms. Neither does it
recognize suppliers’, competitors’ and institutions’
networks as key factors for developing a rapid internationalization
process. Policy-makers and public agencies can benefit from these results:
manufacturing sectors appear as targets for programmes focused on rapid
internationalization promotion, networking and knowledge-based activities
should be constantly encouraged in order to accelerate the
internationalization process, entrepreneurs’ and managers’
international orientation and capabilities should also be promoted if more
rapid internationalization process is desirable.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 207-226
Issue: 3
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600565409
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600565409
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:3:p:207-226
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yi-Min Chen
Author-X-Name-First: Yi-Min
Author-X-Name-Last: Chen
Author-Name: Feng-Jyh Lin
Author-X-Name-First: Feng-Jyh
Author-X-Name-Last: Lin
Title: Regional development and sources of superior performance across textile and IT sectors in Taiwan
Abstract:
The rapid growth and industrialization of Taiwan's textile and IT
sectors, mainly comprised of small and medium-sized enterprises, has
prompted an array of explanations among academics, including
neoliberalism, structural-institutionalism, flying geese patterns,
regional networks and economic geography. Drawing on neoliberal,
structural-institutional, regional networking and economic geographic
views in that strong Taiwanese entrepreneurial culture is important to its
textile and IT sector development, this study shares their positive
perspectives in influencing the sources of profitability differentials
among Taiwan's textile and IT firms in international competitiveness.
Researchers investigating the sources of performance differences among
firms have focused mainly on the relative importance of industry and firm
factors. Specifically, this study employs Taiwan's business database to
examine industry and firm effects on profitability differentials in these
sectors using return on assets and the economic performance measures of
economic value added and market value added. A variance components model
is proposed, and findings indicate that firm effects dominate performance
while industry effects have little impact. Our discussion reconciles
results with those of previous studies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 227-248
Issue: 3
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600676560
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600676560
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:3:p:227-248
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lorraine Watkins-Mathys
Author-X-Name-First: Lorraine
Author-X-Name-Last: Watkins-Mathys
Author-Name: M. John Foster
Author-X-Name-First: M. John
Author-X-Name-Last: Foster
Title: Entrepreneurship: the missing ingredient in China's STIPs?
Abstract:
China is concerned to improve the technical capability of its industry.
It has chosen Science and Technology Industry Parks (STIPs) as the model
for incubating its R&D capability and driving its hi-tech policy. Against
this background, the authors examine two main issues. First, we review
assessments of university science parks in the UK and a wider context
extracted from the literature before examining specifically China's R&D
intensity and hi-tech policy. Second, we examine the performance of
hi-tech companies situated on STIPs and those located outside STIPs,
comparing their success in commercializing technology. We pay particular
attention to the role of entrepreneurship in this activity by those
engaged in it. Our findings are based on secondary quantitative data and
qualitative data collected by means of interviews and focus groups in the
Beijing and Shanghai areas in March 2004. From our research it is clear
that China lags behind OECD countries in its R&D capability and the
technology transfer rate is low, hampering China's hi-tech potential,
although China is achieving some success in hi-tech exports, notably of
ICT goods. Furthermore, innovation capability, locational factors such as
being located in a regional industry cluster (in or outside STIPs),
guanxi and networking opportunities, entrepreneurial
skills, including international business experience and access to more
financial sources and capital for developing the business, are essential
for commercializing technology effectively in China. The role of
entrepreneurship is evident. However, it remains still underdeveloped in
China's STIPs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 249-274
Issue: 3
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600593161
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600593161
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:3:p:249-274
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paola Bertolini
Author-X-Name-First: Paola
Author-X-Name-Last: Bertolini
Author-Name: Enrico Giovannetti
Author-X-Name-First: Enrico
Author-X-Name-Last: Giovannetti
Title: Industrial districts and internationalization: the case of the agri-food industry in Modena, Italy
Abstract:
The paper explores the structural changes, in response to
internationalization, in an important traditional activity (food chain,
meat processing) in a typical ‘district area’. In the paper,
attention is focused on the ‘Institutional structure of
production’ (Coase, R. 1992) and the cluster is considered as a
whole, as a complex economic player, capable of generating coherent
action, regulated by institutional mechanisms, and founded on a set of
‘public assets’ which make up its ‘social
capital’. The paper is based on many empirical studies and
surveys aimed at exploring the structure of SMEs and the role of the local
institutions: the changes observed over time and in response to
internationalization underline the reinforcement of the activity's cluster
configuration. These features emphasize the existence of a specific unit
of analysis, indivisible from the individuals which constitute it. The
discussion touches on the classical themes of the efficiency of the
net-economy based on SMEs, and their prospects in a context of growing
globalization. The paper does not aim to enter into the debate on the
origins and mechanism of innovation. However, the case study does
illustrate the strength of the hypothesis of a unit of analysis different
from the firm for discussion of a number of topics: some empirical
examples of innovation, of significance for the economic consolidation of
the ID, highlight the importance of district relationships in the
production and spread of innovation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 279-304
Issue: 4
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600613761
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600613761
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:4:p:279-304
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bat Batjargal
Author-X-Name-First: Bat
Author-X-Name-Last: Batjargal
Title: The dynamics of entrepreneurs’ networks in a transitioning economy: the case of Russia
Abstract:
Despite its theoretical and practical importance, the evolution and
development of entrepreneurs’ networks has attracted a little
attention of researchers. The emerging research literature on this topic
found that the dynamics of entrepreneurial networks were contingent upon
venture lifecycle, industry and region, and resource needs of the firm. In
addition and contrast to the previous research, this article examines the
effects of the initial network structure, and firm performance of previous
years on the changes in entrepreneurs' network structure, relations, and
resources over 4 years. The empirical data is composed of the face-to-face
interviews with 75 Russian entrepreneurs in 1995, and the follow-up
interviews with 56 original respondents in 1999. I found that the greater
the initial network size, the less the increase in network size, strong
and weak ties, and resources over time. Further, the findings indicate
that revenue growth of previous years predicts the changes in networks in
the reverse manner. Thus, I found that the greater the average revenue
growth, the less the increase in network size, weak ties, and resources
over time.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 305-320
Issue: 4
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600717448
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600717448
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:4:p:305-320
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Terry L. Besser
Author-X-Name-First: Terry L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Besser
Author-Name: Nancy Miller
Author-X-Name-First: Nancy
Author-X-Name-Last: Miller
Author-Name: Robert K. Perkins
Author-X-Name-First: Robert K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Perkins
Title: For the greater good: business networks and business social responsibility to communities
Abstract:
Business networks (co-operative arrangements between independent business
organizations) may be the signature organizational form of the
contemporary global economy. Many policy-makers and local leaders advocate
business network membership as an alternative development strategy for
regional economic vitality. The extant literature on business networks has
focused on their association with business success. However, little is
known about their impact on other aspects of community life. The purpose
of this paper is to elaborate the role of network membership on one
non-economic dimension of the business community interface. We examined
the relationship between business network membership and business social
responsibility to communities, defined as the provision of leadership and
support for community betterment projects. Data were gathered from
telephone interviews with a random sample of 460 non-metro small business
operators in the USA. Independent t-tests and ordinary
least squares regression analyses controlling for theoretically important
variables were conducted. Findings show that networked businesses provide
more leadership and support for their communities than non-networked
businesses. However, networked businesses were no more likely than
non-networked businesses to use local suppliers of goods and services.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 321-339
Issue: 4
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600715046
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600715046
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:4:p:321-339
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Rosa
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosa
Author-Name: Alison Dawson
Author-X-Name-First: Alison
Author-X-Name-Last: Dawson
Title: Gender and the commercialization of university science: academic founders of spinout companies
Abstract:
There is a great deal of interest in Europe and the USA on the
commercialization of university science, particularly the creation of
spinout companies from the science base. Despite considerable research on
academic entrepreneurship, female entrepreneurship in general, and the
causes of under-representation of female scientists in academic
institutions, there has been little research on the influence of gender on
academic entrepreneurship. The study researches female founders of UK
university spinout companies using information from the Internet on
company founders of spinout companies from 20 leading universities. The
proportion of female founders at 12% is very low. The paper explores
reasons for this low representation through follow-up postal interviews of
the 21 female founders identified, and a male control sample.
Under-representation of female academic staff in science research is the
dominant but not the only factor to explain low entrepreneurial rates
amongst female scientists. Owing to the low number of women in senior
research positions in many leading science departments, few women had the
chances to lead a spinout. This is a critical factor as much impetus for
commercialization was initially inspired by external interest rather than
internal evaluation of a commercial opportunity. External interest tended
to target senior academics, which proportionally are mostly male. A
majority of the women surveyed tended to be part of entrepreneurial teams
involving senior male colleagues. As a whole both male and female science
entrepreneurs displayed similar motivations to entrepreneurship, but
collectively as scientists differed appreciably from non academic
entrepreneurs. Women science entrepreneurs also faced some additional
problems in areas such as the conflict between work and home life and
networks.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 341-366
Issue: 4
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600680059
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600680059
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:4:p:341-366
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mats Hammarstedt
Author-X-Name-First: Mats
Author-X-Name-Last: Hammarstedt
Title: Book review
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 367-369
Issue: 4
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600825134
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600825134
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:4:p:367-369
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicola Meccheri
Author-X-Name-First: Nicola
Author-X-Name-Last: Meccheri
Author-Name: Gianluigi Pelloni
Author-X-Name-First: Gianluigi
Author-X-Name-Last: Pelloni
Title: Rural entrepreneurs and institutional assistance: an empirical study from mountainous Italy
Abstract:
Despite the recognition of entrepreneurship as one of the main
determinants of rural economic development, empirical research in this
field is relatively sparse. Thus, there is little evidence on the role and
function of rural entrepreneurs, the driving force behind the birth,
survival and growth of rural enterprises. The present work aims at
providing a contribution to filling this gap in knowledge. We present and
analyse the results emerging from a questionnaire submitted to a sample of
123 rural entrepreneurs and businesses in a mountainous area of central
Italy. In particular, we test for six hypotheses concerning the
correlation between different factors, reflecting entrepreneur and
business-specific characteristics, and the adoption of instruments of
institutional assistance. Entrepreneur's and business's variables are
related to (1) entrepreneurial human capital; (2) entrepreneur's local
knowledge and social capital; (3) firm's size; (4) entrepreneur's age; (5)
firm's age; and (6) busines's sector of activity. Empirical results
largely support the importance of variables taken into consideration in
explaining differences in the adoption of institutional assistance among
businesses of the sample. In the light of our empirical findings, we also
examine and propose potential policies for fostering entrepreneurship and
the development of the rural region under study.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 371-392
Issue: 5
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600842113
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600842113
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:5:p:371-392
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gunnar Eliasson
Author-X-Name-First: Gunnar
Author-X-Name-Last: Eliasson
Author-Name: Åsa Eliasson
Author-X-Name-First: Åsa
Author-X-Name-Last: Eliasson
Title: The Pharmacia story of entrepreneurship and as a creative technical university1 -- an experiment in innovation, organizational break up and industrial renaissance
Abstract:
While innovative technology supply has been the focus of much
neo-Schumpeterian modelling, few have addressed the critical and more
resource-demanding commercializing of the same technologies. The result
may have been a growth policy focused on the wrong problem. Using
Competence Bloc Theory and a firm-based macro to macro
approach we abandon the assumed linear relation between technology change
and economic growth of such models, and demonstrate that lack of local
commercialization competences is likely to block growth even though
innovative technology supplies are abundant. The break up, reorganization
and part withdrawal of Pharmacia from the local Uppsala (in Sweden)
economy after a series of international mergers illustrate this. Pharmacia
has ‘released’ a wealth of technologies in local markets.
Local commercialization competence, notably industrially
competent financing has, however, not been sufficient to fill in through
indigenous entrepreneurship the vacuum left by Pharmacia. Only thanks to
foreign investors, attracted by Pharmacia technologies that have opted to
stay for the long term, the local Uppsala economy seems to be heading for
a successful future. The Pharmacia case also demonstrates the role of
advanced firms as ‘technical universities’ and the nature of
an experimentally organized economy (EOE) in which
business mistakes are a natural learning cost for economic development.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 393-420
Issue: 5
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600831488
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600831488
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:5:p:393-420
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Denise E. Fletcher
Author-X-Name-First: Denise E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fletcher
Title: Entrepreneurial processes and the social construction of opportunity
Abstract:
In contrast to structurally-determinist and cognitive/agency-oriented
views of opportunity recognition, it is argued that opportunity formation
is relationally and communally constituted — an insight that is not
recognized in descriptive or linear process models of opportunity
recognition. To arrive at this claim, use is made of social
constructionist ideas. These ideas have been frequently applied in
entrepreneurship studies but less attention has been given to the
relational aspects of social constructionist thinking particularly with
regard to opportunity formation processes. To aid this line of enquiry an
analysis is undertaken of a sibling-autobiographical account of a
high-profile business venture, Coffee Republic. This account has been
crafted by the sibling partnership with a particular audience in mind (the
would-be entrepreneur) with guidelines and principles on how
‘anyone can do it’. However, it is not utilized here as a
good specimen of business venturing to be probed for particular (hidden)
meanings. Instead, the account is evaluated in order to illustrate how
individualistic statements about opportunity discovery can be
reconceptualized as relationally and communally constituted -- an emphasis
which is important for widening our theoretical understanding of the
activities that we label entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 421-440
Issue: 5
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600861105
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600861105
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:5:p:421-440
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lucio Biggiero
Author-X-Name-First: Lucio
Author-X-Name-Last: Biggiero
Title: Industrial and knowledge relocation strategies under the challenges of globalization and digitalization: the move of small and medium enterprises among territorial systems
Abstract:
Owing to globalization and digitalization, small and medium firms adopt
relocation strategies to transfer their activities (and implicitly also
knowledge) among territorial systems, inducing transformations into both
source and destination areas. Cognitive proximity and knowledge
creation/transfer play a crucial role, especially critical when concerning
tacit knowledge, which can be transferred only by moving people. In each
industrial cluster or industrial district it is possible to identify a
kernel of critical activities, which requests complex competencies and has
high added value, and a kernel of tacit knowledge, which is based on
repeated face-to-face interactions. The former resists globalization and
the latter prevents digitalization, which impacts heavily on territorial
systems lacking trust, cooperative attitude, and other socio-cognitive
factors. Relocation strategies are divided into selective and replicative
alternatives, depending on the ability to preserve large kernels. When
replicative strategies are followed by many firms, the socio-cognitive
integrity and the economic competitiveness of the territorial system are
severely damaged. Thus, in order to prevent the ruinous consequences of
massive replicative relocation, local and regional governments should
steer territorial systems towards selective relocation strategies
supporting innovation and improving human capital, paying attention and
developing socio-cognitive factors too. In the final part of the paper,
case studies of industrial and knowledge relocation at intra-European
level are discussed, and a general model is proposed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 443-471
Issue: 6
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600884701
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600884701
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:6:p:443-471
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fernando G. Alberti
Author-X-Name-First: Fernando G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Alberti
Title: The decline of the industrial district of Como: recession, relocation or reconversion?
Abstract:
Industrial districts are experiencing intensifications in those economic
conditions that have historically favoured them. Some of them have entered
a process of decline, which might seem the cause or the effect of
recession, relocation or reconversions into different models. The present
paper aims at contributing to the debate on the evolutionary patterns of
industrial districts, offering an explorative look at the phenomenon of
industrial districts’ decline. This topic has been widely
overlooked in literature and demands further empirical evidence and
conceptual insights. To this purpose, the paper builds on the longitudinal
case study of the industrial district of Como, illustrating and analysing
its decline process from 1980 to 2003. The focus of the study is on the
determinants of an industrial district's decline and the consequences on
the structures of the district itself. The findings are then abstracted to
a model for the understanding and explanation of the decline of industrial
districts. The conclusion is that scholars, practitioners and
policy-makers might benefit from enhancing their knowledge of industrial
districts’ decline and also from interpreting industrial
districts’ evolution in a wider sense. The paper concludes with
contributions and suggestions for further research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 473-501
Issue: 6
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600884792
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600884792
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:6:p:473-501
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: F Xavier Molina-Morales
Author-X-Name-First: F
Author-X-Name-Last: Xavier Molina-Morales
Author-Name: M. Teresa Martínez-Fernández
Author-X-Name-First: M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Teresa Martínez-Fernández
Title: Industrial districts: something more than a neighbourhood
Abstract:
The expansion of globalization has led to the relocation of many
industrial activities. In particular, this process has affected industrial
districts in the traditional industries. However, different districts vary
in their capacity to retain activities. The robustness of industrial
districts and, in consequence, their capacity to retain core activities at
home and thus avoid painful relocations can be analysed by means of the
relational capital developed at the district level. The
relational structure within the district affects and determines the
capacity of innovation of the district firms. This paper analyses the
extent to which innovation depends on the amount of relational capital
developed at the district level. We have addressed this proposition using
internal human mobility, shared vision and trusting co-operation as
indicators of the amount and quality of relational capital. In order to
support theoretical propositions we have conducted empirical research
comparing different industrial districts in the Valencian region of Spain.
Research findings suggest a significant association between social capital
variables and innovation outcomes. In consequence, these factors can
facilitate retaining activities in districts.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 503-524
Issue: 6
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600884750
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600884750
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:6:p:503-524
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frank McDonald
Author-X-Name-First: Frank
Author-X-Name-Last: McDonald
Author-Name: Dimitrios Tsagdis
Author-X-Name-First: Dimitrios
Author-X-Name-Last: Tsagdis
Author-Name: Qihai Huang
Author-X-Name-First: Qihai
Author-X-Name-Last: Huang
Title: The development of industrial clusters and public policy
Abstract:
This paper assesses the relationships between public policy and the
development of industrial clusters. A conceptual model of the relationship
between public policies and the development of industrial clusters is
developed and tested using data from 43 European industrial clusters. The
results indicate that most government policies have no significant impact
on the growth of industrial clusters or for the development of
co-operation within industrial clusters. There is limited evidence that
packages of government policies that are specifically geared towards
improving the local asset base are effective in overcoming obstacles to
growth of industrial clusters. However, when age is used as a control
variable the weak relationship between policy packages and growth of
industrial clusters disappear. The results indicate that individual and
packages of public policies are not strongly connected to either high
levels of co-operation, or high growth in industrial clusters. Moreover,
no clear evidence was found that high levels of co-operation were
associated with growth in industrial districts. In the light of the
failure to find clear-cut associations between public policies and the
development of industrial clusters the paper outlines a research agenda to
help to increase our understanding of these issues.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 525-542
Issue: 6
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600884636
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600884636
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:6:p:525-542
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alessia Sammarra
Author-X-Name-First: Alessia
Author-X-Name-Last: Sammarra
Author-Name: Fiorenza Belussi
Author-X-Name-First: Fiorenza
Author-X-Name-Last: Belussi
Title: Evolution and relocation in fashion-led Italian districts: evidence from two case-studies
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to contribute to the debate about how, in
advanced countries, industrial districts specialised in traditional
manufacturing industries evolve as a consequence of new challenges linked
to the globalization process. Using a multiple case study design, the
study examines the evolution of two fashion-led Italian districts: the
Montebelluna sportswear system and the Vibrata-Tordino-Vomano clothing
district. Our findings reveal that cluster firms’ ability to shift
from manufacturing to other activities providing higher returns along the
global value chain is key to understanding the effect of globalization and
relocation processes on the cluster's long-term competitiveness. As
illustrated in this study, weak learning districts are the most threatened
while innovative districts are able to enact a selective process of
relocation, substituting outplaced activities with more valuable ones and
attracting inward investments.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 543-562
Issue: 6
Volume: 18
Year: 2006
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620600884685
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620600884685
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:18:y:2006:i:6:p:543-562
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Perry
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Perry
Title: Business environments and cluster attractiveness to managers
Abstract:
The sustainability of business cluster groups is examined in the case of
four cluster initiatives linked to the New Zealand timber industry. The
primary objective is to determine the contingent influences shaping the
level of support obtained by cluster projects and the distribution of
cluster benefits among potential participants. The forest products
industry was chosen for the study as this industry has produced cluster
projects in different regions and because firms in this industry have a
range of network opportunities as well as joining a cluster group.
Progress of the projects is assessed through interviews with cluster
participants. Two of the four groups have achieved some impact on business
development and have sustained support. Two groups have failed to become
significant and have lost participation. The attributes of the more
successful clusters are related to: (1) enterprise characteristics and
extent of reciprocal business relations; (2) the motives for
participation; and (3) the relative appeal of cluster participation versus
membership of a national industry group. These characteristics lead to the
development of two models of enterprise activity conducive to cluster
formation distinguished by the extent of firm heterogeneity and business
interaction. These findings raise a number of challenges for the advocacy
of business clusters as a tool for enhancing business competitiveness.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-24
Issue: 1
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601061242
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601061242
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:1:p:1-24
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Justo De Jorge Moreno
Author-X-Name-First: Justo
Author-X-Name-Last: De Jorge Moreno
Author-Name: Leopoldo Laborda Castillo
Author-X-Name-First: Leopoldo Laborda
Author-X-Name-Last: Castillo
Author-Name: Elio De Zuani Masere
Author-X-Name-First: Elio De Zuani
Author-X-Name-Last: Masere
Title: Influence of entrepreneur type, region and sector effects on business self-confidence: Empirical evidence from Argentine firms
Abstract:
In this current work we analyse the influence of factors potentially able
to explain entrepreneurs’ self-confidence in their own business
activity, in view of the repercussions that they may ultimately have on
economic development. Specifically, we include a number of factors in the
analysis presented here that can be considered traditional in the
specialized literature, such as the regional and sectoral factors, along
with an additional factor measuring the type of entrepreneur running the
firm. This typology is defined on the basis of the entrepreneurs’
personal characteristics, and their way of managing the firm's resources.
The authors used a cross-section (during 2001--2002) of 1314 firms,
grouped in four sectors of activity, spatially distributed over 14
Argentine provinces, and considering seven models of entrepreneurial
behaviour in the analysis. Our results, controlled by size, at the
business level, and for the socio-economic and demographic
characteristics, at the regional level, have been tested to be able to
capture the significant effect that the entrepreneur type, the sector of
activity and the regional location of the firm have in strengthening the
entrepreneurs’ perception of the improvement in the economic
situation of their firms.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 25-48
Issue: 1
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601043372
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601043372
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:1:p:25-48
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Greg Clydesdale
Author-X-Name-First: Greg
Author-X-Name-Last: Clydesdale
Title: Cultural evolution and economic growth: New Zealand Maori
Abstract:
Many indigenous tribes have received settlements of resources enabling
them to become major entrepreneurial players. This paper attempts to
identify barriers impacting on Maori economic growth. While firms operate
with an eye to the future, decision-making in Maori tribes operates with
constant historical reference. To accommodate this difference, an
evolutionary approach is suggested as the best way to analyse tribal
economic status. Historical analysis of cultural-economic evolution
reveals adoption of memes and routines as the resource base changed.
Adopted memes and routines continue to shape contemporary economic
behaviour and define identity. Preserving identity is often held as a
barrier to adaptation, but economic growth and exploitation of an expanded
resources base requires the adoption of new productive techniques and
changes in behaviours, memes and routines. Inherited cultural legacies
include sensitivity to mana, kinship groupings, leadership styles,
technical isolation and others which have created both barriers and
opportunities. Barriers to change include a reaction against the culture
competent in that technology. Overcoming these barriers requires an
understanding that culture is not a point in time, but an evolving force.
This paper suggests that an evolutionary view of economic development may
offer added insight in exploring and solving development issues,
particularly for indigenous peoples and tribes.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 49-68
Issue: 1
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601002204
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601002204
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:1:p:49-68
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ana M. Moreno
Author-X-Name-First: Ana M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Moreno
Author-Name: José C. Casillas
Author-X-Name-First: José C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Casillas
Title: High-growth SMEs versus non-high-growth SMEs: a discriminant analysis
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the main variables that allow one
to distinguish between high-growth firms and non-high-growth firms.
Theoretically, we discuss such differences through a combination of
economic (external approach) and strategic (internal approach) visions.
Empirically, this paper provides two differences with regard to previous
literature: (1) the primary goal of our work is not to provide an outright
explanation of firm growth; rather, we aim to establish what
characteristics enable us to distinguish between high-growth and
non-high-growth firms. This aspect determines the methodology used
(discriminant analysis with dichotomic dependent variable); and (2) firm
high growth is understood as an extraordinary growth in comparison with
the average growth of other firms in the same industry, and not in
absolute terms. The results show that in the main high-growth firms are
different from moderate-growth firms or declining firms because of their
smaller size (which is contrary to Gibrat's Law), their higher
availability of idle resources (consistent with the theory of resources
and capabilities), and in some cases, their lower availability of
financial resources (consistent with the existing literature on
entrepreneurship).
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 69-88
Issue: 1
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601002162
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601002162
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:1:p:69-88
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gavin Cassar
Author-X-Name-First: Gavin
Author-X-Name-Last: Cassar
Title: Money, money, money? A longitudinal investigation of entrepreneur career reasons, growth preferences and achieved growth
Abstract:
This paper longitudinally examines the relationship between the career
reasons of nascent entrepreneurs, their growth preferences and subsequent
growth achieved. The longitudinal design allows for examination and
control of both survivorship and recall bias upon career reason and growth
linkages. Substantial recall bias was observed in the career reasons of
entrepreneurs, with the reported importance of self-realization and
financial success, as explanations for entering venturing activity, being
significantly lower when responses were obtained once the venture was
operational. Consistent with economic motives, the importance that the
entrepreneur places on financial success was a key determinant to explain
cross-sectional differences in growth preferences of the entrepreneur, the
intended size of the venture, and achieved growth. Further, the importance
of financial success was robust to the use of both prospective and
retrospective career reasons. While independence was the most important
factor to explain the career choices of nascent entrepreneurs,
independence was also found to be negatively associated with intended and
achieved employment growth. Overall, the findings demonstrate that nascent
entrepreneur career reasons for self-employment are not homogeneous, vary
by growth intentions and preferences, and are associated with subsequent
venture growth achieved.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 89-107
Issue: 1
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601002246
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601002246
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:1:p:89-107
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: José Luis Hervás-Oliver
Author-X-Name-First: José Luis
Author-X-Name-Last: Hervás-Oliver
Author-Name: José Albors-Garrigós
Author-X-Name-First: José
Author-X-Name-Last: Albors-Garrigós
Title: Do clusters capabilities matter? An empirical application of the resource-based view in clusters
Abstract:
The resource-based view (RBV) of the firm has been applied to
territories, although academia has not frequently undertaken exploration
of RBV applied to clusters in an empirical base. The goal of this paper
aims at empirically translating RBV to the territory with a double
objective. First, the work seeks to understand which are the cluster's
resources and capabilities. Second, the paper evaluates whether a
cluster's unique set of resources and capabilities could influence a
cluster's performance. Research is applied to leading European ceramic
tile clusters located in Spain (Castellon) and Italy (Emilia-Romagna).
Comparing clusters in the same industry allows benchmarking and the
metrics make more sense. Secondary data and face-to-face semi-structured
interviews with managers from the R&D Institutes, institutional agents and
Castellon (59) and Emilian (19) firms assess a cluster's resources and
capabilities. The employed variables address skilled labour availability,
social capital, linkages, business sophistication and network effects. In
addition, and through the utilization of financial and productivity data
the work analyses whether there are performance differences. Results
indicate that clusters have a unique set of resources and capabilities and
a certain performance level. On the whole, a cluster's unique set of
resources and capabilities matter. The paper offers a methodological
approach to tackle empirically the RBV application to clusters.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 113-136
Issue: 2
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601137554
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601137554
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:2:p:113-136
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anders Waxell
Author-X-Name-First: Anders
Author-X-Name-Last: Waxell
Author-Name: Anders Malmberg
Author-X-Name-First: Anders
Author-X-Name-Last: Malmberg
Title: What is global and what is local in knowledge-generating interaction? The case of the biotech cluster in Uppsala, Sweden
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to describe the structure of the biotech cluster
in Uppsala, Sweden, and to analyse how cluster knowledge dynamics result
from processes and interactions unfolding at different spatial scales. The
empirical basis for the analyses are derived from various sources:
business registers, an internet-based survey of 106 firms, 23 in-depth
interviews with key individuals, and a longitudinal database give data on
the degree to which collaborations, rivalry, business transactions,
capital sourcing and labour mobility take place in the local cluster. In
addition to asking questions about which interactions are most localized
and globalized, respectively, the paper also sets out to give an account
of the ‘clusterness’ of the case in point. The paper shows
that while the business relations of the biotech companies in Uppsala are
strongly globalized, the sourcing of capital, the informal social
networking and the labour market dynamics are much more
regionalized/localized.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 137-159
Issue: 2
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601061184
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601061184
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:2:p:137-159
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mitja Ruzzier
Author-X-Name-First: Mitja
Author-X-Name-Last: Ruzzier
Author-Name: Bostjan Antoncic
Author-X-Name-First: Bostjan
Author-X-Name-Last: Antoncic
Author-Name: Robert D. Hisrich
Author-X-Name-First: Robert D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hisrich
Title: The internationalization of SMEs: developing and testing a multi-dimensional measure on Slovenian firms
Abstract:
The internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is
explored by focusing on a clarification of the internationalization
construct. A set of hypotheses is conceptually developed, including the
main dimensions of internationalization (operation mode, market, product,
time and performance). The proposed multi-dimensional internationalization
construct is empirically tested.Questionnaire data were collected from a
sample of 161 Slovenian SMEs. Scales were tested for reliability and
validity. Key data analysis (confirmatory factor analyses and structural
equation modelling) was conducted using the EQS structural equation
modelling software.The multi-dimensionality of the developed SME
internationalization construct is confirmed. The findings support the
proposed SME internationalization hypotheses for the product, time and
performance dimensions in full, and the operation mode and market
dimensions in part. The proposed internationalization construct can be
considered to be a valid measure of the internationalization of SMEs by
capturing their multi-dimensionality.The new construct advanced in this
study is richer than previous research and offers a relatively complete
picture that can be used as a research framework in future examinations of
internationalization. The developed internationalization construct
advances SME internationalization theory and is informative for
practitioners in developing SME internationalization programmes.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 161-183
Issue: 2
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601137646
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601137646
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:2:p:161-183
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Einar Lier Madsen
Author-X-Name-First: Einar Lier
Author-X-Name-Last: Madsen
Title: The significance of sustained entrepreneurial orientation on performance of firms -- A longitudinal analysis
Abstract:
This study focuses on the importance of changes in entrepreneurial
orientation (EO) over time for subsequent firm performance, and the
significance which inimitable resources (networks, governance system and
unique competence) might have in this connection. Hypotheses are developed
to test the effects that changes in EO level over a time period and
resources have on subsequent firm performance. The study is based on data
from 168 Norwegian SMEs, interviewed both in 2000 and 2003. The primary
contribution of this study is that a change in EO over time (increased or
decreased), may be of importance for a firm's performance represented by
performance compared to competitors, and employment growth. A focus on
entrepreneurial activities seems to be beneficial in the long run
(increasing EO), while the opposite is the case if the EO level decreases.
It is especially encouraging to see that firms focusing on EO (increased
or the same) are positively associated with employment growth, one of the
primary policy goals world-wide. Another contribution from this study is
that resources that may be inimitable for firms have some influence on
performance compared to competitors. Implications for policy-makers,
practitioners and further research are discussed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 185-204
Issue: 2
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620601136812
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620601136812
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:2:p:185-204
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Xavier Gellynck
Author-X-Name-First: Xavier
Author-X-Name-Last: Gellynck
Author-Name: Bert Vermeire
Author-X-Name-First: Bert
Author-X-Name-Last: Vermeire
Author-Name: Jacques Viaene
Author-X-Name-First: Jacques
Author-X-Name-Last: Viaene
Title: Innovation in food firms: contribution of regional networks within the international business context
Abstract:
This paper explores the role of regional networks in processes of
innovation within an international business context. It is hypothesized
that firms participating in regional networks demonstrate a stronger
innovation competence. Data are drawn from a survey among food firms in
the region of Meetjesland, Belgium, and reflect the relation between the
firm and a number of regional characteristics. After restructuring the
data through factor analysis and cluster analysis, the important role of
regional networking is revealed using discriminant analysis. The analysis
marks out two factors having the strongest power to discriminate between
the clusters: firms are classified as having a stronger innovation
competence when networking within the region, and when orienting towards
the international market. Results demonstrate that internationally
operating firms benefit from regional networking. Further, it is argued
that regional networking is not contradictory to an international market
orientation, and that firms gain innovation competence by searching for
external knowledge on different geographical scales. As these networks
have the potential to enhance the innovation competence of firms, support
to regional networking is promoted as a policy tool.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 209-226
Issue: 3
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701218395
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701218395
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:3:p:209-226
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hermann Frank
Author-X-Name-First: Hermann
Author-X-Name-Last: Frank
Author-Name: Manfred Lueger
Author-X-Name-First: Manfred
Author-X-Name-Last: Lueger
Author-Name: Christian Korunka
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Korunka
Title: The significance of personality in business start-up intentions, start-up realization and business success
Abstract:
Numerous studies with contradictory results have been published on the
relationships of personality factors with business start-up intentions and
business success. Using a comparison of four conceptually similar studies
(Vienna Entrepreneurship Studies) as a basis, this paper analyses the
varying roles of personality factors in business start-up intentions, in
start-up success and in business success. It can be shown that the
significance of personality traits among (potential) business founders
decreases in the course of start-up/new business development--from initial
start-up intentions, to the start-up process and realization, and on to
business success (existence/growth). While up to 20% of the variance in
the origins of entrepreneurial intentions can be explained by personality
traits, this proportion practically drops to zero in explaining business
success. The studies also enable one to assess the value of personality in
relation to other configuration fields. Overall, the data from the four
studies confirms that a meaningful assessment of the value of personality
traits is only possible in conjunction with additional influencing factors
in the founder's environment, resources and processes. The results suggest
that especially for the development of business start-up intentions it is
necessary to take measures to promote personality characteristics in
schools and universities. It is not possible to predict the long-term
success of a business by evaluating the personality factors of the
business founder in early stages of the start-up process.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 227-251
Issue: 3
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701218387
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701218387
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:3:p:227-251
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew Henley
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Henley
Title: Entrepreneurial aspiration and transition into self-employment: evidence from British longitudinal data
Abstract:
This paper is about whether transitions into self-employment are preceded
by well-formed entrepreneurial aspirations, and the extent to which
aspiration and actual transition are associated with the same factors. It
analyses data from a British general purpose longitudinal survey, allowing
the tracking of stated entrepreneurial aspiration through to
self-employment transition one or more years later. The majority of
transitions are not preceded by a statement of aspiration a year earlier
and therefore many new ventures may be hastily conceived. Studies which
identify nascent entrepreneurs from a sample of the general population and
subsequently trace new venture creation may therefore miss significant
numbers of entrepreneurial transitions. Although first noted by Katz
(1990), this issue has attracted relatively little research attention
since. The paper adopts the novel approach of allowing unexplained
heterogeneity in the formation of aspirations to be correlated with that
in the self-employment transition choice. Aspirations are associated with
displacement factors such as low job satisfaction, but this finding is not
translated into an association with transitions. Aspirations are not found
to be associated with intentional activity such as active saving, or with
correlates of personal efficacy such as financial wealth and educational
background. Aspirations display regional variation with some regions
having higher levels of aspiration that do not translate into a higher
start-up rate. These findings reinforce a strong conclusion that policy
should address the level of preparedness for new business start-up amongst
aspiring entrepreneurs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 253-280
Issue: 3
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701223080
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701223080
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:3:p:253-280
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Carree
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Carree
Author-Name: André Van Stel
Author-X-Name-First: André
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Stel
Author-Name: Roy Thurik
Author-X-Name-First: Roy
Author-X-Name-Last: Thurik
Author-Name: Sander Wennekers
Author-X-Name-First: Sander
Author-X-Name-Last: Wennekers
Title: The relationship between economic development and business ownership revisited
Abstract:
This paper revisits the two-equation model of Carree, van Stel, Thurik
and Wennekers (2002) where deviations from the ‘equilibrium’
rate of business ownership play a central role in determining both the
growth of business ownership and that of economic development. Two
extensions of the original set-up are addressed: using longer time series
of averaged data of 23 OECD countries (up to 2004) we can discriminate
between different functional forms of the ‘equilibrium’ rate
and we allow for different penalties for being above or under the
‘equilibrium’ rate. The additional data do not provide
evidence of a superior statistical fit of a U-shaped
‘equilibrium’ relationship when compared to an L-shaped one.
There appears to be a growth penalty for having too few business owners
but not for having too many.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 281-291
Issue: 3
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701296318
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701296318
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:3:p:281-291
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Udo Brixy
Author-X-Name-First: Udo
Author-X-Name-Last: Brixy
Author-Name: Reinhold Grotz
Author-X-Name-First: Reinhold
Author-X-Name-Last: Grotz
Title: Regional patterns and determinants of birth and survival of new firms in Western Germany
Abstract:
Although there is a large body of literature on the determinants of
regional variation in new firm formation little is known on the spatial
differences in new firm survival. The often-stated positive relationship
between entry and exit suggests a negative correlation between entry and
survival. On the other hand it seems convincing that regions with high
birth rates should also have high survival rates, because a favourable
environment for the founding of new firms should also stimulate the
development of these firms. However, our analysis reveals an overall
negative relationship. In detail the spatial pattern of a combination of
both rates is complex, and all types of possible relationships exist. We
analyse the factors that influence regional birth and survival rates of
new firms for 74 West German regions over a 10-year period. It is shown
that in the service sector most variables literally work in opposite
directions in the birth and survival rates models. The spatial structures
which promote the formation of new service firms are detrimental to the
survival of these firms. This does not hold for the manufacturing sector
where we find evidence for the ‘supportive environment
thesis’. Obviously both industries have different requirements for
their ‘seed bed’ but not for their survival.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 293-312
Issue: 4
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701275510
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701275510
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:4:p:293-312
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yancy Vaillant
Author-X-Name-First: Yancy
Author-X-Name-Last: Vaillant
Author-Name: Esteban Lafuente
Author-X-Name-First: Esteban
Author-X-Name-Last: Lafuente
Title: Do different institutional frameworks condition the influence of local fear of failure and entrepreneurial examples over entrepreneurial activity?
Abstract:
This paper analyses how different institutional frameworks condition the
influence of selected social traits: the social stigma to entrepreneurial
failure and the presence of entrepreneurial role models, over
entrepreneurial activity levels in a rural area with strong industrial and
entrepreneurial history versus those that are not necessarily
characterized by such a tradition. To attain this objective we undertake a
rare events logit model using a robust Spanish dataset from 2003. The main
contribution of the study indicates that there is a significant difference
between entrepreneurial activity levels in rural Catalonia as compared to
rural areas in the rest of Spain. This difference is in large part
explained by the distinct impact of the observed social traits, where the
presence of entrepreneurial role models is a prominent explanatory factor
favouring entrepreneurial activity in rural (Catalonia) areas with strong
industrial tradition. The findings of the paper back the growing call for
territorial specificity in the formulation and application of
entrepreneurship support measures, distinguishing between rural and urban
areas. Hence, and in accordance with the new rural paradigm,
entrepreneurship promotion should take a more holistic character and
become an integral part of any rural development plan. The paper's results
imply that fostering business creation in rural areas is more often than
not a generational process, where the search for short-term benefits can
result in the mistaken impression that in rural areas entrepreneurship
support policy does not work.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 313-337
Issue: 4
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701440007
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701440007
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:4:p:313-337
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Pickernell
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Pickernell
Author-Name: Patricia A. Rowe
Author-X-Name-First: Patricia A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Rowe
Author-Name: Michael J. Christie
Author-X-Name-First: Michael J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Christie
Author-Name: David Brooksbank
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Brooksbank
Title: Developing a framework for network and cluster identification for use in economic development policy-making
Abstract:
Drawing on extensive academic research concerning clusters and networks,
this paper seeks to create a framework capable of reviewing and monitoring
different aspects of clusters and networks on an ongoing basis. The
nine-element framework allows evaluation of the structures and processes
for the eight basic cluster types identified from the literature. The use
of this framework as a complimentary tool to the Multi-sectoral
Qualitative Analysis (MSQA) methodology is then demonstrated using three
examples (the construction, hardwood timber and higher education sectors).
The data was gathered from three sets of key stakeholders (government,
institutions and industry) provided from a recent study funded by the
Welsh Assembly Government's Small Grants Research Programme. These cases
illustrate the use of the framework in helping to generate the initial
information necessary for subsequent cluster development policy (within
overall regional economic development) by government to occur. The
framework provides tools for reviewing and monitoring individual sectors.
Information captured within the framework can also help in ameliorating
problems in sectors likely to decline further. The need for further
development research is also identified. Specifically at the level of the
firm and network, there is a need to generate a more detailed framework of
analysis of factors that contribute to successful processes of network
management, learning and innovation, from which more detailed policy could
be enacted in future.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 339-358
Issue: 4
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701275411
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701275411
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:4:p:339-358
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Evgueni Vinogradov
Author-X-Name-First: Evgueni
Author-X-Name-Last: Vinogradov
Author-Name: Lars Kolvereid
Author-X-Name-First: Lars
Author-X-Name-Last: Kolvereid
Title: Cultural background, human capital and self-employment rates among immigrants in Norway
Abstract:
The level of self-employment varies significantly among immigrants from
different countries of origin. The objective of this research is to
examine the relationship between national culture, human capital in the
form of educational attainment in the country of origin and
self-employment rates among first-generation immigrants in Norway.
Empirical secondary data on self-employment among immigrants from 53
countries residing in Norway in 2004 was used. Five different hypotheses
were developed and tested using hierarchical regression analysis. The
findings suggest that immigrants from countries with low power distance
are more likely to become self-employed. However, other dimensions of
cultural attributes, such as the home-country's uncertainty avoidance,
masculinity/femininity and individualism/collectivism were not
significantly associated with immigrants’ self-employment rate.
Finally, and most notably, the average educational attainment in the
country of origin was found to be significantly positively associated with
self-employment among immigrants. The study concludes with practical
implications and suggestions for future research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 359-376
Issue: 4
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701223213
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701223213
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:4:p:359-376
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alf Rehn
Author-X-Name-First: Alf
Author-X-Name-Last: Rehn
Title: Book review
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 377-378
Issue: 4
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701439975
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701439975
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:4:p:377-378
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alexander Kessler
Author-X-Name-First: Alexander
Author-X-Name-Last: Kessler
Title: Success factors for new businesses in Austria and the Czech Republic
Abstract:
New business start-ups play a significant role in maintaining as well as
creating a functional market economy. However, as the business environment
differs in established and emerging market economies, it seems appropriate
to examine whether start-up success factors also differ in this context.
This paper presents a comparative analysis of success factors for
start-ups in early development stages in the traditional market economy of
Austria versus the emerging market economy of the Czech Republic. The
comparison uses binary logistic regression analysis and is based on an
Austrian sample of 296 new businesses from 1998 and a Czech sample of 459
new businesses from 2000. This analysis reveals that the composition of
significant success predictors differs in the two samples in question. In
Austria, success in the early development stage can mainly be predicted on
the basis of start-up process characteristics as well as two aspects of
the entrepreneur's personal environment, while personal characteristics,
personality traits and resources have no significant impact. In the Czech
Republic, on the other hand, characteristics of the start-up process are
also important, but in a different composition than in Austria. In
addition, one aspect related to personality (i.e. need for achievement) as
well as start-up resources play an important role in predicting
entrepreneurial success in the Czech sample. As a result, the results
support the hypothesis of the cultural embeddedness of entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 381-403
Issue: 5
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701439959
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701439959
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:5:p:381-403
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Westhead
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Westhead
Author-Name: Carole Howorth
Author-X-Name-First: Carole
Author-X-Name-Last: Howorth
Title: ‘Types’ of private family firms: an exploratory conceptual and empirical analysis
Abstract:
Family firms that can leverage entrepreneurial experience and knowledge
can shape local economic development. Practitioners concerned with
fostering enterprise sustainability need to be aware that family firms
cite contrasting goals, resource profiles and requirements. Family firms
are not a homogeneous entity. The ‘targeting’ of support to
‘types’ of family firms could enable practitioners to
satisfy their wealth creation and social inclusion objectives. To
stimulate increased critical reflection, insights from agency and
stewardship theories were drawn upon to illustrate six conceptualized
‘types’ of private firms based on company ownership and
management structures as well as company objectives. Cross-sectional
survey evidence was gathered from key informants in family firms in the
UK. An agglomerative hierarchical QUICK CLUSTER analysis identified seven
empirical ‘types’ of family firms. Four out of the six
conceptualized ‘types’ were validated by the exploratory
empirical taxonomy. Implications for policy-makers and practitioners as
well as researchers are discussed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 405-431
Issue: 5
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701552405
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701552405
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:5:p:405-431
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ian Stone
Author-X-Name-First: Ian
Author-X-Name-Last: Stone
Author-Name: Cherrie Stubbs
Author-X-Name-First: Cherrie
Author-X-Name-Last: Stubbs
Title: Enterprising expatriates: lifestyle migration and entrepreneurship in rural southern Europe
Abstract:
This paper focuses on the growing aspect of entrepreneurship associated
with lifestyle-induced migration from wealthy countries, through
investigating self-employment among expatriates from northern Europe in
rural areas of southern France and Spain. Most expatriates had no prior
experience of entrepreneurship and typically established their business
opportunistically and some time after arrival. Based upon interviews with
41 expatriate households (operating 70 business ventures), the study
explores the characteristics of the individuals involved, the nature of
their businesses, factors influencing start-up, and processes and patterns
of business development. Self-employment is shown to be the most effective
available mechanism for supporting lifestyle objectives of expatriates who
vary greatly in their skills, experience and resources. The study
identifies significant differences between the respective groups from the
two countries, reflecting the spatially differentiated character of
migration in terms of age, education, qualifications and capital
resources. These appear to have given rise to a more sophisticated profile
of businesses in the French areas. Sharp differences in language skills as
between the different countries are seen as influencing the ability of
entrepreneurs to network with, and market to, the indigenous population,
with implications for the future development of the businesses, and their
local impact. The study seeks to augment standard conceptual approaches to
entrepreneurship, through taking account of the primacy of the migration
decision and specific related processes, and proposes a model that
advances our understanding of the phenomenon.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 433-450
Issue: 5
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701552389
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701552389
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:5:p:433-450
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Miranda Cahn
Author-X-Name-First: Miranda
Author-X-Name-Last: Cahn
Title: Indigenous entrepreneurship, culture and micro-enterprise in the Pacific Islands: case studies from Samoa
Abstract:
In indigenous societies throughout the world ‘business’ and
economic activities are embedded in cultural and social aspects, creating
unique styles of entrepreneurship, which are often community-orientated,
and with diverse livelihood outcomes. In the Pacific Island country of
Samoa, the Samoan way of life and culture (fa’aSamoa) is
intricately interwoven with rural entrepreneurial activity. This paper
explores the relationships between micro-enterprises and fa’aSamoa
in rural communities of Samoa, and questions whether an
‘indigenous’ style of entrepreneurship enhances the success
and sustainability of micro-enterprises. The qualitative research
investigated two separate clusters of micro-entrepreneurs. In each of the
case studies fa’aSamoa was interwoven with, and strongly
influenced, the livelihood outcomes that the micro-entrepreneurs sought,
the characteristics of the micro-enterprise, the risks and vulnerability
the micro-entrepreneurs faced, the way in which the micro-entrepreneurs in
each of the clusters worked together, and the success and sustainability
of the micro-enterprises. The research demonstrated that where
fa’aSamoa blended successfully with the micro-entrepreneurial
activity, an ‘indigenous’ form of enterprise had developed,
and the success and sustainability of the micro-enterprise was enhanced.
On the other hand, the research showed that tensions between
fa’aSamoa and introduced business systems of the micro-enterprise
could jeopardize micro-enterprise success and sustainability.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-18
Issue: 1
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701552413
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701552413
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:1:p:1-18
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Olav R. Spilling
Author-X-Name-First: Olav R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Spilling
Author-Name: Ovar Andreas Rosenberg
Author-X-Name-First: Ovar Andreas
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenberg
Title: To eat or to be eaten--on the role of entrepreneurship in the Norwegian telecom access sector
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to analyse mechanisms of evolution by
studying a population of firms involved in the provision of telecom access
in Norway after the liberation of the telecom sector during the 1990s. The
approach is based on a combination of theory on entrepreneurship and
theories on sectoral innovation systems, in particular the role of
entrepreneurship under different technological regimes. By analysing the
role of different actors in the market for telecom access, the
relationship between the previous state monopolist Telenor and other
companies entering the market is discussed. The main conclusion is that
Telenor, in spite of the liberalization of the telecom market, still is in
a very dominant position in the markets for access provision. To the
extent that Telenor is challenged, it is basically by other existing
telecom companies. By the time of finalizing this paper (2006), none of
the entrepreneurial firms have survived as independent firms. The main
conclusion deriving from this analysis, is that the telecom access sector
is characterized by the routinized regime, in which the larger,
established firms are the dominant players. However, this does not mean
that entrepreneurs do not play important roles. By starting their new
ventures, entrepreneurs are challenging the positions of the incumbents;
they are contributing to more competition and innovation. Without the
pressure from the entrepreneurial entrants, the level of innovation in the
sectoral system would have been significantly lower.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 19-40
Issue: 1
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701552447
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701552447
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:1:p:19-40
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carmen Camarero Izquierdo
Author-X-Name-First: Carmen
Author-X-Name-Last: Camarero Izquierdo
Author-Name: Carlos Hernández Carrión
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Hernández
Author-X-Name-Last: Carrión
Author-Name: Sonia San Martín Gutiérrez
Author-X-Name-First: Sonia San Martín
Author-X-Name-Last: Gutiérrez
Title: Developing relationships within the framework of local economic development in Spain
Abstract:
This study is aimed at analysing the relationships between local
development agencies and various actors from within their environments.
The authors explore the applicability of a relationship marketing approach
to local development and propose the influence of economic development
objectives on the relational orientation of partnerships, as well as the
correspondence between the relational orientation, the results obtained
and the expectations of continuity. The empirical study focuses on
particular cases of Spanish development agencies operating at local and
regional level. A structural equations analysis in a sample of 174
relationships of 18 local development agencies evidences that while the
relational orientation of internal relationships and lateral relationships
with other development agents is hardly influenced by the objectives of
economic development, the closeness of vertical relationships (residents,
firms, tourists and local entrepreneurs) depends to a large extent on
these objectives. Moreover, it has been confirmed the that effect of
relational orientation on competitiveness, on efficient management, and on
satisfaction, whereas the creation of infrastructures seems not to be a
direct result. The authors conclude that managing relationships with
suppliers and target groups as alliances, working together, sharing
information, resolving conflicts satisfactorily, and sharing common
values, will guarantee performance and resources management efficiency,
and will ensure the continuity of fruitful relationships.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 41-65
Issue: 1
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701552462
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701552462
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:1:p:41-65
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Niels Beerepoot
Author-X-Name-First: Niels
Author-X-Name-Last: Beerepoot
Title: Diffusion of knowledge and skills through labour markets: evidence from the furniture cluster in Metro Cebu (the Philippines)
Abstract:
A skilled and flexible labour force is often given recognition as one of
the key features of industrial clusters of similar enterprises. In
clusters of small enterprises, knowledge and skills are not embedded in
firms, but in the local labour force and the movements of a skilled and
flexible labour force serve as a channel for knowledge transfer between
enterprises. Surprisingly, few studies have looked at how knowledge
transfer through the labour market takes place. This paper uses the
furniture cluster in Metro Cebu (the Philippines) as a case in point to
identify the transfer of knowledge and skills between workers in the
context of a low-technology cluster. While knowledge and skills are
transferred easily between workers, there are a number of difficulties for
the labour market to serve as a model for the generation of new knowledge
and hence upgrading of the Cebu cluster. The difficult combination of
traditional artisanal knowledge and skills with formal knowledge on
furniture-making hinders the effective utilization of the labour force as
the key asset for competitiveness of the cluster.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 67-88
Issue: 1
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701631522
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701631522
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:1:p:67-88
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Siri Terjesen
Author-X-Name-First: Siri
Author-X-Name-Last: Terjesen
Author-Name: Colm O'Gorman
Author-X-Name-First: Colm
Author-X-Name-Last: O'Gorman
Author-Name: Zoltan J. Acs
Author-X-Name-First: Zoltan J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Acs
Title: Intermediated mode of internationalization: new software ventures in Ireland and India
Abstract:
Building on an emerging literature of international new ventures, we
suggest that new ventures face two modes of internationalization: a direct
mode and an intermediated means, using multinational enterprises as
intermediaries. When considering direct internationalization, new ventures
face high entry barriers including a lack of firm resources and access to
key infrastructure. However, new ventures pursuing the intermediated mode
of internationalization encounter transaction costs and the threat of rent
extraction from multinational enterprises. Sector level case evidence
suggests that the intermediated form of internationalization can be found
in the software industry in Ireland and India. Our firm-level case studies
identify the strategic issues and drawbacks associated with the
intermediated mode of internationalization. Implications for policy-makers
include encouraging firms to consider intermediated internationalization
and targeting enterprise supports at entrepreneurs with experience of
working in multinational enterprises.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 89-109
Issue: 1
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701630946
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701630946
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:1:p:89-109
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wim Naudé
Author-X-Name-First: Wim
Author-X-Name-Last: Naudé
Author-Name: Thomas Gries
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Gries
Author-Name: Eric Wood
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Wood
Author-Name: Aloe Meintjies
Author-X-Name-First: Aloe
Author-X-Name-Last: Meintjies
Title: Regional determinants of entrepreneurial start-ups in a developing country
Abstract:
In this paper we use data from a developing country, South Africa, to
empirically identify the determinants of start-up rates across different
sub-national regions and in particular to investigate the role of access
to finance on a regional (sub-national) level on start-ups. We find that
the most important determinants of start-up rates across South Africa's
magisterial districts are profit rates, educational levels, agglomeration
as measured by the economic size of a district, and access to formal bank
finance. Profits have by far the strongest effect on start-up rates. This,
together with the insignificance of unemployment for start-ups, may imply
that start-ups in South Africa are mainly opportunity-driven, as opposed
to being necessity driven. It is also found that access to formal bank
finance matter for regional start-up rates, which is not typical for a
developing country and that market-size (agglomerations) is negatively
associated with start-up rates in South Africa--an unexpected finding
which may imply the existence of ‘congesting' factors such as
increased competition, tougher barriers to entry, monopolistic behaviour,
and a greater difficulty to be innovative and novel.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 111-124
Issue: 2
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701631498
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701631498
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:2:p:111-124
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sarah Jack
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Jack
Author-Name: Sarah Drakopoulou Dodd
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Drakopoulou
Author-X-Name-Last: Dodd
Author-Name: Alistair R. Anderson
Author-X-Name-First: Alistair R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson
Title: Change and the development of entrepreneurial networks over time: a processual perspective
Abstract:
Although it is now well established that networks contribute to
entrepreneurship by extending the individual entrepreneurial asset base of
human, social, market, financial and technical capacity, little work,
empirical or theoretical, has examined the dynamics of networking
processes in a temporal framework. Drawing on evidence from three
longitudinal case studies of entrepreneurs operating in the oil industry
in the North East of Scotland, this paper presents an extensive empirical
investigation into network transformation over time. We are thus able to
chart networks in their historical contingency. This chronological lens
allows us to view patterns in network continuity and change and enables us
to develop a rich conceptual framework. The study demonstrates that
networks are vital living organisms, changing, growing and developing over
time. Yet set in their history, networks are much more than an extension
of the entrepreneurial asset base. Our data shows how a
reconceptualization of the nature of networking is called for; one which
privileges an understanding of the relational dynamic as a structural
configuration representing the social construction of the entrepreneurial
environment. Thus our conceptualization proposes that networks actually
create the environment, as it is understood and operated by the
entrepreneur, and that consequently the networking process is the
enactment of the environment.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 125-159
Issue: 2
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701645027
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701645027
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:2:p:125-159
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marina Van Geenhuizen
Author-X-Name-First: Marina Van
Author-X-Name-Last: Geenhuizen
Title: Knowledge networks of young innovators in the urban economy: biotechnology as a case study
Abstract:
The paper explores how young innovative companies shape knowledge
networks in seizing local and global opportunities of learning. The
perspective used in the paper is derived from management and business
literature, that is, knowledge networking is perceived as based upon
choices following from strategies and networking capabilities. The
empirical part makes use of a small sample of urban innovators in the
Netherlands and of rough set analysis as a relatively new way of revealing
‘causal' relations. The paper reports that local/regional and
global networks tend to coexist in clusters, and that this pattern follows
from particular organizational capabilities derived from the company of
origin and particular strategies in building customer and supplier
relationships. An in-depth study of a biotechnology cluster supports the
idea of coexistence of local and global networks, in that a local/regional
orientation is associated with research companies in early stages of
existence and with particular service companies, whereas a global
orientation is associated with research companies that have passed the
early stages. However, there seems to be a general trend that knowledge
networks are increasingly shaped on a global scale.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 161-183
Issue: 2
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701748318
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701748318
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:2:p:161-183
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Huggins
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins
Title: Universities and knowledge-based venturing: finance, management and networks in London
Abstract:
This paper examines university and higher education institution (HEI)
involvement in regional knowledge commercialization processes, using
London as a case study. It analyses the determinants of HEI knowledge
commercialization, and the characteristics of HEIs and the sources of
financial capital engaged in these commercialization processes. It is
found that within London, a region with a high concentration of both HEIs
and sources of financial capital, the lack of effective regional networks
between HEIs and financial institutions makes the engagement of HEIs in
regional knowledge commercialization activity problematic. It is further
found that many of the resources associated with successful knowledge
commercialization are skewed towards London's larger and more prestigious
universities. Subsequently, the involvement of HEIs in London in
knowledge-based venturing processes is significantly lower than that
expected. This has resulted in the public sector taking a significant role
in meeting HEI demand for seed finance. The findings oppose much existing
literature, especially relating to regional innovation systems and
clusters, which argues that core and strong economic regions usually
possess effective and embedded knowledge networks of the kind analysed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 185-206
Issue: 2
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701748342
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701748342
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:2:p:185-206
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anne Haugen Gausdal
Author-X-Name-First: Anne Haugen
Author-X-Name-Last: Gausdal
Title: Developing regional communities of practice by network reflection: the case of the Norwegian electronics industry
Abstract:
In 2001 a cluster association of Norwegian high-technology SMEs
challenged their regional university college to develop a management
education programme aimed at improving both their management practices and
co-operation within the cluster. To meet this challenge, the university
developed an educational method, which is here denoted as network
reflection. The primary objective of this empirical paper is to
explore the extent to which network reflection has the capacity to
increase regional co-operation, and to extend such concepts as
communities of practice, networks of practice and
experienced reflection to the regional level, in order to
analyse the development of regional collective learning. To achieve this
objective, a case study of a network reflection intervention and its
longitudinal effects on forming regional co-operation has been conducted.
The research questions are: (1) Does network reflection influence the
development of regional co-operation and communities of practice? (2) If
increases in regional co-operation and communities of practice could be
identified, did these influence regional collective learning? (3) Does
network reflection influence regional collective learning? The paper
concludes that network reflection seems to have a capacity to increase
regional co-operation, regional communities of practice and regional
collective learning.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 209-235
Issue: 3
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701748367
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701748367
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:3:p:209-235
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Markus M. Mäkelä
Author-X-Name-First: Markus M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Mäkelä
Author-Name: Markku V. J. Maula
Author-X-Name-First: Markku V. J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Maula
Title: Attracting cross-border venture capital: the role of a local investor
Abstract:
Examining an increasingly prevalent but under-researched phenomenon,
cross-border venture capital investments, it is observed that local
venture capitalists typically invest first, followed by foreign venture
capitalists in later rounds. A model is developed that explains the role
of a domestic venture capital investor in attracting foreign investors and
which also accounts for the impact of various circumstances on the
importance of this role. In our model based on analysis of nine
cross-border venture capital-backed companies, local venture capitalists
have several important roles in increasing the venture's cross-border
investment readiness including advice to operational management and
contributing contacts and local market knowledge. The importance of these
roles is mitigated if the entrepreneurial team is highly experienced or if
the home market is not important for the venture. The prominence of the
local investor has signalling value. Finally, the local investor's
international social capital facilitates the formation of cross-border
syndicates. Overall, the model developed in the paper contributes to a
better understanding of cross-border venture capital and in particular to
the division of labour between domestic and foreign venture capitalists in
international venture capital syndicates. The paper also contributes to
the emerging literature on international social capital.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 237-257
Issue: 3
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701795442
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701795442
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:3:p:237-257
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Doloreux
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Doloreux
Author-Name: Steve Dionne
Author-X-Name-First: Steve
Author-X-Name-Last: Dionne
Title: Is regional innovation system development possible in peripheral regions? Some evidence from the case of La Pocatière, Canada
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to contribute to a greater understanding of the
research on innovation systems in peripheral regions by providing a
detailed account of the case of the La Pocatière region in Canada. In
analysing this case, we raise the following two questions: (1) what are
the actors and structure of the innovation system in La Pocatière?;
(2) what are the key factors and dynamics leading to innovation activity,
as well as to the transformation and growth of this regional innovation
system? The empirical bases for the analyses are derived from various
sources: historical documents, statistical data, and in-depth interviews
with key individuals in private and public organizations.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 259-283
Issue: 3
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701795525
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701795525
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:3:p:259-283
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Caroline Parkinson
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline
Author-X-Name-Last: Parkinson
Author-Name: Carole Howorth
Author-X-Name-First: Carole
Author-X-Name-Last: Howorth
Title: The language of social entrepreneurs
Abstract:
This paper questions the application of the entrepreneurship discourse to
social entrepreneurship in the UK and looks at how people
‘doing’ social enterprise appropriate or re-write the
discourse to articulate their own realities. Drawing on phenomenological
enquiry and discourse analysis, the study analyses the micro discourses of
social entrepreneurs, as opposed to the meta rhetorics of (social)
entrepreneurship. Analysis using both corpus linguistics software and
Critical Discourse Analysis showed a preoccupation among interviewees with
local issues, collective action, geographical community and local power
struggles. Echoes of the enterprise discourse are evident but couched in
linguistic devices that suggest a modified social construction of
entrepreneurship, in which interviewees draw their legitimacy from a local
or social morality. These findings are at odds ideologically with the
discursive shifts of UK social enterprise policy over the last decade, in
which a managerially defined rhetoric of enterprise is used to promote
efficiency, business discipline and financial independence. The paper
raises critical awareness of the tension in meanings appropriated to the
enterprise discourse by social enterprise policy and practice and
illustrates the value of discourse analysis for entrepreneurship and
social entrepreneurship research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 285-309
Issue: 3
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701800507
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701800507
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:3:p:285-309
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joan-Lluis Capelleras
Author-X-Name-First: Joan-Lluis
Author-X-Name-Last: Capelleras
Author-Name: Francis J. Greene
Author-X-Name-First: Francis J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Greene
Title: The determinants and growth implications of venture creation speed
Abstract:
Time is central to our understanding of entrepreneurship. However, while
prior research has shown a general link between decision speed and venture
performance, little is known about what factors influence the speed of
venture creation. Equally, little research has been conducted on how
venture creation speed impacts on venture growth. This paper examines the
determinants and growth implications of venture creation speed from a
social constructionist perspective, which sees that time both shapes and
is shaped by individuals, social contexts and spatial structures. We,
therefore, investigate the influence of entrepreneurial characteristics,
external support, institutional influences and the regional context in
which venture creation speed occurs and subsequently impacts on growth in
new ventures. Results from structured interviews with 381 active
de novo entrepreneurs in Catalonia (Spain) show a
positive relationship between prior entrepreneurial experience and speed.
Interestingly, support from potential suppliers and customers is useful
not only for speed but also for the subsequent growth of the venture. In
contrast, business planning retards venture creation and fails to lead to
an improvement in growth. Results also indicate a positive, but weak,
relationship between speed and growth, once entrepreneurial, environmental
and venture characteristics are held constant. The paper subsequently
discusses these findings and suggests further research directions and
practical implications.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 317-343
Issue: 4
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701855683
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701855683
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:4:p:317-343
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marijke D’haese
Author-X-Name-First: Marijke
Author-X-Name-Last: D’haese
Author-Name: Marieke De Ruijter De Wildt
Author-X-Name-First: Marieke
Author-X-Name-Last: De Ruijter De Wildt
Author-Name: Ruerd Ruben
Author-X-Name-First: Ruerd
Author-X-Name-Last: Ruben
Title: Business incomes in rural Nicaragua: the role of household resources, location, experience and trust
Abstract:
This paper analyses the determinants of business income for rural
households in Nicaragua. A sample of 1030 households was studied in order
to assess the importance of material and behavioural factors that
influence income from business activity. The households are involved in
manufacturing, trade, services or have a mixture of businesses. They
generally have a low income and asset value. Households supplement their
income from wages and agricultural activities. To estimate non-farm
business income per employed person we analyse the impact of resources,
location, entrepreneurial experience and trust. Our results show that
household resources and entrepreneurial experience are significant
determinants for business income in all sectors. Trust is also important,
particularly generalized trust. The contribution of other forms of trust,
such as institutional trust, depends on the sector in which households
participate.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 345-366
Issue: 4
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701868231
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701868231
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:4:p:345-366
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew Atherton
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Atherton
Author-Name: Liz Price
Author-X-Name-First: Liz
Author-X-Name-Last: Price
Title: Can experiential knowledge and localised learning in start-up policy and practice be transferred between regions? The case of the START network
Abstract:
Although best practice transfer methodologies have become an increasingly
common instrument in enterprise policy development, barriers to the
exchange and dissemination of knowledge may limit their effectiveness.
Using START, an EC-funded network of regional agencies, as a case this
paper explores the dynamics of experience exchange in regional enterprise
policy. Working closely with the START partnership, the authors developed
a detailed account of how the network communicated and disseminated cases
and instances of regional start-up policy and practice between themselves.
Partners in START were more likely to adapt abstracted principles,
concepts and ideas that informed changes to their own practices than to
adopt specific initiatives from other regions. This suggests a need to
re-focus best practice transfer methodologies away from the
transplantation of established practices towards encouraging interactive
and collaborative learning based on the sharing of experience.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 367-385
Issue: 4
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701872043
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701872043
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:4:p:367-385
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mario Davide Parrilli
Author-X-Name-First: Mario Davide
Author-X-Name-Last: Parrilli
Author-Name: Silvia Sacchetti
Author-X-Name-First: Silvia
Author-X-Name-Last: Sacchetti
Title: Linking learning with governance in networks and clusters: key issues for analysis and policy
Abstract:
In this paper we analyse the relationship between governance and learning
in clusters and networks. In particular, we see these two key elements as
interdependent, suggesting that, under particular circumstances, such
interdependence may drive clusters and networks towards a dynamic
development trajectory. A pure ‘governance perspective’
makes the development of any locality dependent on the system of powers
which exists within the locality or across the global value chain. In
parallel, a pure ‘competence-based approach’ focuses mainly
on the capabilities of actors to learn and undertake activities. In
contrast, we open the prospects for an interdependent relation that may
change the actual competences of actors as well as the governance settings
and dynamics in networks and clusters. When supported by public policies,
the learning process may have the potential to modify the governance
environment. Simultaneously, the learning process is intrinsically
influenced by economic power, which may seriously affect the development
prospects of clusters and networks. This is why an intertwined
consideration of both aspects is necessary to promote specific approaches
to learning and to design appropriate policies. In this paper we offer two
preliminary case studies to clarify some of these dynamics: the first
taken from the computers cluster in Costa Rica and the second from an
Italian bio-pharmaceutical firm and its production network. The first case
study refers to the software cluster that was created from scratch in
Costa Rica thanks to an enlightened government policy in coordination with
new local enterprises and an important foreign direct investor; while the
second reflects on the ability of an individual company to create a
network of relationships with large transnational companies in order to
acquire new competences without falling into a subordinate position with
respect to its larger partners.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 387-408
Issue: 4
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620801886463
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620801886463
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:4:p:387-408
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jing Zhang
Author-X-Name-First: Jing
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang
Author-Name: Poh-Kam Wong
Author-X-Name-First: Poh-Kam
Author-X-Name-Last: Wong
Title: Networks vs. market methods in high-tech venture fundraising: the impact of institutional environment
Abstract:
This study examines how institutional environmental factors, including
cultural norm, state regulatory system and venture capital market,
influence the high-tech entrepreneur's choice for using network vs. market
methods when approaching prospective investors at the early stage of their
new venture creation. We collected comparative data through on-site
interviews and questionnaire survey with 128 high-tech entrepreneurs in
Singapore (a newly industrialised economy) and 250 in Beijing, China (an
emerging economy). Our findings suggest that a culture emphasising the
value of social obligation, the under-development of the legal/regulatory
system and the immaturity of the venture capital market increased the
proclivity of entrepreneurs to use network methods. Moreover,
entrepreneurs who value networks higher in social obligation than in
information transfer are more likely to choose personal ties instead of
business ties. This study enhances our understanding of how high-tech
entrepreneurs in emerging economies choose between networks and market
methods in venture fundraising, and offers suggestions on how public
policy makers in these economies can improve the institutional environment
of their regions to promote high-tech new venture creation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 409-430
Issue: 5
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620801886406
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620801886406
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:5:p:409-430
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul J. A. Robson
Author-X-Name-First: Paul J. A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Robson
Author-Name: Mark Freel
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Freel
Title: Small firm exporters in a developing economy context: evidence from Ghana
Abstract:
A cursory review of the industrial policies of most nations suggests that
exporting matters. Identifying exporting firms and facilitating their
endeavours (or encouraging others to emulate them) are familiar policy
themes, and studies of the relationship between firm characteristics and
the propensity to export are common in the academic literature. Yet, the
context for the bulk of these studies is provided by developed economies.
To the extent that international trade relies upon specialisation and that
broad differences exist in the patterns of specialisation between
developed and developing economies, one wonders how well findings may be
generalised to a developing context. Drawing upon firm-level data from a
recent survey of small enterprises in Ghana (n = 500),
the current study is concerned with identifying the characteristics of
exporters in the three main non-governmental sectors of the Ghanaian
economy (manufacturing, services and agriculture). Our interest is in
Ghanaian economic development imperatives and in the extent of congruence
between the findings of this study and previous developed economy studies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 431-450
Issue: 5
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620801919157
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620801919157
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:5:p:431-450
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Antonia Mercedes García-Cabrera
Author-X-Name-First: Antonia Mercedes
Author-X-Name-Last: García-Cabrera
Author-Name: Mª Gracia García-Soto
Author-X-Name-First: Mª Gracia
Author-X-Name-Last: García-Soto
Title: Cultural differences and entrepreneurial behaviour: an intra-country cross-cultural analysis in Cape Verde
Abstract:
Two recent research trends give rise to the current work: the need to
extend the conclusions reached in entrepreneurship studies to other
cultural contexts, particularly important given the interest in
stimulating the creation of firms in recently industrialised and less
developed countries; and the need to go beyond the axiom
‘nation=culture’ in favour of the multiple
cultures perspective. With these antecedents, we present the
current work, which aims to answer two research questions: (1) are the
cultural values associated in the literature with venture creation
generalisable to different cultural contexts? (2) are there intra-cultural
differences in a country generating differences in the entrepreneurial
behaviour of its population? Thus, this work contributes to extending
knowledge about entrepreneurship and international cross-cultural
management by taking the novel approach of studying the cultural values
and the decision to create a venture from the intra-cultural differences
perspective. A sample of 448 individuals, obtained in the Republic of Cape
Verde and analysed in six territories within this country, allows us to
confirm the existence of cultural differences in individualism between
regions of the Republic of Cape Verde, as well as their capacity to
explain entrepreneurial behaviour in these regions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 451-483
Issue: 5
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620801912608
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620801912608
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:5:p:451-483
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Blundel
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Blundel
Title: Book review
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 485-487
Issue: 5
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802366184
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802366184
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:5:p:485-487
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mario Davide Parrilli
Author-X-Name-First: Mario Davide
Author-X-Name-Last: Parrilli
Title: Collective efficiency, policy inducement and social embeddedness: Drivers for the development of industrial districts
Abstract:
Where is the future of traditional industrial districts in global markets
where competition is fiercer every day? This paper presents the case of
the furniture district of Forlí, Italy, as a means to explain the
development process, the constraints and the growth prospects that involve
this industrial district and, perhaps, a wider variety of districts and
SME-based clusters. We hypothesise that development is more likely to be
generated when three main drivers, taken from the main bodies of
literature on districts and clusters, are taken together:
‘collective efficiency’, ‘policy inducement’
and ‘social embeddedness’. The case study of Forlí helps to
identify the trajectory of one among many Italian industrial districts and
its solutions to deal with the new competition. Yet, our approach
highlights some of the main difficulties that this district is facing
nowadays and the related challenges for future development. The general
lesson derived from this analysis is that traditional ways of regarding
cluster development on the basis of collective efficiency need to be
supplemented with an adequate weighing of the social embeddedness driver,
as well as of the national and local policy environment. This approach
delivers strategic analytical tools to interpret the reality of districts
and to target effective development actions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-24
Issue: 1
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620801886513
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620801886513
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:1:p:1-24
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rainer Harms
Author-X-Name-First: Rainer
Author-X-Name-Last: Harms
Author-Name: Sascha Kraus
Author-X-Name-First: Sascha
Author-X-Name-Last: Kraus
Author-Name: Erich Schwarz
Author-X-Name-First: Erich
Author-X-Name-Last: Schwarz
Title: The suitability of the configuration approach in entrepreneurship research
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to discuss the configuration approach as applied
in the context of new ventures. A key topic in entrepreneurship research
is the analysis of new venture performance (NVP) and change. Taking into
account variations in the population of new ventures and considering the
complex nature of NVP and development, the configuration approach may be
helpful for these analyses. The configuration approach seeks to identify
firm types and explicitly considers interrelations between personal,
structural, strategic, and environmental factors pertaining to new
ventures. In doing this, refined modelling of NVP and an integration of
theoretical approaches in entrepreneurship research may be achieved.
However, the configuration approach may not be applied without a prior
discussion of its suitability to the research context of new ventures. Any
time a research approach is applied in a (new) research context, key
aspects of this approach may be violated, which could lead to questionable
results. We discuss key assumptions of the configuration approach, the
concepts of fit, of equifinality, of reductive mechanisms, and of
configuration changes, and find that these building blocks also apply in
the context of new ventures. Then, we argue that a specific emphasis on
the founder and on the environment and the consideration of unique
variable patterns are elements of a configuration approach for new
ventures.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 25-49
Issue: 1
Volume: 21
Year: 2008
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701876416
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701876416
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2008:i:1:p:25-49
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mark T. Schenkel
Author-X-Name-First: Mark T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Schenkel
Author-Name: Charles H. Matthews
Author-X-Name-First: Charles H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Matthews
Author-Name: Matthew W. Ford
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ford
Title: Making rational use of ‘irrationality’? Exploring the role of need for cognitive closure in nascent entrepreneurial activity
Abstract:
A fundamental question of interest to both researchers and practitioners
alike focuses on why some individuals discover and elect to exploit
opportunities to create future goods and services while others do not.
Past studies have focused on the role knowledge-based resources play in
the early stages of new venture creation, yet few have considered the role
cognitive motivations play in impacting the processing and use of
information during this process. In this study, we theorize that a
cognitive need for closure (NfC), or possessing a desire for an answer on
some topic as opposed to enduring confusion and ambiguity, is an important
aspect of the entrepreneurial judgment formation process. We hypothesize
that the need for closure will be positively related to nascent
entrepreneurial activity because it provides a cognitive mechanism for
dealing with the opened-ended nature of opportunity pursuit. Data drawn
from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED) support this
hypothesis. More specifically, results suggest that a high NfC is likely
to foster the exploitation of discovered opportunity irrespective of their
age, gender, position in the family birth order, or unique personal
knowledge base. Implications for future research and practice are
discussed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 51-76
Issue: 1
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620801912467
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620801912467
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:1:p:51-76
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kevin F. Mole
Author-X-Name-First: Kevin F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Mole
Author-Name: William Keogh
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Keogh
Title: The implications of public sector small business advisers becoming strategic sounding boards: England and Scotland compared
Abstract:
Changes have been made to systems of publicly funded business advice to
implement a ‘strategic sounding board’ role for business
advisers. Previous literature has shown how this role could be modelled in
a ‘coupole’. The ‘coupole’ administers a
programme but does not deliver it. The shifting of policy towards this
strategic sounding role takes place within the context of existing
organisations, however. We review three streams of the literature on
business advice: small firm policy, critical management consulting, and
organisational development consulting. We introduce a triad of producer,
process, and client to understand the implications of changes to the
business adviser's role. The paper examines two case studies where public
policy has changed to shift business advisers into this sounding board
role: England and Scotland. The research suggests: (1) that the new role
increases the skills demanded of public sector business advisers; (2) that
changes to one part of the triad impacts on all the others; (3) the
existing organisation contributes to the way in which the producers react
to change in the other parts of the triad. The responses in the networked
English support organisations have been innovative but fragmented with
little evaluation. In the more hierarchical Scottish organisations, the
response has been more measured, both in the sense of being cautious and
in the sense of being evaluated.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 77-97
Issue: 1
Volume: 21
Year: 2008
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/10438590802194168
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/10438590802194168
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2008:i:1:p:77-97
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sofia Avdeitchikova
Author-X-Name-First: Sofia
Author-X-Name-Last: Avdeitchikova
Title: False expectations: Reconsidering the role of informal venture capital in closing the regional equity gap1
Abstract:
The role of informal venture capital in entrepreneurial process and
economic development is increasingly recognized by scholars and
policy-makers around the world. Much of the attention that this form of
financing has received during the last couple of decades is due to its
potential to bridge the regional equity gap. This study is concerned with
regional distribution of informal venture capital and factors explaining
the allocation of informal investments, and it is based on a large random
sample of informal venture capital investors in Sweden. The key findings
are that the informal venture capital market in Sweden shows a
considerable concentration in metropolitan areas and university cities.
Further, investments conducted in these places are allocated in proportion
to the new business formation rate and concentration of technology-based
firms, while the only factor that provides some explanation for the
location of informal investments in the peripheral regions is the
proportion of the regional population that is considering starting their
own business. Finally, there is a small but significant reallocation of
informal venture capital from peripheral regions to metropolitan areas and
university cities, which shows that the informal venture capital market in
Sweden contributes rather to sustaining the regional equity gap than to
bridging it.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 99-130
Issue: 2
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802025962
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802025962
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:2:p:99-130
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rubén Fernández-Ortiz
Author-X-Name-First: Rubén
Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández-Ortiz
Author-Name: Guadalupe Fuentes Lombardo
Author-X-Name-First: Guadalupe Fuentes
Author-X-Name-Last: Lombardo
Title: Influence of the capacities of top management on the internationalization of SMEs
Abstract:
International diversification strategies require managerial skills
capable of positioning businesses efficiently within a complex
international environment. Based on resources and capabilities theory,
this study examines the relationship between top management
characteristics (age, education, professional experience, and language
knowledge) and the international diversification of a given business. It
also follows on from Herrmann and Datta's work (2005) by analysing the
relationship between these managerial characteristics and SME performance.
The analysis is based on a sample of 219 SMEs with international
diversification strategies from the La Rioja (northern Spanish region).
Regression techniques were used and the results confirmed the existence of
a material relationship between a number of managerial characteristics and
geographical diversification strategies for SMEs. Empirical evidence was
also obtained of the relationship between Spanish SME profitability and
certain managerial attributes according to their level of international
diversification. Finally, the potential implications of the results of
this study for both researchers and real businesses are also discussed.
Policy-makers and public agencies can benefit from these results: the
development of certain attributes in TMTs strengthens the development of
international diversification policies, thus allowing SMEs to improve risk
diversification and protection against exchange rate fluctuations.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 131-154
Issue: 2
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802176104
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802176104
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:2:p:131-154
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Theodore Lianos
Author-X-Name-First: Theodore
Author-X-Name-Last: Lianos
Author-Name: Anastasia Pseiridis
Author-X-Name-First: Anastasia
Author-X-Name-Last: Pseiridis
Title: On the occupational choices of return migrants
Abstract:
This paper examines the factors affecting the employment decision of
return migrants. We use data from Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Georgia,
Kyrgyz Republic, Romania, and Tajikistan in which we can examine three
categories of occupational status: salaried employment; self-employment
without employees; and self-employment with employees. First we examine
the choice between self-employment in general (merging the two variants of
self-employment) and salaried employment, using binary logit regression.
We find that male gender, savings, remittances, household size, and
pre-migration experience in the country of origin in self-employment
(either as an employer and as a self-employed person without employees)
are shaping this decision. However, when we examine the choice between all
three categories with the use of multinomial logit regression, we find
considerable differences between self-employed individuals and employers.
For example, the amount of remittances sent back while working as a
migrant, the acquisition of further qualifications (in the form of
certified skills, degree, or certificates), and the duration of migration
increase the propensity for becoming an employer instead of becoming
self-employed, while the amount of savings is not significant in this
decision. Finally, we also find that the variables affecting the
employment choice decision are different for males and females. Marital
status and the duration of migration is statistically significant only for
females while household size, remittances, and savings are statistically
significant only for males.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 155-181
Issue: 2
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802176187
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802176187
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:2:p:155-181
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lyn S. Amine
Author-X-Name-First: Lyn S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Amine
Author-Name: Karin M. Staub
Author-X-Name-First: Karin M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Staub
Title: Women entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa: An institutional theory analysis from a social marketing point of view
Abstract:
This paper takes an international marketing (IM) approach to the study of
women entrepreneurs (WEs) in sub-Saharan Africa by examining factors in
the environments in which WEs operate. The goal is to understand better
how environmental barriers of many types impact the efforts of WEs. Using
institutional theory-driven analysis, findings from a wide range of
literature are integrated, with special attention to issues of the social
legitimacy of women as entrepreneurs. Results of this study demonstrate
that WEs in sub-Saharan Africa face a daunting array of challenges arising
from the socio-cultural, economic, legal, political, and technological
environments in which they live. Moreover, unfavourable conditions in
local regulatory, normative, and cognitive systems place additional
burdens on women who desire to become entrepreneurs or to expand an
entrepreneurial business. In order to address these gender-specific
problems, social marketing is recommended with the goals of (1) changing
social beliefs, attitudes and behaviours that negatively affect Wes, and
(2) improving conditions in institutional systems and market environments.
Recommendations in the paper suggest how to bring about changes in
attitudes towards women, work and their independent enterprise. In
conclusion, directions for future scholarly research are identified.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 183-211
Issue: 2
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802182144
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802182144
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:2:p:183-211
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Julian Clark
Author-X-Name-First: Julian
Author-X-Name-Last: Clark
Title: Entrepreneurship and diversification on English farms: Identifying business enterprise characteristics and change processes
Abstract:
Despite the growing importance attached to entrepreneurship as a policy
concept in European Union (EU) agriculture, little assessment has been
made of its practical application. This paper makes a preliminary
consideration of the issues in relation to on-farm diversification. First
the literatures on agricultural diversification and innovation are
reviewed to establish entrepreneurial traits in (1) business change
processes, and (2) business enterprise characteristics. The business
enterprise characteristics are then used to identify entrepreneurial
diversified businesses from a sample of 118 agricultural enterprises in
England. Some 15 entrepreneurial farm businesses were identified and their
managers interviewed to reflect on the underlying change processes that
they had adopted during 1997--2001; the effects of diversification in
terms of socio-economic benefits at business and regional levels; and the
effectiveness of agricultural business advice services in supporting
entrepreneurial behaviour. Respondents confirmed the importance of
networking processes to managing change in their businesses. Importantly
all had benefited from diversification, through increased net income,
reduced dependence on agricultural subsidies and greater income stability
during the survey period. Regional economic benefits were more difficult
to quantify, although positive employment generating effects were evident
among businesses. Importantly respondents commented on their disengagement
from sectoral extension agencies in contrast to their enthusiastic use of
generic business support. Consequently, consideration is made of
adjustments in extension and advisory provision to enhance on-farm
entrepreneurial diversification.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 213-236
Issue: 2
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802261559
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802261559
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:2:p:213-236
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dafna Kariv
Author-X-Name-First: Dafna
Author-X-Name-Last: Kariv
Author-Name: Teresa V. Menzies
Author-X-Name-First: Teresa V.
Author-X-Name-Last: Menzies
Author-Name: Gabrielle A. Brenner
Author-X-Name-First: Gabrielle A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Brenner
Author-Name: Louis Jacques Filion
Author-X-Name-First: Louis Jacques
Author-X-Name-Last: Filion
Title: Transnational networking and business performance: Ethnic entrepreneurs in Canada
Abstract:
It is generally acknowledged that transnational networking plays an
important role in promoting the performance of ethnic entrepreneurial
firms. Yet distinctions between the different types of transnational
networking and their effects on business performance have received scant
attention in the literature, probably because ethnicity has been
considered to be the main actor in the networking--performance
relationship. This paper argues that one of the reasons why business
performance differs across ethnic entrepreneurial firms is that ethnic
entrepreneurs engage in dissimilar types of transnational networking.
Analyses of the data generated by 720 ethnic entrepreneurs in Canada
revealed that ethnicity, along with human capital and push/pull factors,
both of which are part of our conceptual framework, plays a central role
in the engagement of different types of transnational networking and that
the different types of transnational networking affect business turnover
(sales) and business survival (age). Push/pull factors were found to play
a marginal role in business performance. These results highlight the
competitive market that immigrants and members of ethnic minority groups
encounter in the hosting economy and stress the value of transnational
networking.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 239-264
Issue: 3
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802261641
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802261641
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:3:p:239-264
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nigel Lockett
Author-X-Name-First: Nigel
Author-X-Name-Last: Lockett
Author-Name: Frank Cave
Author-X-Name-First: Frank
Author-X-Name-Last: Cave
Author-Name: Ron Kerr
Author-X-Name-First: Ron
Author-X-Name-Last: Kerr
Author-Name: Sarah Robinson
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson
Title: The influence of co-location in higher education institutions on small firms’ perspectives of knowledge transfer
Abstract:
Knowledge transfer (KT) has been identified as an essential element of
innovation that drives competitive advantage in increasingly
knowledge-driven economies and in which small firms have an important part
to play. A number of recent UK Government reports have sought to increase
awareness of the importance of KT within higher education institutions
(HEIs). In light of this, there is an urgent need for relevant empirical
research that examines how KT policy is translated into practice,
particularly in the area of small firms. This paper responds to this need
by reporting on in-depth longitudinal case studies of small firms
co-located in a high profile HEI ‘centre of excellence’ for
research and development (R&D) and commercialization of information and
communications technologies (ICT) in the Northwest of England. The paper
seeks to explore what is it that the SMEs are getting out of this
co-location and more specifically the research asks, how do the views of
entrepreneurs change over time? Five main themes are identified, namely:
(1) increased strategic focus; (2) awareness of core competences; (3)
enhanced R&D activities; (4) importance of both technical and business
support; (5) the need for a knowledge database to facilitate KT. The study
concludes by highlighting the need for more structured yet flexible
approaches to KT activities in order to meet the needs of entrepreneurs
for different kinds of support at different times in the development of
their businesses.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 265-283
Issue: 3
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802279973
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802279973
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:3:p:265-283
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Steven C. Michael
Author-X-Name-First: Steven C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Michael
Author-Name: John A. Pearce
Author-X-Name-First: John A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pearce
Title: The need for innovation as a rationale for government involvement in entrepreneurship
Abstract:
Governments around the world seek to support entrepreneurship, yet the
justification for such intervention varies. Some governments support
entrepreneurship as a means to create jobs. Others support
entrepreneurship as a means to create competition in markets, with
attendant lower prices. In this paper, we offer a different justification
for government support for entrepreneurship: to support and encourage
innovation. Innovation does raise competition, lower prices, and create
jobs, but more importantly through innovation entrepreneurship creates
wealth for individuals and nations. We offer a model of government support
for entrepreneurship to yield innovation that is grounded in theory yet
rich in practical implications. Innovation is stimulated when the
innovator receives the resulting payoff (termed residual claims in
economic theory). In many instances, because small firms concentrate
residual claims more effectively than large firms, entrepreneurial firms
out-innovate established corporations. To accelerate this process,
government should advance policies that facilitate new business formation
and the concentration of residual claims. Such a prescription suggests two
direct approaches: raising the returns to entrepreneurship and reducing
the risk. Each has specific policy implications that are discussed at
length. Finally we analyse aiding entrepreneurship without a commitment to
innovation, and our analysis suggests that this approach is unlikely to be
as successful as the focus on innovation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 285-302
Issue: 3
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802279999
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802279999
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:3:p:285-302
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: GiSeung Kim
Author-X-Name-First: GiSeung
Author-X-Name-Last: Kim
Author-Name: Joonmo Cho
Author-X-Name-First: Joonmo
Author-X-Name-Last: Cho
Title: Entry dynamics of self-employment in South Korea
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to clarify whether the entry into
self-employment was an inevitable move due to economic recession (push
hypothesis) or a voluntary move due to entrepreneurship (pull hypothesis)
in Korea. It also examines how this decision is affected by changes in
socio-economic conditions. The empirical analysis in this study exploited
the matched sample for the adjacent months in the Economically Active
Population Survey (EAPS) conducted by Korea National Statistical Office in
2000--2004. The empirical results showed that the push aspect of
self-employment was strong in Korea over the whole sampled periods. The
entry into self-employment in South Korea is largely attributable to
economic sluggishness and an increase in unemployment rather than a
voluntary transition resulting from entrepreneurship. Policy environment
(such as providing information and financial support for new start-ups
after the Asian financial crisis), which is a country-specific factor
magnified the pushed effects. For the pushed (unprepared) self-employed
people, not only is there a need to expand the coverage of vocational
training programmes, but also it is vital that social safety nets are
strengthened and supplemented.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 303-323
Issue: 3
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802332707
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802332707
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:3:p:303-323
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert J. Stimson
Author-X-Name-First: Robert J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Stimson
Author-Name: Peter J. Nijkamp
Author-X-Name-First: Peter J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp
Author-Name: Roger R. Stough
Author-X-Name-First: Roger R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Stough
Title: Guest Editorial
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 329-331
Issue: 4
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903019807
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903019807
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:4:p:329-331
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandy Dall’erba
Author-X-Name-First: Sandy
Author-X-Name-Last: Dall’erba
Author-Name: Marco Percoco
Author-X-Name-First: Marco
Author-X-Name-Last: Percoco
Author-Name: Gianfranco Piras
Author-X-Name-First: Gianfranco
Author-X-Name-Last: Piras
Title: Service industry and cumulative growth in the regions of Europe
Abstract:
European regions have experienced a greater presence of service producers
in their economy over the last few decades. Indeed, the manufacturing
sector increasingly contracts out many activities to intermediate producer
services. This is mostly because they are located close to each other and
because services experience increasing returns to scale which reduce their
marginal costs. In this paper, we propose to measure the extent to which
productivity in services has converged across European regions. The model
we use, originally developed by Verdoorn (1949), takes the increasing
returns to scale explicitly into account. We apply spatial econometric
techniques and control for border effects by introducing two different
spatial weights matrices under the assumption that economic interactions
decrease very substantially when a national border is passed. Furthermore,
we take proper care of the presence of both types (spatial and
non-spatial) of endogeneity by using spatial two stages least squares
(Kelejian and Prucha 1998). Our conclusions bring new insights in the
identification of regional productivity differentials.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 333-349
Issue: 4
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903019815
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903019815
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:4:p:333-349
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ryan Sutter
Author-X-Name-First: Ryan
Author-X-Name-Last: Sutter
Author-Name: Roger R. Stough
Author-X-Name-First: Roger R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Stough
Title: Measuring entrepreneurship and knowledge capital: Metropolitan economic efficiency in the USA1
Abstract:
Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is employed in an analysis of the US
metropolitan areas in an effort to use the information about the inputs to
diagnose economic development problems of specific urban regions. The
results are presented for the aggregate of all MSAs and also for partial
analyses by MSA size (small, medium, and large). Example analyses at the
individual MSA level are provided to illustrate how the DEA approach may
provide useful carefully targeted policy and management guidance for
regions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 351-373
Issue: 4
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903020052
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903020052
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:4:p:351-373
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tüzin Baycan-Levent
Author-X-Name-First: Tüzin
Author-X-Name-Last: Baycan-Levent
Author-Name: Peter Nijkamp
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp
Title: Characteristics of migrant entrepreneurship in Europe
Abstract:
The present paper aims to investigate and compare various modalities of
migrant entrepreneurship in European countries in order to design a
systematic classification of migrant entrepreneurship and to highlight key
factors of migrant entrepreneurship in Europe. The paper is based on a
comparative assessment of available quantitative data and qualitative
information derived from a broad review of findings from previous studies
in the literature. Our quantitative evaluation includes the European OECD
countries, while our qualitative investigation addresses migrant
entrepreneurship experiences in eight European countries: Denmark,
Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, and the UK. The
results of our comparative analysis show that the general picture of
European migrant entrepreneurship is determined by some distinct push
factors such as high unemployment rates and low participation rates or low
status in the labour market as well as by an accompanying factor, namely
mixed embeddedness. The results of our comparative evaluation are
summarized in a systematic typological table. These show that, while an
informal and labour-intensive sector, an underground economy, and small
companies and traditional households prompt migrant entrepreneurship in
Southern European countries, an over-representation of non-Western
immigrants among the self-employed, as well as relatively lower income
levels of self-employed immigrants compared to both self-employed natives
and employed immigrants are decisive for migrant entrepreneurship in
Northern European countries.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 375-397
Issue: 4
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903020060
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903020060
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:4:p:375-397
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andreas P. Cornett
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Cornett
Title: Aims and strategies in regional innovation and growth policy: A Danish perspective
Abstract:
Innovations and the capacity to innovate are crucial factors for regional
development. Regional growth is not an exogenous or independent
phenomenon, but more or less ‘derived’ from the ability of
the local business to perform and generate income. For this reason,
attention has been on the factors facilitating growth and the mechanisms
stimulating innovative behaviour in large, small and medium-sized
enterprises. This paper aims to analyse the changing development
strategies and policy set-up in Denmark with regard to regional
development and innovation. Core elements are to improve the abilities for
knowledge dissemination, innovation, and local entrepreneurship. The
analysis provides a closer look into the role of innovation in regional
policy, and which type of policies can stimulate innovative activities in
business and industry. Recent examples from Denmark representing new
approaches to the implementation of innovative development measures are
presented and evaluated. Finally, the main results are presented with
special attention to organizational and functional aspects of a
knowledge-based regional development policy. Among the results are that
untraditional measures are needed in particular if innovation policy
should reach SMEs and firms not located adjacent to knowledge
institutions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 399-420
Issue: 4
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903020078
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903020078
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:4:p:399-420
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zoltan J. Acs
Author-X-Name-First: Zoltan J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Acs
Author-Name: Monika I. Megyesi
Author-X-Name-First: Monika I.
Author-X-Name-Last: Megyesi
Title: Creativity and industrial cities: A case study of Baltimore
Abstract:
Creativity is changing the way in which cities approach economic
development and formulate policy. Creative metropolises base their
economic development strategies, at least partly, on building communities
attractive to the creative class worker. While there are countless
examples of high-tech regions transforming into creative economies,
traditionally industrial cities have received much less attention in this
regard. This research draws on Baltimore to assess the potential of
transforming a traditionally industrial region into a creative economy. It
analyses Baltimore's performance on dimensions of talent, tolerance,
technology, and territory both as a stand-alone metropolitan area and in
comparison to similar industrial metropolises. This case study concludes
that Baltimore has the opportunity to capitalize on the creative economy
because of its openness to diversity, established technology base,
appealing territorial amenities, and access to the largest reservoir of
creative talent in the USA: Washington, DC.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 421-439
Issue: 4
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903020086
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903020086
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:4:p:421-439
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Teresa de Noronha Vaz
Author-X-Name-First: Teresa de Noronha
Author-X-Name-Last: Vaz
Author-Name: Peter Nijkamp
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp
Title: Knowledge and innovation: The strings between global and local dimensions of sustainable growth
Abstract:
The modern growth literature pays much attention to innovation and
knowledge as drivers of endogenous developments in a competitive open
economic system. This paper reviews concisely the literature in this field
and addresses in particular micro- and macro-economic interactions at
local or regional levels, based on clustering and networking principles,
in which sustainability conditions also play a core role. The paper then
develops a so-called knowledge circuit model comprising the relevant
stakeholders, which aims to offer a novel framework for applied policy
research at the meso-economic level.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 441-455
Issue: 4
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903020094
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903020094
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:4:p:441-455
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edward J. Malecki
Author-X-Name-First: Edward J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Malecki
Author-Name: Alistair R. Anderson
Author-X-Name-First: Alistair R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson
Title: Alan D. MacPherson
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 457-457
Issue: 4
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903139753
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903139753
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:4:p:457-457
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dave Valliere
Author-X-Name-First: Dave
Author-X-Name-Last: Valliere
Author-Name: Rein Peterson
Author-X-Name-First: Rein
Author-X-Name-Last: Peterson
Title: Entrepreneurship and economic growth: Evidence from emerging and developed countries
Abstract:
This paper presents an extension to the economic growth model developed
by Wong, Ho, and Autio (2005), to reflect differences in the economic
effects of opportunity and necessity-based entrepreneurship in both
emerging and developed countries. Data from 44 countries for the years
2004 and 2005, as collected by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)
research and Global Competitiveness Report (GCR) research, are used to
identify predictors of GDP growth for emerging and developed nations. The
GEM data are used to determine the effect of different types of
entrepreneurship on GDP growth. The GCR data operationalize additional
control variables suggested by three economic growth theories: new
economic geography, endogenous growth theory and national systems of
innovation. This contribution to the literature suggests that, in
developed countries, a significant portion of economic growth rates can be
attributed to high-expectation entrepreneurs exploiting national
investments in knowledge creation and regulatory freedom. However, in
emerging countries this effect is absent. It is hypothesized that a
threshold exists for entrepreneurs to gain access to the formal economy,
below which entrepreneurial contributions act through informal mechanisms.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 459-480
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802332723
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802332723
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:5-6:p:459-480
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stéphane Malo
Author-X-Name-First: Stéphane
Author-X-Name-Last: Malo
Author-Name: Jesper Norus†
Author-X-Name-First: Jesper
Author-X-Name-Last: Norus†
Title: Growth dynamics of dedicated biotechnology firms in transition economies. Evidence from the Baltic countries and Poland
Abstract:
Countries undergoing the difficult transition from state ownership to
market economies have characteristics which are often portrayed by
scholars as adverse to the development of SMEs. Others nonetheless suggest
that the performance of such firms can be positively influenced by
business strategies. To develop a better understanding of the relation
between these two seemingly different standpoints, this paper investigates
the effects of (1) human capital; (2)
administration system for start-ups; (3)
financial capital; and (4) intellectual property
rights on the emerging biotechnology industry in Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania and Poland and considers the strategic response of two highly
successful dedicated biotechnology firms (DBFs): Bioton in Poland and
Fermentas in Lithuania. The results suggest that the decision to implement
an internationalization strategy (and alliances with foreign partners) in
association with the production of low cost, high quality products can
drive the growth dynamics of SMEs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 481-502
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802332749
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802332749
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:5-6:p:481-502
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Juliet Cox
Author-X-Name-First: Juliet
Author-X-Name-Last: Cox
Author-Name: Colin Mason
Author-X-Name-First: Colin
Author-X-Name-Last: Mason
Title: Franchise network restructuring: Pressures, constraints and mechanisms
Abstract:
Franchised businesses operate on the basis of granting individual
franchisees trading rights to serve territories or market areas on either
an exclusive or a non-exclusive basis. The design of these territories is
generally undertaken during the roll-out phase of the franchise. However,
these territories and market areas may become sub-optimal over time,
necessitating restructuring. However, if the franchisor has granted
exclusive rights to a territory then this is likely to involve a breach in
the franchise contract. In cases where existing franchisees do not have
exclusive territories they may nevertheless make a legal challenge to the
creation of additional franchises on the grounds of encroachment. This
paper -- which is based on a study of 40 franchisors in the UK -- examines
how franchisors go about network restructuring in constrained and
non-constrained situations. Franchisors typically did not act on their
legal rights, echoing findings of earlier franchising studies which reveal
a divergence between contractual rights and operational behaviour. This
focus on network restructuring also provides new perspectives on the
reasons for ownership reversion and the growth of multi-unit franchisees.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 503-527
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802365178
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802365178
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:5-6:p:503-527
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Angela da Rocha
Author-X-Name-First: Angela
Author-X-Name-Last: da Rocha
Author-Name: Beatriz Kury
Author-X-Name-First: Beatriz
Author-X-Name-Last: Kury
Author-Name: Joana Monteiro
Author-X-Name-First: Joana
Author-X-Name-Last: Monteiro
Title: The diffusion of exporting in Brazilian industrial clusters
Abstract:
The present research aimed at understanding the process by which firms in
a cluster start to export based on systemic interactions, and the process
of diffusion of exporting as a business strategy within the cluster.
Diffusion was defined, following Rogers’ (1995: 5) seminal work, as
‘the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain
channels over time among the members of a social system’. The
research method used was industry case studies and the unit of analysis
selected was the cluster. Two manufacturing industries were chosen to be
investigated, and within each geographic area clusters were identified as
the origin of dynamic export growth in the industry. Players in each
industrial cluster, as well as other significant actors, were interviewed.
Extensive secondary data research was done to study clusters’
historical development. Detailed analysis and a comparison of the
experiences permitted the extraction of some general conclusions
concerning the similarities and differences between the clusters in terms
of the adoption and diffusion of exporting. Results showed that the
diffusion of exporting in an industrial cluster is quite similar to the
dissemination of technical innovation. Social ties were important to
facilitate the diffusion of exporting in one of the clusters studied.
Also, the role of domestically-owned flagship firms in leading the
internationalization process proved to be important in only one of the
clusters, while the role of external actors was fully supported in the two
industries studied. Finally, a number of support institutions, private and
public, interfered in different stages of the internationalization
process. In both industries, the federal government had only a late and
limited impact on export initiation and development.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 529-552
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802373453
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802373453
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:5-6:p:529-552
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Udo Staber
Author-X-Name-First: Udo
Author-X-Name-Last: Staber
Title: Collective learning in clusters: Mechanisms and biases
Abstract:
Although collective learning has long been considered a core feature of
successful clusters, many researchers have treated the concept of learning
more as a metaphor than a construct that requires an understanding of the
various processes and mechanisms involved. I draw on the
cultural-evolutionary perspective to argue that learning in clusters is an
inherently biased process, with outcomes that can be both functional and
dysfunctional. The cultural-evolutionary approach views learning as a
process of imitation, treats beliefs as the unit of selection, and
considers individuals as agents who are limited in their cognitive
capabilities and social autonomy. Using interview data on 62 small
business owners and 34 institutional actors in a textile and a surgical
instruments cluster in South-west Germany, I show that the learning
process can involve social biases which, in these cases, have the effect
of reproducing a collective mindset built on distrust and rivalry. The
findings provide an explanation for the fact that many studies of clusters
have not been able to document the high levels of interfirm collaboration
that cluster theory predicts.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 553-573
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 21
Year: 2009
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802529526
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802529526
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:21:y:2009:i:5-6:p:553-573
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Adam Lindgreen
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Lindgreen
Author-Name: Martin K. Hingley
Author-X-Name-First: Martin K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hingley
Title: Challenges and opportunities for small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) arising from ethnically, racially and religiously diverse populations
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-4
Issue: 1
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903220470
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903220470
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:1:p:1-4
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dave Crick
Author-X-Name-First: Dave
Author-X-Name-Last: Crick
Author-Name: Shiv Chaudhry
Author-X-Name-First: Shiv
Author-X-Name-Last: Chaudhry
Title: An investigation into UK-based Asian entrepreneurs’ perceived competitiveness in overseas markets
Abstract:
The purpose of this article is to investigate perceptions of UK-based
Asian entrepreneurs’ competitiveness in overseas markets. Findings
from a postal survey and subsequent interviews establish that a number of
differences exist between two identified groups of entrepreneurs. First,
internationally oriented Asian entrepreneurs were those of an Asian origin
whose primary manufacturing operations were based in the UK but who were
involved in overseas sales. Transnational entrepreneurs in comparison were
of an Asian origin but leveraged resources in their country of origin in
order to serve overseas markets. A contribution is offered to the existing
literature by offering insights into the ways that different entrepreneurs
from a specific minority community undertake international business
activities. Specifically, findings indicate that transnational
entrepreneurs are able to utilize the advantages of operating in two
socially embedded environments to aid competitiveness in a way that their
counterparts who are based in one country are unable to.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 5-23
Issue: 1
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903220520
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903220520
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:1:p:5-23
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert C. Kloosterman
Author-X-Name-First: Robert C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kloosterman
Title: Matching opportunities with resources: A framework for analysing (migrant) entrepreneurship from a mixed embeddedness perspective
Abstract:
In this article, an innovative analytical framework for the analysis of
(migrant) entrepreneurship is presented. The approach combines the
micro-level of the individual entrepreneur (with his or her resources),
with the meso-level of the local opportunity structure and links the
latter, in more loose way, to the macro-institutional framework. This way,
insights on the necessary resources of an (aspiring/nascent) entrepreneur
with views on opportunity structures can be combined. A simple typology of
the opportunity structure is presented which distinguishes between
different kind of openings based, on the one hand, on differences in entry
barriers (in terms of human capital), and, on the other, on their dynamics
(growing or stagnating). This comprehensive analytical framework relates
(shifts in) opportunities, resources and outcomes of immigrant
entrepreneurship in a systematic way.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 25-45
Issue: 1
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903220488
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903220488
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:1:p:25-45
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maarten H. Batterink
Author-X-Name-First: Maarten H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Batterink
Author-Name: Emiel F.M. Wubben
Author-X-Name-First: Emiel F.M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Wubben
Author-Name: Laurens Klerkx
Author-X-Name-First: Laurens
Author-X-Name-Last: Klerkx
Author-Name: S.W.F. (Onno) Omta
Author-X-Name-First: S.W.F. (Onno)
Author-X-Name-Last: Omta
Title: Orchestrating innovation networks: The case of innovation brokers in the agri-food sector
Abstract:
This explorative study of network orchestration processes conducted by
innovation brokers addresses new issues in bridging small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) and research institutes in innovation networks. The
study includes four in-depth case studies in the agri-food sector from
different countries: the Netherlands, Germany and France. A guiding
research question is how innovation brokers successfully orchestrate
innovation networks of SMEs. Based on literature research and cases, we
conclude that the innovation broker may have great added value for
innovation networks with divergent organizations, especially when the
innovation broker takes the lead in three network orchestration functions:
innovation initiation, network composition and innovation process
management. In addition, the case findings offer best practices of
innovation brokers for these orchestration processes.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 47-76
Issue: 1
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903220512
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903220512
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:1:p:47-76
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin K. Hingley
Author-X-Name-First: Martin K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hingley
Author-Name: Adam Lindgreen
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Lindgreen
Author-Name: Michael B. Beverland
Author-X-Name-First: Michael B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Beverland
Title: Barriers to network innovation in UK ethnic fresh produce supply
Abstract:
This article investigates whether sectoral entrepreneurship by ethnic
minorities is held back by network disconnection. Popular interest in
localized production and consumption often gets offered up as an antidote
to rapidly globalizing markets. However, fractures between local
production and consumption prevent such markets from developing. This
study investigates supply chains and networks that attempt to meet market
demand for ‘specialist’ fresh produce, targeted at and run
by ethnic minority-controlled foodservice businesses in the UK. The focus
for attention is the West Midlands region. This region has a strong and
entrepreneurial ethnic minority, predominant foodservice and wholesale
sector and a strong agricultural/horticultural tradition, but the two are
disconnected. Key findings indicate that latent demand exists for locally
sourced specialist fresh produce to meet the needs of a growing ethnic
minority population, but network integration is a barrier. Disconnection
concerns the following: (a) there are predominant issues of price
sensitivity, which dictate channel sourcing and market development, (b)
foodservice businesses rely on the access, market information and
availability provided by gatekeeper wholesale traders who are bound to
overseas agencies and their produce and display an ingrained resistance to
local and regional supply and (c) cultural disconnections separate rural
(predominantly ‘white’) growers and (predominantly Asian)
wholesale intermediaries and retail/foodservice businesses. This article
identifies that ethnic entrepreneurship in specific sectors (such as
specialist fresh produce) can be strong, but that there still are barriers
to successful whole industry, regional and network developments. Poor
motivation of both network ‘gatekeeper’ wholesalers and (and
network collaboration) growers is preventing ethnic entrepreneurs at the
foodservice and retail levels from benefitting from wider regional network
source innovation. Recommendations are made for production, technical and
marketing support at the grower and intermediary levels; and all
stakeholders need educational and market support in the development of
truly integrated food networks.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 77-96
Issue: 1
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903220538
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903220538
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:1:p:77-96
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jock Collins
Author-X-Name-First: Jock
Author-X-Name-Last: Collins
Author-Name: Angeline Low
Author-X-Name-First: Angeline
Author-X-Name-Last: Low
Title: Asian female immigrant entrepreneurs in small and medium-sized businesses in Australia
Abstract:
Among western nations Australia has received, in relative terms, one of
the largest and most diverse intakes of immigrants, many of who start up
their own small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). While most immigrant
entrepreneurs are male, there is growth in the number of female immigrants
who have moved into entrepreneurship in Australia and other countries.
Yet, research into female immigrant entrepreneurship and a theoretical
investigation as to how the impact of ethnic diversity and gender on
entrepreneurship can be conceptualized is not well developed in the
literature. This article attempts to redress this gap. It reviews the
theory of immigrant entrepreneurship and the Australian research,
including the findings of unpublished fieldwork with 80 Asian female
immigrant entrepreneurs in Sydney. While female immigrant entrepreneurs
draw on their human capital and community and family networks as do all
female small business owners, their small business experience is also
shaped by broader societal responses to minority immigrants, embodied in
the concept of the ‘accent ceiling’, that creates labour
market and entrepreneurial barriers for women of minority linguistic,
ethnic or religious background that non-immigrant entrepreneurs do not
face.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 97-111
Issue: 1
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903220553
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903220553
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:1:p:97-111
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Harrison
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison
Author-Name: Colin Mason
Author-X-Name-First: Colin
Author-X-Name-Last: Mason
Author-Name: Paul Robson
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Robson
Title: Determinants of long-distance investing by business angels in the UK
Abstract:
The business angel market is usually identified as a local market, and
the proximity of an investment has been shown to be key in the angel's
investment preferences and an important filter at the screening stage of
the investment decision. This is generally explained by the personal and
localized networks used to identify potential investments, the hands-on
involvement of the investor and the desire to minimize risk. However, a
significant minority of investments are long distance. This paper is based
on data from 373 investments made by 109 UK business angels. We classify
the location of investments into three groups: local investments (those
made within the same county or in adjacent counties); intermediate
investments (those made in counties adjacent to the ‘local’
counties); and long-distance investments (those made beyond this range).
Using ordered logit analysis the paper develops and tests a number of
hypotheses that relate long-distance investment to investment
characteristics and investor characteristics. The paper concludes by
drawing out the implications for entrepreneurs seeking business angel
finance in investment-deficient regions, business angel networks seeking
to match investors to entrepreneurs and firms (which are normally their
primary clients), and for policy-makers responsible for local and regional
economic development.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 113-137
Issue: 2
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802545928
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802545928
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:2:p:113-137
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bat Batjargal
Author-X-Name-First: Bat
Author-X-Name-Last: Batjargal
Title: Network dynamics and new ventures in China: A longitudinal study
Abstract:
This study examines the effects of networking skills of entrepreneurs on
network dynamics and venture legitimacy. The article is based on the
longitudinal survey data of 94 Internet entrepreneurs in Beijing, China.
The findings suggest that networking skills of entrepreneurs have positive
effects on the structural changes of entrepreneurial networks over time.
Further, improvements in networking skills of entrepreneurs are conducive
to greater venture legitimacy measured as the number of institutional
investors in the new venture. The research and practical implications are
discussed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 139-153
Issue: 2
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802628864
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802628864
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:2:p:139-153
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marcela Ramírez-Pasillas
Author-X-Name-First: Marcela
Author-X-Name-Last: Ramírez-Pasillas
Title: International trade fairs as amplifiers of permanent and temporary proximities in clusters
Abstract:
Conceptualizing proximity as a mainly geographically and more or less
permanently anchored phenomenon has been shown to be insufficient in
clusters; the proximity between firms also has a temporary and relational
character when coupled with globalization. This paper aims to contribute
to this debate, exploring the role of international trade fairs (ITFs) for
amplifying permanent and temporary proximities in clusters. Combining
permanent and temporary proximities, a framework is integrated to enquire
how non-local foreign relations encountered at ITFs are interconnected in
a cluster network. The cluster network depicts the firms that are related
for business and innovation purposes at three kinds of proximity. The
first kind, the intra-cluster proximity, concerns the overall local
networking. The second kind, the extra-cluster proximity, comprises
trans-national friendship relations, trans-national market relations, and
trans-national partnerships instigated at ITFs. The third kind, the
bridging proximity, includes the cases in which firms engaged at ITFs
interact with firms not participating at ITFs. This paper relies on social
network analysis techniques in order to examine the proximity kinds in a
Swedish cluster. The findings reveal that ITFs amplify the possibilities
for interconnecting local relations and transnational relations.
Participation at ITFs can potentially help firms to overcome the
geographical limits of clusters.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 155-187
Issue: 2
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620902815106
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620902815106
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:2:p:155-187
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Teemu Kautonen
Author-X-Name-First: Teemu
Author-X-Name-Last: Kautonen
Author-Name: Roxanne Zolin
Author-X-Name-First: Roxanne
Author-X-Name-Last: Zolin
Author-Name: Andreas Kuckertz
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas
Author-X-Name-Last: Kuckertz
Author-Name: Anmari Viljamaa
Author-X-Name-First: Anmari
Author-X-Name-Last: Viljamaa
Title: Ties that blind? How strong ties affect small business owner-managers’ perceived trustworthiness of their advisors
Abstract:
This research investigates how a strong personal relationship (strong
tie) between a small business owner-manager and his professional or
informal advisor affects the relationship between the advisor's recent
performance and the owner-manager's perceptions of the advisor's
trustworthiness in terms of ability, benevolence and integrity. A negative
moderating effect could point to a ‘tie that blinds’: the
owner-manager may be less critical in evaluating the advisor's perceived
trustworthiness in light of their recent performance, because of the
existing personal relationship. A conceptual model is constructed and
examined with survey data comprising 153 young Finnish businesses. The
results show that strong ties increase the owner-manager's perception of
the advisor's integrity, disregarding their recent performance. For
professional advisors, strong ties reduce the impact of recent performance
in the owner-manager's evaluation of their ability. For informal advisors,
a strong tie makes it more likely that their benevolence will be evaluated
highly in light of their recent performance. While the results show that
‘ties can blind’ under certain circumstances, the
limitations of the study raise the need for further research to specify
these contextual factors and examine the causal link between the choice of
advisor and business performance.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 189-209
Issue: 2
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903168265
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903168265
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:2:p:189-209
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mattias Nordqvist
Author-X-Name-First: Mattias
Author-X-Name-Last: Nordqvist
Author-Name: Leif Melin
Author-X-Name-First: Leif
Author-X-Name-Last: Melin
Title: Entrepreneurial families and family firms
Abstract:
While studies of entrepreneurship and family business have to a great
extent developed independently, there are some indications that they are
now moving closer to each other. The purpose of this special issue is to
contribute to an increased scholarly interest in research that integrates
the areas of entrepreneurship and family business. This introductory
article elaborates upon the meaning of entrepreneurial families and family
firms. Based on a review of a significant amount of previous literature
and the articles in this special issue, we generate a guiding framework
around three themes -- actor, activity and attitude. We argue that
research focusing on specific topics within these themes has great
potential to contribute to our theoretical and empirical understanding of
entrepreneurship and family firms. We also share a note on why we believe
Entrepreneurship and Regional Development is a suitable
arena for publishing research with this orientation. We then introduce the
five papers that are included in this special issue using the framework
developed to position the papers and thereby to reveal their respective
contributions and their advancement of our knowledge. We conclude with
reflections on some unexplored themes, which are still very relevant to
examine in future research on entrepreneurship and family businesses.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 211-239
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003726119
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003726119
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:3-4:p:211-239
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: G.T. Lumpkin
Author-X-Name-First: G.T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lumpkin
Author-Name: Keith H. Brigham
Author-X-Name-First: Keith H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Brigham
Author-Name: Todd W. Moss
Author-X-Name-First: Todd W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Moss
Title: Long-term orientation: Implications for the entrepreneurial orientation and performance of family businesses
Abstract:
Long-term orientation (LTO), defined as the tendency to
prioritize the long-range implications and impact of decisions and actions
that come to fruition after an extended time period, is a common
characteristic of many family businesses. Prior research is equivocal
regarding whether an LTO contributes to or detracts from family firm
outcomes. Of particular interest is the extent to which family business
can be entrepreneurial given an LTO. Drawing on the concept of
entrepreneurial orientation (EO), propositions that relate long- and
short-term management time horizons of family firms to five dimensions of
EO (innovativeness, proactiveness, risk taking, competitive aggressiveness
and autonomy) are developed. Specifically, we propose that an LTO will be
positively associated with innovativeness, proactiveness, and autonomy but
negatively associated with risk taking and competitive aggressiveness. We
also address the long- and short-term implications of EO on the
performance of family firms, and identify issues to consider in future
research into the EO--LTO relationship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 241-264
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003726218
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003726218
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:3-4:p:241-264
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: José C. Casillas
Author-X-Name-First: José C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Casillas
Author-Name: Ana M. Moreno
Author-X-Name-First: Ana M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Moreno
Title: The relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and growth: The moderating role of family involvement
Abstract:
Lumpkin and Dess [Lumpkin, G.T., and G.G. Dess. 1996. Clarifying the
entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance.
Academy of Management Review 21, no. 1: 135--72]
established the basis of their research agenda on the relationship between
Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) and company performance. A wide range of
research has incorporated different moderating variables and dimensions of
performance, such as profitability, growth, etc. Our work proposes the
degree of family involvement comprising a moderating variable in the
relationship between EO and company growth. This paper pursues to analyse
the influence of family involvement on the relationship between EO and
company growth. The empirical study was developed using a sample of 449
small- and medium-sized companies in Spain. The proposed hypotheses were
tested using hierarchical linear regression. The results obtained reveal
the influence of innovativeness and proactiveness on the growth of a
company. However, when family involvement is included as a moderating
variable in the equation, a new influence on growth is born from the
interaction between innovativeness and family involvement and the
interaction between risk-taking and family involvement.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 265-291
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003726135
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003726135
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:3-4:p:265-291
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christian Niedermeyer
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Niedermeyer
Author-Name: Peter Jaskiewicz
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Jaskiewicz
Author-Name: Sabine B. Klein
Author-X-Name-First: Sabine B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Klein
Title: ‘Can’t get no satisfaction?’ Evaluating the sale of the family business from the family's perspective and deriving implications for new venture activities
Abstract:
The scarce research on the sale of family businesses suggests that
business-owning families take different factors into account than
non-family owners when evaluating a business sale. This paper builds on a
utility-oriented framework and analyses literature to identify the key
factors that affect the family's appraisal of the sale. We integrate these
factors into an explanatory model which shows that the family's evaluation
of a business sale takes longer and is often different compared to a
non-family business sale. In contrast to the paradigm of family business
succession, our model advocates the exit option, which in a second step
can foster new entrepreneurial family activity. We discuss how
satisfaction might affect new venture activities and apply a case to show
how our model can be generally used to analyse a family business sale.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 293-320
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003726176
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003726176
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:3-4:p:293-320
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carlo Salvato
Author-X-Name-First: Carlo
Author-X-Name-Last: Salvato
Author-Name: Francesco Chirico
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Chirico
Author-Name: Pramodita Sharma
Author-X-Name-First: Pramodita
Author-X-Name-Last: Sharma
Title: A farewell to the business: Championing exit and continuity in entrepreneurial family firms
Abstract:
What factors influence exit from the founder's business and subsequent
entrepreneurial renewal in a generational family firm? Guided by this
research question, we trace the development of the Italian Falck Group
from its inception as a steel company in 1906 -- ascension as the largest
privately owned steel producer in Italy -- losses in the 1970s and 1980s
leading to business exit from steel industry in the 1990s -- followed by
successful entry in the renewable energy business. A combination of
insights from the literature and triangulation of data from multiple
primary and secondary sources leads to the development of a model
describing how inhibitors of exit from the founder's business can be
transformed into facilitators of change. The critical role of farsighted
‘family champion of continuity’ is found
central in redirecting the family from its anchoring in past activities to
focus on future entrepreneurial endeavours. While the commitment to the
founder's business continues, the family champion aided by business savvy
and astute non-family executives ably modifies its meaning of
‘continuity of the founder's business’ from ‘steel
production’ to ‘continuity of the entrepreneurial spirit of
the family’, hence preserving the institutional identity. Insights
from this study can help generational family firms which plan to exit from
a failing course of action to regenerate so as to create
trans-generational value.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 321-348
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003726192
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003726192
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:3-4:p:321-348
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: G. Marchisio
Author-X-Name-First: G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Marchisio
Author-Name: P. Mazzola
Author-X-Name-First: P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Mazzola
Author-Name: S. Sciascia
Author-X-Name-First: S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sciascia
Author-Name: M. Miles
Author-X-Name-First: M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Miles
Author-Name: J. Astrachan
Author-X-Name-First: J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Astrachan
Title: Corporate venturing in family business: The effects on the family and its members
Abstract:
Previous literature on corporate entrepreneurship (CE) in family business
(FB) focusses on the determinants of CE and presents conflicting results
on its effects on firm-level performance. We argue that previous studies
have overlooked the idea of FBs being complex social systems comprising
three components, controlling families, business entities and individual
family members; and any business activity in a FB should also be studied
with respect to its effects on the family and individual family members,
which ultimately impacts the performance. Moreover, previous FB literature
addresses CE as a monolithic concept and does not separate its two primary
types: corporate venturing (CV) and strategic renewal (SR). This article
focusses solely on CV, investigating the impact of CV on FB. The research
is based upon a set of longitudinal in-depth case studies of three FBs
engaged in CV initiatives. The findings suggest that CV can have positive,
negative or possibly both effects at the family and individual levels
depending on four moderating factors. At the individual level, if a
succession process is present, CV may increase the incumbent leader's
capability to effectively direct the selection and development process of
next generation family members (NGFMs) as well as the NGFMs’ human
capital. However, CV could also reduce the affective commitment of NGFMs
to the core business and such a risk appears to be higher when CV
participation in the FB strategy is low. At the family level, development
of CV initiatives may both enhance and reduce the family cohesion. The
risk of its decrease grows with greater relevance of non-active family
members’ ownership and the greater financial impact of the CV
initiative itself.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 349-377
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003726168
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003726168
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:3-4:p:349-377
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Tolstoy
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Tolstoy
Title: Network development and knowledge creation within the foreign market: A study of international entrepreneurial firms
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to contribute to international entrepreneurship
theory by adopting a foreign market perspective when examining the links
between network development and knowledge creation. Network development is
argued to enhance the understanding of regional market structures and make
firms more inclined − and better able − to create knowledge
in foreign market business relationships (business relationships represent
focal points in networks). The basis of this argument is that networks
provide a multitude of opportunities for the exploitation of previously
unexploited combinations of knowledge. Data were gathered from surveys
conducted with an effective random sample of 188 small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) in Sweden. A LISREL-based analysis was performed to
test the three hypotheses deduced from theory. Findings showed that
network development has a direct positive impact on knowledge creation and
that knowledge combination functions as a mediating construct between
network development and knowledge creation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 379-402
Issue: 5
Volume: 22
Year: 2009
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903168273
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903168273
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2009:i:5:p:379-402
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Colin C. Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Colin C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Title: Spatial variations in the hidden enterprise culture: Some lessons from England
Abstract:
Despite the growing recognition that many businesses start by trading on
a partially or wholly off-the-books basis, there has been little
investigation of whether the prevalence and character of this hidden
enterprise culture varies spatially. The aim of this paper is to start to
fill that gap. Reporting the results of face-to-face interviews conducted
in affluent and deprived urban and rural English localities with 91
early-stage entrepreneurs and 81 established self-employed, it is shown
that in all localities wholly legitimate businesses are just the tip of
the iceberg and that beneath the surface is a large hidden enterprise
culture. However, the preponderance of early-stage entrepreneurs and the
established self-employed to trade off-the-books is greater in some
locality-types than others. Not only do early-stage entrepreneurs and the
established self-employed more commonly trade off-the-books in deprived
and rural localities, but they are also more likely to trade wholly
off-the-books and therefore not be even recognized as existing by official
data sources. The implication is that deprived and rural communities are
more enterprising and entrepreneurial than is currently recognized and,
consequently, that legitimizing this hidden enterprise culture could be an
important means of promoting enterprise and economic development in such
communities. The paper concludes by briefly reviewing how this might be
achieved.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 403-423
Issue: 5
Volume: 22
Year: 2009
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903168281
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903168281
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2009:i:5:p:403-423
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Moriah Meyskens
Author-X-Name-First: Moriah
Author-X-Name-Last: Meyskens
Author-Name: Alan L. Carsrud
Author-X-Name-First: Alan L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Carsrud
Author-Name: Richard N. Cardozo
Author-X-Name-First: Richard N.
Author-X-Name-Last: Cardozo
Title: The symbiosis of entities in the social engagement network: The role of social ventures
Abstract:
Social entrepreneurship is increasingly recognized as a mechanism for
creating social and economic value. By applying population ecology,
resource dependency and resource-based view perspectives, this paper
develops a conceptual model to provide greater insight into how social
entrepreneurship ventures collaborate with other organizations in a
network to fulfill resource requirements. Through this process social
ventures address unmet social needs to create value which leads to the
development and growth of individuals, communities, and regions. Using a
large city's economic development actors involved in small business
promotion as test cases, this exploratory study illustrates that social
ventures effectively acquire resources from the primary social engagement
network actors: corporations, governments, and other social ventures. The
framework introduced in the paper provides a means by which to better
understand the context in which relevant social engagement players in a
network exist and the synergies that they can develop.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 425-455
Issue: 5
Volume: 22
Year: 2009
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903168299
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903168299
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2009:i:5:p:425-455
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Huggins
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins
Author-Name: Andrew Johnston
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Johnston
Title: Knowledge flow and inter-firm networks: The influence of network resources, spatial proximity and firm size
Abstract:
The objective of this paper is to analyse the characteristics and nature
of the networks that firms utilize to access knowledge and facilitate
innovation. The paper draws on the notion of network resources,
distinguishing two types: social capital--consisting of the social
relations and networks held by individuals; and network
capital--consisting of the strategic and calculative relations and
networks held by firms. The methodological approach consists of a
quantitative analysis of data from a survey of firms operating in
knowledge-intensive sectors of activity. The key findings include: social
capital investment is more prevalent among firms frequently interacting
with actors from within their own region; social capital investment is
related to the size of firms; firm size plays a role in knowledge network
patterns; and network dynamism is an important source of innovation.
Overall, firms investing more in the development of their inter-firm and
other external knowledge networks enjoy higher levels of innovation. It is
suggested that an over-reliance on social capital forms of network
resource investment may hinder the capability of firms to manage their
knowledge networks. It is concluded that the link between a dynamic
inter-firm network environment and innovation provides an alternative
thesis to that advocating the advantage of network stability.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 457-484
Issue: 5
Volume: 22
Year: 2009
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903171350
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903171350
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2009:i:5:p:457-484
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elizabeth Chell
Author-X-Name-First: Elizabeth
Author-X-Name-Last: Chell
Author-Name: Katerina Nicolopoulou
Author-X-Name-First: Katerina
Author-X-Name-Last: Nicolopoulou
Author-Name: Mine Karataş-Özkan
Author-X-Name-First: Mine
Author-X-Name-Last: Karataş-Özkan
Title: Social entrepreneurship and enterprise: International and innovation perspectives
Abstract:
This paper provides an overview of social entrepreneurship and social
enterprise, making reference to pertinent literature. Internationally the
distribution of social enterprises is uneven and there are noticeable
differences that reflect national differences in welfare, labour market
and ideology. Essentially however social enterprises seek business
solutions to social problems and in order to do so, we argue, it is
necessary for social enterprises to foster innovation. The papers included
in this volume present different models and theories of how this might be
achieved. All the authors place emphasis on the need to develop a sound
theoretical platform and raise methodological problems common to
management research. Additionally, the papers raise policy issues, such as
how outcomes of social enterprise are valued and prioritised in different
societies. The work discussed points to how social enterprise may offer
innovative solutions to help solve problems of social integration,
socially dysfunctional behaviour and socio-economic development. It
indicates the need for further research, especially to test further the
models comparatively. Finally this body of work builds on and extends our
thinking about entrepreneurship, and the need to tie it into social,
cultural, civic and political agenda.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 485-493
Issue: 6
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.488396
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.488396
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:6:p:485-493
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Victor J. Friedman
Author-X-Name-First: Victor J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Friedman
Author-Name: Helena Desivilya
Author-X-Name-First: Helena
Author-X-Name-Last: Desivilya
Title: Integrating social entrepreneurship and conflict engagement for regional development in divided societies
Abstract:
This paper argues that, in divided societies, social entrepreneurship can
be an effective strategy for regional development if it is integrated with
conflict engagement. It views both social entrepreneurship and conflict
engagement through a social constructionist lens and employs theory
building methods from action research and programme theory evaluation. The
argument is presented in the form of a ‘programme theory of
action’, called the ‘Studio for Social Creativity’
that provides the conceptual and practical basis for promoting development
in Israel's northern periphery, a region characterized by socio-economic
stagnation as well as deep social divisions, especially between Jewish and
Arab Palestinian inhabitants. The programme theory of action includes a
description of the context, the problem framing, underlying assumptions,
action strategies and intended outcomes. It hypothesizes that integrating
social entrepreneurship and conflict engagement impacts regional
development by redefining inter-group relationships, enhancing social
networks, activating social capital, leveraging diversity and challenging
existing power structures.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 495-514
Issue: 6
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.488400
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.488400
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:6:p:495-514
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francesco Perrini
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Perrini
Author-Name: Clodia Vurro
Author-X-Name-First: Clodia
Author-X-Name-Last: Vurro
Author-Name: Laura A. Costanzo
Author-X-Name-First: Laura A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Costanzo
Title: A process-based view of social entrepreneurship: From opportunity identification to scaling-up social change in the case of San Patrignano
Abstract:
The assumption of a strong connection between entrepreneurship and
economic growth has led to the neglect of entrepreneurial processes in the
social sectors. Based on the findings of an in-depth longitudinal case
study, our article focuses on social entrepreneurship (SE) processes
designed to exploit innovation that explicitly addresses complex social
problems. We elaborate on the characteristics of the process and on the
dimensions intervening on how social entrepreneurial opportunities are
identified, evaluated, exploited and scaled up. We provide a process-based
view of SE, suggesting the need for consistency between individual,
organizational and contextual elements.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 515-534
Issue: 6
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.488402
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.488402
File-Format: text/html
File-Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:6:p:515-534
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Tapsell
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Tapsell
Author-Name: Christine Woods
Author-X-Name-First: Christine
Author-X-Name-Last: Woods
Title: Social entrepreneurship and innovation: Self-organization in an indigenous context
Abstract:
This article explores some of the theoretical insights emerging from work
in the field of social entrepreneurship and complexity theory. It draws on
a neo-Schumpeterian understanding of innovation as self-organization, as
it arises in the process of social entrepreneurship. Drawing on complexity
theory, we use the lens of self-organization and complex adaptive systems
to consider entrepreneurial activity in Maori communities where innovation
occurs through the interaction of the young opportunity seeking
entrepreneur (potiki) and the elder statesperson (rangatira). The
interplay between these two actors in the Maori tribal community
illustrates the double spiral (takarangi) dance of innovation (creation)
that occurs at and between the edges of chaos and stability. Two
theoretical insights emerge from this research. First, we are reminded
that tradition and heritage can form the path to innovation while
opportunity-seeking adventurers are necessary if steps are to be taken
along the path. Second, the historical and cultural context in which
innovation occurs is an important consideration for understanding both
social and economic entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 535-556
Issue: 6
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.488403
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.488403
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:6:p:535-556
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ruth Bridgstock
Author-X-Name-First: Ruth
Author-X-Name-Last: Bridgstock
Author-Name: Fiona Lettice
Author-X-Name-First: Fiona
Author-X-Name-Last: Lettice
Author-Name: Mustafa F. Özbilgin
Author-X-Name-First: Mustafa F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Özbilgin
Author-Name: Ahu Tatli
Author-X-Name-First: Ahu
Author-X-Name-Last: Tatli
Title: Diversity management for innovation in social enterprises in the UK
Abstract:
This paper examines the linkages between diversity management (DM),
innovation and high performance in social enterprises. These linkages are
explicated beyond traditional framing of DM limited to workforce
composition, to include discussions of innovation through networked
diversity practices; reconciliation; and funding options. The paper draws
upon a UK-based national survey and the case study data. Multiple data
collection methods were used, including semi-structured interviews,
questionnaires and workshops with participant observation. NVivo and SPSS
software packages were utilized in order to analyse the qualitative and
quantitative data, respectively. We used thematic coding and cropping
techniques in analysing the case studies in the paper. A broad range of
conflicting and supporting literature was enfolded into the conversations
and discussion. The paper demonstrates that social enterprises exhibit
unique characteristics in terms of size and location, as well as their
double remit to add value both economically and socially. As a conclusion,
we argue for social enterprises to consider options for DM in the
interests of maximization of innovation and business performance. We
contend that further research is needed to describe how social
entrepreneurs draw upon their various ‘diversity resources’
in the process of innovation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 557-574
Issue: 6
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.488404
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.488404
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:6:p:557-574
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brett R. Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Brett R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith
Author-Name: Christopher E. Stevens
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Stevens
Title: Different types of social entrepreneurship: The role of geography and embeddedness on the measurement and scaling of social value
Abstract:
With its continued emergence in both academic and practitioner
communities, the diversity of organizations categorized as social
entrepreneurship continues to expand. The increasing diversity represents
a challenge to the field as it attempts to build a scientific base of
knowledge. To address this issue, we build upon a typology of different
forms of social entrepreneurship to theorize about how the role of
‘sites and spaces’ may affect the social entrepreneurial
process. Specifically, we explain how variance in the geographic focus of
different types of social entrepreneurship influences the types of social
networks in which social entrepreneurship is embedded. Drawing upon this
logic of embeddedness, we develop propositions about how the structural
embeddedness of social entrepreneurship may affect the measurement and
scaling of social value. The purpose of this article is to add to the
relatively sparse but growing theoretical foundation of the field of
social entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 575-598
Issue: 6
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.488405
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.488405
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:6:p:575-598
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kevin Hindle
Author-X-Name-First: Kevin
Author-X-Name-Last: Hindle
Title: How community context affects entrepreneurial process: A diagnostic framework
Abstract:
This study reports a multi-faceted search to discover and articulate, in
the form of a manageable framework, a diagnostic system for assessing the
influence that community factors will have upon the conduct and outcome of
any proposed entrepreneurial process. A methodological approach based on
investigation of a rich empirical database supported by a wide examination
of extant theory in several literatures, resulted in the production of a
diagnostic system whose diagrammatic depiction employs a
‘bridge’ analogy. It depicts the culmination of the
diagnostic procedure as the ability of different travellers
(entrepreneurial actors and community members affected by their actions)
to proceed via multiple pathways from an origin to a
destination. The origin is a deep understanding of the community as an
intermediate environment containing factors both conducive and hostile to
any proposed entrepreneurial process. This deep understanding is founded
upon intense local examination of the nature and interrelationship of
three generic institutional components of any community: physical
resources, human resources and property rights, and three generic human
factors: human resources, social networks and the ability to span
boundaries. The destination thus becomes a contextualised understanding
and re-articulation of any proposed entrepreneurial process under
consideration. Validation of the efficacy of the framework is being
undertaken internationally as a key component of seven substantial
projects, which simultaneously involve research and practice. Implications
for research and practice are discussed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 599-647
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.522057
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.522057
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:7-8:p:599-647
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Oswald Jones
Author-X-Name-First: Oswald
Author-X-Name-Last: Jones
Author-Name: Allan Macpherson
Author-X-Name-First: Allan
Author-X-Name-Last: Macpherson
Author-Name: Richard Thorpe
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Thorpe
Title: Learning in owner-managed small firms: Mediating artefacts and strategic space
Abstract:
The authors focus on the way in which owner-managers in smaller firms
improve their businesses through the creation of ‘strategic
space’. The term ‘strategic space’ refers to the
process by which owner-managers are able to access resources, motivation
and capability to review existing practices. The starting point is the
owner-manager's human capital and their capacity to engage in critical
reflection about their business. We highlight three concepts central to
the creation of strategic space, first, social capital,
which refers to the network relationships that provide access to a wide
range of resources and information. Second, absorptive
capacity, which describes the way in which organizational members
identify, acquire and utilize knowledge from external sources. Third,
mediating artefacts, which represent existing knowledge
but also facilitate the translation and transformation of understanding
within and between communities of practice. This process is essential to
the renewal of knowledge and knowing within firms. The contribution this
paper makes is to bring together these elements -- human and social
capital, absorptive capacity and mediating artefacts -- to offer a
conceptual model that illustrates the mechanism by which owner-managers
create strategic space. This model provides a deeper understanding of the
evolution of knowledge in smaller organizations.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 649-673
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903171368
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903171368
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:7-8:p:649-673
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Xiang-yang Zhao
Author-X-Name-First: Xiang-yang
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao
Author-Name: Michael Frese
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Frese
Author-Name: Angelo Giardini
Author-X-Name-First: Angelo
Author-X-Name-Last: Giardini
Title: Business owners’ network size and business growth in China: The role of comprehensive social competency
Abstract:
The authors present a model that explains how comprehensive social
competency (made up of three components -- social skills, proactive and
elaborate social strategies, and relational perseverance) is related to
business people's network development, and how social networks in turn are
related to business growth. We conducted two studies with Chinese small
business owners, -- one in the capital city Beijing
(N = 133) and a second one in the less
developed rural region of Xunyi (N = 78).
Comprehensive social competency was consistently related to network size
and business growth. In addition, government network size was related to
the business growth since start-up in both studies (employee growth in
Study 1 and personal asset growth in Study 2), but business network size
was not related to business growth. Government network size also functions
as a partial mediator between comprehensive social competency and business
growth since start-up. Some differences are found between the rural area
and the urban centre.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 675-705
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903171376
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903171376
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:7-8:p:675-705
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alain Fayolle
Author-X-Name-First: Alain
Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle
Author-Name: Olivier Basso
Author-X-Name-First: Olivier
Author-X-Name-Last: Basso
Author-Name: Véronique Bouchard
Author-X-Name-First: Véronique
Author-X-Name-Last: Bouchard
Title: Three levels of culture and firms’ entrepreneurial orientation: A research agenda
Abstract:
Numerous studies examining the linkage between corporate entrepreneurship
and performance resort to the entrepreneurial orientation construct to
assess a firm's degree of entrepreneurship. Little conceptual and
empirical research has been devoted to understanding the factors and
conditions that produce Entrepreneurial Orientation. Generic explanatory
variables such as environment, organization, strategy and culture have
been mentioned in past research, but though a number of hypotheses have
been proposed, few have been thoroughly developed and tested. In this
article, we focus on one explanatory variable -- culture -- that we
develop along multiple axes. We propose a conceptual framework that aims
to provide a better understanding of how three interdependent levels of
culture -- national, industry and corporate -- influence Entrepreneurial
Orientation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 707-730
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903233952
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903233952
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:7-8:p:707-730
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Grace Tyng-Ruu Lin
Author-X-Name-First: Grace Tyng-Ruu
Author-X-Name-Last: Lin
Author-Name: Yo-Hsing Chang
Author-X-Name-First: Yo-Hsing
Author-X-Name-Last: Chang
Author-Name: Yung-Chi Shen
Author-X-Name-First: Yung-Chi
Author-X-Name-Last: Shen
Title: Innovation policy analysis and learning: Comparing Ireland and Taiwan
Abstract:
Taiwan and Ireland are regarded as being similar in their geographic
positions and economic performances. Both countries moved from being
agricultural economies to become major regional players, and are often
pointed to as examples of positive national development and innovation.
The main purpose of this article is to compare the two island
countries’ innovation policies in a national context. The taxonomy
of innovation policy proposed by Rothwell and Zegveld [1981,
Industrial innovation and public policy. London: Frances
Printer Ltd.] was adopted as the analysis framework for this study. The
comparison shows that Taiwan's government employs more top-down policy
instruments such as providing government research funding and resources to
target industries. The Irish government successfully creates an
innovation-friendly environment to attract foreign direct investment (FDI)
to facilitate research and development at the firm level. Finally, this
article provides policy implications and recommendations based on what was
learned from the comparison of the two countries.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 731-762
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 22
Year: 2010
Month: 11
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.483290
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.483290
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:22:y:2010:i:7-8:p:731-762
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chris Steyaert
Author-X-Name-First: Chris
Author-X-Name-Last: Steyaert
Author-Name: Daniel Hjorth
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Hjorth
Author-Name: William B. Gartner
Author-X-Name-First: William B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gartner
Title: Six memos for a curious and imaginative future scholarship in entrepreneurship studies
Abstract:
In this introductory article, we explain the purpose of this special
issue that is set up as a Festschrift in honour of the
(editorial) work of Bengt Johannisson. Inspired by Italo Calvino's Six
Memos for the Next Millennium, the special issue is structured along six
essays that are both commemorative and affirmative, that is we use the
work of Johannisson to explore fresh waters and invent new practices of
performing scholarship in entrepreneurship studies. In the special issue,
six practices are proposed that keep entrepreneurship studies imaginative:
othering words and concepts, exploring boundaries, affecting community
scholarship and entrepreneurship education, contextualizing through
participation and reconceptualizing method. In the conclusion, we
emphasize for the future the importance of a curious and imaginative
scholarship in entrepreneurship, a utopian movement that attracts
investment of intensity and mobilizes the idiosyncrasies of the multiple.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-7
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.540399
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.540399
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:1-2:p:1-7
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William B. Gartner
Author-X-Name-First: William B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gartner
Title: When words fail: An entrepreneurship glossolalia
Abstract:
This article offers a lexicon of mash-ups to describe Bengt Johannisson's
research contributions: Otherpreneur: A person who is not
the primary ‘founder’ of an organization, yet plays an
important role in the creation of the organization: a ‘significant
other’; Interactment: Actions that are both
informed by others and are responded to; Senseability:
When insight and action are combined; Narraction: When
stories and action are combined; and Clevoyance:
Ingenious insight about the future.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 9-21
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.540405
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.540405
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:1-2:p:9-21
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Olav R. Spilling
Author-X-Name-First: Olav R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Spilling
Title: Mobilising the entrepreneurial potential in local community development
Abstract:
This article focuses on the ‘younger’ Bengt Johannisson and
some of his early studies aiming at developing an adequate understanding
of the role of small firms in local communities, and how local
mobilisation and the role of entrepreneurship could contribute to
revitalisation of declining communities. Based on the network approach, he
developed his perspectives on organising context and the socially
constructed environment, and how the process of entrepreneurship could be
regarded as a process of managing personal networks by which the
entrepreneurs also enacted the environment. His approach to
entrepreneurship stood at the time in strong contrast to traditional and
mainstream entrepreneurship research, and in this way, he played an
important role as a pioneer as well as an outsider in entrepreneurship
research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 23-35
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.540406
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.540406
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:1-2:p:23-35
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kathryn Campbell
Author-X-Name-First: Kathryn
Author-X-Name-Last: Campbell
Title: Caring and daring entrepreneurship research
Abstract:
By scholarly tradition, many entrepreneurship researchers believe that
they should ignore the powerful emotions that constantly buffet both
themselves and the organizations that they study. In striking contrast to
that tradition, Bengt Johannisson's scholarship has been infused with a
longstanding appreciation for the dynamism and affective complexity of
entrepreneurship as process. This radical shift away from the paradigm of
the stolid, heroic entrepreneur has energized a more constructive
examination of the entrepreneurial family business and has legitimized
study of the emotional, as well as the economic, landscape. In word and
deed Bengt is a visionary worthy of emulation. In order to challenge
scholarly norms and advance this controversial agenda, he has not only
used his stature as a privileged insider but also, on occasion, assumed
the role of outsider/provocateur. Mindful of how rigid dichotomies can
fragment thinking about the entrepreneurship process, he has employed
new/none words as a rhetorical strategy to bridge and thereby heal our
thinking. The article is, therefore, a tribute to Bengt's exceptional,
caring scholarship and, consequently, a proposal that we make a more
concerted effort to build a networked research community that dares to
examine all of the passions that drive human endeavours. As we embrace a
more inclusive research domain, we will learn to see and cherish our
common purpose and, paradoxically, we will come to a fuller understanding
of the multi-faceted nature of the entrepreneurship process.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 37-47
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.540407
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.540407
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:1-2:p:37-47
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Hjorth
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Hjorth
Title: On provocation, education and entrepreneurship
Abstract:
This essay develops an affect-based theory of entrepreneurial
entrepreneurship education, something we summarise in a model of
provocation-based entrepreneurial entrepreneurship education (the
E-super-3 model). Taking its starting point in an anecdote that
illustrates the importance of provocation in processes of learning
entrepreneurship, this article responds to previous calls for less
economised entrepreneurship education focusing on its creative-relational
nature. An affect-based theory of E-super-3 brings together provocation,
deterritorialisation (uprooting) and decoding/imagination, which calls for
both critique and creativity, and resonates with appreciations of paralogy
as driver in learning processes. The implications of this conceptual model
of learning entrepreneurship entrepreneurially are discussed, with
particular focus on the role of the pedagogue and on the future of
learning entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 49-63
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.540411
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.540411
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:1-2:p:49-63
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Denise E. Fletcher
Author-X-Name-First: Denise E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fletcher
Title: A curiosity for contexts: Entrepreneurship, enactive research and autoethnography
Abstract:
Long before the current vogue for acknowledging contexts and
contextualisation processes in the research process, Johannisson's
pioneering scholarship provoked different conceptual and methodological
experimentations that were oriented to context. Bengt's unceasing
curiosity for understanding how particular localities, communities,
networks, industrial districts, regions and families produce embed and
enact entrepreneurial activities is a testament to his belief in the
importance of the ‘organising context’ for entrepreneurship.
In this study, I discuss how Bengt's theoretical and methodological
sensitivity to context has provided a strong legacy for the
entrepreneurship field, not least because it has opened up possibilities
for innovative research methodologies that locate the researcher as
situated actor but also because it emphasises participative and relational
forms of entrepreneurial action that reshape or transform self-other
boundaries.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 65-76
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.540414
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.540414
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:1-2:p:65-76
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chris Steyaert
Author-X-Name-First: Chris
Author-X-Name-Last: Steyaert
Title: Entrepreneurship as in(ter)vention: Reconsidering the conceptual politics of method in entrepreneurship studies
Abstract:
In this article, I look into Bengt Johannisson's experiments with
enactive research in the so-called Anamorphosis Project. This
methodological experiment was based on the assumption that to understand
entrepreneurship, researchers themselves must enact an entrepreneurial
process and reflect upon it by engaging in auto-ethnography. By connecting
aesthetics and politics, this experiment guides us in seeing methodologies
as more than just tools -- actually as in(ter)ventions or inventive forms
of intervening vis-à-vis societal or community
issues. By conceptualizing the performance of scholarship as involving
practices of enacting and engaging, I suggest entrepreneurship scholars to
take into account the ontological politics of method and to anticipate
what can be called methodological experimentation. Drawing upon
non-representational theory and actor-network theory, I flesh out the
notion of in(ter)vention by emphasizing both its performative and
participative dimension.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 77-88
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.540416
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.540416
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:1-2:p:77-88
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jorunn Grande
Author-X-Name-First: Jorunn
Author-X-Name-Last: Grande
Author-Name: Einar Lier Madsen
Author-X-Name-First: Einar Lier
Author-X-Name-Last: Madsen
Author-Name: Odd Jarl Borch
Author-X-Name-First: Odd Jarl
Author-X-Name-Last: Borch
Title: The relationship between resources, entrepreneurial orientation and performance in farm-based ventures
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how firm-specific resources
and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) of the firm may influence performance
in small farm-based ventures. It builds upon theoretical strands from the
resource-based and entrepreneurship perspectives. Research within these
fields indicates that these relationships might be dependent on the
context within which the firm operates. Hypotheses are developed to test
the possible effect of entrepreneurial efforts and resources (financial
position, farm size, location, network and unique competence) on short-
and long-term performance. Data gathered in 2003 and 2006 from farms
engaged in innovative ventures were used to test the hypotheses. The
results show that financial capacity, unique competence and
entrepreneurial efforts influence performance in the investigated firms.
This suggests that firms do get paid back in the long run for engaging in
entrepreneurial efforts. Thus, entrepreneurial activities and attitudes
represent an important factor enabling firms to create, reconsider and
apply their resources in more efficient ways.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 89-111
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 23
Year: 2009
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903183710
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903183710
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2009:i:3-4:p:89-111
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Terry L. Besser
Author-X-Name-First: Terry L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Besser
Author-Name: Nancy Miller
Author-X-Name-First: Nancy
Author-X-Name-Last: Miller
Title: The structural, social, and strategic factors associated with successful business networks
Abstract:
Business networks, formal arrangements between independent businesses
established to enhance member success, are generally accepted as an
important strategy to help small businesses survive and prosper, and to
promote regional economic development. However, knowledge about what
contributes to the success of business networks themselves is less
extensive and based primarily on case studies or reports of network
directors. The purpose of this paper is to partially address this
shortcoming. We consider the structural and social features identified in
previous studies as likely correlates of business network success. Using a
social constructionist definition of network success, we distinguish
successful from less successful networks from among a sample of 29
industry and community business networks in the USA. Findings from
interviews with 1122 members and 29 network leaders suggest that trust is
central to understanding network success. Structural features have complex
positive and negative indirect effects on success through trust and
resource exchanges. The findings highlight the fact that business
networks, while offering great potential as a way to enhance economic
vitality of regions and industries, cannot be viewed as a simple remedy.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 113-133
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903183728
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903183728
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:3-4:p:113-133
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Joris Knoben
Author-X-Name-First: Joris
Author-X-Name-Last: Knoben
Author-Name: Roderik Ponds
Author-X-Name-First: Roderik
Author-X-Name-Last: Ponds
Author-Name: Frank van Oort
Author-X-Name-First: Frank
Author-X-Name-Last: van Oort
Title: Employment from new firm formation in the Netherlands: Agglomeration economies and the Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship
Abstract:
Within the recent literature on the geography of new firm formation, much
attention is given to the role of regional knowledge sources based on the
Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship. At the same time, several
other studies show the importance of agglomeration economies for new firm
formation. The goal of this study is to assess the relative importance of
these determinants for differences in the share of employment creation
from new firms at the level of municipalities for the period of 1999--2006
in the Netherlands. It is found that the traditional drivers of new firm
formation, such as economic growth and agglomeration effects, have a much
stronger effect on new firm formation compared to measures of the regional
knowledge base. Moreover, it is shown that when not correcting for the
presence of agglomeration effects, the role of local knowledge resources
is easily over-estimated, pointing to the dangers of misspecifications of
models. The results imply that the knowledge spillover theory of
entrepreneurship should, at least for the Netherlands, not be exaggerated.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 135-157
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903183736
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903183736
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:3-4:p:135-157
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Antonia Madrid-Guijarro
Author-X-Name-First: Antonia
Author-X-Name-Last: Madrid-Guijarro
Author-Name: Domingo García-Pérez-de-Lema
Author-X-Name-First: Domingo
Author-X-Name-Last: García-Pérez-de-Lema
Author-Name: Howard van Auken
Author-X-Name-First: Howard
Author-X-Name-Last: van Auken
Title: An analysis of non-financial factors associated with financial distress
Abstract:
This article examines factors associated with financial distress among
1006 Spanish manufacturings (SMEs), distinguishing high and low technology
industries. Financial distress is analysed using industrial organizational
theory through the Porter's five competitive forces model (external
factors) and the resource based view through strategic variables (internal
factors), such as training, planning, innovation, technology and quality.
Two different sources of information were used in the study: Qualitative
information related to environmental conditions and strategic variables
was gathered through a questionnaire addressed to the firm manager.
Quantitative information to identify whether the firm was in financial
distress was gathered from the balance sheets and earning statements of
the firms. Evidence from this study shows that environmental conditions
and some strategic variables are associated with financial distress. The
results found that young SMEs with low technology and in a highly
competitive environment had a higher probability of financial distress.
High bargaining power of buyers and high degree of rivalry among existing
competitors were positively associated with financial distress. Financial
distress in high-technology industries was not affected by external
factors. However, firms with a quality certification have better quality
control procedures that ultimately improve financial performance of firms
in the technology industries.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 159-186
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 23
Year: 2009
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903233911
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903233911
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2009:i:3-4:p:159-186
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francisco Liñán
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco
Author-X-Name-Last: Liñán
Author-Name: David Urbano
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Urbano
Author-Name: Maribel Guerrero
Author-X-Name-First: Maribel
Author-X-Name-Last: Guerrero
Title: Regional variations in entrepreneurial cognitions: Start-up intentions of university students in Spain
Abstract:
Empirical research has recently paid considerable attention to the role
of environmental factors in explaining regional variations in
entrepreneurial activity. However, cognitive models have not usually
included these factors in their analyses. Therefore, the main objective of
this study is to identify some of the environmental cognitive elements
that may explain regional differences in start-up intentions. Thus, an
entrepreneurial intention model is developed, theoretically based on the
planned behaviour approach, institutional economic theory and social
capital theory. The empirical analysis is carried out using structural
equation techniques over a sample of 549 final year university students
from two Spanish regions (Catalonia and Andalusia). Results confirm that
valuation of entrepreneurship in each region helps explain regional
differences in entrepreneurial intentions. As expected, social valuation
of the entrepreneur was higher in the more developed region (Catalonia),
positively affecting perceived subjective norms and behavioural control.
In Andalusia, the influence of perceived valuation of the entrepreneur in
the closer environment was more important, affecting attitude towards the
behaviour and subjective norms. These results explain some of the
differences in the pool of potential entrepreneurs in each region. They
also justify the need by public-policy decision-makers to promote more
positive entrepreneurial values in relatively backward regions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 187-215
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 23
Year: 2009
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903233929
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903233929
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2009:i:3-4:p:187-215
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Li Xiao
Author-X-Name-First: Li
Author-X-Name-Last: Xiao
Title: Financing high-tech SMEs in China: A three-stage model of business development
Abstract:
This article examines the financing of high-tech Small and Medium-sized
Enterprises (SMEs) in China at different stages of business development,
based on a survey of 74 face-to-face interviews with high-tech SMEs and
additional nine informal face-to-face interviews with bank and government
officials in the two Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi. Attention
is focused on distinguishing different financing methods according to
particular stages of an SME's business life cycle. The findings show the
importance of informal financial sources from individuals and
firms’ employees for high-tech SMEs at all three development
stages. Such sources have become a central aspect of the financial
infrastructure for the private sector in China. The article distinguishes
between the alternative methods or practices used by firms at all three
stages, seeking to either overcome particular financial constraints or to
avoid the commitment of large capital investments in relatively long-term
projects. It identifies the absence of demands and a gap for medium- and
long-term funding for high-tech SMEs, placing a serious barrier on the
ability of high-tech SMEs to engage in R&D for making more fundamental
innovation and developing new/distinctive products. It concludes by making
the implications of these findings for China, and internationally.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 217-234
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903233937
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903233937
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:3-4:p:217-234
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James Karlsen
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Karlsen
Author-Name: Arne Isaksen
Author-X-Name-First: Arne
Author-X-Name-Last: Isaksen
Author-Name: Olav R. Spilling
Author-X-Name-First: Olav R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Spilling
Title: The challenge of constructing regional advantages in peripheral areas: The case of marine biotechnology in Tromsø, Norway
Abstract:
The idea of constructing regional advantage (CRA) has recently been
emphasized by scholars as a new way for firms to gain competitiveness in a
globalizing learning economy. The rationale behind the idea is that
advantages in a regional industry can be constructed by proactive
public--private partnership. This article uses, and examines the relevance
of, the CRA framework in analysing the development and functioning of the
marine biotechnology industry in Tromsø, which is a fairly peripheral
region in Norway. Despite the fact that much effort has been put into
education and R&D at the University of Tromsø and related research
institutes, and the fact that many public policy tools have intended to
create a blooming marine biotechnology industry in the area, the results
have so far been meagre. This article explains the rather weak results in
terms of the number of firms and jobs in the marine biotechnology industry
in Tromsø as being due to a lack of synthetic knowledge on how to
industrialize research results and little spillover of market knowledge.
With regard to more general theoretical lessons linked to the CRA
framework, this article argues for seeing the concept of related variety
in a broader industrial and geographical sense in peripheral regions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 235-257
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 23
Year: 2009
Month: 7
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903233945
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903233945
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2009:i:3-4:p:235-257
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bastian Lange
Author-X-Name-First: Bastian
Author-X-Name-Last: Lange
Title: Professionalization in space: Social-spatial strategies of culturepreneurs in Berlin
Abstract:
This article discusses the social interactions and spatial practices of
young businesspeople, the so-called ‘culturepreneurs’, and
the networking activities they use to form professional scenes in the
field of design production in Berlin's cultural industries. This article
primarily deals with a problem currently facing entrepreneurship and
creative industries: how do young start-up entrepreneurs overcome
structural paradoxes between individual professionalization and
competitiveness on the one hand, while improving their entrepreneurial
performances by depending on a badly needed innovation climate provided in
social contexts and professional scenes on the other? For the purposes of
this article, ‘scenes’ will be conceptually understood as a
necessary prerequisite for creative milieu formations. They are considered
to be informal, communicatively established social constructions and are
based on the local narratives as well as the self-descriptions of
entrepreneurs. Infused with a unique mixture of local myths and everyday
life stories, these scenes serve as atmospheric stimulation for many
people endeavouring to feel connected to a specific urban place -- in this
case Berlin -- where they can launch their own entrepreneurial project.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 259-279
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903233978
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903233978
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:3-4:p:259-279
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vanessa Ratten
Author-X-Name-First: Vanessa
Author-X-Name-Last: Ratten
Author-Name: Isabell M. Welpe
Author-X-Name-First: Isabell M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Welpe
Title: Special issue: Community-based, social and societal entrepreneurship
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 283-286
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.580159
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.580159
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:5-6:p:283-286
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Morris
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Morris
Author-Name: Minet Schindehutte
Author-X-Name-First: Minet
Author-X-Name-Last: Schindehutte
Author-Name: Verona Edmonds
Author-X-Name-First: Verona
Author-X-Name-Last: Edmonds
Author-Name: Craig Watters
Author-X-Name-First: Craig
Author-X-Name-Last: Watters
Title: Inner city engagement and the university: Mutuality, emergence and transformation
Abstract:
The potential transformative impact of university-based entrepreneurship
programs on local economic development is examined using the example of a
multifaceted inner city initiative. Using complex adaptive systems theory
as a guiding framework, core elements of the South Side Entrepreneurial
Connect Program (SSECP) are summarized. The emergence of parallel and
interacting effects within the community and on the university campus are
described, while underlying properties of the SSECP initiative
contributing to these effects are specified. Qualitative and quantitative
outcomes are specified at a number of levels within the community and the
university. Based on the SSECP experience, ten principles are derived for
use by entrepreneurship programmes and others involved with economic
development and community engagement initiatives.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 287-315
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.580160
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.580160
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:5-6:p:287-315
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Somerville
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Somerville
Author-Name: Gerard McElwee
Author-X-Name-First: Gerard
Author-X-Name-Last: McElwee
Title: Situating community enterprise: A theoretical exploration
Abstract:
This paper argues that enterprises can be understood primarily in terms
of their social bases and that the social base of community enterprise
lies in community of some kind. It reviews current conceptualizations in
this area such as ‘community-based enterprise’ (CBE) and
‘social enterprise’, and argues that CBE is only one form of
community enterprise. Community entrepreneurs are understood in terms of
their position on a continuum of community participation, as
economic/social/political activists, and community enterprise is explained
largely in terms of the balance of social capital functions served by its
overall activity. The relationship between membership of a community
enterprise and membership of a community is explored, and represented in
terms of two criteria: the pool from which enterprise members are drawn
and the rule by which such members are selected from the pool. This paper
illustrates its arguments in relation to two English community
enterprises, Coin Street Community Builders based in London and The
Eldonians based in Liverpool.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 317-330
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.580161
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.580161
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:5-6:p:317-330
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Léo-Paul Dana
Author-X-Name-First: Léo-Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Dana
Author-Name: Ivan Light
Author-X-Name-First: Ivan
Author-X-Name-Last: Light
Title: Two forms of community entrepreneurship in Finland: Are there differences between Finnish and Sámi reindeer husbandry entrepreneurs?
Abstract:
Every reindeer herder in Finland belongs to one of 56 co-operatives, each
known as a paliskunta. In addition, some reindeer owners
herd using the folkloric siida model of co-operation.
Content analysis of interviews conducted with reindeer herders -- referred
to as reindeer husbandry entrepreneurs, by the Reindeer Herders’
Association -- from two ethnic communities in Finland, reveals that
respondents who identified themselves as ethnic Finns viewed their
self-employment as an individualistic form of entrepreneurship and they
focused their discussion on matters related to financial
capital and profit. In contrast, Sámi respondents claimed
that a significant causal variable behind their herding was maintenance of
a cultural tradition and not necessarily limited to the maximization of
financial profits. Sámi respondents spoke much about their
cooperative siida (a fluid, informal grouping of herders
who voluntarily co-operate), and the social capital it
involved; and about reindeer herding skills that are acquired on the job,
i.e. human capital; and also about aptitudes, beliefs,
customs, habits, interests, lifestyle and round-up traditions, reflecting
the fact that considerable cultural capital is passed
from adults to children in the course of primary socialization. A
consequence of family participation in various aspects of community-based
reindeer herding is that Sámi children learn the occupation from a
young age.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 331-352
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.580163
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.580163
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:5-6:p:331-352
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dirk De Clercq
Author-X-Name-First: Dirk
Author-X-Name-Last: De Clercq
Author-Name: Benson Honig
Author-X-Name-First: Benson
Author-X-Name-Last: Honig
Title: Entrepreneurship as an integrating mechanism for disadvantaged persons
Abstract:
This paper theorises about a specific facet of social entrepreneurship,
namely, the integration of disadvantaged persons into the field of
entrepreneurship. Drawing from Bourdieu's theory of practice, the authors
conceive of this integration as a power-laden process that reflects
normative expectations imposed by field incumbents on entrants to the
field that require them to both comply with and challenge existing field
arrangements. Propositions outline the desirability and ability of
disadvantaged persons to meet these expectations.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 353-372
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.580164
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.580164
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:5-6:p:353-372
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: S. Bacq
Author-X-Name-First: S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bacq
Author-Name: F. Janssen
Author-X-Name-First: F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Janssen
Title: The multiple faces of social entrepreneurship: A review of definitional issues based on geographical and thematic criteria
Abstract:
Social entrepreneurship has recently received greater recognition from
the public sector, as well as from scholars. However, the lack of a
unifying paradigm in the field has lead to a proliferation of definitions.
Moreover, several approaches of the phenomenon, as well as different
schools of thought, have emerged in different regions of the world. At
first glance, because of different conceptions of capitalism and of the
government's role, there seems to be a difference between the American and
the European conceptions of social entrepreneurship. The objective of this
paper is to clarify the concepts of ‘social
entrepreneurship’, ‘social entrepreneur’ and
‘social entrepreneurship organization’ and to examine
whether there is a transatlantic divide in the way these are conceived and
defined. After having justified the need for a definition, we present the
different geographical perspectives. North American and European
literatures on social entrepreneurship are critically analysed by means of
Gartner's four differentiating aspects: the individual, the process, the
organization and the environment. We show that there is no clear-cut
transatlantic divide, but that, even within the US, different conceptions
coexist. We propose definitions for the main concepts associated with
social entrepreneurship and, finally, discuss implications for future
research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 373-403
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.577242
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.577242
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:5-6:p:373-403
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Femida Handy
Author-X-Name-First: Femida
Author-X-Name-Last: Handy
Author-Name: Ram A. Cnaan
Author-X-Name-First: Ram A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Cnaan
Author-Name: Ganesh Bhat
Author-X-Name-First: Ganesh
Author-X-Name-Last: Bhat
Author-Name: Lucas C.P.M. Meijs
Author-X-Name-First: Lucas C.P.M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Meijs
Title: Jasmine growers of coastal Karnataka: Grassroots sustainable community-based enterprise in India
Abstract:
The case of the jasmine flower growers in coastal Karnataka is an example
of a local successful grassroots enterprise that has proved robust for
over 70 years. The aim of this research is to examine the history,
mechanisms, interconnectedness, and success of the jasmine growing program
in coastal Karnataka and assess its compatibility with the community-based
enterprise (CBE) model as proposed by Peredo and Chrisman [Peredo, A.M.,
and J.J. Chrisman. 2006. Toward a theory of community-based enterprise.
Academy of Management Review 31, no. 2: 309--28]. We
found that the existence of a natural, autonomously developed CBE without
‘western’ intervention can help to fine tune our knowledge
of sustainable CBE and assist in helping practitioners learn what works
and what does not when proposing a CBE.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 405-417
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.580166
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.580166
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:5-6:p:405-417
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Massimiliano Mazzanti
Author-X-Name-First: Massimiliano
Author-X-Name-Last: Mazzanti
Author-Name: Sandro Montresor
Author-X-Name-First: Sandro
Author-X-Name-Last: Montresor
Author-Name: Paolo Pini
Author-X-Name-First: Paolo
Author-X-Name-Last: Pini
Title: Outsourcing, delocalization and firm organization: Transaction costs versus industrial relations in a local production system of Emilia Romagna
Abstract:
This article investigates the firms’ decisions to outsource,
taking into account the impact of their embeddedness in a specific
regional context on the relative entrepreneurial decision. It focuses on
the role of industrial relations, as a factor that could interfere with
the entrepreneurs’ decision of resorting to market relationships in
discovering and exploiting new business opportunities. We study a local
production system in Emilia Romagna (Northern Italy), i.e. the province of
Reggio Emilia (RE), whose firms are characterized by a district kind of
environment and where entrepreneurship develops in the presence of
‘thick’ industrial relations. The empirical part of the
study shows that the role of transaction costs in explaining the
outsourcing is blurred, while industrial relations have a stronger
explanatory power. Furthermore, it seems that RE firms generally use
outsourcing and international delocalization in complementary ways;
however, the correlation depends on the activity and the nature of the
delocalization channel. Outsourcing strategies appear to be affected by
the pattern of socio-economic development in the region where the firms
are located. In particular, the entrepreneurial decision to externalize a
part of the production process seems to be related to the specific
participatory, formal and informal mechanisms involved in regional
development.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 419-447
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903233986
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903233986
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:419-447
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maura McAdam
Author-X-Name-First: Maura
Author-X-Name-Last: McAdam
Author-Name: Susan Marlow
Author-X-Name-First: Susan
Author-X-Name-Last: Marlow
Title: Sense and sensibility: The role of business incubator client advisors in assisting high-technology entrepreneurs to make sense of investment readiness status
Abstract:
For high-technology entrepreneurs, attaining an appropriate level of
investment to support new ventures is challenging as substantial
investment is usually required prior to revenue generation. Consequently,
entrepreneurs must present their firms as investment ready in the context
of an uncertain market response and an absence of any trading history.
Gaining tenancy within a business incubator can be advantageous to this
process given that placement enhances entrepreneurial contact with
potential investors whilst professional client advisors (CAs) use their
expertise to assist in the development of a credible business plan.
However, for the investment proposal to be successful, it must make sense
to fund managers despite their lack of technological expertise and product
knowledge. Thus, this article explores how incubator CAs and entrepreneurs
act in concert to mould innovative ideas into plausible business plans
that make sense to venture fund investors. To illustrate this process, we
draw upon empirical evidence which suggests that CAs act as sense makers
between venture fund managers (VFMs) and high-technology entrepreneurs,
yet their role and influence appears undervalued. These findings have
implications for entrepreneurial access to much needed funding and also
for the identification of investment opportunities for VFMs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 449-468
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903406749
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903406749
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:449-468
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Leandro Sepulveda
Author-X-Name-First: Leandro
Author-X-Name-Last: Sepulveda
Author-Name: Stephen Syrett
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen
Author-X-Name-Last: Syrett
Author-Name: Fergus Lyon
Author-X-Name-First: Fergus
Author-X-Name-Last: Lyon
Title: Population superdiversity and new migrant enterprise: The case of London
Abstract:
This article aims to contribute towards an improved empirical and
conceptual understanding of the recent dramatic growth in migrant
enterprises within London. Taking as its starting point the emergence of
increasingly diverse populations within many urban and regional contexts,
the article draws upon the concept of ‘superdiversity’ to
develop a contextual analysis of the development of new migrant
enterprise. In the absence of existing data, the research method combines
secondary materials with primary observational and interview data in
relation to six new arrival communities. The results provide a description
of the changing context for migrant business within London, mapping the
emergence of new forms and geographies of enterprise. The analysis is
developed through an examination of processes of business start up and
growth, and integration into institutional and regulatory frameworks, to
demonstrate how elements of ethnicity, migratory status and a range of
other variables interplay with wider economic and political contexts to
shape diverse new migrant entrepreneurial activities. The article
concludes by considering the challenges that this new phase of diverse
migrant entrepreneurship presents to existing theoretical
conceptualisations of ethnic minority business and the nature of
appropriate policy responses.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 469-497
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903420211
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903420211
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:469-497
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Johan Jansson
Author-X-Name-First: Johan
Author-X-Name-Last: Jansson
Title: Emerging (internet) industry and agglomeration: Internet entrepreneurs coping with uncertainty
Abstract:
Emerging industries are not rare elements in the economy; rather, they
constitute a permanent feature in constantly developing and changing
economic environments. However, the emergence of new industries is rarely
painless or particularly straightforward processes; actors involved in
these processes are confronted with uncertainties of which some are
exclusive to emerging industries. A distinctive example of these processes
was the emergence of the internet industry in Sweden and the agglomeration
of internet firms in central Stockholm. Through three levels of
uncertainty: (1) the newness of the technology introduced to the public
and the emerging markets; (2) the process of developing new markets and
approaching new customers and (3) the renegotiating of pre-existing
structures and flexible ways of organizing work and labour, this article
argues that agglomerations or local urban milieus play a crucial role to
actors (internet entrepreneurs) coping with uncertainty. Agglomerations or
urban milieus compose a necessary infrastructure for (1) negotiating
industrial legitimacy, and thus establishing structures and procedures in
the emerging industry; (2) discovering market opportunities and (3)
informal relations necessary in making flexible labour markets efficient.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 499-521
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903505987
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903505987
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:499-521
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Heiko Bergmann
Author-X-Name-First: Heiko
Author-X-Name-Last: Bergmann
Title: Entrepreneurship disparities within Switzerland -- Do tax and language differences play a role?
Abstract:
Due to its unique political institutions and good economic track record,
Switzerland used to be called a special case. This paper investigates the
start-up propensities in this country based on the individual data of the
adult population survey of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. The focus
is on the factors that are distinctive for Switzerland: language
differences and differences in taxes on corporate profit and personal
income. There are substantial entrepreneurship disparities among the
language areas of Switzerland. Still, I do not find evidence for a
cultural influence. The different start-up propensities in the three
language areas can be explained by structural characteristics of the
regional economy. The same applies to differences in income and profit
taxes. If other regional factors are taken into account, I do not find
evidence for a direct influence of taxes on the entrepreneurial propensity
of the inhabitants of Swiss regions. There is however some evidence for
indirect effects. This paper adds to our understanding of the effects of
culture and tax differences on entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 523-548
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620903508932
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620903508932
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:523-548
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Natasha Evers
Author-X-Name-First: Natasha
Author-X-Name-Last: Evers
Author-Name: Colm O’Gorman
Author-X-Name-First: Colm
Author-X-Name-Last: O’Gorman
Title: Improvised internationalization in new ventures: The role of prior knowledge and networks
Abstract:
How do entrepreneurs identify foreign market opportunities and how do
they identify foreign market(s) and customers? We draw on the concepts of
effectuation, improvisation, prior knowledge and networks to study the
early internationalization of new ventures operating in the Irish
Shellfish sector. We argue that the internationalization process was
strongly influenced by two ‘resources to hand’: the
entrepreneurs’ idiosyncratic prior knowledge and their prior social
and business ties. We observe an effectuation logic and extensive
improvisation in the internationalization process of these new ventures.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 549-574
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003690299
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003690299
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:549-574
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lutz Trettin
Author-X-Name-First: Lutz
Author-X-Name-Last: Trettin
Author-Name: Friederike Welter
Author-X-Name-First: Friederike
Author-X-Name-Last: Welter
Title: Challenges for spatially oriented entrepreneurship research
Abstract:
During the past two decades, interdisciplinary oriented entrepreneurship
research focused increasingly on spatial aspects of entrepreneurial
activities and support policies. This paper takes stock of central themes
in entrepreneurship research at and across different geographic scales,
the preferred sources of data and information as well as methodological
approaches. It sets out to discuss the shifting interest of research over
time and to sketch out theoretical and methodological challenges for
further research. This paper is based on a review of 18 international
journals in small business and entrepreneurship research, economic
geography, regional economics and neighbouring sciences for the period
1990--2007. Altogether, 348 relevant articles were identified, read and
classified. The analysis reveals that the entrepreneur's socio-spatial
contexts in which they operate on a daily basis are still absent from much
of the entrepreneurship debate. We suggest intensifying research efforts
on the linkage between entrepreneurial activities and localities in order
to reach a better understanding of the everydayness of entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 575-602
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003792988
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003792988
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:575-602
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: A. Arbuthnott
Author-X-Name-First: A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Arbuthnott
Author-Name: J. Eriksson
Author-X-Name-First: J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Eriksson
Author-Name: S. Thorgren
Author-X-Name-First: S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Thorgren
Author-Name: J. Wincent
Author-X-Name-First: J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Wincent
Title: Reduced opportunities for regional renewal: The role of rigid threat responses among a region's established firms
Abstract:
This article illustrates how opportunities for regional renewal in a
peripheral region may be reduced by rigid threat responses undertaken by
established firms operating within traditional regional industry. In an
inductive case study of new biorefinery industry initiatives in a region
where traditional pulp-and-paper and forestry industry was in decline, we
used primary and secondary data to outline how a set of new industry
players who created innovative ways of using existing regional
infrastructures and resources sparked rigid threat responses among
established firms from the struggling traditional industry. Established
industry firms framed new industry initiatives as threats, and responded
by (1) reducing new industry actors’ possibilities for new business
development, (2) engaging in entrenched resistance, (3) creating
collaborative illusions and (4) undermining the fundamentals of the new
industry. Consequently, this study contributes to existing literature by
proposing the potential of applying the threat-rigidity thesis on a
regional level. This is achieved by illustrating that conflicting
behaviours between new and established regional industry actors constrain
opportunities for regional renewal in a peripheral region. As such,
relevant directions for future research and policy implications are
outlined.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 603-635
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985621003792996
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985621003792996
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:603-635
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Isidoro Romero
Author-X-Name-First: Isidoro
Author-X-Name-Last: Romero
Title: Analysing the composition of the SME sector in high- and low-income regions: Some research hypotheses
Abstract:
Certain qualitative characteristics of the small- and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) operating within a territory might be essential to
explain their macroeconomic impact. From this perspective, this article
explores the relationship between the composition of the SME sector and
the level of regional economic development. In this regard, a conceptual
framework to analyse the composition of SME sectors is proposed
considering two key aspects: on the one hand, different dimensions of
SMEs’ entrepreneurial orientation -- innovation, cooperation,
proactivity and quality orientation; and, on the other hand, the role of
the external effects resulting from the inter-firm productive linkages
within a specific area -- differentiating between domestic, dependent,
exporting and extravert SMEs. The relationship between these two key
aspects is also considered and tested using a multinomial logit model. The
empirical analysis uses data from a survey among over 650 SMEs in two
Spanish provinces: Barcelona, as an example of a high-income economy, and
Seville, as an example of a comparatively backward area.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 637-660
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.491872
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.491872
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:637-660
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Steffen Korsgaard
Author-X-Name-First: Steffen
Author-X-Name-Last: Korsgaard
Title: Entrepreneurship as translation: Understanding entrepreneurial opportunities through actor-network theory
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship scholars argue that opportunities are at the heart of
entrepreneurial activity. Yet, there is still a heated debate on the
nature of opportunities. The discovery view argues that opportunities are
discovered and have objective existence prior to the entrepreneurial
process. The creation view argues that the discovery view is incomplete
and makes wrongful assumptions about agency, process and opportunities in
entrepreneurship. More conceptual development, however, is needed for the
creation view to become a fully developed theoretical alternative to the
discovery view. In this article, Actor-Network Theory is used to develop
the creation view and further our understanding of entrepreneurial
processes.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 661-680
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.546432
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.546432
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:7-8:p:661-680
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tom Vanacker
Author-X-Name-First: Tom
Author-X-Name-Last: Vanacker
Author-Name: Sophie Manigart
Author-X-Name-First: Sophie
Author-X-Name-Last: Manigart
Author-Name: Miguel Meuleman
Author-X-Name-First: Miguel
Author-X-Name-Last: Meuleman
Author-Name: Luc Sels
Author-X-Name-First: Luc
Author-X-Name-Last: Sels
Title: A longitudinal study on the relationship between financial bootstrapping and new venture growth
Abstract:
While bootstrap finance is widely used in entrepreneurial ventures, both
scholars and practitioners have presented conflicting views on the
relation between financial bootstrapping and venture growth. This article
empirically investigates the association between bootstrap strategies used
at startup and subsequent venture growth. For this purpose, we use a
longitudinal database comprising data from both questionnaires and
financial accounts of 214 new ventures. Findings demonstrate that the
association between financial bootstrapping and venture growth is either
nonexistent or positive. More specifically, new ventures that use more
owner funds, employ more interim personnel, encourage customers to pay
more quickly, and apply for more subsidy programs exhibit higher growth
over time. We discuss the managerial and policy implications of these
results and suggest avenues for future research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 681-705
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.502250
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.502250
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:9-10:p:681-705
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jesus Valdaliso
Author-X-Name-First: Jesus
Author-X-Name-Last: Valdaliso
Author-Name: Aitziber Elola
Author-X-Name-First: Aitziber
Author-X-Name-Last: Elola
Author-Name: Marijose Aranguren
Author-X-Name-First: Marijose
Author-X-Name-Last: Aranguren
Author-Name: Santiago Lopez
Author-X-Name-First: Santiago
Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez
Title: Social capital, internationalization and absorptive capacity: The electronics and ICT cluster of the Basque Country
Abstract:
This article analyses the case of a successful young high technology
cluster in an old industrialized European region, the electronics and
information and communications technology cluster in the Basque Country
(Spain). Based on the findings of this case study, we propose that social
capital and internationalization play an important role in increasing the
absorptive capacity of clusters (thus, the capacity of a cluster to
absorb, diffuse and creatively exploit extra-cluster knowledge), and
hence, in sustaining their growth and dynamism. Absorptive capacity
depends on the capacity of firms to establish intra- and extra-cluster
knowledge linkages. We put forward in this article the fact that social
capital fosters intra-cluster knowledge linkages, and cluster's
internationalization the extra-cluster knowledge ones. Therefore, social
capital and internationalization are key elements to increase the
absorptive capacity of a cluster and its growth. Given the accumulative,
path- and place-dependent nature of social capital and knowledge creation
and accumulation, we employed a largely qualitative and historical
analysis, combining statistical and qualitative cluster data and
interviews with key actors.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 707-733
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.505268
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.505268
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:9-10:p:707-733
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dilani Jayawarna
Author-X-Name-First: Dilani
Author-X-Name-Last: Jayawarna
Author-Name: Oswald Jones
Author-X-Name-First: Oswald
Author-X-Name-Last: Jones
Author-Name: Allan Macpherson
Author-X-Name-First: Allan
Author-X-Name-Last: Macpherson
Title: New business creation and regional development: Enhancing resource acquisition in areas of social deprivation
Abstract:
Over 7 years, the UK-Government funded an entrepreneurship scholarship
scheme in the most deprived regions of England. This study examines how,
for 211 of these nascent entrepreneurs, bootstrapping compensated for
their inability to obtain debt or equity funding. Results show that social
capital (strong, weak and brokerage ties) is important for access to
bootstrapped resources. While human capital, including previous business
experience and financial skills, are linked to joint-utilisation
approaches to bootstrapping, higher financial investment is linked to
owner- and payment-related approaches. A key outcome for developing
appropriate regional policy is that ‘brokers’ provide a link
between socially disadvantaged entrepreneurs and external resources.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 735-761
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.520337
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.520337
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:9-10:p:735-761
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Leona Achtenhagen
Author-X-Name-First: Leona
Author-X-Name-Last: Achtenhagen
Author-Name: Friederike Welter
Author-X-Name-First: Friederike
Author-X-Name-Last: Welter
Title: ‘Surfing on the ironing board’ -- the representation of women's entrepreneurship in German newspapers
Abstract:
Despite extensive attempts to enhance women's entrepreneurship in
Germany, a gender gap continues to exist. This article sets out to analyse
the representation of women's entrepreneurship in German media, by
analysing how it is depicted in newspapers and how this changes over time.
Images transported in media might regulate the nature of women's
entrepreneurship, as they contain information about
‘typical’ and ‘socially desirable’ behaviour
of women as well as of entrepreneurs. This article contributes to
developing an understanding of the relevance of media representation of
the entrepreneurship phenomenon for influencing the propensity towards
entrepreneurial activity.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 763-786
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.520338
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.520338
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:9-10:p:763-786
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lutz Preuss
Author-X-Name-First: Lutz
Author-X-Name-Last: Preuss
Title: On the contribution of public procurement to entrepreneurship and small business policy
Abstract:
Public procurement in industrialized nations accounts for a significant
share of gross domestic product; hence it is imperative for local,
regional and national economic development to utilize this potential.
However, previous discussions of entrepreneurship and small business
policy have by and large marginalized public sector procurement. As a
contribution to giving greater salience to the linkages between regional
development, entrepreneurship and public procurement, this paper presents
empirical results of a qualitative study into local government authorities
in the United Kingdom. In particular, it draws out a range of enablers and
barriers for sourcing from small- and medium-sized enterprises that were
perceived by procurement managers. The focus on public sector procurement
furthermore leads to a more systematic theoretical elaboration of
entrepreneurship policy as being based on legal authority or the market or
network effects from geographic proximity.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 787-814
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.546433
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.546433
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:9-10:p:787-814
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arnaldo Camuffo
Author-X-Name-First: Arnaldo
Author-X-Name-Last: Camuffo
Author-Name: Roberto Grandinetti
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Grandinetti
Title: Italian industrial districts as cognitive systems: Are they still reproducible?
Abstract:
Adopting a knowledge-based perspective, this study develops a framework
of how Italian industrial districts (IDs) operate and evolve as cognitive
systems. First, we analyse the mechanisms that facilitate knowledge
diffusion across firms within IDs, the enabler of cross-firm knowledge
transfer (absorptive capacity) and the process of producing new knowledge
by combination. Within this analysis, we consider the formation of new
firms resulting from the break-away of human resources from existing
district firms (spin-offs) as a particular form of knowledge transfer and
production within districts. Knowledge production by combination may take
place not only within boundaries of IDs, but also involve external
sources. We suggest that innovations made by combining internal and
external knowledge have played an important role in shaping the
evolutionary trajectories of IDs. Finally, again from the cognitive
perspective, we address the issue of how globalization impacts on district
systems, concentrating on the positive role that two different types of
local actors play in their reproduction and evolution: the global--local
firms and institutions providing knowledge-intensive business services.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 815-852
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.577815
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.577815
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:9-10:p:815-852
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wubiao Zhou
Author-X-Name-First: Wubiao
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou
Title: Regional deregulation and entrepreneurial growth in China's transition economy
Abstract:
Despite a less favourable national institutional environment, the private
entrepreneurial sector has developed rapidly in China's transition
economy. To resolve this puzzle, this study argues that regional
deregulation plays a significant role in China's entrepreneurial growth
because it stimulates free markets and lifts predatory and discriminatory
regulatory policies affecting entrepreneurship. I use provincial-level
panel data (1998--2003) for hypothesis testing. The results, based on
fixed effects estimation, suggest that deregulation indeed has a
significantly positive effect on entrepreneurial growth within regions. In
addition, this effect is found to be stronger in earlier years, as well as
among less developed, inland regions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 853-876
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.577816
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.577816
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:9-10:p:853-876
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mine Karataş-Özkan
Author-X-Name-First: Mine
Author-X-Name-Last: Karataş-Özkan
Title: Understanding relational qualities of entrepreneurial learning: Towards a multi-layered approach
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to present a multi-layered relational framework
of entrepreneurial learning by embedding the conceptual tools of a
continental thinker, Pierre Bourdieu, in a social constructionist
paradigmatic approach. Through a longitudinal study based on participant
observation and in-depth qualitative interviews, entrepreneurial learning
processes of five nascent entrepreneurs who have formed a venture team
have been examined as a case study. Relational qualities of
entrepreneurial learning can be illuminated by exploring dispositions and
different forms of capital that nascent entrepreneurs hold at the
micro-individual level, which are inextricably linked to the
meso-relational level of developing an entrepreneurial
habitus as they navigate through the process of business
venturing. Such a multi-layered conceptualisation of entrepreneurial
learning transcends individual-, team-, firm- and network-level analyses
of the subject by generating insights from both micro- and meso-layers.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 877-906
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 23
Year: 2011
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.577817
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.577817
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2011:i:9-10:p:877-906
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Huggins
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins
Author-Name: Nick Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Nick
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Title: Entrepreneurship and regional competitiveness: The role and progression of policy
Abstract:
Regions have gained a position at the forefront of the economic
development policy agenda. However, the regional approach to economic
strategy remains contested. This paper tests the extent to which regional
policy in less competitive regions is accounting for issues relating to
entrepreneurship and enterprise development as a tool for improving
regional competitiveness. It does so by examining policies undertaken by
the UK Labour government 1997--2010, drawing on interviews with policy
makers and an analysis of relevant policy documents. This paper finds that
entrepreneurship policy at the regional level is multidimensional, with
policies broadly ranging from those that are either economically or
socially driven. Although there is a considerable policy activity in these
areas across less competitive regions, enterprise policy making remains
relatively undifferentiated across the regions. There are a number of
evolutions in regional policy occurring, especially a shift from policies
relating to the facilitation of clusters to those focused on developing
regional innovation ecosystems. It is found that regional policy makers
are under pressure to measure short-term outputs at the expense of
long-term nurturing. The paper also finds that there is a tension between
using enterprise policy as a tool for improving regional competitiveness
or for addressing economic and social disadvantage.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 907-932
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 23
Year: 2010
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.577818
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.577818
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:23:y:2010:i:9-10:p:907-932
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Candida G. Brush
Author-X-Name-First: Candida G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Brush
Author-Name: Sarah Y. Cooper
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Y.
Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper
Title: Female entrepreneurship and economic development: An international perspective
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-6
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.637340
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.637340
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:1-2:p:1-6
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tatiana S. Manolova
Author-X-Name-First: Tatiana S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Manolova
Author-Name: Candida G. Brush
Author-X-Name-First: Candida G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Brush
Author-Name: Linda F. Edelman
Author-X-Name-First: Linda F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Edelman
Author-Name: Kelly G. Shaver
Author-X-Name-First: Kelly G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Shaver
Title: One size does not fit all: Entrepreneurial expectancies and growth intentions of US women and men nascent entrepreneurs
Abstract:
Women are the majority owners of 30% (6.7 million) of all privately held
firms in the US. The vast majority of these firms, however, are smaller
than average with only 16% achieving annual revenues of more than
$500,000. This suggests that women may have different expectations for the
growth of their ventures than men. Using the US Panel Study of
Entrepreneurial Dynamics dataset, this paper utilizes an expectancy theory
perspective to propose differences in growth expectancies of nascent men
and women entrepreneurs. Specifically, we conceptualize new venture
creation as a process based on the effort--performance--outcome model of
entrepreneurial expectancies and propose that differences in motivations
towards growth may mediate those relationships. Our findings indicate that
while men want to grow their new ventures to achieve financial success,
for women, financial success is just one of many reasons to achieve
growth. Implications are discussed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 7-27
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.637344
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.637344
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:1-2:p:7-27
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dilek Cetindamar
Author-X-Name-First: Dilek
Author-X-Name-Last: Cetindamar
Author-Name: Vishal K. Gupta
Author-X-Name-First: Vishal K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gupta
Author-Name: Esra E. Karadeniz
Author-X-Name-First: Esra E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Karadeniz
Author-Name: Nilufer Egrican
Author-X-Name-First: Nilufer
Author-X-Name-Last: Egrican
Title: What the numbers tell: The impact of human, family and financial capital on women and men's entry into entrepreneurship in Turkey
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship contributes to economic development in countries
worldwide. Entrepreneurial activity is beneficial for both men and women,
including those in developing countries. However, men and women may not
engage in entrepreneurship to the same extent because of differential
access to (various forms of) capital. This study examines the relative
importance of three types of capital -- human, family and financial -- in
pursuing entrepreneurship. Using data collected in Turkey, we find that
regardless of sex, all three forms of capital influence the likelihood of
becoming an entrepreneur in varying degrees. Contrary to expectations, the
impact of human capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur is
higher for women than men. Data also revealed that family capital
facilitates women's entry into entrepreneurship only when family size is
very large (i.e. seven or more). No gender differences are observed in the
impact of financial capital on the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur.
Findings suggest that to encourage entrepreneurship in Turkey,
policy-makers should emphasize access to human and financial capital.
Furthermore, findings suggest that women's likelihood of becoming an
entrepreneur will be especially encouraged if they have increased access
to education, as well as the skills necessary to take advantage of their
family capital.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 29-51
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.637348
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.637348
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:1-2:p:29-51
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pauric McGowan
Author-X-Name-First: Pauric
Author-X-Name-Last: McGowan
Author-Name: Caroline Lewis Redeker
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Lewis
Author-X-Name-Last: Redeker
Author-Name: Sarah Y. Cooper
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Y.
Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper
Author-Name: Kate Greenan
Author-X-Name-First: Kate
Author-X-Name-Last: Greenan
Title: Female entrepreneurship and the management of business and domestic roles: Motivations, expectations and realities
Abstract:
Whilst some women are motivated to establish entrepreneurial ventures by
factors which are similar to those of their male counterparts (including a
desire for independence and financial gain), unlike the majority of men, a
sizeable number choose entrepreneurship to balance work responsibilities
and earning potential with domestic/familial commitments. Despite growing
numbers of women citing flexibility and childcare obligations as strong
motivations for starting a business relatively little attention has been
paid to exploring their motivations, expectations and actual experiences
of entrepreneurship, and the extent to which entrepreneurship really
offers an improved work/family ‘balance’. This paper
presents findings of exploratory, qualitative research conducted in
Northern Ireland, which focused upon the entrepreneurial journeys of 14
women as they established and managed their ventures, whilst balancing
domestic/familial demands. Drawing upon information-rich evidence from
in-depth interviews, insights are presented into their motivations and
expectations of what entrepreneurship would offer, and the realities of
their experience.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 53-72
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.637351
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.637351
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:1-2:p:53-72
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Barbara Orser
Author-X-Name-First: Barbara
Author-X-Name-Last: Orser
Author-Name: Allan Riding
Author-X-Name-First: Allan
Author-X-Name-Last: Riding
Author-Name: Joanne Stanley
Author-X-Name-First: Joanne
Author-X-Name-Last: Stanley
Title: Perceived career challenges and response strategies of women in the advanced technology sector
Abstract:
The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of the
perceived barriers to career advancement specific to women in the advanced
technology sectors. Strategies employed in response to perceived barriers
are also examined. Empirical results are based on analysis of qualitative
data from a sample of 115 women members of Canadian Women in Technology.
Personal-, firm- and industry-level barriers to career advancement were
documented. The respondents attributed a high proportion of the challenges
they encountered to gender. Respondents were most likely to resolve
challenges through personal, or ‘do-it-yourself’, solutions.
Few cited firm- or industry-related support structures. While mentoring
was identified as a frequently used response strategy through which women
address career challenges, the majority of firms in the advanced
technology sector lack sufficient numbers of suitable women mentors. The
lack of mentorship opportunities is particularly acute for women
entrepreneurs. The findings are discussed from the context of
contradictions between an industry need to attract and retain
entrepreneurial talent and respondents’ perceived career barriers.
Industry-level remedial strategies are advanced in the form of: a women's
mentoring programme; case studies about successful women entrepreneurs and
a website to inform women about career advancement strategies. The
programmes were designed by the research team to respond to the challenges
cited by women and were implemented in cooperation with the trade
association as a critical component of an on-going applied research
programme.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 73-93
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.637355
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.637355
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:1-2:p:73-93
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Smallbone
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Smallbone
Author-Name: Friederike Welter
Author-X-Name-First: Friederike
Author-X-Name-Last: Welter
Title: Cross-border entrepreneurship
Abstract:
Cross-border entrepreneurship refers to entrepreneurial activity across
international borders, which typically involves some form of cooperation
or partnership. It includes a wide range of different types of
entrepreneurship, from informal petty.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 95-104
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670907
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670907
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:95-104
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael J. Pisani
Author-X-Name-First: Michael J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pisani
Author-Name: Chad Richardson
Author-X-Name-First: Chad
Author-X-Name-Last: Richardson
Title: Cross-border informal entrepreneurs across the South Texas--Northern Mexico boundary
Abstract:
The border acts as a conduit for some, a funnel for others and as a
barrier for many engaged in economic and entrepreneurial activities in
South Texas (US) and Northern Mexico. Within this border zone, there are
many informal entrepreneurs who actively use the border
not only as a wedge against the competition, but also as a lever to gain
competitive advantage. Utilizing both qualitative (600 ethnographic
interviews) and quantitative (526 survey respondents) research methods, we
examine informal cross-border entrepreneurs within the South
Texas--Northern Mexico border corridor. Our most salient empirical results
indicate: (1) the undocumented are nearly nine times more likely to be
engaged in informal cross-border economic activity than US citizens and
(2) those informals who possess at least one business permit to operate on
either side of the border were two to three times more likely to engage in
cross-border activity than those respondents without a business permit.
Our ethnographic accounts provide context for our findings
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 105-121
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670908
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670908
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:105-121
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Olivier Walther
Author-X-Name-First: Olivier
Author-X-Name-Last: Walther
Title: Traders, agricultural entrepreneurs and the development of cross-border regions in West Africa
Abstract:
This paper examines the economic and spatial logics of traders and
farmers located between Niger, Benin and Nigeria, with a view to
identifying possible complementarities and their implications for regional
integration in West Africa. It shows that the development of cross-border
regions is highly dependent on the combination of two divergent spatial
logics, i.e. the circulation developed by traders and the production
developed by agricultural investors. Even though cross-border traders and
farmers pursue divergent strategies, the paper suggests that the
activities of both are centred on urban border markets. Consequently,
investment in border market facilities could promote both trading and
productive activities simultaneously in a number of countries. In this
regard, the paper underscores the potential benefit of focusing
development on functional economic areas rather than on nation-states,
addressing concerns that border trade may undermine productive
development.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 123-141
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670909
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670909
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:123-141
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yung-Hsing Guo
Author-X-Name-First: Yung-Hsing
Author-X-Name-Last: Guo
Title: Small and medium enterprises as pioneers in the expansion of global production networks: A case study of the Japanese electronics industry in Guangdong, China
Abstract:
Japan has been the largest source country of foreign direct investment
(FDI) in China, excluding overseas Chinese territories and tax havens.
However, Japan's large-scale but relatively closed production networks
have received little discussion in previous research. Two peaks in
Japanese investment can be distinguished: the first led by the electronics
industry in the mid-1990s and the second by the automotive industry after
2003. Cross-border production network building in the electronics industry
is quite different from the scenarios of conventional global production
networks (GPN) theory, where leading firms dominate the building of global
production networks. In this paper, I demonstrate that in the development
of the electronics industry, the institutional advantage small and medium
enterprises have of knowing how to operate production bases in Southern
China has enabled them to guide leading firms in building cross-border
production networks.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 143-159
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670910
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670910
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:143-159
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Matthias Fink
Author-X-Name-First: Matthias
Author-X-Name-Last: Fink
Author-Name: Rainer Harms
Author-X-Name-First: Rainer
Author-X-Name-Last: Harms
Title: Contextualizing the relationship between self-commitment and performance: Environmental and behavioural uncertainty in (cross-border) alliances of SMEs
Abstract:
Cooperation based on self-commitment of the partners is relevant for
successful alliances in the context of uncertainty. However, the
performance impact of self-commitment can be contingent on the type of
uncertainty. Based on the distinction between environmental uncertainty
and behavioural uncertainty, we analyse the contingent effect of
cooperation based on self-commitment in national and international
alliances with focal companies from both market economies and transition
economies (n = 181). Our analysis reveals
that cooperation based on self-commitment has a positive relationship with
performance when the focal company is from a transition economy,
irrespective of whether it is engaged in a national or an international
alliance. We conclude that the performance effect of cooperation based on
self-commitment is contingent upon the geographic origin of the focal
company.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 161-179
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670911
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670911
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:161-179
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James W. Scott
Author-X-Name-First: James W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Scott
Author-Name: Jussi Laine
Author-X-Name-First: Jussi
Author-X-Name-Last: Laine
Title: Borderwork: Finnish-Russian co-operation and civil society engagement in the social economy of transformation
Abstract:
This paper presents results from research projects that have investigated
networks of civil society organizations (CSOs) between EU member states
and neighbouring countries. The focus here is on Finnish-Russian civil
society co-operation in the areas of social welfare provision as well as
regional and economic development. One major objective in this conjunction
is to assess the contribution of this cross-border co-operation to the
development of Russia's social economy as well as to discuss the various
obstacles that civil society actors face in developing co-operative
projects. As such, organizational, social and technical issues are
important areas to be addressed. However, civil society co-operation is
not a mere technical issue; understanding of the social embeddedness of
civil society are also necessary in order to promote social welfare
agendas. The concluding section will reflect on experiences of CSO
co-operation with regard to capacity-building processes of social learning
and future prospects for social enterprise.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 181-197
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670912
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670912
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:181-197
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christos Kalantaridis
Author-X-Name-First: Christos
Author-X-Name-Last: Kalantaridis
Author-Name: Denise Fletcher
Author-X-Name-First: Denise
Author-X-Name-Last: Fletcher
Title: Entrepreneurship and institutional change: A research agenda
Abstract:
This paper introduces a Special Issue on the theme of Entrepreneurship
and Institutional Change. Drawing upon the accumulated literature and
three original contributions it aims to explore the conditions and the
processes through which entrepreneurship may influence institutional
change. The paper argues that entrepreneurs are not only influenced by the
prevailing institution(s) but they can also influence (both intentionally
and unintentionally) institutional change. This challenges prevailing
views about the ability and effectiveness of the state to drive change.
The paper also outlines an agenda for future research into how
entrepreneurship shapes emerging institutional arrangements.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 199-214
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670913
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670913
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:199-214
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Smallbone
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Smallbone
Author-Name: Friederike Welter
Author-X-Name-First: Friederike
Author-X-Name-Last: Welter
Title: Entrepreneurship and institutional change in transition economies: The Commonwealth of Independent States, Central and Eastern Europe and China compared
Abstract:
This paper examines the interrelationships between institutional change
and entrepreneurship development in countries that until recently were
operating under the rules of central planning. The evidence presented in
the paper shows important differences in state-entrepreneurship
relationships between former Soviet republics, where the slow pace of
institutional change and major institutional deficiencies has constrained
the development of productive entrepreneurship; Central European countries
that are now part of the European Union (EU), where institutional changes
associated with accession to the EU are associated with the state becoming
an important agent of formal and informal institutional change; and China
which presents something of a conundrum, since entrepreneurship has
developed rapidly despite major formal institutional deficiencies. Yang's
concept of double entrepreneurship is used to explain the so-called
Chinese puzzle, where enterprise takes on a socio-political as well as a
purely economic dimension. The paper demonstrates the complexity of
institutional-entrepreneurship relationships, illustrated with examples of
how entrepreneurs can influence institutional change even in hostile
institutional environments.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 215-233
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670914
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670914
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:215-233
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zografia Bika
Author-X-Name-First: Zografia
Author-X-Name-Last: Bika
Title: Entrepreneurial sons, patriarchy and the Colonels’ experiment in Thessaly, rural Greece
Abstract:
Existing studies within the field of institutional entrepreneurship
explore how entrepreneurs influence change in economic institutions. This
paper turns the attention of scholarly inquiry on the antecedents of
deinstitutionalization and more specifically, the influence of
entrepreneurship in shaping social institutions such as patriarchy. The
paper draws from the findings of ethnographic work in two Greek lowland
village communities during the military Dictatorship (1967--1974).
Paradoxically this era associated with the spread of mechanization, cheap
credit, revaluation of labour and clear means-ends relations, signalled
entrepreneurial sons’ individuated dissent and activism who were
now able to question the Patriarch's authority, recognize opportunities
and act as unintentional agents of deinstitutionalization. A
‘different’ model of institutional change is presented here,
where politics intersects with entrepreneurs, in changing social
institutions. This model discusses the external drivers of institutional
atrophy and how handling dissensus (and its varieties over historical
time) is instrumental in enabling institutional entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 235-257
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670915
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670915
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:235-257
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Breda McCarthy
Author-X-Name-First: Breda
Author-X-Name-Last: McCarthy
Title: From fishing and factories to cultural tourism: The role of social entrepreneurs in the construction of a new institutional field
Abstract:
Starting from the premise that cultural tourism is a new institutional
field, this paper explores the construction of cultural tourism in
regional Ireland. This paper proposes an institutional framework which
consists of three main drivers of change: ‘government
policy’, ‘resource-mobilization opportunities’ and
‘social entrepreneurship’. It is argued that the development
of cultural tourism was made possible by the unique networks of
relationships and associations that underpin music, festival and language
fields. This study is situated in the literature on neo-institutional
theory, and it draws on a model of change [Seo, M., and Creed-Douglas, W.
2002. Institutional contradictions, praxis and institutional change: A
dialectical perspective. Academy of Management Review 27,
no. 2: 222--47.] to explore how cultural tourism was shaped by powerful
historical, political and cultural forces over time.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 259-282
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.670916
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.670916
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:3-4:p:259-282
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Neil Tocher
Author-X-Name-First: Neil
Author-X-Name-Last: Tocher
Author-Name: Sharon L. Oswald
Author-X-Name-First: Sharon L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Oswald
Author-Name: Christopher L. Shook
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Shook
Author-Name: Garry Adams
Author-X-Name-First: Garry
Author-X-Name-Last: Adams
Title: Entrepreneur political skill and new venture performance: Extending the social competence perspective
Abstract:
Research on the social competence perspective holds that since operating
high performing new ventures is dependent on entrepreneurs’ ability
to influence stakeholder actions, entrepreneur social competence is likely
critically important to new venture performance. Using a sample of 163
entrepreneurs throughout the USA, we extend such research by examining the
entrepreneur political skill new venture performance relationship. Our
results suggest that political skill, which is the component of social
competence which specifically assesses an individual's ability to
influence other's actions within the business environment, is positively
associated with new venture performance. Study results provide additional
support for the social competence perspective.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 283-305
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2010.535856
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2010.535856
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:5-6:p:283-305
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Annaleena Parhankangas
Author-X-Name-First: Annaleena
Author-X-Name-Last: Parhankangas
Author-Name: Åsa Lindholm-Dahlstrand
Author-X-Name-First: Åsa
Author-X-Name-Last: Lindholm-Dahlstrand
Title: Spin-offs to stock markets as a complementary form of entrepreneurship: Contrasting US, UK and Japanese experiences
Abstract:
This study explores the impact of the national institutional environment
on the listing of firms on stock exchanges in Japan, the US, and the UK.
In particular, the study compares the incidence of: (1) independent firm
initial public offerings (IPOs); and (2) the subsidiaries of established
corporations being spun-off to stock markets. An empirical analysis is
conducted on a sample of 9118 IPOs extracted from the Securities Data
Company New Issue Database. The results show that Japan and the UK are
more active in incubating new innovative ventures within large
corporations and spinning them to the stock markets than their general
entrepreneurial activity would suggest. These results direct our attention
to different forms of industrial renewal in different institutional
environments.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 307-335
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 24
Year: 2011
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.577819
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.577819
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2011:i:5-6:p:307-335
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Bassens
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Bassens
Author-Name: Ben Derudder
Author-X-Name-First: Ben
Author-X-Name-Last: Derudder
Author-Name: Frank Witlox
Author-X-Name-First: Frank
Author-X-Name-Last: Witlox
Title: ‘Gatekeepers’ of Islamic financial circuits: Analysing urban geographies of the global Shari’a elite
Abstract:
This paper analyses the importance of ‘Shari’a
scholars’ in the Islamic Financial Services (IFS) sector, which has
been a growing global practice since the 1970s. Based on Shari’a
Law, IFS firms provide banking, finance and insurance respecting
faith-based prohibitions on interest, speculation and risk taking.
Although IFS firms operate across a variety of scales and involve a range
of actors, this paper focuses on the transnational capacities of
Shari’a experts employed by IFS firms. These scholars use their
extensive knowledge of Shari’a Law to assess the
‘Islamic’ character of a firm's operations, and assist the
development of Shari’a-compliant products. As they embody necessary
entry-points into Islamic circuits of knowledge and authority, members of
what we dub the ‘global Shari’a elite’ can be
regarded as ‘gatekeepers’ of Islamic financial circuits.
Drawing on a comprehensive data source we present a geographical analysis
of Shari’a board membership, nationality and educational background
of 253 Shari’a scholars. The results show that the global
Shari’a elite connects a limited number of IFS hubs (e.g. Dubai,
Kuala Lumpur, Kuwait City, Manama, and London) to knowledge and authority
networks falling outside ‘mainstream’ business and service
spheres.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 337-355
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.577820
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.577820
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:5-6:p:337-355
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jun Li
Author-X-Name-First: Jun
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Author-Name: Shuai Geng
Author-X-Name-First: Shuai
Author-X-Name-Last: Geng
Title: Industrial clusters, shared resources and firm performance
Abstract:
Drawing upon the resource-based view, this paper examines the
relationships between various types of cluster-based shared resources and
cluster firm performance in the Chinese context. Using survey data from a
sample of 294 small- and medium-sized enterprises from industrial clusters
in Zhejiang Province, we find evidence to support arguments that cluster
firms in comparison with non-cluster firms demonstrate significantly
higher perceptions of shared resources and that shared resources
exclusively available to cluster firms link to better cluster firm
performance. The findings of our research suggest that cluster policy
needs to attend to the constituents of shared resources in order to
enhance firm performance.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 357-381
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.591841
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.591841
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:5-6:p:357-381
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Helen Lawton Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Helen Lawton
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith
Author-Name: Sharmistha Bagchi-Sen
Author-X-Name-First: Sharmistha
Author-X-Name-Last: Bagchi-Sen
Title: The research university, entrepreneurship and regional development: Research propositions and current evidence
Abstract:
The objective of this paper is to set a framework for examining the
conditions under which a research university becomes more than a latent
asset [Power, D., and A. Malmberg. 2008. The contribution of universities
to innovation and economic development: In what sense a regional problem?
Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 1, no.
2: 233--46.] in regional economies. The framework is comprised of four
propositions used to identify drivers of change, evidence of change and
evidence of impact. As an exemplar, we examine the University of Oxford's
growing engagement in its local region. This paper shows that the
convergence between the interests of the university and the local
high-tech economy is particularly associated with broader technological
trends and with the University's capacity to draw on national funding
programmes designed to stimulate ‘third-stream’ activities,
including entrepreneurship courses and regional networking activities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 383-404
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.592547
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.592547
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:5-6:p:383-404
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Henrik Ohlsson
Author-X-Name-First: Henrik
Author-X-Name-Last: Ohlsson
Author-Name: Per Broomé
Author-X-Name-First: Per
Author-X-Name-Last: Broomé
Author-Name: Pieter Bevelander
Author-X-Name-First: Pieter
Author-X-Name-Last: Bevelander
Title: Self-employment of immigrants and natives in Sweden -- a multilevel analysis
Abstract:
Recent research suggests that self-employment among immigrants is due to
a combination of multiple situational, cultural and institutional factors,
all acting together. Using multilevel regression and unique data on the
entire population of Sweden for the year 2007, this study attempts to
quantify the relative importance for the self-employed of embeddedness in
ethnic contexts (country of birth) and regional business and public
regulatory frameworks (labour market areas). This information indicates
whether the layers under consideration are valid constructs of the
surroundings that influence individual self-employment. The results show
that 10% (women) and 8% (men) of the total variation in individual
differences in self-employment can be attributed to the country of birth.
When labour market areas are included in the analyses, the share of the
total variation increases to 14% for women and 12% for men. The results
show that the ethnic context and the economic environment play a minor
role in understanding individual differences in self-employment levels.
The results can have important implications when planning interventions or
other actions focusing on self-employment as public measures to promote
self-employment often are based on geographic areas and ethnic contexts.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 405-423
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.598570
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.598570
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:5-6:p:405-423
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: José F. Molina-Azorín
Author-X-Name-First: José F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Molina-Azorín
Author-Name: María D. López-Gamero
Author-X-Name-First: María D.
Author-X-Name-Last: López-Gamero
Author-Name: Jorge Pereira-Moliner
Author-X-Name-First: Jorge
Author-X-Name-Last: Pereira-Moliner
Author-Name: Eva M. Pertusa-Ortega
Author-X-Name-First: Eva M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pertusa-Ortega
Title: Mixed methods studies in entrepreneurship research: Applications and contributions
Abstract:
Mixed methods research is becoming an increasingly popular approach in
several fields. However, its application in the field of entrepreneurship
has not been studied. The authors reviewed the use of mixed methods
research in three entrepreneurship journals and two leading generalistic
journals that publish entrepreneurship research, examining the main
purposes and designs. A total of 955 articles were reviewed and 81 mixed
methods studies were identified. The analysis of these articles revealed
opportunities associated with the application of this approach. Mixed
methods may help to improve entrepreneurship research addressing
challenges emphasized in earlier studies. Suggestions on why and how to
use mixed methods research are offered, and recommendations are provided
to guide future mixed methods studies to advance our understanding of the
entrepreneurial phenomenon.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 425-456
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 24
Year: 2011
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.603363
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.603363
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2011:i:5-6:p:425-456
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christian Lechner
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Lechner
Author-Name: Christophe Leyronas
Author-X-Name-First: Christophe
Author-X-Name-Last: Leyronas
Title: The competitive advantage of cluster firms: the priority of regional network position over extra-regional networks -- a study of a French high-tech cluster
Abstract:
This paper extends research on industry clusters by unbundling network
from cluster effects and by analysing how network effects drive the
performance of cluster firms. The results show that a firm's connectedness
in a regional network is positively associated with firm performance.
However, we found that for cluster firms, it is even more important to
build strong network positions by developing rather exclusive alliance
networks. In addition, a weak position within a cluster cannot be
compensated for by strong extra-regional networking activities. From this
perspective, cluster-specific advantages are firm-specific and the basis
for competitive advantage. Regional competitiveness is therefore a
non-substitutable pre-condition for the overall performance of cluster
firms.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 457-473
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.617785
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.617785
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:5-6:p:457-473
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Huggins
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins
Author-Name: Andrew Johnston
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Johnston
Author-Name: Chris Stride
Author-X-Name-First: Chris
Author-X-Name-Last: Stride
Title: Knowledge networks and universities: Locational and organisational aspects of knowledge transfer interactions
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to explore the inter-organisational knowledge
networks that universities in the UK engage in through their knowledge
transfer activities. In particular, it analyses the extent to which
organisational and locational factors are associated with the nature of
these networks. Based on a UK-wide survey of universities, it is shown
that the nature and formation of inter-organisational knowledge networks
is related principally to the organisational characteristics of network
actors, and secondarily to their spatial location. The characteristics of
a network actor, in this case a university, are likely to influence the
type, diversity and location of other actors with which it networks.
Nevertheless, spatial location is an important secondary factor
influencing network formation, especially the geographic reach of a
university's network. It is further found that the value generated by
universities from their knowledge networks is associated with the type of
organisations within which they interact as well as their spatial
location. It is concluded that such networks impact both regional
innovation capability and regional competitiveness. The results have
implications for policymakers, especially in terms of the spatial scale at
which the demand and supply for university knowledge can be best mediated.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 475-502
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.618192
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.618192
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:475-502
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ana Isabel Polo-Peña
Author-X-Name-First: Ana Isabel
Author-X-Name-Last: Polo-Peña
Author-Name: Dolores Maria Frías-Jamilena
Author-X-Name-First: Dolores Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: Frías-Jamilena
Author-Name: Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Molina
Author-X-Name-First: Miguel Ángel
Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez-Molina
Title: Marketing practices in the Spanish rural tourism sector and their contribution to business outcomes
Abstract:
This paper sets out to highlight the importance of entrepreneurial and
market orientations for the success of enterprises operating out of a
rural base. Using these two strategic frameworks, this paper identifies
the marketing practices undertaken by rural enterprises, and evaluates
their effect on business performance, on the local entrepreneur, and on
the rural area itself. Enterprises operating from a rural location play a
strategic role in the sustainable development of economies, in the context
of which the rural tourism sector particularly stands out. The use of
marketing practices appropriate to the aims, capacities and resources of
such enterprises is proposed as a mechanism for improving their
performance. Using the Spanish rural tourism sector as the basis, a scale
measuring marketing practices, and another scale reflecting three
different types of outcome -- financial, those linked personally to the
entrepreneur, and those in terms of development of the rural environment
-- are proposed and validated, and the effect of marketing practices on
the performance of such enterprises is analysed. The findings, which
reveal that marketing practices have a significant effect on the
achievement of outcomes, have implications of interest for the literature
and for practitioners in the rural enterprise sector.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 503-521
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.617787
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.617787
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:503-521
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jose-Luis Hervas-Oliver
Author-X-Name-First: Jose-Luis
Author-X-Name-Last: Hervas-Oliver
Author-Name: Jose Albors-Garrigos
Author-X-Name-First: Jose
Author-X-Name-Last: Albors-Garrigos
Author-Name: Blanca de-Miguel
Author-X-Name-First: Blanca
Author-X-Name-Last: de-Miguel
Author-Name: Antonio Hidalgo
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Hidalgo
Title: The role of a firm's absorptive capacity and the technology transfer process in clusters: How effective are technology centres in low-tech clusters?
Abstract:
This paper analyses how the internal resources of small- and medium-sized
enterprises determine access (learning processes) to
technology centres (TCs) or industrial research institutes
(innovation infrastructure) in traditional low-tech
clusters. These interactions basically represent traded (market-based)
transactions, which constitute important sources of knowledge in clusters.
The paper addresses the role of TCs in low-tech clusters, and uses
semi-structured interviews with 80 firms in a manufacturing cluster. The
results point out that producer--user interactions are the most frequent;
thus, the higher the sector knowledge-intensive base, the more likely the
utilization of the available research infrastructure becomes. Conversely,
the sectors with less knowledge-intensive structures, i.e. less absorptive
capacity (AC), present weak linkages to TCs, as they frequently prefer to
interact with suppliers, who act as transceivers of knowledge. Therefore,
not all the firms in a cluster can fully exploit the available research
infrastructure, and their AC moderates this engagement. In addition, the
existence of TCs is not sufficient since the active role of a firm's
search strategies to undertake interactions and conduct openness to
available sources of knowledge is also needed. The study has implications
for policymakers and academia.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 523-559
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710256
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710256
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:523-559
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kim Klyver
Author-X-Name-First: Kim
Author-X-Name-Last: Klyver
Author-Name: Dennis Foley
Author-X-Name-First: Dennis
Author-X-Name-Last: Foley
Title: Networking and culture in entrepreneurship
Abstract:
Case studies on three diverse cultural groups are used to investigate how
culture norms and practices moderate the way entrepreneurs utilize social
networking. Moving away from a universalist mono-dimensional position,
prior research calls for studies on how culture moderates entrepreneurial
networking. Understandably, the concept of a national culture inevitably
refers to the mainstream culture which fails to address the sub-culture
and minority culture. This paper explores entrepreneurial networking
across three cultures (one mainstream culture and two minority) allowing
the researcher an insight into how culture moderates entrepreneurial
networking. The empirical results reveal variform universality of
entrepreneurial networking in two ways: (1) seven drivers moderate how
entrepreneurial networking is practiced across cultures, and (2) being
embedded in a mainstream culture rather than a minority culture moderates
how entrepreneurial networking is practiced.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 561-588
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710257
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710257
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:561-588
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ana Colovic
Author-X-Name-First: Ana
Author-X-Name-Last: Colovic
Title: Territorial systems and relocation: Insights from eight cases in Japan
Abstract:
This paper investigates the evolution patterns of eight territorial
systems in Japan during the period of industry relocation. Multiple case
study methodology was applied. Data were collected through interviews with
entrepreneurs and local government officials. Based on the findings that
reveal adaptation processes in which manufacturing firms are involved, we
propose a three-stage evolutionary model to conceptualize the changes that
are taking place in Japan's territorial systems. We argue that the
transactional relationships are evolving towards more socialized
relationships and that these relationships are evolving towards more
formalized, knowledge-based innovation networks.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 589-617
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710258
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710258
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:589-617
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Simon Down
Author-X-Name-First: Simon
Author-X-Name-Last: Down
Title: Evaluating the impacts of government policy through the long view of life history
Abstract:
The research reported in this paper uses life history analyses of
Indigenous entrepreneurs to address the following question: How do
individuals engaged in entrepreneuring incorporate their experience of
government policy into their self-narratives, and what affects are
apparent on attitudes towards, and the objectives of, their
entrepreneurial activity? Subsequently, the paper makes two contributions
to conceptual debates within entrepreneurship and small business studies.
Firstly, the paper shows the value of life history methodology narratives
in providing insights into entrepreneuring processes over
time, particularly in understanding how to evaluate the impact of
enterprise animation policies. Secondly, the particular focus upon
Indigenous entrepreneurs affords some purchase on recent debates relating
to the purpose and potential of enterprise policies aimed at those defined
as socially and economically excluded [Blackburn, R., and M. Ram. 2006.
Fix of fixation? The contributions and limitations of entrepreneurship and
small firms to combating social exclusion. Entrepreneurship &
Regional Development 18, no. 1: 73--89]. The paper's findings
show that life history analysis has an important role to play in
developing our understanding of entrepreneurship as a process. Moreover,
evaluations of enterprise policy should pay more attention to temporally
extensive impacts on individuals over their life course, and not limit
evaluative efforts to programme specific factors.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 619-639
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710269
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710269
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:619-639
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Bishop
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Bishop
Title: Knowledge, diversity and entrepreneurship: a spatial analysis of new firm formation in Great Britain
Abstract:
This paper argues that the diversity of a region's knowledge stock and
its balance between knowledge-based manufacturing and services are both
important determinants of variations in the rate of new business formation
across spatial areas. An empirical study of new firm formation across 408
local unitary authorities and districts in Great Britain over the period
2001--2007 is presented, taking explicit account of the interactions
amongst spatial units through an econometric modelling procedure involving
maximum likelihood spatial models and alternative spatial weighing
matrices. The results indicate that both related and unrelated knowledge
diversity have a positive impact on the rate of business formation, whilst
aggregate local economy-wide industrial and ethnic diversity has no
impact; the division of the knowledge stock between services and
manufacturing is also significant, with services having a positive impact
on new business formation in contrast to a negative impact for
high-technology manufacturing. There is also some support for the view
that low wages and economic inactivity constrain new business formation,
whilst a competitive regional environment has a positive impact. The
results imply that polices should be aimed at creating a diverse set of
knowledge-based industries rather than specialization in a narrow range.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 641-660
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.617786
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.617786
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:641-660
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nick Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Nick
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: Colin C. Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Colin C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Title: Evaluating the socio-spatial contingency of entrepreneurial motivations: A case study of English deprived urban neighbourhoods
Abstract:
When examining the motivations of entrepreneurs, it has become
commonplace to represent them dichotomously as either necessity- or
opportunity-driven. In recent years, an emergent literature has criticized
this simplistic necessity/opportunity dichotomy by revealing not only how
both necessity and opportunity are often co-present in
entrepreneurs’ motives but also how their complex motives can shift
over time. This paper furthers this emergent literature by unravelling how
entrepreneurs and potential entrepreneurs’ motives are directly
influenced by the socio-spatial context in which operate. To evaluate the
socio-spatial contingency of entrepreneurial motivations, a case study is
here reported of the drivers underpinning entrepreneurial endeavour in
English deprived urban neighbourhoods (DUNs). The results of a
face-to-face interviews with 459 participants followed up by a further 18
in-depth interviews, this study reveals that entrepreneurs’ motives
in DUNs are complex, combining necessity and opportunity drivers, with the
balance shifting over time in direct response to the changing fortunes of,
and possibilities in, the locality in which they work and live, which has
directly impacts on their perceptions of what is possible and feasible.
This paper concludes by calling for greater recognition of the
socio-spatial contingency of motivations followed by the implications for
both theory and policy.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 661-684
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710259
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710259
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:661-684
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: F. Xavier Molina-Morales
Author-X-Name-First: F. Xavier
Author-X-Name-Last: Molina-Morales
Author-Name: Manuel Expósito-Langa
Author-X-Name-First: Manuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Expósito-Langa
Title: The impact of cluster connectedness on firm innovation: R&D effort and outcomes in the textile industry
Abstract:
Recent research into the clustering effect on firms has moved away from a
simplistic view to a more complex approach. More realistic and complex
causal relationships are now considered when analysing these territorial
networks. Specifically, this paper attempts to analyse how cluster
connectedness moderates the relationship of a firm's innovation effort and
the results obtained from this effort. We want to question the commonly
accepted direct and positive impact of R&D effort, and moreover, we
suggest the existence of a saturation effect and that the level of
cluster's inter-connectedness in the cluster moderates this effect. We
have developed our empirical study focusing on the Spanish textile
industrial cluster. This is a complex manufacturing industry that uses
relatively low-technology manufacturing and R&D. Our findings suggest that
the degree to which a firm is involved with, or connected to, other firms
in the cluster can moderate the effect of the R&D effort on its innovation
results. More generally, we aim to contribute to the discussion on the
degree to which firms should be involved in the cluster network in order
to operate efficiently and gain the maximum competitive advantages. Our
findings have implications both in recent cluster and network literature
as well for institutional policy.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 685-704
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710260
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710260
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:685-704
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Justin Doran
Author-X-Name-First: Justin
Author-X-Name-Last: Doran
Author-Name: Declan Jordan
Author-X-Name-First: Declan
Author-X-Name-Last: Jordan
Author-Name: Eoin O’Leary
Author-X-Name-First: Eoin
Author-X-Name-Last: O’Leary
Title: The effects of the frequency of spatially proximate and distant interaction on innovation by Irish SMEs
Abstract:
This paper tests whether more frequent interaction at different spatial
levels has a positive effect on the innovation performance of small- and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the South-West and South-East of
Ireland. Based on an original survey, it finds that more frequent
interaction generally increases innovation likelihood, but at a
diminishing rate, thus suggesting a trade-off between resources dedicated
to transforming knowledge into new products and processes. Spatially
distant interaction is found to be at least as valuable as proximate
interaction, which questions the received wisdom that the best sources of
knowledge are regional. Given the value of distant interaction, the
results indicate that regional lock-in may be an obstacle to superior
innovation performance of SMEs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 705-727
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710261
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710261
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:7-8:p:705-727
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Claire Leitch
Author-X-Name-First: Claire
Author-X-Name-Last: Leitch
Author-Name: Shirley-Anne Hazlett
Author-X-Name-First: Shirley-Anne
Author-X-Name-Last: Hazlett
Author-Name: Luke Pittaway
Author-X-Name-First: Luke
Author-X-Name-Last: Pittaway
Title: Entrepreneurship education and context
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 733-740
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.733613
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.733613
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:733-740
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sarah Drakopoulou Dodd
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Drakopoulou
Author-X-Name-Last: Dodd
Author-Name: Briga Chris Hynes
Author-X-Name-First: Briga Chris
Author-X-Name-Last: Hynes
Title: The impact of regional entrepreneurial contexts upon enterprise education
Abstract:
Growing evidence demonstrates the significance of regional
contexts in shaping entrepreneurship capital, and the importance of this
for entrepreneurial knowledge and learning. We report the findings of a
six-country study into enterprise education within schools, in less and
more developed European regions. The fieldwork exposes differences by
regional type, across enterprise education objectives, outcomes, resources
and social constructions of the entrepreneur. Regional context can be seen
as developing local narratives of entrepreneurial identities and careers.
Context-setting within schools takes the form of storying
entrepreneurship, of presenting credible local identities and expressing
the meaning of entrepreneurship for these communities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 741-766
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.566376
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.566376
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:741-766
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ian Gordon
Author-X-Name-First: Ian
Author-X-Name-Last: Gordon
Author-Name: Eleanor Hamilton
Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor
Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton
Author-Name: Sarah Jack
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Jack
Title: A study of a university-led entrepreneurship education programme for small business owner/managers
Abstract:
The small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector is crucial to regional and
national economies [Thorpe, R., J. Cope, M. Ram, and M. Pedler. 2009. Leadership
development in small-and medium-sized enterprises: The case for action learning.
Action Learning: Research and Practice 6, no. 3: 201–8; Jones, O., A. Macpherson,
and R. Thorpe. 2010. Learning in owner-managed small firms: Mediating artefacts
and strategic space. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 22, no. 7/8: 649–73].
In recognition of this, Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have been supported
through government policy to provide training programmes for SMEs aimed at developing
a higher level of skills that will support growth [Lambert Review of Business-University
Collaboration. 2003. Final Report, KM Treasury, London. http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk;
HM Treasury. 2006. The Leitch Review of Skills: Prosperity for all in the global
economy – World class skills. London: HM Treasury; DIUS (Department for Business
Innovation Universities and Skills). 2007. Implementing ‘The race to the top’:
Lord Sainsbury's review of government's science and innovation policies. TSO; DIUS
(Department for Business Innovation Universities and Skills). 2008. Higher education
at work: High skills, high value. http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/corporate/migratedD/ec_group/HLSS4_08
(accessed February 7, 2011); Zhang, J., and E. Hamilton. 2010. Entrepreneurship education
for owner-managers: The process of trust building for an effective learning community.
Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship 23, no. 3: 249–70]. This study considers
the relationship between entrepreneurship education and SME owner/managers by examining
a programme delivered by a HEI for growth-oriented small business owner/managers. It
addresses the questions: What factors do participants believe enhance the effectiveness
of HEI and SME engagement? And what impact, if any, do participants perceive such engagement
has upon them as an individual operating within an SME and their business operations?
Qualitative techniques are used to explore the situations of five SME owner/managers at
three points during a 5-year period. Findings show that entrepreneurship education
delivered a range of benefits to SMEs and the region. Through engaging, owner/managers
interacted with others. This extension of their network supported business growth and
development. This study demonstrates that enterprise education can deliver positive
benefits to SME owner/managers and the wider region in which they are located.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 767-805
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.566377
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2011.566377
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:767-805
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sascha G. Walter
Author-X-Name-First: Sascha G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Walter
Author-Name: Dirk Dohse
Author-X-Name-First: Dirk
Author-X-Name-Last: Dohse
Title: Why mode and regional context matter for entrepreneurship education
Abstract:
This study examines how modes of entrepreneurship education
(active, such as business simulations, versus reflective, such as theory
lectures) -- alone and in interaction with the universities’
regional context -- affect students’ self-employment intentions.
Results from a cross-level analysis show that active modes are,
irrespective of the regional context, positively related with intentions
and attitudes towards entrepreneurship, whereas the effect of reflective
modes is contingent on the regional context. The findings have important
implications for the ongoing discussion on the teachability of
entrepreneurship, the design of educational programmes and for future
research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 807-835
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.721009
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.721009
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:807-835
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luke Pittaway
Author-X-Name-First: Luke
Author-X-Name-Last: Pittaway
Author-Name: Richard Thorpe
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Thorpe
Title: A framework for entrepreneurial learning: A tribute to Jason Cope
Abstract:
This paper explains Dr Jason Cope's work on entrepreneurial
learning, and illustrates his approach and how it can be applied to deepen
understanding of, and practice in, entrepreneurship education. It begins
with a biography of Cope, which summarizes his academic life and offers a
timeline for his publications. This paper then explores his philosophical
position, before dividing his research into three main phases. In the
first, it examines and explains his early work into experiential learning;
reflective learning; learning from crises and the role social influences
play in entrepreneurial learning. In the second, developments stemming
from his PhD are explored. Here, ideas in relation to entrepreneurial
learning and the links he makes to transformative learning and double-loop
learning are discussed. Finally, in the third part, Cope's entrepreneurial
learning framework is explained and key contributing concepts are
introduced. This part examines how Cope's theoretical framework was used
to undertake research and subsequently to explain how entrepreneurs learn
from failure. In the final sections of this paper, the practical
implications of his contribution to entrepreneurship education are
presented, in the contexts both of higher education and of the development
of students, and then for entrepreneurs themselves.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 837-859
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.694268
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.694268
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:837-859
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano
Author-X-Name-First: Domingo
Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano
Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Galindo-Martín
Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel
Author-X-Name-Last: Galindo-Martín
Title: Government policies to support entrepreneurship
Abstract:
This paper summarizes the articles of the Special Issue on
Government Policies to Support Entrepreneurship. All of them went through
double-blind reviews and revisions. These articles contribute to various
perspectives of government policies and entrepreneurship in different
countries. The papers in this Special Issue cover a variety of topics
encompassed within the area of government policies and entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 861-864
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.742322
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.742322
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:861-864
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: María-Teresa Méndez-Picazo
Author-X-Name-First: María-Teresa
Author-X-Name-Last: Méndez-Picazo
Author-Name: Miguel-Ángel Galindo-Martín
Author-X-Name-First: Miguel-Ángel
Author-X-Name-Last: Galindo-Martín
Author-Name: Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano
Author-X-Name-First: Domingo
Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano
Title: Governance, entrepreneurship and economic growth
Abstract:
In general terms, governance simply means how an organization
is governed. It is the science of government performance and behaviour and
it refers to several processes that must include historical, cultural,
social and political determinants. For this reason, it is possible to
establish a relationship between governance and institutions. Communities
of persons, firms and institutions are essential ingredients of good
governance and its analysis could be developed considering two
possibilities. The first is considering the factors, such as
entrepreneurship, by which government would more efficiently increase
economic growth. Second is taking into account the economic results
obtained by government. The primary goal of this paper is to analyze the
relationship between governance, entrepreneurship and economic growth,
developing an empirical analysis for the case of 11 developed countries.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 865-877
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.742323
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.742323
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:865-877
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Karen A. Murdock
Author-X-Name-First: Karen A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Murdock
Title: Entrepreneurship policy: Trade-offs and impact in the EU
Abstract:
Based on the notion that trade-offs in public policies form
the basis of the separation of managed and entrepreneurial economies; this
paper investigates the impact of policy on actual entrepreneurship
activity in these two categories of economies. Using data from 19 European
Union member countries, the impact that policy trade-offs in the goal,
target, location and system of finance have on entrepreneurship activity
is measured using ordinary least squares regression. The results indicate
that while business regulation negatively impact entrepreneurship
activity, the location of policy does not show any measurable impact. They
suggest the need for still more supportive institutions in the effort to
develop entrepreneurship and create entrepreneurial economies and realize
economic benefits.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 879-893
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.742324
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.742324
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:24:y:2012:i:9-10:p:879-893
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Colin C. Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Colin C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: Sara Nadin
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Nadin
Title: Tackling the hidden enterprise culture: Government policies to support the formalization of informal entrepreneurship
Abstract:
It is now recognized that many entrepreneurs operate wholly
or partially in the informal economy. Harnessing this hidden enterprise
culture by facilitating its formalization is therefore a potentially
effective and innovative means of promoting economic development and
growth. To start evaluating how this might be achieved, the aim of this
paper is to understand entrepreneurs’ motives for operating in the
informal economy so as to identify the public policy interventions
required to facilitate the formalization of this hidden enterprise
culture. Reporting a survey of 51 nascent entrepreneurs in North
Nottinghamshire, of which 43 were operating in the informal economy, the
finding is that entrepreneurs’ rationales for working informally
differ according to both whether they operate wholly in the informal
economy or have registered enterprises but trade partially off-the-books,
as well as whether they view themselves as on a journey towards
formalization or not. Different policy measures are therefore required to
tackle each type of informal entrepreneurship. The outcome is a tentative
call for a more nuanced and bespoke policy approach for tackling the
different kinds of informal entrepreneurship that comprise the hidden
enterprise culture.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 895-915
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.742325
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.742325
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christian Hopp
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Hopp
Author-Name: Ute Stephan
Author-X-Name-First: Ute
Author-X-Name-Last: Stephan
Title: The influence of socio-cultural environments on the performance of nascent entrepreneurs: Community culture, motivation, self-efficacy and start-up success
Abstract:
The importance of informal institutions and in particular
culture for entrepreneurship is a subject of ongoing interest. Past
research has mostly concentrated on cross-national comparisons, cultural
values and the direct effects of culture on entrepreneurial behaviour, but
in the main found inconsistent results. We add a fresh perspective to this
research stream by turning attention to community-level culture and
cultural norms. We hypothesize indirect effects of cultural norms on
venture emergence: Community-level cultural norms (performance-based
culture and socially supportive institutional norms) impact important
supply-side variables (entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial
motivation) which in turn influence nascent entrepreneurs’ success
in creating operational ventures (venture emergence). We test our
predictions on a unique longitudinal dataset, tracking nascent
entrepreneurs’ venture creation efforts over a five-year time span,
and find evidence supporting them. Our research contributes to a more
fine-grained understanding of how culture, in particular perceptions of
community cultural norms, influences venture emergence. Based on these
findings, we discuss how venture creation efforts can be supported. Our
research highlights the embeddedness of entrepreneurial behaviour and its
immediate antecedent beliefs in the local, community context.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 917-945
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 24
Year: 2012
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.742326
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.742326
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Simon Down
Author-X-Name-First: Simon
Author-X-Name-Last: Down
Title: The distinctiveness of the European tradition in entrepreneurship research
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-4
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.746876
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.746876
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:1-2:p:1-4
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William B. Gartner
Author-X-Name-First: William B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gartner
Title: Creating a community of difference in entrepreneurship scholarship
Abstract:
This article argues for alternative forms of inquiry for exploring
aspects of entrepreneurship scholarship that are often unseen, ignored or
minimized. The label, ‘The European School of
Entrepreneurship’, might serve as a useful rubric for identifying a
community of scholars with tendencies towards the following: (1) an
interest in the history of ideas that inform entrepreneurship scholarship,
(2) a willingness to step outside of the entrepreneurship field, itself,
to embrace a variety of ideas, particularly from philosophy and the
humanities and (3) a concern for the ‘other’, so as to
challenge the unspoken and often unrecognized
‘taken-for-granted’ aspects of what entrepreneurship is and
what it might be. Such tendencies are fundamentally different by degree
(rather than contrast) from current norms; yet, these tendencies can make
a significant difference in current scholarly practice in
entrepreneurship, as well as our understanding of the entrepreneurial
phenomenon.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 5-15
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.746874
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.746874
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:1-2:p:5-15
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tony J. Watson
Author-X-Name-First: Tony J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Watson
Title: Entrepreneurial action and the Euro-American social science tradition: pragmatism, realism and looking beyond ‘the entrepreneur’
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship studies are dominated by the disciplines of economics
and psychology and work within a limiting methodological frame of
reference; a ‘scientistic’ and individualistic framework
that dominates the US-led mainstream of research. To achieve a more
balanced scholarship, it is helpful to look at an alternative style of
research and analysis which has deep and intertwined European and American
roots. This looks to other social sciences such as sociology, as well as
to history and the philosophy of science. Its adoption would encourage to
shift the focus away from ‘entrepreneurs’ and onto the much
broader phenomenon of entrepreneurial action or
‘entrepreneuring’ in its societal and institutional
contexts. Such a shift would open up a greatly expanded range of research
questions and enable a better balance to be achieved between attention to
individual entrepreneurial actors and their organizational, societal and
institutional contexts. A pragmatist and realist frame of reference, which
recognizes both the importance of processes of social construction
and the existence of a ‘real world’, has
considerable potential to enrich and expand the scope of entrepreneurship
scholarship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 16-33
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.754267
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.754267
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Hjorth
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Hjorth
Title: Public entrepreneurship: desiring social change, creating sociality
Abstract:
In this paper we want to affirm the desiring-social-change that we find
in practices presently represented by theorists and policy-makers as
examples of ‘social entrepreneurship’ (SE). We do this as an
attempt to intensify the presence of the social and sociality in today's
discourse on the entrepreneurship--society relationship. SE, as all
entrepreneurship practices, operates by social and economic forces
(limiting ourselves to those here), and generates social and economic
outcomes (amongst others). Its second half, however, dominates the concept
of SE, and our analysis seek to remedy this imbalance by focusing on the
social productivity of entrepreneurship, on entrepreneurship desiring
social change. We suggest ‘public entrepreneurship’ might
grasp this as a more balanced concept that will also support a more
precise analysis of the entrepreneurship--society relationship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 34-51
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.746883
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.746883
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew Popp
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Popp
Author-Name: Robin Holt
Author-X-Name-First: Robin
Author-X-Name-Last: Holt
Title: Entrepreneurship and being: the case of the Shaws
Abstract:
Our paper takes the case of John and Elizabeth Shaw, early
nineteenth-century English hardware factors. The sources are almost 200
hundred letters written by the Shaws and their circle. Using these, two
readings of the Shaws' experiences of creating a business are presented.
The first is couched within a narrative structure of plotted stages and
finds the Shaws starting, struggling to, and ultimately succeeding in
creating a successful business. Here, their actions within a nascent
industrialized economy can be described as entrepreneurial -- they
successfully pursued opportunity through founding an enterprise within
economically and technologically auspicious environments. The second, more
phenomenological reading, opens up for consideration the questionableness
of their experience of ‘being in business’. Here the Shaws'
understanding of themselves (as conveyed in personal letters) brings into
question the academic tendency to emplot their story as one of the staged
growth and profitability. Specifically, it resists attempts to ascribe to
their experience entrepreneurial status, not simply because they did not
think of themselves as entrepreneurs, but because the appearance of the
business for the Shaws was woven with their lives in ways that belie the
narrative direction and coherence that concepts like entrepreneurship give
to it.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 52-68
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.746887
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.746887
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sarah Drakopoulou Dodd
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Drakopoulou
Author-X-Name-Last: Dodd
Author-Name: Sarah Jack
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Jack
Author-Name: Alistair R. Anderson
Author-X-Name-First: Alistair R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson
Title: From admiration to abhorrence: the contentious appeal of entrepreneurship across Europe
Abstract:
Although entrepreneurship seems to offer a universal economic solution,
there are some doubts about whether it is universally attractive. We argue
that entrepreneurship is a socially constructed concept and consequently
the meanings, and hence the appeal, of the enterprise will vary
internationally. We argue that how entrepreneurship is understood affects
how attractive it seems. Accordingly, we investigated the meanings of
entrepreneurship by analysing a range of metaphors of entrepreneurship
gathered from schools across Europe. We found that both the meaning and
understandings of the practices vary considerably. For most, the concept
of entrepreneurship as an engine of the economy is attractive, but for
some, the practices of entrepreneurs were considerably less appealing. We
find links between national socio-economic contexts and attractiveness. We
argue that culture and context seem to influence the social constructions
of entrepreneurship and hence the attractiveness of entrepreneurial
options. We also find that the pedagogical national narratives of the
entrepreneur stand in dynamic tension with the performative national
processes of entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 69-89
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.746878
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.746878
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:1-2:p:69-89
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eleanor Hamilton
Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor
Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton
Title: The discourse of entrepreneurial masculinities (and femininities)
Abstract:
The overarching concern of this paper is the dominant discourse of
entrepreneurship portrayed as a form of masculinity. It argues that this
discourse is perpetuated by academic research and by media representations
of the entrepreneur. The entrepreneur is represented in the media by a
narrow range of male stereotypes, whilst women are under-represented and
often that representation is linked to domestic concerns. At the same
time, academic studies persistently rely on male experience to theorize
entrepreneurship, and women are studied in terms of their difference. This
enduring discourse results in entrepreneurial femininities being rendered
invisible. This paper argues that studies in entrepreneurship should
remain alert to the denial and masking of gender. It calls for
entrepreneurship researchers to engage with contemporary debates in
gender, culture and media studies and proposes a research agenda to
challenge the dominant discourses.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 90-99
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.746879
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.746879
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:1-2:p:90-99
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Per Davidsson
Author-X-Name-First: Per
Author-X-Name-Last: Davidsson
Title: Some reflection on research ‘Schools’ and geographies
Abstract:
Reflecting on real and perceived differences between European and North
American research cultures, I challenge views that
‘European’ research is under appreciated or discriminated
against, and caution against isolationist European positions. Instead, I
argue that although no distinctive and coherent European tradition or
culture really exists, there may be elements of the prevalent research
culture that can be turned into an advantage for Europe-based and/or
European-trained researchers in helping to influence and improve one,
global research conversation. Of course, a range of sub-communities and
sub-conversations will and should exist, but there is no reason for these
to be based on geography.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 100-110
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.746880
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.746880
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:1-2:p:100-110
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sanjay Goel
Author-X-Name-First: Sanjay
Author-X-Name-Last: Goel
Author-Name: Wim Voordeckers
Author-X-Name-First: Wim
Author-X-Name-Last: Voordeckers
Author-Name: Anita van Gils
Author-X-Name-First: Anita
Author-X-Name-Last: van Gils
Author-Name: Jeroen van den Heuvel
Author-X-Name-First: Jeroen
Author-X-Name-Last: van den Heuvel
Title: CEO's empathy and salience of socioemotional wealth in family SMEs -- The moderating role of external directors
Abstract:
A focus on preserving socioemotional wealth may influence entrepreneurial
activities in family firms. In this paper, we identify the emotion of
empathy in the family CEO as an antecedent of socioemotional wealth
creation. We argue that the presence of one or more external directors can
have a direct as well as moderating influence on the relationship between
CEO's empathy and the salience of socioemotional wealth to the family CEO.
Our empirical tests confirm these hypotheses. Several areas of future
research are suggested to incorporate empathy and other emotions in family
business studies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 111-134
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710262
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710262
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:3-4:p:111-134
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ángel Alañón-Pardo
Author-X-Name-First: Ángel
Author-X-Name-Last: Alañón-Pardo
Author-Name: Josep-Maria Arauzo-Carod
Author-X-Name-First: Josep-Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: Arauzo-Carod
Title: Agglomeration, accessibility and industrial location: Evidence from Spain
Abstract:
This paper deals with the location decisions of manufacturing firms in
Spain. We analyse how agglomeration economies and transport accessibility
influence the location decisions of firms at municipality level and in 10
industries. The main empirical contributions of this paper are the
econometric techniques used (spatial econometric models) and some of the
explanatory variables (local gross domestic product, road accessibility
and the characteristics of firms in neighbouring municipalities). The
results show that agglomeration economies and accessibility are important
in industrial location decision-making.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 135-173
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710263
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710263
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:3-4:p:135-173
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Claude Marcotte
Author-X-Name-First: Claude
Author-X-Name-Last: Marcotte
Title: Measuring entrepreneurship at the country level: A review and research agenda
Abstract:
The measurement of entrepreneurial activity across national contexts is a
relatively recent and under-represented area of study. There was very
little research carried out for comparable indicators of entrepreneurship
until the end of the 1990s, when the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor
Consortium launched its annual surveys. In the last decade, other indexes
and databases have been created, such as the EIM COMPENDIA database and
the World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Survey dataset. The first objective
of this paper is to review and analyse the existing entrepreneurship
indexes with respect to their conceptual and methodological dimensions.
This review shows that the conceptual foundations of most of the indexes
are insufficiently developed. The second objective is to integrate and
compare the indexes on 21 Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development countries for which complete data is available. Strong
convergence was found between the indicators of venture creation, business
ownership and growth, while noticeable divergences were observed between
these indicators and those concerning innovation. This was further
explored through cluster analysis, which indicated that the 21 sampled
countries could be classified into three distinct entrepreneurial
profiles. The paper concludes by offering research directions and debating
the use of unitary or composite measures of entrepreneurship in comparison
to the analysis of multiple dimensions as exemplified in this paper.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 174-194
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710264
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710264
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:3-4:p:174-194
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Julia Ivy
Author-X-Name-First: Julia
Author-X-Name-Last: Ivy
Title: State-controlled economies vs. rent-seeking states: Why small and medium enterprises might support state officials
Abstract:
This study examines the reasons for support that small and medium
enterprises (SMEs) provide to government representatives of their choice
(in the form of donations, influence through their networks, information
and votes). The study tests stakeholder and social capital approaches as
legitimate explanations for SMEs’ relationships with state
representatives in different transition economies, specifically Belarus
and Ukraine. The study shows that the stakeholder approach is sensitive to
business environments and more applicable in a rent-seeking state where
the parties perceive value in their exchange. Social relations motivate
the SMEs’ support in both types of transition economies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 195-221
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710265
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710265
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:3-4:p:195-221
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Baumgartner
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Baumgartner
Author-Name: Tobias Schulz
Author-X-Name-First: Tobias
Author-X-Name-Last: Schulz
Author-Name: Irmi Seidl
Author-X-Name-First: Irmi
Author-X-Name-Last: Seidl
Title: Quantifying entrepreneurship and its impact on local economic performance: A spatial assessment in rural Switzerland
Abstract:
Regional and rural development policies in Europe increasingly emphasize
entrepreneurship to mobilize the endogenous economic potential of rural
territories. This study develops a concept to quantify entrepreneurship as
place-dependent local potential to examine its impact on the local
economic performance of rural territories in Switzerland. The
short-to-medium-term impact of entrepreneurship on the economic
performance of 1706 rural municipalities in Switzerland is assessed by
applying three spatial random effects models. Results suggest a generally
positive relationship between entrepreneurship and local development:
rural municipalities with higher entrepreneurial potential generally show
higher business tax revenues per capita and a lower share of social
welfare cases among the population, although the impact on local
employment is less clear. The explanatory power of entrepreneurship in all
three models, however, was only moderate. This finding suggests that
political expectations of fostering entrepreneurship to boost endogenous
rural development in the short-to-medium term should be damped.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 222-250
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710266
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710266
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:3-4:p:222-250
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jürgen Brünjes
Author-X-Name-First: Jürgen
Author-X-Name-Last: Brünjes
Author-Name: Javier Revilla Diez
Author-X-Name-First: Javier Revilla
Author-X-Name-Last: Diez
Title: ‘Recession push’ and ‘prosperity pull’ entrepreneurship in a rural developing context
Abstract:
In this paper, the ‘recession push’ and the
‘prosperity pull’ hypotheses are used to analyse the effect
of growing non-farm wage employment on entrepreneurship in a rural
developing context. Data are collected in a rural household survey in 110
communes in central Vietnam which includes subjective owner assessments of
reasons for starting non-farm businesses. This way it is possible to
separately test the two hypotheses by distinguishing opportunity and
necessity entrepreneurs. We use clustered probit regression analyses and
control for possible endogeneity in order to predict participation in
entrepreneurship. The results show that better access to non-farm wage
employment increases the likelihood of becoming an opportunity
entrepreneur but has no effect on necessity entrepreneurship. This,
therefore, supports the ‘prosperity pull’ hypothesis but not
the ‘recession push’ hypothesis. The growing non-farm
economy is likely to accelerate the emergence of opportunity
entrepreneurship in rural areas. However, necessity entrepreneurs are
suffering from a lack of individual and household assets which pushes them
into entrepreneurship regardless of non-farm job opportunities in the
surrounding area.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 251-271
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710267
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710267
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:3-4:p:251-271
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Roberta Sonnino
Author-X-Name-First: Roberta
Author-X-Name-Last: Sonnino
Author-Name: Christopher Griggs-Trevarthen
Author-X-Name-First: Christopher
Author-X-Name-Last: Griggs-Trevarthen
Title: A resilient social economy? Insights from the community food sector in the UK
Abstract:
At a time of global economic and environmental crisis, academic and
policy debates are re-emphasizing the potential of the social economy in
providing an alternative development model that reconnects communities
with their resource-base and enhances their ‘resilience’.
The goal of this paper is to explore this potential through a focus on the
practices and values of those who are concretely involved in the social
economy. Based on data collected on five community food enterprises in
Oxfordshire, UK, the analysis focuses on the perceptions of social
entrepreneurs in relation to the ‘alternativeness’ of the
social economy, its potential for expansion and its resilience. The
research highlights the capacity of social entrepreneurs to empower local
communities through a process of collective mobilization of local
resources. Theoretically, this study generates new insights into the
nature and meanings of resilience as a process of creation of more
self-reliant communities of people, places, tools, skills and knowledge.
From a policy and practice perspective, the paper raises the need for
regional development strategies that capture the gains of these isolated
initiatives, particularly in relation to their innovative capacity to
create a shared vision that fosters synergies between local ecological,
social and economic resources.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 272-292
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.710268
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.710268
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:3-4:p:272-292
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ewald Kibler
Author-X-Name-First: Ewald
Author-X-Name-Last: Kibler
Title: Formation of entrepreneurial intentions in a regional context
Abstract:
Research on the impact of the regional environment in the very early
phase of the business start-up process is currently limited. This paper
contributes to the literature by analysing the influence of regional
factors on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions within the theory
of planned behaviour (TPB) framework. The rationale is based on the
previous literature which posits that regional conditions have
implications for individual perceptions, which, in turn, constitute the
foundation of the three antecedents of intention in the TPB model:
attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. A multilevel
analysis based on a random sample of 834 Finnish working-age individuals,
combined with the official national statistics at the municipality level
supports the proposition that regional conditions have an indirect impact
on the intent to become an entrepreneur. The population density, the level
of education, income and wealth and the rate of public and manufacturing
sector employment of a region are found to moderate the individual
formation of entrepreneurial intentions. This study supports further
development of the theoretical understanding of entrepreneurial intentions
by demonstrating that regional characteristics are important moderating
influences in the TPB model.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 293-323
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.721008
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.721008
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:3-4:p:293-323
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Juliette Koning
Author-X-Name-First: Juliette
Author-X-Name-Last: Koning
Author-Name: Michiel Verver
Author-X-Name-First: Michiel
Author-X-Name-Last: Verver
Title: Historicizing the ‘ethnic’ in ethnic entrepreneurship: The case of the ethnic Chinese in Bangkok
Abstract:
This paper aims to come to a better understanding of the
meaning of ‘ethnic’ in ethnic entrepreneurship for second-
and third-generation ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs in Bangkok, Thailand.
Research on ethnic Chinese entrepreneurship in Southeast Asia typically
investigates the dominance, attributed to specific ‘Chinese’
cultural values and strong intra-ethnic networks, of the ethnic Chinese in
business and entrepreneurship. Our research among second- and
third-generations shows an inclination of the interviewees to emphasize
the irrelevance of their ‘ethnic’ Chinese background in
entrepreneurship. To understand the meanings of the expressed irrelevance,
we argue that it is constructive to incorporate a historical/generational
approach of the ethnic group (migration history, nationalism) and of the
business (social organization) into the study of ethnic entrepreneurship.
The contribution to ethnic entrepreneurship research is threefold.
Firstly, we show how a generational lens provides a more nuanced
understanding of the ‘ethnic’ in ethnic entrepreneurship.
Secondly, we show how incorporating the historical context helps to
position business conduct in the social/societal experiences of
entrepreneurs. Finally, our case study of ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs in
Thailand brings an Asian perspective to ethnic entrepreneurship debates
that generally concern European and North American research studies and
thus hopes to inspire future comparative research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 325-348
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.729090
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.729090
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:325-348
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Robson
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Robson
Author-Name: Charles Akuetteh
Author-X-Name-First: Charles
Author-X-Name-Last: Akuetteh
Author-Name: Ian Stone
Author-X-Name-First: Ian
Author-X-Name-Last: Stone
Author-Name: Paul Westhead
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Westhead
Author-Name: Mike Wright
Author-X-Name-First: Mike
Author-X-Name-Last: Wright
Title: Credit-rationing and entrepreneurial experience: Evidence from a resource deficit context
Abstract:
This study explores the following novel research question: Do
attributes relating to the resources and signals of lead entrepreneurs,
particularly prior business ownership experience quality signals, reduce
the probability that entrepreneurs will be chronic credit-rationed
entrepreneurs in a developing economy context with resource deficiencies?
Guided by insights from signalling, resource-based view of the firm and
human capital theory, profiles of credit-rationed entrepreneurs (i.e. debt
finance obtained but below the amount requested) are highlighted. The
length of the debt finance gap was considered with regard to temporary
(over one year), major (over two years) and chronic (over three years)
finance gaps. We find support for our hypotheses relating to entrepreneurs
whose firms are more innovative being more likely to be chronically
credit-rationed, whilst firms with partners, entrepreneurs with longer
prior business ownership experience and habitual entrepreneurs are less
likely to be credit-rationed. The interaction with serial or portfolio
entrepreneur reduces the chronic credit-rationing problem faced by
innovative firms. A case for developing linkages between inexperienced
novice entrepreneurs and habitual entrepreneurs, particularly successful
portfolio entrepreneurs, is made. Notably, we suggest that building upon
the experienced entrepreneurs who do exist may be particularly beneficial
in resource deficit contexts such as Ghana
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 349-370
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.729091
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.729091
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:349-370
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew Arbuthnott
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Arbuthnott
Author-Name: Yvonne von Friedrichs
Author-X-Name-First: Yvonne
Author-X-Name-Last: von Friedrichs
Title: Entrepreneurial renewal in a peripheral region: the case of a winter automotive-testing cluster in Sweden
Abstract:
This research paper generates new insights into renewal
processes that may occur in peripheral regions. Key findings are presented
from an explorative study on a regionally clustered automotive-testing
industry, located in northern Sweden. The findings suggest that despite
theoretically unfavourable conditions it is possible to progress regional
industry after a peripheral setting's socio-economic relapses. Moreover,
this research shows how, notwithstanding the importance of profitable
service offerings, an entrepreneurial environment can be encouraged within
a peripheral region and subsequent renewal achieved by advancing
local networks, improving internationalization
and enhancing local infrastructures related to a
service-based regional industry. Consequently this research offers us a
glimpse into a pioneering service-based renewal case which, in essence,
differs from previously reported entrepreneurship scholarship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 371-403
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.748095
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.748095
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:371-403
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tony J. Watson
Author-X-Name-First: Tony J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Watson
Title: Entrepreneurship in action: bringing together the individual, organizational and institutional dimensions of entrepreneurial action
Abstract:
There is increasing recognition that entrepreneurship
research needs to achieve a better balance between studying to
entrepreneurial activities and setting these activities in their wider
context. It is important that these good intentions are realized and one
way of doing this is to bring together ethnographic research with concepts
from sociology and from pragmatist thinking. In this study, field research
material is interwoven with a set of key concepts to ensure that balanced
attention is paid to issues at the levels of the enterprising individual,
the organization and societal institutions. The field research is
innovative in combining depth study of several enterprises and their
founders with the analysis of broader aspects of ‘entrepreneurship
in society’. It achieves this through a process of ‘everyday
ethnographic’ observation, reading, conversation and ongoing
analysis. In the spirit of a pragmatist conception of social science, the
underlying logic of entrepreneurial action is identified.
This is a logic which needs to be appreciated by all of those who wish to
understand and/or engage with the entrepreneurial dimension of
contemporary social and economic life.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 404-422
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.754645
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.754645
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:404-422
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sergey Anokhin
Author-X-Name-First: Sergey
Author-X-Name-Last: Anokhin
Title: Venture migration: a quest for a low-hanging fruit?
Abstract:
Venture migration, in addition to firm entry and exit,
affects business stock in a region. This study draws on mainstream
entrepreneurship and economic geography literatures to explore the factors
explaining net venture migration. Using a data-set on 88 Ohio counties
during 2000--2006, it suggests that venture migration is largely a quest
for a low-hanging fruit. Relocating firms are drawn to areas with higher
sales tax rates that give them access to interest-free financing, higher
unemployment rates and better-qualified workforce as well as ample
arbitrage opportunities. At the same time, innovative opportunities do not
attract migrating ventures.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 423-445
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.758316
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.758316
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:423-445
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Manuela Presutti
Author-X-Name-First: Manuela
Author-X-Name-Last: Presutti
Author-Name: Cristina Boari
Author-X-Name-First: Cristina
Author-X-Name-Last: Boari
Author-Name: Antonio Majocchi
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Majocchi
Title: Inter-organizational geographical proximity and local start-ups' knowledge acquisition: a contingency approach
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship studies offer conflicting answers to a key
research question: What impact does geographic proximity have on the
process of knowledge acquisition by start-ups? This study proposes a new,
dynamic framework of three interrelated factors that may moderate this
impact; it anticipates that the importance of local and distant knowledge
networks depends on the life cycle stages reached by both start-ups and
industrial clusters, as well as on the dyadic relationships between local
start-ups and their business partners. Some additional variables help
strengthen the conceptual model and the key research propositions. This
study thus offers a new perspective on entrepreneurship research, namely
the configuration of start-ups in both spatial and social contexts. Such a
view offers two substantial benefits: a greater understanding of the role
played by geographical proximity in knowledge acquisition and an impetus
for further empirical research in this field. This article concludes with
various implications of the proposed model for both theoretical and
managerial purposes.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 446-467
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2012.760003
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2012.760003
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:446-467
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Louis Raymond
Author-X-Name-First: Louis
Author-X-Name-Last: Raymond
Author-Name: Marie Marchand
Author-X-Name-First: Marie
Author-X-Name-Last: Marchand
Author-Name: Josée St-Pierre
Author-X-Name-First: Josée
Author-X-Name-Last: St-Pierre
Author-Name: Louise Cadieux
Author-X-Name-First: Louise
Author-X-Name-Last: Cadieux
Author-Name: François Labelle
Author-X-Name-First: François
Author-X-Name-Last: Labelle
Title: Dimensions of small business performance from the owner-manager's perspective: a re-conceptualization and empirical validation
Abstract:
Owner-managers make decisions and manage their firm as
governed by the manner in which they conceptualize or
‘conceive’ performance for themselves and their firm, rather
than being governed by researchers' and experts' conceptualizations of
small business performance. On the basis of survey data obtained from 433
Canadian small businesses, this study aims at a deeper understanding of
what owner-managers conceive performance to be, and to what extent this
conception is determined by their objectives and social influences.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 468-499
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.782344
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.782344
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:468-499
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rune Dahl Fitjar
Author-X-Name-First: Rune Dahl
Author-X-Name-Last: Fitjar
Author-Name: Martin Gjelsvik
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Gjelsvik
Author-Name: Andrés Rodríguez-Pose
Author-X-Name-First: Andrés
Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez-Pose
Title: The combined impact of managerial and relational capabilities on innovation in firms
Abstract:
In this paper, a survey of more than 1600 firms in the five
largest city regions of Norway is described in order to examine how a
firm's innovative capacity is affected by three types of factors: factors
related to the manager, the structure of the firm and the broader
geographical location. By combining perspectives from the fields of
management and economic geography in a logistic regression analysis, we
find that the two key drivers of firm-level innovation in Norway are the
presence of open-minded managers and evidence of collaboration with
international partners. Moreover, these two factors are mutually
reinforcing, as firms with open-minded managers also tend to engage more
with international partners and vice versa.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 500-520
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.798353
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.798353
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:500-520
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Miira Niska
Author-X-Name-First: Miira
Author-X-Name-Last: Niska
Author-Name: Kari Mikko Vesala
Author-X-Name-First: Kari Mikko
Author-X-Name-Last: Vesala
Title: SME policy implementation as a relational challenge
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship
between actors, who implement the small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME)
policy, and entrepreneurs, who are the targets of the policy, by focusing
on the question who is serving whose interests. The paper
presents a case study conducted in one of the sub-regions in Finland. The
data include individual interviews with 10 policy implementers and 19
small business entrepreneurs and two group discussions. The data are
approached from the perspectives of discourse analysis and positioning
theory. The results are further interpreted in terms of agent--principal
relations. The results indicate that one relational challenge faced in the
implementation of the SME policy is the proxy agency, in
which both policy implementers and entrepreneurs position themselves as
the principal and the other party as their agent. The proxy agency can be
viewed as an interactional pitfall caused by the incompatible discourses
of entrepreneurs and policy actors and the actor positions constructed
with these discourses. Besides addressing the relational problems enabled
by certain individual discourses, the paper also demonstrates how there is
also a need to address the potential conflict that stems from the
collision between discourses.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 521-540
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.798354
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.798354
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:5-6:p:521-540
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alf Rehn
Author-X-Name-First: Alf
Author-X-Name-Last: Rehn
Author-Name: Malin Brännback
Author-X-Name-First: Malin
Author-X-Name-Last: Brännback
Author-Name: Alan Carsrud
Author-X-Name-First: Alan
Author-X-Name-Last: Carsrud
Author-Name: Marcus Lindahl
Author-X-Name-First: Marcus
Author-X-Name-Last: Lindahl
Title: Challenging the myths of entrepreneurship?
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship studies started out as a young field, one
where a mix of economists, psychologists, geographers and the occasional
anthropologist came together to study the wonder and weirdness that is
entrepreneurship, in a wide range of fashions and with few a priori
assumptions to hold it back. Today, some of this eclecticism lives on in
the field, but at the same time we have seen that the field has matured
and its popularity has led to the field becoming increasingly
institutionalized -- and thereby beset by an increasing number of
assumptions, even myths. Consequently, this special issue queries some of
the assumptions and potential myths that flourish in the field, inquiring
critically into the constitution of entrepreneurship as a field of
research -- all in order to develop the same. Without occasions where a
field can question even its most deeply held beliefs, we are at risk of
becoming ideologically rather than analytically constituted, which is why
we in this special issue wanted to create a space for the kind of critical
yet creative play that e.g. Sarasvathy (2004) has encourages the field to
engage with.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 543-551
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.818846
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.818846
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:7-8:p:543-551
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Colin C. Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Colin C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: Sara J. Nadin
Author-X-Name-First: Sara J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Nadin
Title: Beyond the entrepreneur as a heroic figurehead of capitalism: re-representing the lived practices of entrepreneurs
Abstract:
This paper evaluates critically the ideologically driven
representation of the entrepreneur as a heroic figurehead of capitalism
pursuing for-profit entrepreneurship in the formal commercial economy. To
do this, two separate streams of literature are brought together, which
highlight how many entrepreneurs operate in the informal economy and how
many others are social entrepreneurs. Reporting a 2006 survey of the lived
practices of entrepreneurship involving interviews with 120 entrepreneurs
in a rural West of England locality in the UK, formal sector for-profit
entrepreneurship is shown to be a minority practice. Most entrepreneurs
are revealed to operate wholly or partially in the informal economy and to
varying extents adopt social goals, including those engaged in a newly
identified form of entrepreneurship so far missed by the entrepreneurship
literature, namely social entrepreneurship in the informal economy. This
reveals the need to de-link entrepreneurship from the formal commercial
economy. The resultant outcome is to replace the dominant representation
of the entrepreneur as a heroic figurehead of capitalism with a
re-representation of the entrepreneur that recognizes the multifarious
lived practices of entrepreneurship and therefore demonstrates the
feasibility of imagining and enacting alternative futures beyond
capitalist hegemony.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 552-568
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.814715
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.814715
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:7-8:p:552-568
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Niklas Kiviluoto
Author-X-Name-First: Niklas
Author-X-Name-Last: Kiviluoto
Title: Growth as evidence of firm success: myth or reality?
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper was to explore the widely
acknowledged assumption of sales growth being evidence of firm success.
Theoretically, the focus is on the existence of entrepreneurial myths, the
multidimensionality of growth and the practical and theoretical
implications of this. Empirically, the paper relies on both quantitative
and qualitative methods to explore facts about sales growth being evidence
of firm success. Quantitatively, the convergent validity of sales growth
and 14 other performance measures is assessed. This is done both between
industries (bio and IT) and firms of different ages (three age
categories). The qualitative study explores the perceptions of 23 key
stakeholders (entrepreneurs, policy-makers, public investors and venture
capitalists) concerning growth, profitability, performance and firm
success. Results show that relative sales growth, the most widely used
measure of growth, shows no convergent validity to any other performance
measure, regardless of industry and regardless of firm age. The
stakeholder views complement these findings, and show that sales growth
alone tells too little of a complicated phenomenon and hence cannot be
considered a measure of firm success. More holistic research approaches
are recommended for fully understanding the complexity of firm success.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 569-586
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.814716
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.814716
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:7-8:p:569-586
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sanya Ojo
Author-X-Name-First: Sanya
Author-X-Name-Last: Ojo
Author-Name: Sonny Nwankwo
Author-X-Name-First: Sonny
Author-X-Name-Last: Nwankwo
Author-Name: Ayantunji Gbadamosi
Author-X-Name-First: Ayantunji
Author-X-Name-Last: Gbadamosi
Title: Ethnic entrepreneurship: the myths of informal and illegal enterprises in the UK
Abstract:
This study, based on lived experiences of a sample of
Nigerian entrepreneurs in the UK, provides an insight into why ethnic
minority entrepreneurs work and feel justified in working outside the
formal/legal structures regulated by government. It contributes an
understanding of ethnic entrepreneurship at the periphery or grey zones of
the market economy. Thirty Nigerian entrepreneurs based in London were
interviewed over a period of 3 months, and their responses analysed for
characterization of their entrepreneurial activities. It was found that
besides their regular involvements in 'off-the-book' illicit deals, the
demarcation between formal and informal entrepreneurial activities is
blurred and not easily navigable. Importantly, the study explanatorily
exposes the inherent myths of informal/illegal space associated with the
study and power of entrepreneurship as an analytical concept.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 587-611
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.814717
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.814717
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:7-8:p:587-611
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Karen Verduijn
Author-X-Name-First: Karen
Author-X-Name-Last: Verduijn
Author-Name: Caroline Essers
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline
Author-X-Name-Last: Essers
Title: Questioning dominant entrepreneurship assumptions: the case of female ethnic minority entrepreneurs
Abstract:
The aim of this paper was to shake up the entrepreneurship
ideal by problematizing what seems to have become naturalized, i.e. the
ideologized tale of optimism associated with entrepreneurship. We have
chosen a particular group of entrepreneurs (one usually and typically
excluded in not only popular discourse but also in mainstream
entrepreneurship literature), and we have chosen a typical Western
society, one that firmly ascribes to neoliberal ideas. We have brought
into play Dutch institutional stories with those of female ethnic
entrepreneurs to see if these institutions sustain the presupposed view
and to find out how these women consequently 'deal' with such
presuppositions, and how and at what particular aspects they resist them.
Since centre-margin positionalities are central to our investigations we
have turned to deconstruction analysis as an inspirational source for our
analysis. Our analysis portrays how the centred ideas about
entrepreneurship and the positive powers attributed to it do not hold; it
demonstrates the incoherence of this centre rather than confirming its
position. We have been able to establish that the hegemonic, positive
discourse on entrepreneurship in general and with women of ethnic minority
origin specifically indeed resonates in these institutions' stories,
mostly in its non-reflexivity and ideological prejudices.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 612-630
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.814718
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.814718
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:7-8:p:612-630
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrew Greenman
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: Greenman
Title: Everyday entrepreneurial action and cultural embeddedness: an institutional logics perspective
Abstract:
This study analyses the interrelationship between the
micro-foundations of institutionalization and everyday entrepreneurial
action using material gathered from ethnography of owner-founders of micro
and small enterprises in the design sub-sector of the creative industries.
We examine how cultural embeddedness enables and constrains
entrepreneurial action using a cross-level model to highlight three levels
of analysis where an institutional logics perspective might productively
intersect with entrepreneurship theory development. The contribution of
this study lies in the examination of how an institutional logics
perspective can extend entrepreneurship theory at a micro and meso level
while also suggesting a framework for integrating cultural context and the
macro-level consequences of entrepreneurial actions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 631-653
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.829873
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.829873
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:7-8:p:631-653
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pascal Beckers
Author-X-Name-First: Pascal
Author-X-Name-Last: Beckers
Author-Name: Boris F. Blumberg
Author-X-Name-First: Boris F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Blumberg
Title: Immigrant entrepreneurship on the move: a longitudinal analysis of first- and second-generation immigrant entrepreneurship in the Netherlands
Abstract:
Second-generation immigrants starting businesses in
industries not traditionally associated with immigrants have inspired a
new line of research on migrant entrepreneurship. New entrepreneurs are
expected to profit from better economic prospects arising from the
relatively high levels of human capital available to them and improved
integration into society compared to their parents' generation. So far, it
is unclear whether these expectations have been met owing to a lack of
reliable data on immigrants in general and immigrant entrepreneurs in
particular. This paper uses newly available data from Statistics
Netherlands (1999--2004) to compare the differences between the business
success of second- and first-generation immigrant entrepreneurs. The data
enable us to compare these intergenerational differences for each of five
major non-Western groups of immigrants in the Netherlands and contrast
them with developments among native entrepreneurs from both inter-temporal
and longitudinal perspectives. Contrary to expectations, the higher levels
of socio-cultural integration of second-generation immigrants do not
necessarily lead to better business prospects. The differences between the
major ethnic groups of immigrants are noteworthy, as are those with
non-immigrant entrepreneurs. While high levels of human capital and social
integration foster entrepreneurial success, they are no guarantee of good
business prospects.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 654-691
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.808270
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.808270
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:7-8:p:654-691
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alain Fayolle
Author-X-Name-First: Alain
Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle
Title: Personal views on the future of entrepreneurship education
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship education is growing worldwide, but key
educational and didactical issues remain. What are we talking about when
we talk about entrepreneurship education? What are we really doing when we
teach or educate people in entrepreneurship, in terms of the nature and
the impact of our interventions? What do we know about the
appropriateness, the relevancy, the coherency, the social usefulness and
the efficiency of our initiatives and practices in entrepreneurship
education? Addressing these issues and challenges, this article suggests
that at least two major evolutions might reinforce the future of
entrepreneurship education. First, we need strong intellectual and
conceptual foundations, drawing from the fields of entrepreneurship and
education, to strengthen our entrepreneurship courses. And finally, we
also need to deeply reflect on our practices, as researchers and
educators, taking a more critical stance toward a too often adopted "taken
for granted" position.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 692-701
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.821318
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.821318
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:7-8:p:692-701
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Norris Krueger
Author-X-Name-First: Norris
Author-X-Name-Last: Krueger
Author-Name: Francisco Liñán
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco
Author-X-Name-Last: Liñán
Author-Name: Ghulam Nabi
Author-X-Name-First: Ghulam
Author-X-Name-Last: Nabi
Title: Cultural values and entrepreneurship
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 703-707
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.862961
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.862961
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:703-707
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James C. Hayton
Author-X-Name-First: James C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hayton
Author-Name: Gabriella Cacciotti
Author-X-Name-First: Gabriella
Author-X-Name-Last: Cacciotti
Title: Is there an entrepreneurial culture? A review of empirical research
Abstract:
The literature on the association between
cultural values and entrepreneurial beliefs, motives and behaviours has
grown significantly over the last decade. Through its influence on
beliefs, motives and behaviours, culture can magnify or mitigate the
impact of institutional and economic conditions upon entrepreneurial
activity. Understanding the impact of national culture, alone and in
interaction with other contextual factors, is important for refining our
knowledge of how entrepreneurs think and act. We present a review of the
literature with the goal of distilling the major findings, points of
consensus and points of disagreement, as well as identify major gaps.
Research has advanced significantly with respect to examining complex
interactions among cultural, economic and institutional factors. As a
result, a more complex and nuanced view of culture's consequences is
slowly emerging. However, work that connects culture to individual
motives, beliefs and values has not built significantly upon earlier work
on entrepreneurial cognition. Evidence for the mediating processes linking
culture and behaviour remains sparse and inconsistent, often dogged by
methodological challenges. Our review suggests that we can be less
confident, rather than more, in the existence of a single entrepreneurial
culture. We conclude with suggestions for future research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 708-731
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.862962
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.862962
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:708-731
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andreas Rauch
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas
Author-X-Name-Last: Rauch
Author-Name: Michael Frese
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Frese
Author-Name: Zhong-Ming Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Zhong-Ming
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Author-Name: Jens Unger
Author-X-Name-First: Jens
Author-X-Name-Last: Unger
Author-Name: Maria Lozada
Author-X-Name-First: Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: Lozada
Author-Name: Vita Kupcha
Author-X-Name-First: Vita
Author-X-Name-Last: Kupcha
Author-Name: Tanja Spirina
Author-X-Name-First: Tanja
Author-X-Name-Last: Spirina
Title: National culture and cultural orientations of owners affecting the innovation--growth relationship in five countries
Abstract:
This study tests the cross-cultural
validity of the relationship between innovation and growth in a sample of
857 business owners from five different countries: China, Germany, the
Netherlands, Peru and Russia. We found that innovation is effective in
each country, suggesting universal relationships. In addition, cultural
variables moderated the innovation--growth relationship. Finally, our
cross-level operator analysis revealed that both cultural orientations of
owners and national culture explain variance in innovation--growth
relationships. Thus, we found interactions across difference levels of
culture, which have theoretical and practical implications for
cross-cultural entrepreneurship research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 732-755
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.862972
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.862972
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:732-755
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Karl Wennberg
Author-X-Name-First: Karl
Author-X-Name-Last: Wennberg
Author-Name: Saurav Pathak
Author-X-Name-First: Saurav
Author-X-Name-Last: Pathak
Author-Name: Erkko Autio
Author-X-Name-First: Erkko
Author-X-Name-Last: Autio
Title: How culture moulds the effects of self-efficacy and fear of failure on entrepreneurship
Abstract:
We use data from the Global
Entrepreneurship Monitor and the Global Leadership and Organizational
Behavior Effectiveness study for 42 countries to investigate how the
effects of individual's self-efficacy and of fear of failure on
entrepreneurial entry are contingent on national cultural practices. Using
multi-level methodology, we observe that the positive effect of
self-efficacy on entry is moderated by the cultural practices of
institutional collectivism and performance orientation. Conversely, the
negative effect of fear of failure on entry is moderated by the cultural
practices of institutional collectivism and uncertainty avoidance. We
discuss the implications for theory and methodological development in
culture and entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 756-780
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.862975
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.862975
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:756-780
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rotem Shneor
Author-X-Name-First: Rotem
Author-X-Name-Last: Shneor
Author-Name: Selin Metin Camgöz
Author-X-Name-First: Selin
Author-X-Name-Last: Metin Camgöz
Author-Name: Pinar Bayhan Karapinar
Author-X-Name-First: Pinar
Author-X-Name-Last: Bayhan Karapinar
Title: The interaction between culture and sex in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions
Abstract:
This study aims to reveal the effect of an
interaction between culture and sex on the formation of entrepreneurial
intentions, while building on notions of a cultural construction of
gender. The study adopts the theory of planned behaviour as the setting
for such exploration, as it has been proven to be robust across national
contexts. The analysis is based on survey data collected from business
students in Norway and Turkey. Both countries were selected as two
distinct and opposite cultural constellations in accordance with the
dissatisfaction approach to entrepreneurship. Turkey representing a
relatively masculine, high power distance, uncertainty avoiding and
collectivistic society; while Norway representing the opposite. Results
show that Turkish students, regardless of sex, exhibit significantly
higher levels of entrepreneurial intentions and self-efficacy. Male
students, regardless of national background, exhibit higher levels of
entrepreneurial intentions, self-efficacy and social norms. Finally, our
study shows that the extent to which males differ from females in terms of
their entrepreneurial intentions is contingent on the national cultural
context from which they originate.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 781-803
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.862973
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.862973
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:781-803
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ben Spigel
Author-X-Name-First: Ben
Author-X-Name-Last: Spigel
Title: Bourdieuian approaches to the geography of entrepreneurial cultures
Abstract:
Culture has emerged as an important
concept within the entrepreneurship literature to help explain differences
in the nature of the entrepreneurship process observed between regions,
industries and socio-cultural groups. Despite voluminous research on the
topic, theories about how culture affects the entrepreneurship process
remain underdeveloped. Without a framework to connect culture with
everyday entrepreneurial practices and strategies, it is difficult to
critically compare the role of culture between multiple contexts. Such a
framework is necessary when examining the influence of local cultures on
entrepreneurship, given the diverse ways they can influence economic
activities. This paper introduces a Bourdieuian perspective on
entrepreneurial culture that can be used to explain how particular
entrepreneurial cultures emerge within regions, influence the local
entrepreneurship process and evolve in the face of internal and external
developments. Building on existing work on Bourdieu and entrepreneurship,
this paper argues that entrepreneurship research must carefully consider
how the concept of culture is used if it is to be a useful factor in
explaining the heterogeneous geography of entrepreneurship we observe in
the modern economy.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 804-818
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.862974
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.862974
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:804-818
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rocío Aliaga-Isla (PhD)
Author-X-Name-First: Rocío
Author-X-Name-Last: Aliaga-Isla (PhD)
Author-Name: Alex Rialp (PhD)
Author-X-Name-First: Alex
Author-X-Name-Last: Rialp (PhD)
Title: Systematic review of immigrant entrepreneurship literature: previous findings and ways forward
Abstract:
Immigrant entrepreneurship is an important
socio-economic phenomenon today. Many studies have been developed in
academic arenas of different disciplines. This paper aims to present a
systematic review of academic literature related to immigrant
entrepreneurship. In doing so, two questions are addressed: what has been
done in international immigrant entrepreneurship research? and what are
the trends that marked this phenomenon in research arenas? For this
purpose, 45 articles published in academic journals are examined based on
their (a) objectives, (b) theoretical frameworks and (c) methodologies.
This paper provides evidence that most papers on immigrant
entrepreneurship have focused on the reality of the USA, followed by
Europe and Oceania. Furthermore, the review has identified the individual
level of analysis and the deductive perspective as a common trend. There
is a shortage in theory-building and qualitative studies in this field of
knowledge. On the basis of the review, several gaps in the literature are
identified that need to be filled in future research in order to enlarge
the scientific knowledge on immigrant entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 819-844
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.845694
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.845694
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:819-844
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Mathews
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Mathews
Author-Name: Peter Stokes
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Stokes
Title: The creation of trust: the interplay of rationality, institutions and exchange
Abstract:
Relationships based on notions of trust
represent a central aspect of the communitarian model of industrial
districts. Examination of trust has generated a substantial literature;
nevertheless, there have been relatively few studies that have empirically
considered the sources of trust that operate in local ties and
connections. The paper aims to redress this imbalance by investigating
relationships in the Arve Valley industrial district near Geneva. It
considers sources of trust by engaging the theoretical framework of
Möllering's (Möllering, G. 2006a. Trust: Reason, Routine,
Reflexivity. Oxford: Elsevier) model of trust which is predicated
on the concepts of reason, routine and reflexivity. In conjunction with
this, the field research uses in-depth semi-directive interviews with
small-firm managers in the Arve industrial district. The paper's findings
contribute to trust and industrial district literature by examining the
complex interplay between the three antecedents of reason, routine and
reflexivity in the creation of local trust in the industrial district
setting. In essence, the paper proposes that the availability of
information about potential partners and the existence of strong
interdependencies inform trust decisions based on evaluation and
calculation more than local norms and institutions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 845-866
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.845695
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.845695
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:845-866
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Svante Andersson
Author-X-Name-First: Svante
Author-X-Name-Last: Andersson
Author-Name: Natasha Evers
Author-X-Name-First: Natasha
Author-X-Name-Last: Evers
Author-Name: Clemence Griot
Author-X-Name-First: Clemence
Author-X-Name-Last: Griot
Title: Local and international networks in small firm internationalization: cases from the Rhône-Alpes medical technology regional cluster
Abstract:
This study explores the
internationalization processes of small firms operating in the medical
technology cluster in the Rhône-Alpes region in France. The study
demonstrates that both the location and the sectoral type of industry
cluster influence the internationalization and network dynamics in the
cluster. In addition, both local and international networks influence firm
internationalization processes in different ways. First, the firm
life-cycle, industry and locational cluster dynamics determine the extent
of network influence on firms' internationalization processes. Second, two
types of internationalizing firms emerge in this study: born global firms,
led by proactive entrepreneurs and globally market-orientated firms from
inception, and born-again globals, which engage in late but rapid
internationalization as a result of new management or foreign acquisition.
Third, local networks in the cluster are important for influencing the
internationalization of the born global firm at inception. In contrast,
international networks serve as the main impetus for re-launching
internationalization for the born-again globals. Fourth, the local
research institutions and their connections abroad help both born globals
and born-again global firms develop and internationalize their innovations
rapidly in the global marketplace.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 867-888
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.847975
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.847975
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:867-888
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alain Fayolle
Author-X-Name-First: Alain
Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle
Author-Name: Philippe Riot
Author-X-Name-First: Philippe
Author-X-Name-Last: Riot
Author-Name: Hans Landström
Author-X-Name-First: Hans
Author-X-Name-Last: Landström
Author-Name: Karin Berglund
Author-X-Name-First: Karin
Author-X-Name-Last: Berglund
Author-Name: William B. Gartner
Author-X-Name-First: William B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gartner
Title: The Institutionalization of Entrepreneurship
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 889-890
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 25
Year: 2013
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.875256
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.875256
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:25:y:2013:i:9-10:p:889-890
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christos Kalantaridis
Author-X-Name-First: Christos
Author-X-Name-Last: Kalantaridis
Title: Institutional change in the Schumpeterian--Baumolian construct: power, contestability and evolving entrepreneurial interests
Abstract:
Baumol's hypothesis, i.e. that the
allocation of entrepreneurial talent in productive, unproductive and
destructive activities is determined by the rules of the game, is
supported by a growing body of empirical research and underpins new
avenues of research in entrepreneurial studies. However, Baumol's paper
offers precious few insights, beyond policy action, regarding how change
to the rules of the game can be effected, because it views institutions as
endogenous. This paper sets out to address this gap through an extension
of Schumpeterian--Baumolian construct. The paper argues that changing
institutions is a contestable process: its outcome determined by the
complex nexus of interests and power endowments of actors. Changing the
outcome of this contestation is dependent on the emergence of new
entrepreneurial groupings and/or the evolution of the power endowments or
interests of existing ones. Two historical illustrations are used to
support the hypothesis and of this study.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-22
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.840338
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.840338
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:1-2:p:1-22
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eric Vaz
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Vaz
Author-Name: Teresa de Noronha Vaz
Author-X-Name-First: Teresa
Author-X-Name-Last: de Noronha Vaz
Author-Name: Purificacion Vicente Galindo
Author-X-Name-First: Purificacion Vicente
Author-X-Name-Last: Galindo
Author-Name: Peter Nijkamp
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp
Title: Modelling innovation support systems for regional development -- analysis of cluster structures in innovation in Portugal
Abstract:
The present article offers a concise
theoretical conceptualization and operational analysis of the contribution
of innovation to regional development. The latter concepts are closely
related to geographical proximity, knowledge diffusion and filters and
clustering. Institutional innovation profiles and regional patterns of
innovation are two mutually linked, novel conceptual elements in this
article. Next to a theoretical framing, the article employs the regional
innovation systems concept as a vehicle to analyse institutional
innovation profiles. Our case study addresses three Portuguese regions and
their institutions, included in a web-based inventory of innovation
agencies which offered the foundation for an extensive database. This
data-set was analysed by means of a recently developed principal
coordinates analysis followed by a Logistic Biplot approach (leading to a
Voronoi mapping) to design a systemic typology of innovation structures
where each institution is individually represented. There appears to be a
significant difference in the regional innovation patterns resulting from
the diverse institutional innovation profiles concerned. These profiles
appear to be region specific. Our conclusion highlights the main
advantages in the use of the method used for policy-makers and business
companies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 23-46
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.860193
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.860193
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:1-2:p:23-46
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pierre-Jean Benghozi
Author-X-Name-First: Pierre-Jean
Author-X-Name-Last: Benghozi
Author-Name: Elisa Salvador
Author-X-Name-First: Elisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Salvador
Title: Are traditional industrial partnerships so strategic for research spin-off development? Some evidence from the Italian case
Abstract:
This paper aims to contribute to the
literature on research spin-offs (SOs) and strategic alliances. The
research SO phenomenon has attracted significant attention in recent
years. Yet, research SOs might present a particular situation regarding
their economic development. Therefore, the paper focuses on the relevance
of traditional industrial partnerships and introduces a new and
complementary approach for studying and analysing the role of alliances
for this particular kind of firm. The results of a questionnaire
investigation of Italian research SOs with and without a traditional
industrial partner are investigated and supported by a linear regression
model. Due to recent initiatives -- a growing interest in the research SO
phenomenon -- and the increasing number of established research SOs, Italy
is a suitable case study for such an investigation. Nonetheless, the
results are generalizable beyond the Italian case. The findings
demonstrate thought-provoking -- and somehow unexpected -- results
regarding the role of traditional alliances in shaping the geographical
and industrial environment as well as the performance, added value, age
and production process of the company. This calls for a broader
perspective regarding industrial partnerships and research SOs: it
reflects new modes of relations for these particular firms in the form of
business ecosystems, either they are physical or they are digital.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 47-79
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.860194
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.860194
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:1-2:p:47-79
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Susan Marlow
Author-X-Name-First: Susan
Author-X-Name-Last: Marlow
Author-Name: Janine Swail
Author-X-Name-First: Janine
Author-X-Name-Last: Swail
Title: Gender, risk and finance: why can't a woman be more like a man?
Abstract:
Whilst acknowledging that the influence of
gender upon women's business ownership is now included as a legitimate
addition to the contemporary entrepreneurship research agenda, we question
the assumptions which frame this inclusion. We argue that whilst the
masculinity of the entrepreneurial discourse has been recognized, this has
promoted an almost exclusive focus upon women as the cipher for and
personification of the gendered subject. Using explorations of risk and
business finance in the context of entrepreneurship, we demonstrate how
this presumption ascribes women a discrete but generic theoretical and
empirical status associated with weakness and lack. Drawing upon a
feminist stance, we suggest that the framing of this contemporary
critique, rather than addressing the gender blindness endemic within
entrepreneurship, actually generates ontological biases and associated
epistemological limitations which perpetuate female disadvantage. These,
in turn, constrain the theoretical and empirical reach of the broader
field of entrepreneurship research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 80-96
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.860484
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.860484
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:1-2:p:80-96
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gry Agnete Alsos
Author-X-Name-First: Gry Agnete
Author-X-Name-Last: Alsos
Author-Name: Sara Carter
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Carter
Author-Name: Elisabet Ljunggren
Author-X-Name-First: Elisabet
Author-X-Name-Last: Ljunggren
Title: Kinship and business: how entrepreneurial households facilitate business growth
Abstract:
Building on studies that have stressed the
importance of context and the role of the family in business growth, this
study explores the role of the entrepreneurial household in the process of
business development and growth. We seek to understand how household
strategy influences the development of new businesses, the ways in which
household characteristics and dynamics influence business growth strategy
decisions and how business portfolios are managed and developed by the
household. To examine these questions, comparative case studies were
undertaken drawing data from four entrepreneurial households located in
remote rural regions of Norway and Scotland. The data reveal the role of
the entrepreneurial household in the evolution of business creation and
growth, examining the processual aspects of entrepreneurial growth, the
interactions between business activities and entrepreneurial households
and how business portfolios are developed in practice. Three analytical
themes emerged from the analyses: the tightly interwoven connections
between the business and the household, the use of family and kinship
relations as a business resource base and how households mitigate risk and
uncertainty through self-imposed growth controls. Although previous
studies have viewed entrepreneurial growth largely as an outcome of
personal ambition and business strategy, these results reveal the
importance of the entrepreneurial household and the household strategy in
determining business growth activities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 97-122
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.870235
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.870235
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:1-2:p:97-122
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicholas Collett
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas
Author-X-Name-Last: Collett
Author-Name: Naresh R. Pandit
Author-X-Name-First: Naresh R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pandit
Author-Name: Jukka Saarikko
Author-X-Name-First: Jukka
Author-X-Name-Last: Saarikko
Title: Success and failure in turnaround attempts. An analysis of SMEs within the Finnish Restructuring of Enterprises Act
Abstract:
This study focuses on the success and
failure of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) attempting
turnaround within Finland's Restructuring of Enterprises Act. In doing so,
it aims to shed light on (1) how successful and unsuccessful SME
turnarounds differ and (2) the effectiveness of the Finnish regime in
promoting SME recovery. A preliminary review of the turnaround literature
revealed 23 decline and recovery variables. Data on these variables were
collected via a questionnaire sent to the administrators of failing SMEs
that entered restructuring. Data from the sample of 228 returns were
subjected to factor and logit analysis. The factor analysis finds four
decline categories: poor management, high debt in adverse
macroeconomy, an adverse microeconomic environment and one-off causes of
decline. It also finds three recovery action categories:
management change and cash generation, market reorientation and
cost-cutting and retrenchment. The logit analysis finds that one-off
causes of decline, management change and cash generation and cost-cutting
and retrenchment are more important in successful turnarounds and that
poor management and an adverse microeconomic environment are more
important in unsuccessful turnarounds. The study also finds that the
Finnish Restructuring of Enterprises Act has resulted in good rates of
business survival. Fifty-four per cent of SMEs in our sample turnaround
and survive.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 123-141
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.870236
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.870236
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:1-2:p:123-141
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Raphael Suire
Author-X-Name-First: Raphael
Author-X-Name-Last: Suire
Author-Name: Jerome Vicente
Author-X-Name-First: Jerome
Author-X-Name-Last: Vicente
Title: Clusters for life or life cycles of clusters: in search of the critical factors of clusters' resilience
Abstract:
This article investigates the driving
forces behind the life cycles and resilience of technological clusters. It
concentrates, in particular, on the combination of critical parameters
which allows clusters to succeed in disconnecting their cycle from the
cycle of the technologies they produce, in order to maintain stability and
growth in unstable economic environments. Three propositions on location
decision externalities, the life cycle of composite technologies and the
structural properties of knowledge networks are developed and introduced
in an inclusive study of cluster trajectories. Discussions show that
resilient clusters are those that combine network and external audience
effects in location decision-making and evolve towards a specific
core/periphery and disassortative structure of knowledge interactions
along the knowledge and market phases. Understanding these pathways could
be at the heart of the renewal of cluster and regional policy in a
macro-economic context characterized by high instability and new growing
consumer paradigms.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 142-164
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.877985
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.877985
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:1-2:p:142-164
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sarah Louise Drakopoulou Dodd
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Louise Drakopoulou
Author-X-Name-Last: Dodd
Title: Roots radical -- place, power and practice in punk entrepreneurship
Abstract:
The significance continues to grow of
scholarship that embraces critical and contextualized entrepreneurship,
seeking rich explorations of diverse entrepreneurship contexts. Following
these influences, this study explores the potentialized context of punk
entrepreneurship. The Punk Rock band Rancid has a 20-year history of
successfully creating independent musical and related creative enterprises
from the margins of the music industry. The study draws on artefacts,
interviews and videos created by and around Rancid to identify and analyse
this example of marginal, alternative entrepreneurship. A three-part
analytic frame was applied to analysing these artefacts.
Place is critical to Rancid's enterprise, grounding the
band socially, culturally, geographically and politically.
Practice also plays an important role with Rancid's
activities encompassing labour, making music, movement and human
interactions. The third, and most prevalent, dimension of alterity is that
of power which includes data related to dominance,
subordination, exclusion, control and liberation. Rancid's entrepreneurial
story is depicted as cycles, not just a linear journey, but following more
complicated paths -- from periphery to centre, and back again; returning
to roots, whilst trying to move forwards too; grounded in tradition but
also radically focused on dramatic change. Paradox, hybridized practices,
and the significance of marginal place as a rich resource also emerged
from the study.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 165-205
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.877986
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2013.877986
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:1-2:p:165-205
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sverre J. Herstad
Author-X-Name-First: Sverre J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Herstad
Author-Name: Bernd Ebersberger
Author-X-Name-First: Bernd
Author-X-Name-Last: Ebersberger
Title: Urban agglomerations, knowledge-intensive services and innovation: establishing the core connections
Abstract:
This paper investigates how resources
available in urban agglomerations influence the organizational form,
innovation activity and collaborative linkages of knowledge-intensive
business services (KIBS) firms. Compared with their counterparts
elsewhere, KIBS located in Norwegian large city labour market regions are
more likely to be independent of multi-establishment business
organizations and thus reliant on resources available externally, in their
locations. This is most pronounced in the central and Western business
districts of the capital, wherein independent KIBS exhibit high turnover
of professionals and are less inclined to engage actively in innovation.
Yet, those that do engage use the capital region economy as a platform for
engaging with both domestic and international collaboration partners. Only
by consecutively analysing these aspects and accounting for the selection
processes involved is the empirical analysis able to uncover contrasting
firm-level responses to the same urban economy resource base.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 211-233
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.888098
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.888098
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:3-4:p:211-233
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jean Clarke
Author-X-Name-First: Jean
Author-X-Name-Last: Clarke
Author-Name: Robin Holt
Author-X-Name-First: Robin
Author-X-Name-Last: Holt
Author-Name: Richard Blundel
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Blundel
Title: Re-imagining the growth process: (co)-evolving metaphorical representations of entrepreneurial growth
Abstract:
We investigate the role and influence of
the biological metaphor 'growth' in studies of organizations, specifically
in entrepreneurial settings. We argue that we need to reconsider
metaphorical expressions of growth processes in entrepreneurship studies
in order to better understand growth in the light of contemporary
challenges, such as environmental concerns. Our argument is developed in
two stages: first, we review the role of metaphor in organization and
entrepreneurship studies. Second, we reflect critically on three
conceptualizations of growth that have drawn on biological metaphors: the
growing organism, natural selection and co-evolution. We find the metaphor
of co-evolution heuristically valuable but under-used and in need of
further refinement. We propose three characteristics of the
co-evolutionary metaphor that might enrich our understanding of
entrepreneurial growth: relational epistemology, collectivity and
multidimensionality. Through this we provide a conceptual means of
reconciling an economic impetus for entrepreneurial growth with an
environmental imperative for sustainability.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 234-256
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.888099
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.888099
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:3-4:p:234-256
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nick Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Nick
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: Tim Vorley
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Vorley
Title: Economic resilience and entrepreneurship: lessons from the Sheffield City Region
Abstract:
This article examines the relationship
between economic resilience and entrepreneurship in city regions.
Resilience is an emerging concept which has been employed to examine
economic performance and responsiveness to exogenous shocks such as
financial crisis and recession. Drawing on a literature review of academic
articles in this emerging field and interviews with policy-makers in the
Sheffield City Region of England, the article examines how
entrepreneurship is central to sustain a dynamic economy and demonstrates
that it is being fore-fronted in policy debates as a key aspect in
creating more resilient economies. The article finds that entrepreneurship
is integral to promoting the diversification and capacity building of
regional economies, traits which are characteristic of (more) resilient
economies. We advance the emerging literature through the development of a
conceptual framework to highlight the links between economic resilience
and entrepreneurship. In doing so, the article argues that
entrepreneurship is critical to the restructuring and adaptation of local
(city region) economies and draws out a series of recommendations
concerning the wider policy implications of the study.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 257-281
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.894129
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.894129
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:3-4:p:257-281
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dilani Jayawarna
Author-X-Name-First: Dilani
Author-X-Name-Last: Jayawarna
Author-Name: Julia Rouse
Author-X-Name-First: Julia
Author-X-Name-Last: Rouse
Author-Name: Allan Macpherson
Author-X-Name-First: Allan
Author-X-Name-Last: Macpherson
Title: Life course pathways to business start-up
Abstract:
We explore how socially embedded life
courses of individuals within Britain affect the resources they have
available and their capacity to apply those resources to start-up. We
propose that there will be common pathways to entrepreneurship from
privileged resource ownership and test our propositions by modelling a
specific life course framework, based on class and gender. We
operationalize our model employing 18 waves of the British Household Panel
Survey and event history random effect logistic regression modelling. Our
hypotheses receive broad support. Business start-up in Britain is
primarily made from privileged class backgrounds that enable resource
acquisition and are a means of reproducing or defending prosperity. The
poor avoid entrepreneurship except when low household income threatens
further downward mobility and entrepreneurship is a more attractive
option. We find that gendered childcare responsibilities disrupt
class-based pathways to entrepreneurship. We interpret the implications of
this study for understanding entrepreneurship and society and suggest
research directions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 282-312
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.901420
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.901420
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:3-4:p:282-312
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nasiru Daiyabu Taura
Author-X-Name-First: Nasiru Daiyabu
Author-X-Name-Last: Taura
Author-Name: David Watkins
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Watkins
Title: Counteracting innovative constraints: insights from four case studies of African knowledge-intensive metalworking and automotive clusters - 'the Akimacs'
Abstract:
We respond to repeated calls over the
years to further develop cluster theory specifically in an African
context. Our contribution is to construct a framework which integrates
theories focusing on path dependency, transaction cost economics
(efficiency and systemic interdependency models) and regional development
(lock in models). Our focus is on the innovativeness of African clusters
and constraints on such innovation. Thus, drawing on cluster literature on
constraints to innovation coupled with insights from current empirical
work within African automotive clusters, we examine the challenges of
counteracting the multilevel constraints which hinder innovation in
African clusters. We develop a model for counteracting cluster constraints
focusing on the impact of variations in innovative frequency, diffusion of
innovations, innovative speed and protection of innovation. The model
emphasizes the opportunities that arise when new entrant and incumbent
firms interact to neutralize constraints at transactional, social,
ecological and knowledge levels.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 313-336
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.904004
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.904004
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:3-4:p:313-336
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Neil Lee
Author-X-Name-First: Neil
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Author-Name: Emma Drever
Author-X-Name-First: Emma
Author-X-Name-Last: Drever
Title: Do SMEs in deprived areas find it harder to access finance? Evidence from the UK Small Business Survey
Abstract:
Encouraging enterprise in deprived places
is an important objective of the UK government policy. Evidence on the
perceptions of entrepreneurs suggests that access to finance may be harder
for firms in deprived areas, who may have fewer contacts, less collateral
or worse access to mainstream banks. Yet there is little empirical
evidence on whether this is actually the case. This paper investigates
whether firms in deprived areas are more likely to find it hard to access
finance than other firms, using a sample of around 3500 UK small and
medium sized enterprises (SMEs). We find that firms in deprived areas are
more likely to perceive access to finance is a problem. However,
controlling for SME characteristics, firm growth, credit scores and
selection effects, we find no evidence that they actually do find it
harder to obtain. The results suggest that geographical disparities in
access to finance are unimportant for the average firm.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 337-356
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.911966
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.911966
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:3-4:p:337-356
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Leo-Paul Dana
Author-X-Name-First: Leo-Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Dana
Author-Name: Calin Gurau
Author-X-Name-First: Calin
Author-X-Name-Last: Gurau
Author-Name: Frank Lasch
Author-X-Name-First: Frank
Author-X-Name-Last: Lasch
Title: Entrepreneurship, tourism and regional development: a tale of two villages
Abstract:
The tourism potential of rural areas
represents a source of opportunities for entrepreneurship that can enhance
regional development. The impact of tourism is, however, complex,
representing a combination of benefits and costs. Despite the necessity to
evaluate and understand in depth the relationship between tourism,
community life and regional development from a local perspective, many
studies adopt a descriptive approach, focusing mainly on the perception
and attitudes of local residents. Adopting a qualitative methodology, this
article makes a comparative analysis of two rural communities in the south
of France. Although the geographic distance between the two villages is
only 12 km, the communities present unlike profiles in terms of
attractions, entrepreneurial activities, community and regional
development. The article provides a twofold contribution to the existing
literature: first, it enriches the methodological perspective using an
interpretative framework based on the specific functions of rural
territories; and second, it applies this framework to explain the specific
evolution of the investigated villages, as well as the existing tensions
and challenges for regional development and management.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 357-374
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.918182
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.918182
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:3-4:p:357-374
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dan Breznitz
Author-X-Name-First: Dan
Author-X-Name-Last: Breznitz
Author-Name: Mollie Taylor
Author-X-Name-First: Mollie
Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor
Title: The communal roots of entrepreneurial-technological growth - social fragmentation and stagnation: reflection on Atlanta's technology cluster
Abstract:
Why do some entrepreneurial
high-technology industrial clusters grow and prosper, while others
stagnate? Even after several decades of research, we have yet to find a
definitive answer. One of the main debates in the literature revolves
around the importance of societal variables, such as the growth of a
cohesive community, versus the importance of factor availability, such as
the supply of highly educated labour. Employing a critical case study
design to analyse the technology industry in metropolitan Atlanta, this
article shows that although the availability of certain factors might be
necessary, it is not sufficient without the crystallization of a cohesive
social structure. More specifically, we argue that unless a local
high-technology industry develops rich multiple, locally centred social
networks, which embed companies in the region, cluster development will
stagnate. This is true even if the region is extremely rich in all the
factors identified as growth-inducing in the literature.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 375-396
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.918183
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.918183
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:3-4:p:375-396
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brendan James Gray
Author-X-Name-First: Brendan James
Author-X-Name-Last: Gray
Author-Name: Suzanne Duncan
Author-X-Name-First: Suzanne
Author-X-Name-Last: Duncan
Author-Name: Jodyanne Kirkwood
Author-X-Name-First: Jodyanne
Author-X-Name-Last: Kirkwood
Author-Name: Sara Walton
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Walton
Title: Encouraging sustainable entrepreneurship in climate-threatened communities: a Samoan case study
Abstract:
South Pacific island states are at the
forefront of climatic changes that have precipitated severe environmental
events. These small countries also face economic and social challenges
that require entrepreneurial solutions. We develop a model of how external
factors and chance events impact on sustainable opportunity recognition
and exploitation in this context. We assess the efficacy of this model in
an in-depth study of Women in Business Development Incorporated, a
non-governmental organization that helps women and families in Samoa to
establish sustainable enterprises. Our findings make a significant
contribution to the emerging literature on entrepreneurship,
sustainability and resilience in at-risk communities by showing how key
organizational capabilities are necessary for coping with exogenous shocks
in this context. The findings have important implications for research,
policy and practice.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 401-430
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.922622
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.922622
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:5-6:p:401-430
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jose-Luis Hervas-Oliver
Author-X-Name-First: Jose-Luis
Author-X-Name-Last: Hervas-Oliver
Author-Name: Jose Albors-Garrigos
Author-X-Name-First: Jose
Author-X-Name-Last: Albors-Garrigos
Title: Are technology gatekeepers renewing clusters? Understanding gatekeepers and their dynamics across cluster life cycles
Abstract:
The cluster literature assumes that
technology gatekeepers (TGs) shape a district's learning process and its
evolution. However, analysis of the resilience of TGs, and their role
across different stages of the cluster life cycle (CLC), is absent.
Instead, most of the evidence that has been produced is set at a
particular stage of the CLC. This article seeks to use a qualitative case
study to understand the dynamics of TGs, and their knowledge creation and
diffusion capabilities in the CLC renewal period. This is a stage less
studied in the literature. Further, the article explores TG
resilience across different stages of the
CLC. Our results show that not all TGs are resilient and
necessary for cluster renewal. In addition, they are not sufficient for
fostering disruptions: their manifest reluctance to destroy the
status quo and their network centrality makes necessary
the entrance of new firms with new knowledge. TGs are necessary because
they facilitate a cluster's transition across stages thanks to their
powerful control of the most vital aspect of clusters: networks.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 431-452
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.933489
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.933489
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:5-6:p:431-452
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edward McKeever
Author-X-Name-First: Edward
Author-X-Name-Last: McKeever
Author-Name: Alistair Anderson
Author-X-Name-First: Alistair
Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson
Author-Name: Sarah Jack
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Jack
Title: Entrepreneurship and mutuality: social capital in processes and practices
Abstract:
Social capital, which offers the broader
theoretical construct to which networks and networking relate, is now
recognized as an important influence in entrepreneurship. Broadly
understood as resources embedded in networks and accessed through social
connections, research has mainly focused on measuring structural,
relational and cognitive dimensions of the concept. While useful, these
measurements tell us little about how social capital, as a relational
artefact and connecting mechanism, actually works in practice. As a social
phenomenon which exists between individuals and contextualized through
social networks and groups, we draw upon established social theory to
offer an enhanced practical understanding of social capital - what it does
and how it operates. Drawing on the work of Pierre Bourdieu and Robert
Putnam, we contribute to understanding entrepreneurship as a socially
situated and influenced practice. From this perspective, our unit of
analysis is the context within which entrepreneurs are embedded. We
explored the situated narratives and practices of a group of 15
entrepreneurs from 'Inisgrianan', a small town in the northwest of
Ireland. We adopted a qualitative approach, utilizing an interpretive
naturalistic philosophy. Findings show how social capital can enable, and
how the mutuality of shared interests allows, encourages and engages
entrepreneurs in sharing entrepreneurial expertise.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 453-477
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.939536
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.939536
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:5-6:p:453-477
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Othmar M. Lehner
Author-X-Name-First: Othmar M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lehner
Title: The formation and interplay of social capital in crowdfunded social ventures
Abstract:
The multi-levelled processes taking place
in Crowdfunding (CF), when tapping a large heterogeneous crowd for
resources, and the often fundamentally different intentions of individual
crowd members in the case of highly desirable social ventures with little
prospect for economic gains, may lead to a different logic and approach to
how entrepreneurship develops. Using this under-institutionalized sphere
as both, context and subject, the author seeks evidence and a new
understanding of entrepreneurial routes by using the sociological
perspectives of Bourdieus' four forms of capital as a lens on 36 cases of
social ventures. In the cases, opportunity recognition, formation and
exploitation could not be distinguished as separate processes. CF and
sourcing help form the actual opportunity and disperse information at the
same time. In addition, the 'nexus' of opportunity and entrepreneur is
breached in CF of social causes through the constant exchange of ideas
with the crowd, leading to norm-value pairs between the funders and the
entrepreneurs. Issues of identification and control are thus not based
upon any formal relationship but based on perceived legitimization and
offered democratic participation leading to the transformation of social
capital (SC) into economic capital (EC). Success is based upon the SC of
the entrepreneurial teams, yet the actual resource exchange and
transformation into EC is highly moderated by cultural and symbolic
capital that is being built up through the process.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 478-499
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.922623
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.922623
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:5-6:p:478-499
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Trevor Jones
Author-X-Name-First: Trevor
Author-X-Name-Last: Jones
Author-Name: Monder Ram
Author-X-Name-First: Monder
Author-X-Name-Last: Ram
Author-Name: Paul Edwards
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Edwards
Author-Name: Alex Kiselinchev
Author-X-Name-First: Alex
Author-X-Name-Last: Kiselinchev
Author-Name: Lovemore Muchenje
Author-X-Name-First: Lovemore
Author-X-Name-Last: Muchenje
Title: Mixed embeddedness and new migrant enterprise in the UK
Abstract:
How can the phenomenon of new migrant
enterprise be explained? The arrival of new migrants to the UK in
significant numbers is prompting a new wave of business activity. This
expression of 'super-diversity' poses challenges for existing modes of
theorizing, or so it seems. We venture outside the cosmopolitan metropolis
of London to examine the experiences of 165 new migrant business owners in
the East Midlands region of the UK. Mixed embeddedness theory is used to
illuminate the business activities of these new arrivals. We find that new
migrants are indeed 'diverse' in many respects; but importantly, the
onerous nature of structural constraints limit the scope of new migrant
enterprise. There is more than a faint of echo of predecessor ethnic
minority communities; and racism continues to cast influence on the
business activities of new migrants.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 500-520
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.950697
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.950697
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:5-6:p:500-520
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luca Storti
Author-X-Name-First: Luca
Author-X-Name-Last: Storti
Title: Being an entrepreneur: emergence and structuring of two immigrant entrepreneur groups
Abstract:
The paper aims to analyse the mechanisms whereby immigrant
entrepreneurship emerges and develops. In this connection, we argue that
studies of immigrant entrepreneurship can benefit from deeper dialogue
with economic sociology. With the idea of mixed embeddedness as our
starting point, we advocate an analytical framework of immigrant
entrepreneurship that traces the interconnections between the approaches
of new economic sociology, political economy and neo-institutionalism from
the perspective of mechanism-based explanation. This framework is then
applied to a qualitative case study conducted on two micro-immigrant
entrepreneur groups: the Italian ice-cream parlour owners and pizzeria
owners in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, selected inasmuch as they represent
polar forms of immigrant entrepreneurship. In this perspective, empirical
findings show detailed differences between the two groups. For pizzeria
owners, entrepreneurial transition is the result of a short-term project;
the actors are part of small networks, do business in predominantly local
markets and are mainly shaped by mimetic isomorphism. By contrast, the
ice-cream parlour owners script more consistent entrepreneurial paths,
belong to more highly articulated networks, show specific aspects of
economic transnationalism and structure themselves by a predominately
normative process.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 521-545
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.959067
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.959067
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:7-8:p:521-545
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jan Brzozowski
Author-X-Name-First: Jan
Author-X-Name-Last: Brzozowski
Author-Name: Marco Cucculelli
Author-X-Name-First: Marco
Author-X-Name-Last: Cucculelli
Author-Name: Aleksander Surdej
Author-X-Name-First: Aleksander
Author-X-Name-Last: Surdej
Title: Transnational ties and performance of immigrant entrepreneurs: the role of home-country conditions
Abstract:
This study contributes to the recent empirical literature on the
performance of transnational immigrants' firms by investigating the effect
of transnational ties on the firm's growth. In addition to the effect of
the ties, the paper shows that home country's institutional and
socio-economic characteristics and country-specific entrepreneurial
factors have a crucial role in shaping the ties-performance relationship.
The evidence from a sample of immigrant-owned firms in the Italian
information and communications technology (ICT) sector in the period
2000-2010 confirmed the relevance of the proposed model and helped in
understanding a potential channel of improvements in immigrant firms'
performance through transnational ties. Our results show the limited
relevance of a direct, or linear, impact of ties on the growth of sales in
immigrant-run firms in the ICT sector, but support the crucial moderating
role of home-country characteristics on the ties-performance relationship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 546-573
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.959068
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.959068
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:7-8:p:546-573
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tam Nguyen
Author-X-Name-First: Tam
Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen
Author-Name: Martie-Louise Verreynne
Author-X-Name-First: Martie-Louise
Author-X-Name-Last: Verreynne
Author-Name: John Steen
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Steen
Title: Drivers of firm formalization in Vietnam: an attention theory explanation
Abstract:
Informal enterprises are widely viewed as a mechanism to engage unemployed
people in the economy and thereby alleviate poverty in developing
economies. However, over-representation in an economy may lead to both
economic growth and broader employment opportunities being sacrificed.
This paper presents a process model to investigate three potential drivers
for firms to formalize: the first from a desire to grow and develop the
firm through innovation, the second from the wish to access government
financial support and the third stimulated by the payment of unofficial
payments or bribes. We use data from surveys of Vietnamese firms in 2005,
2007, 2009 and 2011 to investigate these drivers of formalization.
Although we find support for all three of these drivers, the results
differ in significance across years and firm types. We explain these
differences using attention theory to show how different situations and
events can make the formalization decision more likely over time.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 574-593
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.959069
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.959069
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:7-8:p:574-593
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: M. Patrizia Vittoria
Author-X-Name-First: M. Patrizia
Author-X-Name-Last: Vittoria
Author-Name: Giuseppe Lubrano Lavadera
Author-X-Name-First: Giuseppe
Author-X-Name-Last: Lubrano Lavadera
Title: Knowledge networks and dynamic capabilities as the new regional policy milieu. A social network analysis of the Campania biotechnology community in southern Italy
Abstract:
A new definition of regional milieu is emerging from the recent innovation
policy framework inspired by the notion of a 'knowledge economy'. It is
grounded in a theoretical context where the emphasis is on the interactive
character of innovation, involving the sharing and exchange of different
forms of knowledge among the actors. Identifying regional positioning
within the global knowledge value chain is a current preoccupation of both
policy and empirical research. This study tries to measure the degree of
involvement of a (follower) regional community of biotechnology actors in
the global knowledge value chain. It applies inductive research and
exploratory case studies to analyse local relational behaviour within the
knowledge network (KN) structure. Our description of a regional
bio-community highlights the distinctiveness of regional knowledge in
relation to the distribution of KN capabilities. The critical nodes in the
KN structure are the intra-regional actors, represented by public basic
research organizations. These actors bridge between local basic research
groups and the international scientific community, although the ability of
local actors to collaborate can affect the strength of the links among
them. This aspect, which is not addressed by regional strategies, should
be the focus of new regional policies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 594-618
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.964782
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.964782
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:7-8:p:594-618
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ingebjørg Vestrum
Author-X-Name-First: Ingebjørg
Author-X-Name-Last: Vestrum
Title: The embedding process of community ventures: creating a music festival in a rural community
Abstract:
Community entrepreneurship is a potentially powerful mechanism to improve
the well-being of rural communities. To mobilize inhabitants for
collective action, an emerging community venture must be embedded within a
local community. Yet, the embedding process of community ventures is not
well understood. Accordingly, this study explores how a community
entrepreneur (CE) embedded an emerging community venture into a rural
community and simultaneously stimulated social change in the community.
Drawing on a longitudinal case study of a CE who created a jazz music
festival in a rural Norwegian community, a dynamic conceptual framework
was developed that highlights the roles and mechanisms that support the
embedding process. The CE promoted social change by introducing external
impulses to the local community and assumed a bridging role between the
villagers and external actors in the embedding process. Some villagers
assumed local embedding roles, while several external actors assumed
external embedding roles. I identified four strategies that were used to
increase the embeddedness of the community venture in the rural community
and one strategy that was used by the CE to de-embed the venture in order
to avoid constraints imposed by the local community. The importance of the
different roles and mechanisms changed over time.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 619-644
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.971076
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.971076
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:7-8:p:619-644
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicholas Theodorakopoulos
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas
Author-X-Name-Last: Theodorakopoulos
Author-Name: David Bennett
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Bennett
Author-Name: Deycy Janeth Sánchez Preciado
Author-X-Name-First: Deycy Janeth
Author-X-Name-Last: Sánchez Preciado
Title: Intermediation for technology diffusion and user innovation in a developing rural economy: a social learning perspective
Abstract:
Technology intermediaries are seen as potent vehicles for addressing
perennial problems in transferring technology from university to industry
in developed and developing countries. This paper examines what
constitutes effective user-end intermediation in a low-technology,
developing economy context, which is an under-researched topic. The social
learning in technological innovation framework is extended using situated
learning theory in a longitudinal instrumental case study of an exemplar
technology intermediation programme. The paper documents the role that
academic-related research and advisory centres can play as intermediaries
in brokering, facilitating and configuring technology, against the
backdrop of a group of small-scale pisciculture businesses in a rural area
of Colombia. In doing so, it demonstrates how technology intermediation
activities can be optimized in the domestication and innofusion of
technology amongst end-users. The design components featured in this
instrumental case of intermediation can inform policy making and practice
relating to technology transfer from university to rural industry. Future
research on this subject should consider the intermediation components put
forward, as well as the impact of such interventions, in different
countries and industrial sectors. Such research would allow for
theoretical replication and help improve technology domestication and
innofusion in different contexts, especially in less-developed countries.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 645-662
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.971077
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.971077
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:7-8:p:645-662
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Albena Pergelova
Author-X-Name-First: Albena
Author-X-Name-Last: Pergelova
Author-Name: Fernando Angulo-Ruiz
Author-X-Name-First: Fernando
Author-X-Name-Last: Angulo-Ruiz
Title: The impact of government financial support on the performance of new firms: the role of competitive advantage as an intermediate outcome
Abstract:
This research examines the influence of government financial support on
new firms' performance. Extant empirical research on the topic has found
mixed results, which warrants an exploration of the theoretical basis for
the impact of support policies on new firms' performance. Grounding the
theoretical model in the resource-based view and institutional theories,
this study contends that performance outcomes - e.g. revenues or profits -
should not be the first outcomes of public policies to be examined.
Instead, competitive advantage formation is suggested as a link between
support policies and new firms' performance. Using new firms from the USA,
we examine the impact of government financial support measures -
government loans, guarantees and government equity - on firms' overall
competitive advantage and more specific types of competitive advantage
based on innovation, licensing-in, marketing and human capital.
Controlling for family funding, bank financing, equity of business angels
and venture capitalists, industry, size as well as entrepreneur's
characteristics, the results reveal that government guarantees and
government equity have a direct effect on new firms' competitive advantage
and only an indirect impact on performance. Our results suggest to
policy-makers to focus on helping new firms build the necessary
capabilities to compete successfully in the marketplace.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 663-705
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.980757
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.980757
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:9-10:p:663-705
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mohammad Reza Farzanegan
Author-X-Name-First: Mohammad Reza
Author-X-Name-Last: Farzanegan
Title: Can oil-rich countries encourage entrepreneurship?
Abstract:
This study provides the first empirical investigation to test one of
transmission channels of resource curse, i.e. marginalized
entrepreneurship activities. Our panel data analysis of 65 countries from
2004 to 2011 shows a negative and statistically significant association
between oil rents dependency and entrepreneurship indicator. This finding
is robust to control of other major drivers of entrepreneurship,
unobservable country- and time-fixed effects and a different measurement
of oil rents dependency. In addition, our main results show that
government effectiveness among other dimensions of good governance has a
statistically significant moderating effect in entrepreneurship-oil rents
nexus.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 706-725
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.981869
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.981869
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:9-10:p:706-725
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Huggins
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins
Author-Name: Piers Thompson
Author-X-Name-First: Piers
Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson
Title: Culture, entrepreneurship and uneven development: a spatial analysis
Abstract:
Interest in the proposed connection between culture and entrepreneurship
has grown significantly in recent years. However, less attention has been
given to the nature of the overall impact of this proposed association on
development outcomes, particularly at the local level. In response, this
paper analyses the relationship between the nature of the culture,
entrepreneurship and development experienced across localities, proposing
that the link between culture and development is mediated by
entrepreneurship. It focuses upon the concept of community culture, as
well as embracing a notion of development incorporating both economic and
social well-being outcomes. Drawing upon a multivariate spatial analysis
of data from localities in Great Britain, the findings indicate that
differences in rates of entrepreneurship are strongly influenced by the
community culture present in these localities. Furthermore, a
bidirectional relationship is found to exist between entrepreneurship and
economic and social development outcomes. It is concluded that the
embeddedness of local community culture presents a significant challenge
for those places seeking to promote entrepreneurially driven development.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 726-752
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.985740
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.985740
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:9-10:p:726-752
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alessandro Arrighetti
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro
Author-X-Name-Last: Arrighetti
Author-Name: Daniela Bolzani
Author-X-Name-First: Daniela
Author-X-Name-Last: Bolzani
Author-Name: Andrea Lasagni
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea
Author-X-Name-Last: Lasagni
Title: Beyond the enclave? Break-outs into mainstream markets and multicultural hybridism in ethnic firms
Abstract:
The literature on immigrant entrepreneurship has richly described the
characteristics and peculiarities of ethnic businesses catering to enclave
markets. However, several indications suggest that immigrant-owned firms
are increasingly entering mainstream markets and changing both their
internal structures and their external networks with resource providers.
One of the most substantial changes, which has been overlooked by
researchers, consists of the appearance of what we define as
'multiculturally hybrid firms', which are firms that rely on inter-ethnic
managerial or labour resources to carry out their activities. Therefore,
in this paper we provide an understanding of the variables that affect the
recourse to solutions of multicultural hybridism in the entrepreneurial
teams and personnel of immigrant-owned firms. We conduct our empirical
analyses on data collected through interviews on a sample of 130 immigrant
entrepreneurs in Italy. Our results show that multicultural hybridism is
mainly driven by the size of the founding team, the business's maturity,
the entrepreneurs' host-country language competence and by entrepreneurs'
motivation by individual goals rather than community goals. This research
advances our knowledge about immigrant entrepreneurship by focusing on
firm-level dimensions such as the diversity of entrepreneurial teams and
employees, which are increasingly relevant in our multicultural societies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 753-777
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 26
Year: 2014
Month: 12
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.992374
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.992374
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:26:y:2014:i:9-10:p:753-777
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Víctor del-Corte-Lora
Author-X-Name-First: Víctor
Author-X-Name-Last: del-Corte-Lora
Author-Name: Teresa Vallet-Bellmunt
Author-X-Name-First: Teresa
Author-X-Name-Last: Vallet-Bellmunt
Author-Name: F. Xavier Molina-Morales
Author-X-Name-First: F. Xavier
Author-X-Name-Last: Molina-Morales
Title: Be creative but not so much. Decreasing benefits of creativity in clustered firms
Abstract:
Several previous studies have investigated creativity as an enhancer of
innovation, their results showing that there is a positive relationship
between the organizational creative climate and innovation. However, no
research has been conducted on whether there is a saturation point beyond
which an increase in creativity makes innovation performance decrease. In
this article, we question the traditional positive relationship between
creativity and innovation, and suggest that such a relationship is not
linear, but has instead an inverted U-shape due to a saturation effect. We
have developed a conceptual model to explain innovation performance
considering creativity and network centrality, and it has been tested in
the ceramic industrial cluster in Spain. Empirical findings support the
inverted U-shaped relationship between creativity and innovation. The
implications of these results in relation to creativity and innovation
theory and practices are discussed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-27
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.995722
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.995722
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:1-2:p:1-27
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nick Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Nick
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: Tim Vorley
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Vorley
Title: The impact of institutional change on entrepreneurship in a crisis-hit economy: the case of Greece
Abstract:
This paper examines how changes to the institutional environment in a
crisis-hit economy impact on entrepreneurial activity. Through a case
study of Greece, the paper demonstrates how the institutional environment
has changed in light of the crisis and the resultant response of
entrepreneurs to these changes. Drawing on in-depth interviews with
entrepreneurs, the findings suggest that changes to institutions have
served to limit entrepreneurial activity rather than enhance it, and that
this has worsened in the midst of the crisis. We argue that this will
detrimentally impact Greece's ability to navigate out of the crisis and
regain competitiveness in the longer term. The paper concludes by offering
a number of theoretical and policy implications which are focused on
improving institutional environments so that entrepreneurship can play an
appropriate role in recovering from economic crises.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 28-49
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.995723
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.995723
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:1-2:p:28-49
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jing Su
Author-X-Name-First: Jing
Author-X-Name-Last: Su
Author-Name: Qinghua Zhai
Author-X-Name-First: Qinghua
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhai
Author-Name: Hans Landström
Author-X-Name-First: Hans
Author-X-Name-Last: Landström
Title: Entrepreneurship research in China: internationalization or contextualization?
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship is an emerging research field that has received much
scholarly attention in recent decades. Given the global scope of this
attention, this article compares entrepreneurship research in China with
that in the USA and Europe. Based on publications in Social Science
Citation Index and Chinese Social Science Citation Index databases over
the past 10 years, we use bibliometric method to analyse entrepreneurship
research in different regions. Our analysis shows that, on the one hand,
entrepreneurship research in China has much in common with such research
in the USA and Europe. In addition to borrowing ideas from Western
researchers, Chinese entrepreneurship researchers study similar themes and
use similar theoretical foundations. On the other hand, Chinese contextual
environment helps preserve the uniqueness of its entrepreneurship
research. Researchers deal with several context-specific topics such as
guanxi, i.e. networks of interpersonal relationships, and
its influence on entrepreneurship. We further discuss ways for Chinese
researchers to explore the distinct context and contribute to the global
literature.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 50-79
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.999718
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.999718
File-Format: text/html
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:1-2:p:50-79
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fernando Muñoz-Bullon
Author-X-Name-First: Fernando
Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz-Bullon
Author-Name: Maria J. Sanchez-Bueno
Author-X-Name-First: Maria J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Sanchez-Bueno
Author-Name: Antonio Vos-Saz
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Vos-Saz
Title: Startup team contributions and new firm creation: the role of founding team experience
Abstract:
The likelihood of nascent entrepreneurs making the transition from a new
venture idea to a profitable business is argued to be contingent on the
breadth of the resources available within the startup team. Team industry
and startup experience are deemed to influence the entrepreneurs' ability
to profitably establish the venture in the market via the mobilization of
team resources. Using a sample of nascent entrepreneurs in the USA, we
show that team resource heterogeneity has a positive impact on profitable
firm creation. Moreover, this positive effect is greater as the team has
more experience in the industry in which the new business will compete.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 80-105
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.999719
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.999719
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:1-2:p:80-105
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Misagh Tasavori
Author-X-Name-First: Misagh
Author-X-Name-Last: Tasavori
Author-Name: Reza Zaefarian
Author-X-Name-First: Reza
Author-X-Name-Last: Zaefarian
Author-Name: Pervez N. Ghauri
Author-X-Name-First: Pervez N.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ghauri
Title: The creation view of opportunities at the base of the pyramid
Abstract:
This research aims to understand how multinational corporations (MNCs)
enter the base of the pyramid (BoP) by adopting the creation view of
opportunities. We employ actor-network theory and explore the key actors,
the process and the opportunity development that enable MNCs to tackle the
relative poverty of the BoP market. Our qualitative exploratory case study
illustrates that, at the BoP, MNCs have to involve beneficiary
stakeholders such as non-governmental organizations and BoP communities.
In this process, they should be open to modifying their business model
continuously to build awareness about the product among the poor and
ensure affordability, availability and acceptability. At the BoP,
opportunities do not exist in the external environment and they should be
developed by identifying and addressing the real needs of the poor,
enhancing their quality of life and being patient about earning a profit.
This research contributes to the entrepreneurship literature by expanding
the creation perspective of opportunities and provides implications for
the managers of companies targeting the BoP market.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 106-126
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.1002538
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.1002538
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:1-2:p:106-126
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Luke Alan Pittaway
Author-X-Name-First: Luke Alan
Author-X-Name-Last: Pittaway
Author-Name: Jim Gazzard
Author-X-Name-First: Jim
Author-X-Name-Last: Gazzard
Author-Name: Adam Shore
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Shore
Author-Name: Tom Williamson
Author-X-Name-First: Tom
Author-X-Name-Last: Williamson
Title: Student clubs: experiences in entrepreneurial learning
Abstract:
Student-led clubs that seek to enhance entrepreneurial learning can be
found in many universities. Yet, like many areas of extra-curricular
activity in entrepreneurship education, their role in supporting learning
has not been researched widely. The paper introduces research that
addresses this gap and investigates the nature of the learning process
student's encounter when they take part in clubs. The study explores the
literature on entrepreneurial learning; it examines the different concepts
and considers their contribution to understanding student learning
experiences. From the literature, a conceptual framework is presented,
highlighting the key aspects of entrepreneurial learning relevant for the
field research. The methodology is introduced, including a series of
qualitative studies and a survey of students. The study focuses on two
types of student-led clubs 'entrepreneurship clubs' and 'Enactus clubs'
and provides a comparative analysis. The findings reported show a range of
student learning benefits that simulate important aspects of
entrepreneurial learning, such as learning by doing, learning through
mistakes and learning from entrepreneurs. More nuanced findings are also
presented showing differences in learning benefits between club forms and
heighten benefits for students taking leadership roles. Ultimately, the
paper contributes to research in entrepreneurship by illustrating how
student clubs support entrepreneurial learning.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 127-153
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1014865
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1014865
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:3-4:p:127-153
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Quan Anh Nguyen
Author-X-Name-First: Quan Anh
Author-X-Name-Last: Nguyen
Author-Name: Gillian Sullivan Mort
Author-X-Name-First: Gillian
Author-X-Name-Last: Sullivan Mort
Author-Name: Clare D'Souza
Author-X-Name-First: Clare
Author-X-Name-Last: D'Souza
Title: Vietnam in transition: SMEs and the necessitating environment for entrepreneurship development
Abstract:
A transitional economy has been characterized as experiencing a large
amount of economic and social change. SMEs can be considered as the
vehicle for entrepreneurship development in such a context. The purpose of
this paper is to further the investigation of the favourability of the
transitional environment on SMEs and entrepreneurship in Vietnam. Using a
new approach, we analyse the transitional economy discourse via examining
government policies, international organization reports and academic
articles on Vietnam. Our findings suggest that, in Vietnam, compared to an
overall normative framework developed from a wide literature review, the
settings generally support a vibrant transitional entrepreneurship
development and SMEs. However, more needs to be done to build up
favourable sociocultural setting and effective business support systems in
the country. Implications for the relevant stakeholders and suggestions
for future research in the East Asian and Central and Eastern Europe
regions are also provided.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 154-180
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1015457
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1015457
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Carree
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Carree
Author-Name: Emilio Congregado
Author-X-Name-First: Emilio
Author-X-Name-Last: Congregado
Author-Name: Antonio Golpe
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Golpe
Author-Name: André van Stel
Author-X-Name-First: André
Author-X-Name-Last: van Stel
Title: Self-employment and job generation in metropolitan areas, 1969-2009
Abstract:
Many regional development policy initiatives assume that entrepreneurial
activities promote economic growth. Empirical research has presented
rationale for this argument showing that small firms create proportionally
more new jobs than large firms. However, little research has been
performed on the issue of net job generation at the urban level,
particularly when self-employment is considered as an indicator of
entrepreneurial activities. This paper investigates to what extent US
metropolitan areas in the 1969-2009 period characterized by relatively
high rates of self-employment also have shown relatively high rates of
subsequent total employment growth. The analysis corrects for the
influence of sectoral composition, wage level, educational attainment,
presence of research universities and size of the metropolitan area to
measure the extent to which the number and quality of self-employed in a
region contribute to total employment growth. It finds the relationship
between self-employment rates and subsequent total employment growth to be
positive on average during the 40-year period but to weaken over time.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 181-201
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1025860
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1025860
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Brekke
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Brekke
Title: Entrepreneurship and path dependency in regional development
Abstract:
This paper describes a case study of path-dependent industrial development
in a specialized medium-sized region characterized by a specialized
high-tech industry cluster, located near Norway's capital, Oslo.
The case study examines the path-dependent process of new
industry arising from technology-related industries through three main
branching mechanisms: entrepreneurship, mobility, and social networks.
More particularly, the study explores the extent to which regional
branching mechanisms relate to different path-dependent processes of path
extension, path renewal, or path creation. The case study of industrial
development in a medium-sized region that critically examines the concepts
of path dependence, and argues that specialized medium-sized regions
follow different path processes from core regions due to regional
branching that does not happen automatically but instead may require
policy action and external investment to avoid stagnation or negative
lock-in.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 202-218
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1030457
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1030457
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:3-4:p:202-218
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sharine Barth
Author-X-Name-First: Sharine
Author-X-Name-Last: Barth
Author-Name: Jo Barraket
Author-X-Name-First: Jo
Author-X-Name-Last: Barraket
Author-Name: Belinda Luke
Author-X-Name-First: Belinda
Author-X-Name-Last: Luke
Author-Name: Juliana McLaughlin
Author-X-Name-First: Juliana
Author-X-Name-Last: McLaughlin
Title: Acquaintance or partner? Social economy organizations, institutional logics and regional development in Australia
Abstract:
The social economy as a regional development actor is gaining greater
attention given its purported ability to address social and environmental
problems. This growth in interest is occurring within a global environment
that is calling for a more holistic understanding of development compared
to traditionally economic-centric conceptions. While regional development
policies and practices have long considered for-profit businesses as
agents for regional growth, there is a relatively limited understanding of
the role of the social economy as a development actor. The institutional
environment is a large determinant of all kinds of entrepreneurial
activity, and therefore understanding the relationships between the social
economy and broader regional development processes is warranted. This
paper moves beyond suggestions of an economic-centric focus of regional
development by utilizing institutional logics as a theoretical framework
for understanding the role of social enterprises in regional development.
A multiple case study of ten social enterprises in two regional locations
in Australia suggests that social enterprises can represent competing
logics to economic-centric institutional values and systems. The paper
argues that dominant institutional logics can promote or constrain the
inter-play between the social and the economic aspects of development, in
the context of social enterprises.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 219-254
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1030458
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1030458
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:3-4:p:219-254
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano
Author-X-Name-First: Domingo
Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano
Author-Name: Francisco Mas-Verdú
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco
Author-X-Name-Last: Mas-Verdú
Title: Special Issue on: Small business and entrepreneurship: their role in economic and social development
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 255-257
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 4
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1041252
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1041252
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:3-4:p:255-257
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Allan Macpherson
Author-X-Name-First: Allan
Author-X-Name-Last: Macpherson
Author-Name: Brahim Herbane
Author-X-Name-First: Brahim
Author-X-Name-Last: Herbane
Author-Name: Oswald Jones
Author-X-Name-First: Oswald
Author-X-Name-Last: Jones
Title: Developing dynamic capabilities through resource accretion: expanding the entrepreneurial solution space
Abstract:
We report our findings from the analysis of crisis episodes that resulted
in the development of new capabilities in eight small firms. When dealing
with resource constraints in periods of crisis, entrepreneurs engaged in a
number of actions to develop their firms' capabilities. By accreting
resources such as knowledge, skills and other assets, entrepreneurs were
able to expand their repertoire of potential solutions and change the
firm's learning trajectory. Our contribution is to describe the process of
resource accretion (the gradual accumulation and integration of resources)
through grafting and bonding of capabilities into the firm's ambit, which
is dependent on the proximities, salience and relationships of resources.
We observe three patterns within the accretion pathways of the eight firms
in the study, namely the combination of coping mechanisms, the extension
of networks, and the reprisal of previously successful solutions. These
activities support resource accretion and the subsequent expanded solution
space where entrepreneurs begin the process of embedding new capabilities.
Such coping routines are necessary antecedents for the development of
nascent dynamic capabilities in small firms.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 259-291
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1038598
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1038598
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:5-6:p:259-291
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Friederike Welter
Author-X-Name-First: Friederike
Author-X-Name-Last: Welter
Author-Name: David Smallbone
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Smallbone
Author-Name: Anna Pobol
Author-X-Name-First: Anna
Author-X-Name-Last: Pobol
Title: Entrepreneurial activity in the informal economy: a missing piece of the entrepreneurship jigsaw puzzle
Abstract:
This paper takes stock of the current debate around the informal sector
and informal entrepreneurship. Informal entrepreneurship represents a
worldwide characteristic of entrepreneurial activity, the main
distinguishing feature of which is that it is operating outside the law.
Since what is legal can vary considerably between countries, studies of
entrepreneurship which exclude informal activity must be considered
partial. Moreover, it can be argued that the distinction between formal
and informal is not black and white but rather shades of grey. Although
informal economic activity is often more prominent in developing countries
and transition economies, it is by no means confined to them. There are
parts of the UK, for example, where local economies are dependent upon
informal employment and for many goods and services. More generally, much
of the home-based economic activities, such as cleaning, painting and
decorating and other services, are typically provided, at least partially,
in the informal sector. As a consequence, it is difficult to argue against
including informal activity as part of the study of entrepreneurship, and
particularly where the entrepreneurial potential of an economy is being
assessed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 292-306
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1041259
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1041259
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:5-6:p:292-306
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michael Fritsch
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Fritsch
Author-Name: Alexander S. Kritikos
Author-X-Name-First: Alexander
Author-X-Name-Last: S. Kritikos
Author-Name: Alina Sorgner
Author-X-Name-First: Alina
Author-X-Name-Last: Sorgner
Title: Why did self-employment increase so strongly in Germany?
Abstract:
Germany experienced a unique rise in the level of self-employment in the
first two decades following unification. Applying the nonlinear
Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique, we find that the main factors
driving these changes in the overall level of self-employment are
demographic developments, the shift towards service sector employment and
a larger share of population holding a tertiary degree. While these
factors explain most of the development in self-employment with employees
and the overall level of self-employment in West Germany, their
explanatory power is much lower for the stronger increase in solo
self-employment and in self-employment in former socialist East Germany.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 307-333
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1048310
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1048310
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:5-6:p:307-333
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Saurav Pathak
Author-X-Name-First: Saurav
Author-X-Name-Last: Pathak
Author-Name: André Laplume
Author-X-Name-First: André
Author-X-Name-Last: Laplume
Author-Name: Emanuel Xavier-Oliveira
Author-X-Name-First: Emanuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Xavier-Oliveira
Title: Inbound foreign direct investment and domestic entrepreneurial activity
Abstract:
There is an interesting and lively debate going on in the academic
literature intersecting trade policy and entrepreneurship. Several studies
have shown that inbound foreign direct investment (FDI) has a negative
effect on rates of entrepreneurship, while others find the opposite - a
higher rate of new firm creation associated with increased inbound FDI. We
study the phenomenon using a cross-country analysis of data on
entrepreneurs from 38 countries and from 2001 to - 2008. Results
indicate that inbound FDI has negative associations with five types of
entrepreneurship (nascent, new, early-stage, established, and high-growth)
measured by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor survey. In our discussion,
we argue that our study supports the contention that studies counting new
limited liability company registrations do not always measure the same
thing as entrepreneurial entries (self-reports), leading to different,
even opposite results when subjected to empirical analysis.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 334-356
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1058424
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1058424
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:5-6:p:334-356
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kelley Packalen
Author-X-Name-First: Kelley
Author-X-Name-Last: Packalen
Title: Multiple successful models: how demographic features of founding teams differ between regions and over time
Abstract:
In this study, I ask: (1) is industry evolution or isomorphism theory a
better model for understanding the change (lack-there-of) among founding
team demographics over time? (2) Does region moderate which founding team
demographics are prevalent and valued? To answer these questions, I
analyse the demographic features of Boston and San Francisco Bay area
biotechnology founding teams formed over a period of more than 30 years. I
then examine whether there is a financial benefit - in terms of the value
of their first investment - for having certain demographic features. I
find that there are significant differences between Boston and San
Francisco in (1) who becomes founders, (2) the rate at and ways in which
demographic features evolve over time, and (3) the features of the
founding teams that are rewarded by venture capitalists through higher
initial investments. My results demonstrate the importance of treating
region and industry age as moderators rather than controls.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 357-385
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1059896
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1059896
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David J. Storey
Author-X-Name-First: David J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Storey
Author-Name: Indianna D. Minto-Coy
Author-X-Name-First: Indianna D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Minto-Coy
Author-Name: Jonathan Lashley
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan
Author-X-Name-Last: Lashley
Title: Enterprise and entrepreneurship in the Caribbean Region
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 386-387
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 6
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1088727
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1088727
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:5-6:p:386-387
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wadid Lamine
Author-X-Name-First: Wadid
Author-X-Name-Last: Lamine
Author-Name: Sarah Jack
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Jack
Author-Name: Alain Fayolle
Author-X-Name-First: Alain
Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle
Author-Name: Didier Chabaud
Author-X-Name-First: Didier
Author-X-Name-Last: Chabaud
Title: One step beyond? Towards a process view of social networks in entrepreneurship
Abstract:
A critical challenge for entrepreneurship scholars is the need to develop
a greater understanding of (1) how, when and why entrepreneurial networks
emerge, develop and change over time and (2) how network evolution impacts
on the entrepreneurial trajectory. This special issue of Entrepreneurship
& Regional Development begins to address these challenges by presenting a
range of current works that further increase our understanding about
social network dynamics during the entrepreneurial process. We begin by
connecting this special issue to some of the main challenges of the field
of entrepreneurship. From this, we propose an integrative perspective
required to move thinking forward. We then summarize how the diverse
papers presented in this special issue contribute to opening up the
research field further and help us develop a greater understanding about
the challenges entrepreneurship scholars face. We conclude this article
with lessons and suggestions for future research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 413-429
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1070535
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1070535
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:7-8:p:413-429
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Einar Rasmussen
Author-X-Name-First: Einar
Author-X-Name-Last: Rasmussen
Author-Name: Simon Mosey
Author-X-Name-First: Simon
Author-X-Name-Last: Mosey
Author-Name: Mike Wright
Author-X-Name-First: Mike
Author-X-Name-Last: Wright
Title: The transformation of network ties to develop entrepreneurial competencies for university spin-offs
Abstract:
Social networks are integral to the emergence and development of new
ventures, but the temporal utility of networks is poorly understood. We
consider the initial development of four university spin-offs and examine
the formation and development of network ties to construct valuable
entrepreneurial competencies. We develop a conceptual framework that
explains how strong and weak network ties are strategically transformed in
terms of strength and purpose depending on the type of competency sought
and the business development need. We conclude that theoretical
explanations of the new venture formation process need to incorporate not
only network formation but also the role of network tie transformations.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 430-457
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1070536
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1070536
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:7-8:p:430-457
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Lans
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Lans
Author-Name: Vincent Blok
Author-X-Name-First: Vincent
Author-X-Name-Last: Blok
Author-Name: Judith Gulikers
Author-X-Name-First: Judith
Author-X-Name-Last: Gulikers
Title: Show me your network and I'll tell you who you are: social competence and social capital of early-stage entrepreneurs
Abstract:
Recognizing that detailed work on social competence in the context of
early entrepreneurial processes is still scarce and, at the same time,
building further on existing work, we investigated how and to what extent
social competence influences social capital among students with latent
entrepreneurial ambitions. For this purpose, an empirical study was
carried out among 131 Masters students following a university
entrepreneurship education programme. Hierarchal regression analysis
showed that social competence, as a composite variable, had a significant
effect on the social capital of early-stage entrepreneurs. In particular,
social competence directly influenced (structural) aspects of social
capital, namely the number of people the early-stage entrepreneur had
access to via strong and weak links, as well as the range of occupations
these people represented. Thus, social competence increased not only the
number of ties (either strong or weak), but also the range of occupations
the entrepreneur had access to. Additional analyses - adding social
competence as five separate underlying social skills - showed a more
differentiated picture, suggesting that the whole (e.g. social competence)
is more than the sum of its parts (e.g. the individual skills). The
outcomes of this research contribute to the scientific literature
concerning the role and impact of social competence on social capital in
general, and entrepreneurial networking in particular. Furthermore, it
provides the first stepping-stones for social competence development in
entrepreneurship education programmes.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 458-473
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1070537
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1070537
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:7-8:p:458-473
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Huggins
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins
Author-Name: Hiro Izushi
Author-X-Name-First: Hiro
Author-X-Name-Last: Izushi
Author-Name: Daniel Prokop
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Prokop
Author-Name: Piers Thompson
Author-X-Name-First: Piers
Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson
Title: Network evolution and the spatiotemporal dynamics of knowledge sourcing
Abstract:
Knowledge accessing from external organizations is important to firms,
especially entrepreneurial ones that often cannot generate internally all
the knowledge necessary for innovation. There is, however, a lack of
evidence concerning the association between the evolution of firms and the
evolution of their networks. The aim of this paper is to begin to fill
this gap by undertaking an exploratory analysis of the relationship
between the vintage of firms and their knowledge sourcing networks.
Drawing on an analysis of firms in the UK, the paper finds some evidence
of a U-shaped relationship existing between firm age and the frequency of
accessing knowledge from certain sources. Emerging entrepreneurial firms
are found to be highly active with regard to accessing knowledge from a
range of sources and geographic locations, with the rate of networking
dropping somewhat during the following period of peak firm growth. For
instance, it is found that firms tend to access knowledge from sources
such as universities and research institutes in their own region less
frequently when they experience peak turnover growth. Overall, the results
suggest a complex relationship between the lifecycle of the firm and its
networking patterns. It is concluded that network-related theory and
policy needs to take greater account of the likelihood that network
formation and utilization by firms will vary dependent upon their
lifecycle position.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 474-499
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1070538
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1070538
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:7-8:p:474-499
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vincent Lefebvre
Author-X-Name-First: Vincent
Author-X-Name-Last: Lefebvre
Author-Name: Miruna Radu Lefebvre
Author-X-Name-First: Miruna
Author-X-Name-Last: Radu Lefebvre
Author-Name: Eric Simon
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Simon
Title: Formal entrepreneurial networks as communities of practice: a longitudinal case study
Abstract:
This article argues that entrepreneurial learning is genuinely connected
to entrepreneurial networking activities, within a co-evolving dynamics.
We take a longitudinal network approach to study the combined development
of network dynamics and learning in a French formal entrepreneurial
network over a period of 4 years (2005-2009). Our aim is to extend our
knowledge of entrepreneurial learning emphasized both as a process and an
outcome of social interaction, by focusing on the interplay between
network evolution and the changing learning needs of participants over
time. Building on a situated social perspective of entrepreneurial
learning, we demonstrate that network learning processes and outcomes are
contingent on the progressive network transformation from a social network
to a community of practice.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 500-525
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 9
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1070539
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1070539
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:7-8:p:500-525
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Steven Si
Author-X-Name-First: Steven
Author-X-Name-Last: Si
Author-Name: David Ahlstrom
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Ahlstrom
Author-Name: Jiang Wei
Author-X-Name-First: Jiang
Author-X-Name-Last: Wei
Author-Name: John Cullen
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Cullen
Title: Business, Entrepreneurship and Innovation Toward Poverty Reduction
Abstract:
Poverty reduction has become a core subject for researchers across the social sciences from economics to finance, management and entrepreneurship. In general, the faster and more widespread economic growth in recent decades has enabled large numbers of people to move out of poverty such that extreme poverty has fallen to less than ten percent of world population. However, it is increasingly clear that while some countries and regions have seen dramatic improvement of poverty, there are other places with large numbers of people still in poverty that can greatly benefit from poverty alleviation efforts. Management scholars and economists increasingly recognize that entrepreneurship may offer a significant part of the solution to poverty around the world. A related focus regarding the ways in which poverty can be reduced in through entrepreneurship and new venture creation, however, how to link the key issues above with the current platform, network/digital and sharing economies, how to find new ways and new solutions to effectively reduce poverty in now political, economic and global contexts still needs to be better understood. This Special Issue has set the goals of publishing work that builds knowledge about thenature of poverty reduction and business, entrepreneurship and innovation activities in both developed and developing economies, as well as their models, antecedents and consequences related with the current platform.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-20
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640485
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640485
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:1-20
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Douglas Cumming
Author-X-Name-First: Douglas
Author-X-Name-Last: Cumming
Author-Name: Sofia Johan
Author-X-Name-First: Sofia
Author-X-Name-Last: Johan
Author-Name: Ikenna Uzuegbunam
Author-X-Name-First: Ikenna
Author-X-Name-Last: Uzuegbunam
Title: An anatomy of entrepreneurial pursuits in relation to poverty
Abstract:
This study examines the causal relationships between inequality, poverty and entrepreneurship. We hypothesize that income inequality influences entrepreneurial activity, and entrepreneurial activity alleviates absolute poverty. Findings from longitudinal analyses of a dataset from all 50 US states over an 18-year period provide robust support for these hypotheses. Furthermore, the results suggest that antipoverty public policy aimed at encouraging work (i.e. Earned income tax credit, EITC) can be detrimental to entrepreneurial activity. These findings underscore the importance of linking public policy efforts aimed at poverty alleviation with those aimed at encouraging additional entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 21-40
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640475
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640475
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:21-40
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Song Lin
Author-X-Name-First: Song
Author-X-Name-Last: Lin
Author-Name: Christoph Winkler
Author-X-Name-First: Christoph
Author-X-Name-Last: Winkler
Author-Name: Shanshan Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Shanshan
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Author-Name: Hui Chen
Author-X-Name-First: Hui
Author-X-Name-Last: Chen
Title: Regional determinants of poverty alleviation through entrepreneurship in China
Abstract:
Based on the economic theory of dual structure, the authors of this study conducted an empirical analysis on the relationship between entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation using panel data collected in 31 provinces in China from 2000 to 2017. The study arrived at three conclusions. First, entrepreneurship in urban and rural areas can generally facilitate poverty alleviation. Second, the correlation between entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation in urban areas is significantly stronger than in rural areas. Moreover, the correlation is also significantly stronger in developed areas than in underdeveloped areas. Third, the level of financial development in an area can moderate the effect of entrepreneurship on poverty alleviation. These conclusions suggest that entrepreneurial activities in emerging economies have a stronger effect on alleviating poverty in urban regions instead of helping less developed or rural areas. The authors recommend that government agencies should institute policies aimed at vigorously improving the business environment in rural and underdeveloped areas. Particularly a strengthening of the financial system in these areas could further enhance the positive effect of entrepreneurship on poverty alleviation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 41-62
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640477
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640477
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:41-62
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marleen Wierenga
Author-X-Name-First: Marleen
Author-X-Name-Last: Wierenga
Title: Uncovering the scaling of innovations developed by grassroots entrepreneurs in low-income settings
Abstract:
Low-income entrepreneurs operating in resource-scarce settings are typically referred to as subsistence entrepreneurs – informal, operating on a small scale, and selling products developed and produced by others. This study establishes the notion of a unique category of low-income entrepreneurs who have developed, commercialised, and scaled innovations and are self-employed by choice. Further, the paper investigates the scaling process of these innovative grassroots entrepreneurs. The sample consists of four grassroots entrepreneurs from India who founded an enterprise to sell their self-developed innovations. The study follows the grounded theory approach, which is suitable for the exploration of complex questions in unusual settings. The theoretical lens used in this study is entrepreneurial bricolage since the interest of the study lies in understanding action and the usage of existing resources. The contribution of the paper is twofold. First, it contributes to the literature on low-income entrepreneurship by bolstering the theoretical archetype of grassroots entrepreneurs and developing a process model for their scaling process. Second, the study contributes to the literature on bricolage by introducing the notion of grassroots bricolage as a behaviour to utilise and combine both locally available contacts and a broader network as resources in novel ways.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 63-90
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640478
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640478
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:63-90
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sanjay Goel
Author-X-Name-First: Sanjay
Author-X-Name-Last: Goel
Author-Name: Ranjan Karri
Author-X-Name-First: Ranjan
Author-X-Name-Last: Karri
Title: Entrepreneurial aspirations and poverty reduction: the role of institutional context
Abstract:
Integrating insights from institutional theory and a subjectivist view of entrepreneurial action, we developed a conceptual model of poverty reduction in the context of institutional rigidities and institutional contradictions through their influence on aspirations. Based on the ‘subjective’ stream of entrepreneurship, our model portrays institutional rigidities and contradictions moderating the influence of aspirations on entrepreneurial action by affecting the subjective value that potential entrepreneurs place on their resources. Because the value of resources is subjective in our exposition, our model suggests specific institutional configurations where a change in aspirations among the poor may provide them with unique insights to exploit entrepreneurial opportunities visible only to them. Our ‘poor-as-owners’ model can be contrasted with interventionist approaches to poverty reduction, which are aimed at creating win-win entrepreneurial models between the poor and the non-poor. Several policy implications can be derived from our paper that may be more effective in achieving regional development and reducing regional disparities that arise from a higher incidence of poverty.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 91-111
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640484
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640484
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:91-111
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Aiqi Wu
Author-X-Name-First: Aiqi
Author-X-Name-Last: Wu
Author-Name: Di Song
Author-X-Name-First: Di
Author-X-Name-Last: Song
Author-Name: Yang Yang
Author-X-Name-First: Yang
Author-X-Name-Last: Yang
Title: Untangling the effects of entrepreneurial opportunity on the performance of peasant entrepreneurship: the moderating roles of entrepreneurial effort and regional poverty level
Abstract:
The literature suggests both that entrepreneurship is a critical means of poverty alleviation, and that entrepreneurial opportunity is at the heart of entrepreneurial activity. Yet the extant research has devoted little attention to the role of entrepreneurial opportunity in entrepreneurial activity and poverty reduction. This paper explores the relationship between the types of entrepreneurial opportunity and the entrepreneurial performance of peasant entrepreneurs. Using a sample of peasant entrepreneurs from Zhejiang, China, we find that while dependence on self-identified opportunities is positively associated with entrepreneurial performance, dependence on social network- or government-identified opportunities does not positively contribute to the performance. Furthermore, we find that both entrepreneurial effort and the regional poverty level moderate the relationship between entrepreneurial opportunity and performance. This article contributes to the study of peasant entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation by demonstrating that the role of entrepreneurial opportunity is more complex and nuanced when it comes to achieving improved entrepreneurial performance.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 112-133
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640479
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640479
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:112-133
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stelvia Matos
Author-X-Name-First: Stelvia
Author-X-Name-Last: Matos
Author-Name: Jeremy Hall
Author-X-Name-First: Jeremy
Author-X-Name-Last: Hall
Title: An exploratory study of entrepreneurs in impoverished communities: when institutional factors and individual characteristics result in non-productive entrepreneurship
Abstract:
It is widely acknowledged that entrepreneurship can help the poor escape poverty. However, while many people in impoverished regions engage in entrepreneurial activities, many fail to develop successful businesses. This paper examines why impoverished people may choose to engage in entrepreneurship, the characteristics that shape their entrepreneurial behaviour and the struggles they face. We draw on the entrepreneurship literature that suggests institutional factors and individual characteristics shape new venture development. Following an inductive methodological approach utilizing a survey, interviews and focus groups collected from an impoverished community in Brazil, we explore entrepreneurial behaviour focused on perceived alertness, utilization of social networks, formal business registration and participation in training. We found that temporal myopia, misjudgement of their abilities, and counter-productive use of their social networks result in non-productive entrepreneurship. We contribute theoretically by suggesting that, in addition to productive, unproductive and destructive entrepreneurial outcomes shaped by institutions, non-productive entrepreneurship is also a prevalent problem, but is heavily shaped by the interactions between individual characteristics and the institutional environment.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 134-155
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640476
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640476
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:134-155
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Helen Haugh
Author-X-Name-First: Helen
Author-X-Name-Last: Haugh
Title: Call the midwife! Business incubators as entrepreneurial enablers in developing economies
Abstract:
Enabling domestic entrepreneurship is one pathway for alleviating poverty. In developing economies, however, public policies prioritize health and education above entrepreneurship promotion. While international development funding has traditionally supported social and environmental interventions, more recent corporate philanthropic funding has been invested in business incubators to support domestic entrepreneurship. This article examines how business incubation and enterprise development impact on poverty alleviation in developing economies. From the analysis of empirical data gathered from four philanthropy-funded business incubators, their role in how sustainable new venture creation and multiple capital formation contributes to poverty alleviation is explained. The findings contribute to entrepreneurship enablement theory.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 156-175
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640480
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640480
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:156-175
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sanjay Jain
Author-X-Name-First: Sanjay
Author-X-Name-Last: Jain
Author-Name: James Koch
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Koch
Title: Crafting markets and fostering entrepreneurship within underserved communities: social ventures and clean energy provision in Asia
Abstract:
In this paper, we conceptualize markets for underserved communities as being constituted by local institutions that reflect the modalities of these individual’s lives. Using data on the activities that four social ventures across India, Bangladesh and Cambodia have undertaken to craft new markets for their clean energy solutions, we highlight how these actors incorporate their technologies within native material understandings, develop transaction systems consistent with resident consumption practices and entrench their organizations into the existing infrastructure. We term these processes indigenizing, microprovisioning and codeveloping, respectively. In meshing local context as part of their market crafting efforts, these ventures seed micro-entrepreneurship activity, generate employment for locals as well as improve standards of living within the community through the provision of productivity enhancing products and services. Our findings highlight the significance of engaging with local institutions as part of market crafting efforts in these scenarios. This paper offers insights that contribute to the sociology of markets, and poverty reduction via entrepreneurship literatures as well as have important practical and policy implications.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 176-196
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640481
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640481
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:176-196
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Julia Korosteleva
Author-X-Name-First: Julia
Author-X-Name-Last: Korosteleva
Author-Name: Paulina Stępień-Baig
Author-X-Name-First: Paulina
Author-X-Name-Last: Stępień-Baig
Title: Climbing the poverty ladder: the role of entrepreneurship and gender in alleviating poverty in transition economies
Abstract:
Poverty reduction remains a critical issue for a vast proportion of the population globally. Substantial body of literature on poverty reduction has focused on the role played by government support and charity institutions, whereas entrepreneurship as a channel for poverty reduction, and the role of gender in shaping this relationship have been under-researched, especially in the context of transition economies. Using the recent wave of the EBRD Life in Transition Survey III (2016) data, this study explores the relationship between poverty alleviation, entrepreneurship and gender. We extend the understanding of the mechanism via which entrepreneurial process is likely to contribute to poverty reduction in this region, distinguishing between self-employment and business ownership, with the latter regarded as Schumpeterian entrepreneurship. The study provides some interesting findings shedding light on the important role women play in shaping the entrepreneurship-poverty relationship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 197-220
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640482
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640482
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:197-220
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yiyi Su
Author-X-Name-First: Yiyi
Author-X-Name-Last: Su
Author-Name: Shaker A. Zahra
Author-X-Name-First: Shaker A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Zahra
Author-Name: Rui Li
Author-X-Name-First: Rui
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Author-Name: Di Fan
Author-X-Name-First: Di
Author-X-Name-Last: Fan
Title: Trust, poverty, and subjective wellbeing among Chinese entrepreneurs
Abstract:
Entrepreneurs’ subjective wellbeing has become an important topic in research: entrepreneurs undertake risks and create their companies seeking personal satisfaction and fulfillment. As a result, researchers have given considerable attention to the antecedents and the conditions under which wellbeing materializes, especially in emerging economies where poverty may be acute. In this study, we propose that generalized trust serves as an informal institution that affects entrepreneurs’ subjective wellbeing. Further, we propose that this relationship is subject to boundary conditions of economic and social poverty as well as context-specific formal institutional features. We test our predictions using a multi-sourced sample of 818 Chinese entrepreneurs. We find that trust is positively associated with entrepreneurs’ subjective wellbeing. This association is moderated by both economic poverty and social poverty. When high or low institutional voids are evident across the different regions of China, the main and moderating effects are further differentiated. The study suggests that, as a mechanism to mitigate the negative effect of lacking formal institutions, the level of trust in different regions is more relevant in social poverty rather than in economic poverty.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 221-245
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640483
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640483
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:1-2:p:221-245
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Editorial: The governance of cross-locality networks as a determinant of local economic development
Abstract: Lisa De Propris and Roger Sugden Guest editors
Journal:
Pages: 489-492
Issue: 6
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802462058
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802462058
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:6:p:489-492
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lisa De Propris
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa De
Author-X-Name-Last: Propris
Author-Name: Stefano Menghinello
Author-X-Name-First: Stefano
Author-X-Name-Last: Menghinello
Author-Name: Roger Sugden
Author-X-Name-First: Roger
Author-X-Name-Last: Sugden
Title: The internationalisation of production systems: embeddedness, openness and governance
Abstract: The paper explores the process of production internationalisation of local production systems with a special concern for the tension between embeddedness and openness, and with the governance structure of international networking. Local production systems are prompted to look beyond their local borders by the need to access knowledge, competences, as well as goods and services. Beyond a concern with territory, the possibility of multinational networks has been conceptualised as a mesh of local production systems cemented by production and socioeconomic relations. Drawing on the conceptual hypothesis of multinational networks, the paper proceeds to analyse the process of international outsourcing of Italian industrial districts as an application. The opening up of districts has taken place at the same time as a process of internal hierarchisation due to the emergence of leading groups. The paper reflects on how industrial districts have tended to generate abroad similar forms of agglomerations replicating the industrial district model, as well as presenting some preliminary considerations on the link between the governance of the local production system and the governance of its external networks.
Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development
Pages: 493-515
Issue: 6
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802462074
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802462074
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:6:p:493-515
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marco Bellandi
Author-X-Name-First: Marco
Author-X-Name-Last: Bellandi
Author-Name: Annalisa Caloffi
Author-X-Name-First: Annalisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Caloffi
Title: District internationalisation and trans-local development
Abstract: The fast rise of ‘made in China’ in international markets has raised concern among industrial districts in Italy and elsewhere. The challenge comes from a rich variety of factors of development, including local entrepreneurial and public resources. Building on results of fieldwork research on specialised towns and industrial clusters in Guangdong (China), and on investigations of Italian industrial districts, we consider the classification, along various axes, of both the business reactions from agents of districts facing the challenge and their systemic outcomes in terms of local developmental capacities. In particular, delocalisation and relocalisation outcomes are distinguished. The latter offer positive collective prospects, and are related to district internationalisation strategies and actions, targeting localities and clusters which could develop district-like processes. These relations have a core represented by trans-local public goods. Long-term cluster-to-cluster investments in production and trade joint projects may arise together with and around such a core. They help the growth and variation of division of labour at a trans-local scale. Some general requirements and dynamic aspects in the governance of such public goods are suggested and discussed, with illustration from an Italian-Chinese case of trans-local and cluster-to-cluster strategies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development
Pages: 517-532
Issue: 6
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802462108
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802462108
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:6:p:517-532
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anne Lorentzen
Author-X-Name-First: Anne
Author-X-Name-Last: Lorentzen
Title: Knowledge networks in local and global space
Abstract: The objective of the paper is to discuss the space and scale of knowledge networks for innovation. The point of departure is a critical review of territorialised innovation theories according to which the source of growth and competitiveness is to be found in the innovative interplay among local actors and institutions. The region is believed to play a particular role as incubator or mediator for small firms. On this background the question raised is what globalisation and the emergence of time and space shrinking technologies imply to the spatial scale of knowledge networks. It is shown that the territorialised innovation theories rest on simplistic perceptions of embeddedness and space, and on functional notions of proximity which treat the firms as black box. The result is a considerable regional determinism. On the basis of recent network theory and empirical results, it is argued that firms do find knowledge sources on different spatial scales. Global networks or distant knowledge sources are particularly beneficial to innovation and firms are able to establish and participate in knowledge networks on all spatial scales. The political focus on local and regional innovation networks should therefore be changed and the role of the region redefined.
Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development
Pages: 533-545
Issue: 6
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802462124
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802462124
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:6:p:533-545
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Klaus Semlinger
Author-X-Name-First: Klaus
Author-X-Name-Last: Semlinger
Title: Cooperation and competition in network governance: regional networks in a globalised economy
Abstract: The (re-)discovery of industrial districts in Italy during the 1980s has shown that today mere co-location of entrepreneurial entities has to be supplemented by intentional cooperation: To develop and sustain competitive competence, companies have to specialise. Yet to preserve flexibility it is also necessary that they use the special knowledge of others, thus that they collaborate closely with other specialised firms. Additionally, because increased specialisation unavoidably leads to growing asymmetry of information, hampering both market mode collaboration and the hierarchy mode of control, it is argued that regional collaboration should take place in cooperative networks of trusted partners. However, in a developed Knowledge Society it is quite unlikely that the most advanced knowledge is always at hand nearby in well-established intra-regional networks. Correspondingly, regional networks have to be open for collaboration with strangers and they have to combine cooperation and competition. The paper elaborates on these necessities, investigates the generic mode of cooperative interaction and tries to solve the dilemma of the ‘antagonistic melange’ of conflicting governance structures. In doing so, the paper presents a model of cooperation which should give some guidance for the analysis of cooperative relationships and some hints for planning advanced, that is hybrid, networks.
Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development
Pages: 547-560
Issue: 6
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802462157
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802462157
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:6:p:547-560
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: B. Andreosso-O’Callaghan
Author-X-Name-First: B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Andreosso-O’Callaghan
Author-Name: Helena Lenihan
Author-X-Name-First: Helena
Author-X-Name-Last: Lenihan
Title: Networking: a question of firm characteristics? The case of the Shannon region in Ireland
Abstract: A large body of the literature on networking has brought to the fore the advantages of proximity between actors in spatially confined enclaves such as industrial districts and local systems of innovation. Through transaction cost minimisation and knowledge exchange advantages, networking in these special enclaves leads to higher firm performance. Seen therefore as a core dynamic of the regional economic process, networking is an important tool of regional and industrial policy at both the EU and Irish levels. Globalisation, which reaches its paroxysm in the case of a small and open economy such as Ireland, raises the relevance of geographical proximity as an important element in networking. This article addresses this topical issue by using a descriptive analysis drawn from a survey of 126 firms from three industries carried out in 2005 in the Shannon region of Ireland. One key finding is that networking, defined as material linkages, is more likely to involve firms in the international market than firms at lower geographical levels. Also, networking is influenced by certain firm characteristics such as ownership, size and age.
Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development
Pages: 561-580
Issue: 6
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802462173
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802462173
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:6:p:561-580
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: José-Luis Hervás-Oliver
Author-X-Name-First: José-Luis
Author-X-Name-Last: Hervás-Oliver
Author-Name: José Albors-Garrigós
Author-X-Name-First: José
Author-X-Name-Last: Albors-Garrigós
Title: Local knowledge domains and the role of MNE affiliates in bridging and complementing a cluster's knowledge
Abstract: Multinational enterprises (MNEs) can play the role of extracting, diffusing and bringing knowledge through external linkages. The classical literature of industrial districts has not focused on these external ties, although occasionally they have been mentioned when trying to avoid lock-in and entropic inertia. This work focuses on this gap and examines the process of knowledge exchange between clusters through MNE affiliates which operate in all of them. Empirical work is conducted with interviews to clustered indigenous firms with affiliates operating in other clusters and affiliates belonging to MNEs which are independent of other clusters, all of them in the ceramic tile industry. The results show that the knowledge created in the collective learning process is local-scaled and is created from interaction between local SMEs and indigenous and foreign MNEs. The knowledge created in other clusters is introduced through foreign MNE affiliates complementing the local one. The results, interpreted within and limited to this context, can also provide insight into policy-making. Within global industries, polycentric networks from different clusters are open entities formed by local SMEs and connected and linked with foreign and indigenous MNE affiliates which sustain the channels that allow knowledge to be transferred from a local to a global scale.
Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development
Pages: 581-598
Issue: 6
Volume: 20
Year: 2008
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620802462231
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620802462231
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:20:y:2008:i:6:p:581-598
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Shumaila Yousafzai
Author-X-Name-First: Shumaila
Author-X-Name-Last: Yousafzai
Author-Name: Alain Fayolle
Author-X-Name-First: Alain
Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle
Author-Name: Saadat Saeed
Author-X-Name-First: Saadat
Author-X-Name-Last: Saeed
Author-Name: Colette Henry
Author-X-Name-First: Colette
Author-X-Name-Last: Henry
Author-Name: Adam Lindgreen
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Lindgreen
Title: The contextual embeddedness of women’s entrepreneurship: towards a more informed research agenda
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 167-177
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551786
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551786
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:167-177
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alice M. Wieland
Author-X-Name-First: Alice M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Wieland
Author-Name: Markus Kemmelmeier
Author-X-Name-First: Markus
Author-X-Name-Last: Kemmelmeier
Author-Name: Vishal K. Gupta
Author-X-Name-First: Vishal K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gupta
Author-Name: William McKelvey
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: McKelvey
Title: Gendered cognitions: a socio-cognitive model of how gender affects entrepreneurial preferences
Abstract:
This research explores the social-cognitive factors which lead both women and men to pursue ventures consistent with their gendered social identity, therefore, reinforcing the gender gap in entrepreneurship. We measured the self-assessments of individuals presented with experimentally manipulated entrepreneurial opportunities that were either consistent or inconsistent with their self-reported gender. A theoretical model derived from Social Role Theory is presented and tested. It posits that a gender match (mismatch) with the entrepreneurial opportunity results in higher (lower) reported self-efficacy, anticipated social resources, and venture desirability and lower (higher) venture risk perceptions. The experimental data are tested in a sequential mediation SEM model. We find evidence that self-efficacy and anticipated social resources mediate the effect of gender congruency on perceived risk and venture desirability. The results provide insight into the insidious barriers that play a role in reproducing a gender gap in entrepreneurial outcomes by ‘nudging’ women into lower-return ventures in less lucrative industries.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 178-197
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551787
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551787
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:178-197
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Haya Al-Dajani
Author-X-Name-First: Haya
Author-X-Name-Last: Al-Dajani
Author-Name: Hammad Akbar
Author-X-Name-First: Hammad
Author-X-Name-Last: Akbar
Author-Name: Sara Carter
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Carter
Author-Name: Eleanor Shaw
Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor
Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw
Title: Defying contextual embeddedness: evidence from displaced women entrepreneurs in Jordan
Abstract:
Although entrepreneurial practices and processes are evolving and changing globally, models of entrepreneurship remain masculinized, embedded in advanced economies and associated with notions of individual agency, heroism and control. Rarely is defiance considered. In this paper, we explore the defiance practices of displaced women operating in the Jordanian patriarchal economy and society and consider how this enabled their nurturing of entrepreneurship. Indeed, we argue that socially excluded women actually defy their contextual embeddedness through their entrepreneurial activities. In so doing, we respond to calls for research that explores the contextual embeddedness of women’s entrepreneurship, and contribute to shifting the focus towards the more silent feminine end of the entrepreneurial process. We consider the defiance of invisible displaced women entrepreneurs operating in the under-researched context of Jordan. Longitudinal, ethnographic investigation revealed the creation of a secret production network led by, and for, displaced women. This paper focuses on the five founders of this network, which they established to mobilize and manage the production of traditional crafts and, by so doing, to defy the stifling limitations imposed by their restrictive contractors, community and family members.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 198-212
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551788
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551788
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:198-212
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: María Villares-Varela
Author-X-Name-First: María
Author-X-Name-Last: Villares-Varela
Author-Name: Caroline Essers
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline
Author-X-Name-Last: Essers
Title: Women in the migrant economy. A positional approach to contextualize gendered transnational trajectories
Abstract:
Drawing on the life histories of migrant women entrepreneurs in the Netherlands and Spain, this article explores the influence of transnational trajectories on their social positions and business strategies. A translocational positional approach enables us to research the transnational strategies of women entrepreneurs more effectively in addition to examining the changes in social positions and gendered identities between the country of origin and the country of destination. This approach contributes to scholarship on ‘context’ by offering a transnational gendered dimension in relation to the effects of social, spatial and institutional factors. Our findings demonstrate how female migrant entrepreneurs redefine their social status in different contexts by establishing a business and challenge, contest or comply with gender relations in their transnational entrepreneurial journeys.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 213-225
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551789
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551789
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:213-225
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hayfaa A. Tlaiss
Author-X-Name-First: Hayfaa A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Tlaiss
Title: Contextualizing the career success of Arab women entrepreneurs
Abstract:
Drawing on institutional theory, this study gives voice to Arab women entrepreneurs. Through contextualization and in-depth, semi-structured interviews, I examine Lebanese women entrepreneurs’ conceptualizations of career success, the mechanisms they use to realize it and their overall awareness of it. According to the findings, the entrepreneurs experience career success as an act of disobedience against socially imposed cultural and gender mandates. Furthermore, career success evolves as a contextual, dynamic process that is culturally dependent but individually negotiated, interpreted and constructed using external and internal conceptualizations. In turn, these conceptualizations are intertwined with agency and unfold as a process at the intersection of gender, patriarchy and cultural values. Accordingly, I argue against reducing career success to static, objective and subjective criteria. Doing so undermines the complexity and processual nature of the construct and neglects the importance of cultural values in shaping the understanding and experience of career success in different societies. I also stress the importance of contextualizing women’s entrepreneurial experiences and demonstrate that Lebanese women entrepreneurs’ conceptualizations of career success reflect both Arab social-cognitive and normative institutions and their own agency.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 226-241
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551790
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551790
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:226-241
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maryam Cheraghi
Author-X-Name-First: Maryam
Author-X-Name-Last: Cheraghi
Author-Name: Kent Adsbøll Wickstrøm
Author-X-Name-First: Kent
Author-X-Name-Last: Adsbøll Wickstrøm
Author-Name: Kim Klyver
Author-X-Name-First: Kim
Author-X-Name-Last: Klyver
Title: Life-course and entry to entrepreneurship:embedded in gender and gender-egalitarianism
Abstract:
Prior research has suggested that low gender egalitarianism results in a gender gap in entrepreneurship participation, as it provides men and women with different opportunities and constraints. However, this research has primarily relied on an unrealistic assumption, namely that gender-related opportunities and constraints occur evenly throughout different life stages. This paper details an institutional life-course model that explains gender-related patterns in individuals’ propensity to enter entrepreneurship and contingencies related to the level of gender-egalitarianism in society and individuals’ life stages. We test our conceptual model on a unique integrated dataset from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the World Value Survey, encompassing a total of 672,781 adults in 71 countries.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 242-258
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551791
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551791
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:242-258
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mirela Xheneti
Author-X-Name-First: Mirela
Author-X-Name-Last: Xheneti
Author-Name: Shova Thapa Karki
Author-X-Name-First: Shova Thapa
Author-X-Name-Last: Karki
Author-Name: Adrian Madden
Author-X-Name-First: Adrian
Author-X-Name-Last: Madden
Title: Negotiating business and family demands within a patriarchal society – the case of women entrepreneurs in the Nepalese context
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to advance our understanding of how women negotiate their business and family demands in a developing country context. The highest cited motivation for women’s pursuit of entrepreneurship has been their need to attend to these demands. Yet, empirically we know little about the negotiating actions taken by, and the business satisfaction of women in the context of both livelihood challenges and patriarchal contexts, despite several scholarly calls for contextualized accounts of women’s entrepreneurship. We explore these issues by employing a qualitative study of 90 women engaged in primarily informal entrepreneurial activities in three Nepalese regions. Our findings highlight three main and interrelated themes – negotiating consent, family resource access and gaining status. These themes allow us to contextualize the process of negotiating business and family demands by highlighting how women legitimize their business activities, respond to family/societal expectations and mobilize support for, and find satisfaction in their business. Overall, our study contributes towards accounts of business–family interface that incorporate the everyday practices of entrepreneurial activities amongst those less privileged in terms of resource access in particular sociocultural contexts.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 259-278
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551792
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551792
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:259-278
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Annie Roos
Author-X-Name-First: Annie
Author-X-Name-Last: Roos
Title: Embeddedness in context: understanding gender in a female entrepreneurship network
Abstract:
In this paper I argue that through a process of embeddedness in context, a female entrepreneurship network is able to challenge gender structures. I investigate how a female entrepreneurship network is constructed and how they reinforce and possibly challenge existing gender structures. From an ethnographic study, three processes in the female entrepreneurship network were identified: making proper entrepreneurs, building relationships and engaging in change. In the different processes the women involved in the network reinforced gender structures through compliance with a masculine discourse of entrepreneurship, but also challenged gender structures through questioning this discourse. Through becoming embedded in their local community, the women entrepreneurs were able to take charge of the development of the network and challenge gender structures as a result of questioning the masculine discourse of entrepreneurship. This implies an interplay between embeddedness and gender as two separate but dependent processes. Linking together gender and embeddedness elicits a new take on the way female entrepreneurship networks are constructed and how they could advance gender equality within entrepreneurship. Consequently, this paper emphasises a need for further examination of embeddedness within gender and entrepreneurship research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 279-292
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551793
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551793
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:279-292
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ye Liu
Author-X-Name-First: Ye
Author-X-Name-Last: Liu
Author-Name: Thomas Schøtt
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Schøtt
Author-Name: Chuqing Zhang
Author-X-Name-First: Chuqing
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang
Title: Women’s experiences of legitimacy, satisfaction and commitment as entrepreneurs: embedded in gender hierarchy and networks in private and business spheres
Abstract:
When a woman perceives legitimacy in her job as an entrepreneur from networks that are often influenced by the gender hierarchy that grants men higher status than women, she is encouraged in her job. What are the effects of gender hierarchy and networks on the legitimacy a female entrepreneur perceives and on her satisfaction and commitment to the job? A sample of 5997 female entrepreneurs in the developing world was surveyed for Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. They were found to experience legitimacy as entrepreneurs in their networks in the private sphere and the business sphere. Gender hierarchy constrains legitimacy more in the private sphere than it does in the business sphere. Legitimacy in the business sphere can fulfil the need to feel competent and enhance job satisfaction, while legitimacy in the private sphere can fulfil the need to feel related and enhance job commitment. The account contributes to a two-level contextualization of experiences: micro-level embedding in networks that are nested in macro-level embedding in gender hierarchy.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 293-307
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551794
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551794
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:293-307
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mandy Wheadon
Author-X-Name-First: Mandy
Author-X-Name-Last: Wheadon
Author-Name: Nathalie Duval-Couetil
Author-X-Name-First: Nathalie
Author-X-Name-Last: Duval-Couetil
Title: Token entrepreneurs: a review of gender, capital, and context in technology entrepreneurship
Abstract:
This article reviews the literature on gender and entrepreneurship in technology to explore individual and contextual factors maintaining the token status of women in this field. It examines how the intersection of gender and context influences participation rates in entrepreneurship, and suggests that the deeply embedded cultural and cognitive associations that frame both technology and entrepreneurship as masculine concepts create barriers for women when these contexts overlap. It offers a framework for research and practice that aids in the analysis of complex multi-level barriers that control access to the forms of capital necessary for initial and continued participation in technology entrepreneurship. Given calls for women to participate more fully in high-growth technology ventures, it highlights the need for research to incorporate broader analytical perspectives that simultaneously examine both the barriers faced by women in these contexts and the factors that systemically sustain them.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 308-336
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1551795
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551795
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:3-4:p:308-336
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Heidi Wiig Aslesen
Author-X-Name-First: Heidi Wiig
Author-X-Name-Last: Aslesen
Author-Name: Gouya Harirchi
Author-X-Name-First: Gouya
Author-X-Name-Last: Harirchi
Title: The effect of local and global linkages on the innovativeness in ICT SMEs: does location-specific context matter?
Abstract:
Countries differ significantly with regard to the location-specific contexts in which they are embedded. The aim of this paper is to extend the discussion on the effects of local and global innovation collaborations on the degree of novelty of innovation by considering this context. Our main question is: Does embeddedness in the developed or emerging country context affect the likelihood of benefiting from local or global linkages for innovations with higher novelty?The paper is based on data gathered through a survey of firms in the ICT sector in an emerging economy (India) context and from two Scandinavian countries (Sweden and Norway). The findings of this study show that global linkages do indeed impact the degree of novelty of innovation. However, country context does have a moderating effect. While the effect of global linkages is highly positive on the innovativeness of Scandinavian firms, for the Indian SMEs, the linkages that give novel innovations are the regional ones.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 644-669
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1059897
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1059897
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:9-10:p:644-669
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard T. Harrison
Author-X-Name-First: Richard T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison
Author-Name: Colin Mason
Author-X-Name-First: Colin
Author-X-Name-Last: Mason
Author-Name: Donald Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Donald
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith
Title: Heuristics, learning and the business angel investment decision-making process
Abstract:
This paper extends the literature on the investment decision-making of business angels.Using insights from the emerging body of research on entrepreneurial learning processes, particularly the use of heuristics and the nature of learning from meagre experience, we explore whether angels learn from experience, how they learn and what they learn. These issues are addressed using verbal protocol analysis, a methodology for examining decision-making in real time, with three groups of business angels with differing levels of investment experience, and with follow-up debriefing interviews with these angels. This reveals some differences in the speed of decision making and the emphasis given to various investment criteria. There is some evidence for the use of heuristics in the decision making process, and for the critical role played by vicarious learning from the experience of others. Learning in the individual angel decision making process is a social as well as an individual phenomenon.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 527-554
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1066875
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1066875
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:9-10:p:527-554
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: José L. González-Pernía
Author-X-Name-First: José L.
Author-X-Name-Last: González-Pernía
Author-Name: Andrés Jung
Author-X-Name-First: Andrés
Author-X-Name-Last: Jung
Author-Name: Iñaki Peña
Author-X-Name-First: Iñaki
Author-X-Name-Last: Peña
Title: Innovation-driven entrepreneurship in developing economies
Abstract:
The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship (KSTE) has recently emerged as an influential research stream that examines the origin, development and economic impact of innovation-driven entrepreneurship. While empirical evidence has shown that the main premise of the KSTE generally holds in most advanced economies, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the extent to which the ideas advocated by the KSTE are generalizable to different contexts in developing countries. On applying a logistic multilevel analysis to a sample of almost 250,000 individuals across 45 developing countries, the results show that the different context found in developing economies produces a limited connection between knowledge spillovers, innovation and entrepreneurship in comparison with the conventional linkage studied in the KSTE literature.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 555-573
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1075602
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1075602
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:9-10:p:555-573
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Steffen Korsgaard
Author-X-Name-First: Steffen
Author-X-Name-Last: Korsgaard
Author-Name: Richard Ferguson
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Ferguson
Author-Name: Johan Gaddefors
Author-X-Name-First: Johan
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaddefors
Title: The best of both worlds: how rural entrepreneurs use placial embeddedness and strategic networks to create opportunities
Abstract:
Entrepreneurial activities are strongly influenced by the context in which they occur. It is therefore imperative to understand how different contexts enable entrepreneurs to create opportunities. In this paper, we focus on the spatial context of rural entrepreneurs and explore how the rural context impacts on their opportunity creation. Based on a multiple case study, we find that rural entrepreneurs mix what we refer to as placial embeddedness – an intimate knowledge of and concern for the place – with strategically built non-local networks, i.e. the best of two worlds. Notably, the entrepreneurs seek to exhaust the localized resource base before seeking out non-local resources. Our findings thus contribute to our understanding of entrepreneurship in context and challenge future research to explore how different forms of contexts are bridged in different settings to create varieties of entrepreneurial activities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 574-598
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1085100
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1085100
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:9-10:p:574-598
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paula Kyrö
Author-X-Name-First: Paula
Author-X-Name-Last: Kyrö
Title: The conceptual contribution of education to research on entrepreneurship education
Abstract:
By building a bridge between the conceptual discussion of education science and entrepreneurship, this article demarcates the role of entrepreneurship education as a form of pedagogy and its connection to a progressive movement. As a form of pedagogy, entrepreneurship education changes the idea of the human being, brings action-orientation, autonomy and interplay between risk and responsibility to the centre of the learning process and challenges the previous ontological, epistemological and to some respect axiological bases of earlier learning paradigms and also presents new ideas for pedagogy and didactics. Thus, seen from an educational perspective, entrepreneurship can now be perceived as a form of pedagogy that renews the previous learning paradigms and furthers educational institutional practices.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 599-618
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1085726
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1085726
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:9-10:p:599-618
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Helge Svare
Author-X-Name-First: Helge
Author-X-Name-Last: Svare
Author-Name: Anne Haugen Gausdal
Author-X-Name-First: Anne Haugen
Author-X-Name-Last: Gausdal
Title: Strengthening regional innovation through network-based innovation brokering
Abstract:
The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate how regional innovation system theory may be translated into manageable micro-level methods with the potential for strengthening the productive dynamics of a regional innovation system. The paper meets this objective by presenting network-based innovation brokering (NBIB), a practical method designed using insights from regional innovation system theory and trust theory. Five cases from two Norwegian regional innovation networks show that in addition to knowledge development and diffusion, NBIB strengthened collaborative attitude and trust between members of the regional innovation system. Moreover, it served as an arena for entrepreneurial experimentation, resulting in projects combining two modes of innovation; the Science, Technology and Innovation mode and the Doing, Using and Interaction mode. The method, thus, may be viewed as a useful addition to the inventory of methods used to stimulate innovation in regional innovation systems (RISs). On a more general level, the paper represents a call to the community of innovation researchers and practitioners to give a higher priority to the question of how to better realize the pragmatic potential of RIS-theory.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 619-643
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1095945
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1095945
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:9-10:p:619-643
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alain Fayolle
Author-X-Name-First: Alain
Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle
Author-Name: Shumaila Yousafzai
Author-X-Name-First: Shumaila
Author-X-Name-Last: Yousafzai
Author-Name: Saadat Saeed
Author-X-Name-First: Saadat
Author-X-Name-Last: Saeed
Author-Name: Colette Henry
Author-X-Name-First: Colette
Author-X-Name-Last: Henry
Author-Name: Adam Lindgreen
Author-X-Name-First: Adam
Author-X-Name-Last: Lindgreen
Title: Special Issue on: Contextual embeddedness of women’s entrepreneurship: taking stock and looking ahead
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 670-674
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1099788
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1099788
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:9-10:p:670-674
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Editorial Board
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: ebi-ebi
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 27
Year: 2015
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1131375
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1131375
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:27:y:2015:i:9-10:p:ebi-ebi
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carine Farias
Author-X-Name-First: Carine
Author-X-Name-Last: Farias
Author-Name: Pablo Fernandez
Author-X-Name-First: Pablo
Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandez
Author-Name: Daniel Hjorth
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Hjorth
Author-Name: Robin Holt
Author-X-Name-First: Robin
Author-X-Name-Last: Holt
Title: Organizational entrepreneurship, politics and the political
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 555-566
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1599186
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1599186
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:7-8:p:555-566
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sara Louise Muhr
Author-X-Name-First: Sara Louise
Author-X-Name-Last: Muhr
Author-Name: Christian De Cock
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: De Cock
Author-Name: Magdalena Twardowska
Author-X-Name-First: Magdalena
Author-X-Name-Last: Twardowska
Author-Name: Christina Volkmann
Author-X-Name-First: Christina
Author-X-Name-Last: Volkmann
Title: Constructing an entrepreneurial life: liminality and emotional reflexivity in identity work
Abstract:
This paper examines the identity work of a budding entrepreneur through a longitudinal case study based on his ongoing personal reflections as he tries to construct an entrepreneurial life. In particular, we investigate the role of emotional reflexivity and liminality, concepts that give us analytical purchase in exploring the complex dynamics of this identity work. The liminal condition of multiple identity positions enables our informant to experiment with and integrate several parallel identity narratives as he tries on socio-political constructions of ‘the entrepreneur’ for size; and it is the permanence of the liminal condition that makes emotional reflexivity necessary so he can handle the constant lack he experiences. The contribution of our work lies in exploring how the operation of the discourse of enterprise never closes on the centre of subjectivity that is imputed in that discourse, and how our subject, through emotional reflexivity, deals with this fundamental lack.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 567-582
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1596348
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1596348
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:7-8:p:567-582
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Halima Jarrodi
Author-X-Name-First: Halima
Author-X-Name-Last: Jarrodi
Author-Name: Janice Byrne
Author-X-Name-First: Janice
Author-X-Name-Last: Byrne
Author-Name: Sylvain Bureau
Author-X-Name-First: Sylvain
Author-X-Name-Last: Bureau
Title: A political ideology lens on social entrepreneurship motivations
Abstract:
The traditional literature regarding social entrepreneurship does not question the political dimension. On the contrary, it tends to de-politicize societal issues. A growing number of researchers underline how this perspective cannot address the complexity and the dialogical nature of social entrepreneurship. However, while there may be a case for incorporating a political perspective, there is currently no conceptual framework to systematically inform an empirical exploration of the role played by the political vision of entrepreneurs. In this paper, we use the concept of political ideology to offer a solid framework to show how politics can shape social entrepreneurs’ motivations. More precisely we identify three political profiles – anti-statist, reformist and neoliberal – which shape the motives to engage in social entrepreneurship. We take an embedded case study approach of 17 social entrepreneurs involved in a social innovation boot camp and reveal the existence of both, left and right-wing approaches in social entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 583-604
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1596353
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1596353
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:7-8:p:583-604
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Raffi Duymedjian
Author-X-Name-First: Raffi
Author-X-Name-Last: Duymedjian
Author-Name: Olivier Germain
Author-X-Name-First: Olivier
Author-X-Name-Last: Germain
Author-Name: Guillaume Ferrante
Author-X-Name-First: Guillaume
Author-X-Name-Last: Ferrante
Author-Name: Mary Catherine Lavissière
Author-X-Name-First: Mary Catherine
Author-X-Name-Last: Lavissière
Title: The role of the entrepreneurial encounter in the emergence of opportunities: Vallée’s Dallas Buyers Club
Abstract:
This paper aims to explore the conceptual potential of the Deleuzian notion of the encounter in order to better understand the genealogy of opportunities. We adopt a processual perspective of opportunities. In order to translate this notion to the domain of entrepreneurship, we analysed and interpreted Jean-Marc Vallée’s Dallas Buyers Club. This film follows the creation of the first club in the United States that illegally allowed HIV-positive people to supply themselves with foreign antiretroviral drugs from Mexico or Japan. The article highlights encounters in this process that disturb the entrepreneur’s belief systems and allow him or her to be open to potential opportunity. It finally explores how the encounter may improve our understanding of the political becoming of opportunities within the entrepreneurial process.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 605-622
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1596358
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1596358
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:7-8:p:605-622
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elen Riot
Author-X-Name-First: Elen
Author-X-Name-Last: Riot
Title: Patterns of intention: Oberkampf and Knoll as Schumpeterian entrepreneurs
Abstract:
Presented here is an analysis of Schumpeter’s interest in political economy, as it relates to his use of history to investigate economic change and capitalism. This aspect of Schumpeter’s work – referring to style and involving a range of moral and aesthetic considerations – is largely neglected in entrepreneurship studies despite his influence on the discipline. This paper argues these considerations are essential to understand Schumpeter’s entrepreneur and the role of creative destruction in rejuvenating capitalism. However, his theory also involves political inclinations and choices, such as elitism and a fear of declinism, both of which are more typical to conservative not destructive worldviews. To illustrate my argument I examine and describe two cases, those of Oberkampf and Knoll, the latter a rough contemporary of Schumpeter. The findings point to the central role of political economy in past and present debates about the political role of entrepreneurship in society, suggesting a need for further attention to the zeitgeist (spirit of the time) in future research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 623-651
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1596359
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1596359
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:7-8:p:623-651
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christina Lüthy
Author-X-Name-First: Christina
Author-X-Name-Last: Lüthy
Author-Name: Chris Steyaert
Author-X-Name-First: Chris
Author-X-Name-Last: Steyaert
Title: The onto-politics of entrepreneurial experimentation: re-reading Hans-Jörg Rheinberger’s understanding of ‘experimental systems’
Abstract:
In this article, we argue that there is a need to theorize the relationship between entrepreneurship and the political beyond the currently dominant neo-liberal and emancipatory narrative by turning to an onto-political conception of entrepreneurship based on the processes of entrepreneurial experimentation. In entrepreneurship studies, the relevance and the potential of experimentation for shaping new organizational realities has only been explored marginally. Through re-reading the thinking on ‘experimental systems’ by the science historian Hans-Jörg Rheinberger and connecting it to Annemarie Mol’s notion of ‘ontological politics’, we develop a conceptual framework for entrepreneurial experimentation which we document with the illustration of an art enterprise. The framework that we propose focuses on the interwoven embodied, material and processual dynamics of entrepreneurial experimentation and reframes entrepreneurial world-making as a speculative process driven by material reconfigurations and bodily connections. As a consequence, we argue that this model is able to emphasize the intricate political dimension inscribed in processes of entrepreneurial experimentation through their onto-political force of reconfiguring systems of ‘self-others-things’. Furthermore, the model highlights that this capacity of ‘world-making’ cannot be realized without articulating the tensions and resistances that entrepreneurial endeavours often need to navigate and negotiate while reconfiguring and challenging dominant socio-material orders.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 652-668
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1596360
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1596360
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:7-8:p:652-668
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Heidi Wiig Aslesen
Author-X-Name-First: Heidi Wiig
Author-X-Name-Last: Aslesen
Author-Name: Roman Martin
Author-X-Name-First: Roman
Author-X-Name-Last: Martin
Author-Name: Stefania Sardo
Author-X-Name-First: Stefania
Author-X-Name-Last: Sardo
Title: The virtual is reality! On physical and virtual space in software firms’ knowledge formation
Abstract:
To understand how knowledge is created and exchanged, it is necessary to unwrap the role played by the physical and virtual spaces. The extant research offers interesting findings when it comes to the relationships among regional, institutional and organizational characteristics, innovation and firms’ abilities to link up to global knowledge sources. A focus on the role of informal and low-cost mechanisms, both regional and global, has extended our understanding of their role in knowledge formation. However, the physical space has dominated this literature to the detriment of the virtual space. The inclusion of the virtual space, both as an interaction space and as a different and complementary dimension, makes it possible to gain new insights into knowledge formation in a digitalizing world. Based on in-depth interviews with small- and medium-sized software companies in two urban agglomerations in Norway and Sweden, this paper explores the use of physical and virtual spaces. The findings show that these spaces interact and mutually influence each other. The world is not ‘flattening’ due to ongoing digitalization; moreover, urban agglomerations are still important places in which these spaces are optimized and unified.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 669-682
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1552314
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1552314
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:669-682
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Heidi Forsstrom-Tuominen
Author-X-Name-First: Heidi
Author-X-Name-Last: Forsstrom-Tuominen
Author-Name: Iiro Jussila
Author-X-Name-First: Iiro
Author-X-Name-Last: Jussila
Author-Name: Sanjay Goel
Author-X-Name-First: Sanjay
Author-X-Name-Last: Goel
Title: Reinforcing collectiveness in entrepreneurial interactions within start-up teams: a multiple-case study
Abstract:
Using a qualitative multiple-case study approach and data from four high-technology team startups, we elaborate a theory on organizing entrepreneurial actions as team efforts and the kinds of interactions that reinforce collectiveness amongst entrepreneurial teams. Through systematic thematic analysis, we find that entrepreneurial action reinforces collectiveness through and during (a) the joint analysis and planning of entrepreneurial opportunities and strategies, (b) the joint decision-making and realization of opportunities and (c) the evaluation, feedback and sanction of entrepreneurial action. We analyse the dimensions through Giddens’s ideas on the duality of structures and agencies. We identify interactions that reflect a joint elaboration of opportunities, open and continuous sharing of knowledge and feelings, equality and democracy, joint effort and credit, informality and lack of bureaucracy, and feedback and helping. Our insights could be applied to create collectively entrepreneurial teams and to design education and training activities at a macro level to enable regional development.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 683-709
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1554709
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1554709
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:683-709
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicole Siebold
Author-X-Name-First: Nicole
Author-X-Name-Last: Siebold
Author-Name: Franziska Günzel-Jensen
Author-X-Name-First: Franziska
Author-X-Name-Last: Günzel-Jensen
Author-Name: Sabine Müller
Author-X-Name-First: Sabine
Author-X-Name-Last: Müller
Title: Balancing dual missions for social venture growth: a comparative case study
Abstract:
Balancing social and economic missions in the pursuit of growth is one of the greatest challenges faced by social ventures. Although social ventures strive for growth to scale their social impact, pursuing growth often results in mission drift and the sacrifice of social objectives, which in turn eventually undermine the ventures’ raison d’être. In this study, we investigate how and with what outcomes social ventures that pursue growth can manage the balance of social and economic missions. Through a comparative case study of six for-profit social ventures, we find significant differences in how dual missions are selected, connected, and intertwined, leading to varying degrees of mission spillover effects between social and economic missions. Our findings show that two-sided mission spillover effects are a central mechanism in dual mission management, enabling social ventures to pursue balanced growth, avoid mission drift, and achieve social impact. With these findings, this study adds to the emergent literature on social entrepreneurship, dual mission management, and social venture growth.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 710-734
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1554710
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1554710
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:710-734
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rikard Eriksson
Author-X-Name-First: Rikard
Author-X-Name-Last: Eriksson
Author-Name: Marcin Rataj
Author-X-Name-First: Marcin
Author-X-Name-Last: Rataj
Title: The geography of starts-ups in Sweden. The role of human capital, social capital and agglomeration
Abstract:
In academia as well as in policy circles, entrepreneurial activities are placed at the focal point for regional development. However, geographical factors such as urbanization and peripherality are often neglected in this strand of research despite the increasing need for place-specific policies. The aim of this paper is therefore to analyse how start-up rates vary across municipalities in Sweden 2002–2012 by focussing on spatial differences of human capital, social capital, entrepreneurial culture and industrial specialization. Our multilevel models show how the degree of rurality and peripherality, respectively, moderates the role of different regional resources. The paper concludes by suggesting the formulation of separate policies considering urban, rural and more peripheral regions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 735-754
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1565420
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1565420
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:735-754
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Claudia Espinoza
Author-X-Name-First: Claudia
Author-X-Name-Last: Espinoza
Author-Name: Cristian Mardones
Author-X-Name-First: Cristian
Author-X-Name-Last: Mardones
Author-Name: Katia Sáez
Author-X-Name-First: Katia
Author-X-Name-Last: Sáez
Author-Name: Pablo Catalán
Author-X-Name-First: Pablo
Author-X-Name-Last: Catalán
Title: Entrepreneurship and regional dynamics: the case of Chile
Abstract:
During the last 20 years, social and political consensus has afforded the successful gradual implementation of entrepreneurship policy in Chile, transforming the country into one of the world’s most productive entrepreneurship ecosystems. However, the excessive political and economic centralization that has characterized Chile raises the question of whether spatial dependence influences entrepreneurship and what factors have led to this condition. By applying spatial econometric tools to data from 320 districts in Chile during the period 2013–2014, we conclude that there is spatial dependence among districts in Chile in relation to the creation of new businesses and that the immigrant population, the presence of different categories of universities and local patenting capacity are the variables with the greatest positive effect on this dependence.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 755-767
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1565421
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1565421
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:755-767
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Giulio Cainelli
Author-X-Name-First: Giulio
Author-X-Name-Last: Cainelli
Author-Name: Roberto Ganau
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Ganau
Title: Related variety and firm heterogeneity. What really matters for short-run firm growth?
Abstract:
In recent years, two concepts have become key elements in economic geography: related variety and firm heterogeneity. The first one predicts that knowledge spillovers within a region/local system occur among firms operating in ‘different but related’ sectors. The second one assumes that knowledge spillovers can occur among ‘different’ firms belonging to the same localised sector/industrial cluster. Using a sample of 27,817 Italian manufacturing firms observed during the period 2010–2013, this paper analyses the role played by related variety and within-sector firm heterogeneity on short-run employment growth. The results suggest that both related variety and within-sector firm heterogeneity have a positive effect, although the latter has a higher impact than the former. These results confirm the role played by related variety, but identify firm heterogeneity as a potential additional source of local knowledge spillovers.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 768-784
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1571636
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1571636
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:768-784
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thilde Langevang
Author-X-Name-First: Thilde
Author-X-Name-Last: Langevang
Author-Name: Rebecca Namatovu
Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca
Author-X-Name-Last: Namatovu
Title: Social bricolage in the aftermath of war
Abstract:
While social bricolage has emerged as a key theoretical frame for understanding how social entrepreneurs mobilize and deploy resources to create social value under situations of resource scarcity, there is scant knowledge about social bricolage in post-conflict settings characterised by extreme resource paucity and adversity. Drawing on field research in post-conflict northern Uganda, we show how groups of disenfranchised young people use social bricolage to create social change in a volatile situation marked by extreme resource deprivation and a plethora of challenges arising in the aftermath of war. Based on empirical data, we outline three key practices of social bricolage employed to cope with resource scarcity, extended crisis and volatility. First, we unravel the practice of securing resources and creating social value by mobilizing peers. Second, we show how pluriactivity is used to stretch and make the most of scarce resources in a shifting environment. Third, we illuminate the practice of rekindling pre-war cultural resources to reunite fragmented communities. By illuminating these practices and showing how the context of the post-conflict developing country setting influences the dynamics of ‘making do with resources at hand’, we seek to extend social bricolage theory.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 785-805
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1595743
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1595743
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:785-805
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jacob Salder
Author-X-Name-First: Jacob
Author-X-Name-Last: Salder
Author-Name: John R. Bryson
Author-X-Name-First: John R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bryson
Title: Placing entrepreneurship and firming small town economies: manufacturing firms, adaptive embeddedness, survival and linked enterprise structures
Abstract:
SMEs make a major contribution to the economy of cities and places. The relationship between firms and place is increasingly explained through the application of city-based externality models. Such explanations have limited validity in a number of contexts. One of these is in the economies of small- and medium-sized towns and communities (SMST). Whilst convention has sought to apply core-periphery explanations to the functioning of firms within SMSTs, the economies of SMSTs and entrepreneurial processes of SME embedding, adaptation and survival in such places are more complex. This paper explores these entrepreneurial processes in the context of manufacturing firms in five SMSTs in the West Midlands, UK. The paper uses interview data to understand the relationships between SMEs and place through the development of successive and evolving linked enterprise structures. Through these linked enterprise structures, SMEs engage in a process of adaptive embeddedness, resulting in new resource configurations through fluid iterations of structural, emotional, and circumstantial embeddedness. This paper is the first to identify and explore these different forms of embeddedness.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 806-825
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1600238
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1600238
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:806-825
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rahel Meili
Author-X-Name-First: Rahel
Author-X-Name-Last: Meili
Title: The influence of small town context on access to external knowledge
Abstract:
The relative lack of variety and density of people, companies and knowledge institutions in small towns compel companies to seek new knowledge beyond their location. However, there is only scant research explaining the local characteristics that influence companies’ ability to access external knowledge. In this article, the focus lies on the obstacles and opportunities that arise due to companies’ location in small towns and that emerge when they seek to access external knowledge sources. A multiple case study design with qualitative interview data from five multinational high-tech companies in small towns in the eastern part of Switzerland is used. Also, a theoretical replication of the case study by investigating two single domestic high-tech companies was conducted. The results show that a thin labour market, a lack of urban amenities and the availability of transportation connections to bigger cities are most important for accessing the knowledge of new employees, collaborating with universities and for attending workshops or conferences. On the whole, multinational companies in small towns face the same obstacles and opportunities as single domestic companies in small towns.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 826-841
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1606288
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1606288
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:826-841
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pablo Muñoz
Author-X-Name-First: Pablo
Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz
Author-Name: Jonathan Kimmitt
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan
Author-X-Name-Last: Kimmitt
Title: Rural entrepreneurship in place: an integrated framework
Abstract:
Agglomeration-oriented theories have grown significantly in the past decade in the explanation and promotion of entrepreneurship. Theoretical frameworks and normative models such as entrepreneurial ecosystems are insufficient to observe, explain, and inform policies at the communal level in rural contexts. In this paper, we propose a socio-spatial lens as a more fruitful way of understanding the holistic picture of rural entrepreneurship. By means of abductive research, we explore the distinct elements of entrepreneurial places in rural contexts and derive an integrated meso-level framework, comprising place-sensitive determinations and dimensions, to observe and further analyse the enabling conditions of such places. The findings obtained and the framework developed will be of great use for the evaluation and decision-making, regarding entrepreneurship in rural communities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 842-873
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1609593
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1609593
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:842-873
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pierre-André Julien
Author-X-Name-First: Pierre-André
Author-X-Name-Last: Julien
Title: The regional variations of entrepreneurial dynamism: a mixed methods study
Abstract:
Given that added knowledge and deeper understanding are needed with regard to regional variations in the creation of new firms, this study seeks to answer the following two research questions: What are the variables that explain entrepreneurial dynamism and how may they be apprehended under the four necessary and complementary dimensions of this phenomenon, namely the demand, supply, institutional and spatial dimensions? And how should the nature and interrelatedness of these dimensions and their associated variables influence regional policymakers and other regional stakeholders in their efforts to stimulate entrepreneurship in their region? In order to do so, we used mixed methods to collect and analyze regional data, first doing a regression analysis of quantitative data on 97 small regions in Canada’s province of Québec, followed by a qualitative survey of regional stakeholders on eight matched pairs of regions. A phenomenological qualitative analysis was then effectuated in order to gain a deeper understanding of the research variables’ effects and thus grasp the complex socio-economic reality of entrepreneurial dynamism in a region. The results of the study confirm the importance and interrelatedness of the four dimensions of entrepreneurial dynamism in providing new insights into these questions. Moreover, the findings that results from these quantitative, qualitative and holistic analyses have implications for the policies of regional authorities and for the actions of other regional stakeholders.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 874-907
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1620346
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1620346
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:874-907
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tomasz Brodzicki
Author-X-Name-First: Tomasz
Author-X-Name-Last: Brodzicki
Author-Name: Anna Golejewska
Author-X-Name-First: Anna
Author-X-Name-Last: Golejewska
Title: Firms’ innovation performance and the role of the metropolitan location. Evidence from the European periphery
Abstract:
This paper assesses the role of metropolitan location in explaining firms’ innovation performance while accounting for other internal and external determinants of innovation. Using micro-level dataset and controlling for firm-specific, sector-specific and region-specific features, we identify a nuanced effect of location within metropolitan areas on the innovative performance of companies The results prove to vary for the different measures of innovation output of firms and in particular there is no metropolitan advantage detected for binary self-declared measures of innovations. The advantage is detected for the count-based quantity of innovation measures which is shown to critically depend on the higher performance of metropolitan-based firms in patenting and licencing. The interlinkages between location and firm-size matter and the results are asymmetric with particular benefits arising for micro-firms in their patenting and licencing.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 908-929
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1620347
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1620347
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:908-929
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brian E. Whitacre
Author-X-Name-First: Brian E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Whitacre
Author-Name: Devon Meadowcroft
Author-X-Name-First: Devon
Author-X-Name-Last: Meadowcroft
Author-Name: Roberto Gallardo
Author-X-Name-First: Roberto
Author-X-Name-Last: Gallardo
Title: Firm and regional economic outcomes associated with a new, broad measure of business innovation
Abstract:
Most innovation-oriented studies use measures such as patent activity or research expenditures, likely ignoring the role of more home-grown upgrades or opportunity-recognizing activity common in businesses across the U.S. This study develops a broader ‘innovation index’ using a new survey of businesses that provides a wide lens for capturing innovative practices. The index is used in a series of regressions testing the relationship between innovation and both firm and regional-level economic outcomes. Results from the firm-level regressions show that the innovation index has a positive and significant relationship with wages paid to employees and product market growth. The regional analysis demonstrates that innovation is correlated with several regional economic variables, including median household income, and that spatial spillovers from innovation exist in some instances.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 930-952
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1630486
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1630486
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:930-952
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Raquel Puente
Author-X-Name-First: Raquel
Author-X-Name-Last: Puente
Author-Name: Carlos Giovanni González Espitia
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Giovanni
Author-X-Name-Last: González Espitia
Author-Name: María Antonia Cervilla
Author-X-Name-First: María Antonia
Author-X-Name-Last: Cervilla
Title: Necessity entrepreneurship in Latin America: it´s not that simple
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship literature takes for granted the motivation dichotomy; however, this simplistic view have been criticised for several studies because it likely does an injustice to entrepreneurs, particularly Latin America (LA) entrepreneurs. This study seeks to contribute to the body of knowledge on entrepreneurs to better explain the process of entrepreneurs being motivated by necessity. We use the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database for LA countries and develop an econometric model based on a set of variables, including contextual variables. First, we identify three types of entrepreneurial motivation: necessity, opportunity and transition. We then demonstrate that the motivation dichotomy does not represent LA entrepreneurship. Second, we find that necessity-driven entrepreneurship does not necessarily indicate the absence of high growth aspirations because some entrepreneurs in this category have such aspirations. Third, we observe that significant differences exist among entrepreneurs based on context, specifically among necessity-driven entrepreneurs. These findings have practical implications for research on entrepreneurship and for regional development.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 953-983
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1650294
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1650294
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:953-983
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paulo Vanderlei Cassanego Júnior
Author-X-Name-First: Paulo Vanderlei
Author-X-Name-Last: Cassanego Júnior
Author-Name: João Maurício Gama Boaventura
Author-X-Name-First: João Maurício Gama
Author-X-Name-Last: Boaventura
Author-Name: Ana Cláudia Azevedo
Author-X-Name-First: Ana Cláudia
Author-X-Name-Last: Azevedo
Author-Name: Renato Telles
Author-X-Name-First: Renato
Author-X-Name-Last: Telles
Title: Governance in business clusters: proposal for an application of an analytical model
Abstract:
A wide body of literature on business cluster governance has been accumulated, presenting several models of this phenomenon. Yet each of these models focuses on particular aspects of cluster governance and there is no model with an effectively broad and integrative perspective that offers description, evaluation and management features. Thus, the aim of this paper is to propose a comprehensive model for business cluster governance. The model was developed based on the business cluster and business networks literature, from which five constitutive and characteristic elements inherent to governance in business clusters were inferred and are referred to here as dimensions: structure, function, mechanisms, objectives and agents. A multi-case study was employed to evaluate the model’s internal validity and analytically address the clusters studied. The multi-case study results showed adherence of the proposed model to the empirical findings, thus revealing its internal and operational validity. Three relevant contributions can be pointed out: for researchers, an operational model is indicated that can be used for empirical studies; for managers, a tool is provided for a comprehensive clusters governance analysis; and for literature the paper advances the knowledge on cluster governance.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 984-1010
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1652351
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1652351
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:984-1010
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Caroline Wigren-Kristofersen
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline
Author-X-Name-Last: Wigren-Kristofersen
Author-Name: Steffen Korsgaard
Author-X-Name-First: Steffen
Author-X-Name-Last: Korsgaard
Author-Name: Ethel Brundin
Author-X-Name-First: Ethel
Author-X-Name-Last: Brundin
Author-Name: Karin Hellerstedt
Author-X-Name-First: Karin
Author-X-Name-Last: Hellerstedt
Author-Name: Gry Agnete Alsos
Author-X-Name-First: Gry
Author-X-Name-Last: Agnete Alsos
Author-Name: Jorunn Grande
Author-X-Name-First: Jorunn
Author-X-Name-Last: Grande
Title: Entrepreneurship and embeddedness: dynamic, processual and multi-layered perspectives
Abstract:
Contemporary research has demonstrated that entrepreneurship is a fundamentally contextualized phenomenon and unfolds differently in different contexts. Despite the extensive coverage of the importance of embeddedness for entrepreneurial activities, the research predominantly relies on somewhat static, single layered, and binary notions of embeddedness. We argue that there is a strong need for studies that problematize embeddedness and the relationship between entrepreneur and context. This call for papers, thus invites contributions that explore embeddedness as dynamic, processual and multi-layered, as well as elaborate on the paradoxes of embeddedness?
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1011-1015
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1656868
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1656868
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:9-10:p:1011-1015
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ida Lindh
Author-X-Name-First: Ida
Author-X-Name-Last: Lindh
Author-Name: Sara Thorgren
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Thorgren
Title: Entrepreneurship education: the role of local business
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship education is high on political agendas for its contributions to cultural change and economic growth. Scholars have suggested that the local context may influence the results of entrepreneurship education, and have recommended that educators strengthen their relationships with local businesses and help students learn from actual business settings. By combining policy analysis with empirical data, the present qualitative study explores two issues. First, we look at how the role of local business is expressed in entrepreneurship education policy documents. Second, we explore how local entrepreneurial activity and culture may influence how policies are understood and translated into practice at the local level. The findings indicate that collaboration between schools and business life may strengthen, rather than change, existing local development paths. The present paper contributes to the literature and understanding of the interplay between entrepreneurship education policy and the local context and proposes several policy recommendations emerging from the empirical study.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 313-336
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1134678
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1134678
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:5-6:p:313-336
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Richard Shearmur
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Shearmur
Author-Name: David Doloreux
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Doloreux
Title: How open innovation processes vary between urban and remote environments: slow innovators, market-sourced information and frequency of interaction
Abstract:
Geographic research on firm-level innovation is generally premised on the idea of open innovation, suggesting that innovation occurs more readily in urban settings or clusters, which generate local buzz and allow access to external actors. However, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that firms also introduce first-to-market innovations in remote locations. In this exploratory paper, building upon work by Philip McCann, we outline a conceptual framework that connects innovators (differentiated by information source and frequency of interaction with interlocutors) and location (distance from a metropolitan area): slow innovators, relying on non-market-sourced information and infrequent contacts, will be overrepresented in isolated locations. Fast innovators, relying on market-sourced information and frequent interactions, will locate closer to cities. Our results confirm this. Our interpretation of these results – slow innovators are more reliant on technological information which loses value more slowly than faster decaying market-oriented information – requires further investigation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 337-357
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1154984
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1154984
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:5-6:p:337-357
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jeffrey J. McNally
Author-X-Name-First: Jeffrey J.
Author-X-Name-Last: McNally
Author-Name: Bruce C. Martin
Author-X-Name-First: Bruce C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Martin
Author-Name: Benson Honig
Author-X-Name-First: Benson
Author-X-Name-Last: Honig
Author-Name: Heiko Bergmann
Author-X-Name-First: Heiko
Author-X-Name-Last: Bergmann
Author-Name: Panagiotis Piperopoulos
Author-X-Name-First: Panagiotis
Author-X-Name-Last: Piperopoulos
Title: Toward rigor and parsimony: a primary validation of Kolvereid’s (1996) entrepreneurial attitudes scales
Abstract:
Questioning the validity of scholarly work is not a typical path to publication in the management field. However, although considerable scholarship assesses entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions models of behaviour, methodological weaknesses in scale development have hampered scholars’ ability to rigorously interpret and build upon their research findings. We review 20 years of research and discover that the pioneer measure of entrepreneurial attitudes as a predictor of self-employment intentions, has yet to be empirically validated. We show that construct and measurement differences, one-off modifications to existing scales and a lack of adequate justification may partially explain why studies in the entrepreneurship education domain have produced inconsistent results. We address this limitation by performing factor analytic techniques on data from two sets of English-speaking university students from two North American countries. The result is a more parsimonious and streamlined ‘mini-Kolvereid’ scale. We further demonstrate that this scale is an effective predictor of entrepreneurial intentions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 358-379
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1154985
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1154985
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:5-6:p:358-379
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andreu Turro
Author-X-Name-First: Andreu
Author-X-Name-Last: Turro
Author-Name: Claudia Alvarez
Author-X-Name-First: Claudia
Author-X-Name-Last: Alvarez
Author-Name: David Urbano
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Urbano
Title: Intrapreneurship in the Spanish context: a regional analysis
Abstract:
The objective of this article is to examine the influence of internal and external (environmental) factors on intrapreneurship in the Spanish context, considering differences among regions. Methodologically, the study applies logistic regression and uses data from the Spanish Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for the year 2011. The main findings of the research show through a double conceptual framework (resource-based theory and institutional economics) the direct effect of both internal factors – opportunity recognition and social capital – and environmental factors – fear of failure and education – on intrapreneurship. In addition, the role of fear of failure is reinforced as it has the indirect (moderating) effect; this effect is particularly relevant in lower income regions. The study contributes both theoretically (developing literature and provoking discussion in the field of intrapreneurship) and empirically (providing useful insights for the design of governmental policies for fostering entrepreneurial activities within firms).
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 380-402
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1162850
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1162850
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:5-6:p:380-402
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bengt Johannisson
Author-X-Name-First: Bengt
Author-X-Name-Last: Johannisson
Title: Limits to and prospects of entrepreneurship education in the academic context
Abstract:
Process philosophy has drawn attention to the world as ambiguous and ever changing, however also enactable. This makes entrepreneurship a processual phenomenon, rightly addressed as ‘entrepreneuring’. Recognizing not only their cognitive, yet also affective and conative capabilities, makes it possible for human actors to mobilize forces that bring the world to a standstill long enough to create a venture for value creation. This, however, calls for the insight that is different to universal scientific knowledge – episteme and techne – namely, the situated insights that Aristotle addressed as mētis and phronesis. Mētis then concerns alertness and shrewdness and phronesis is about prudence in the context of action. Academic education can only provide these competencies needed to train for entrepreneuring by letting the students travelling across the boundaries of the university. In addition, the dominance of management as an ideology must be proactively dealt with. Three cases in academic training for entrepreneuring, all in the Swedish context, which show radically different ways of dealing with these challenges, are presented in a comparative analysis. The lessons are summarized in general conditions for providing training that advances entrepreneurship students’ situated and actionable insights.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 403-423
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1177982
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1177982
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:5-6:p:403-423
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elisabeth F. Mueller
Author-X-Name-First: Elisabeth F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Mueller
Author-Name: Carola Jungwirth
Author-X-Name-First: Carola
Author-X-Name-Last: Jungwirth
Title: What drives the effectiveness of industrial clusters? Exploring the impact of contextual, structural and functioning determinants
Abstract:
This study examines how contextual, structural and functioning characteristics of industrial clusters influence their effectiveness. We develop a conceptual framework that identifies potential influencing factors, validate the factors statistically, and estimate the factors’ impact on cluster effectiveness. Our results show that among the important determinants of cluster effectiveness are long-term planning security and procedural trust among the cooperating firms (contextual conditions), formalized rules and sustainable structures (structural elements), and clear goals and tasks (functioning characteristics). However, the results also reveal that some determinants assessed as important in the literature do not seem to have a positive impact on effectiveness. Our results not only modify general assumptions in cluster research concerning the drivers of cluster effectiveness, but also assist firms and policy-makers in conceptualizing successful new clusters.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 424-447
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1186748
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1186748
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:5-6:p:424-447
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yasuyuki Motoyama
Author-X-Name-First: Yasuyuki
Author-X-Name-Last: Motoyama
Author-Name: Karren Knowlton
Author-X-Name-First: Karren
Author-X-Name-Last: Knowlton
Title: From resource munificence to ecosystem integration: the case of government sponsorship in St. Louis
Abstract:
Government sponsorship of entrepreneurship has become a popular policy tool in the last 15 years. Despite this popularity, past academic studies have largely focused on firm-level survival rates and treated the effects of government sponsorship in isolation, which fails to capture the full effect of the sponsorship. That is, the objectives of the public sector include enhancing the macro-level entrepreneurial environment of the region as well as the success of individual firms. We expand research in this area through a case study in St. Louis, Missouri. We focus on the Arch Grants, a public–private coalition that provides $50,000 to 20 winners through their annual competition. Based on interviews of 46 recipient firms and 15 support organizations, we first demonstrate how government sponsorship can create a cohort of entrepreneurs who are able to learn from each other about business strategy, local mentors and other resources. Second, we uncover the process through which sponsorship can facilitate coordination among local entrepreneurship support organizations. Thus, we conclude that the evaluation of government sponsorship should go beyond the traditional firm-level performance measurement and consider the integration and enhancement of the local entrepreneurship ecosystem.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 448-470
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1186749
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1186749
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:5-6:p:448-470
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rachel Doern
Author-X-Name-First: Rachel
Author-X-Name-Last: Doern
Author-Name: Nick Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Nick
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: Tim Vorley
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Vorley
Title: Entrepreneurship and crises: business as usual?
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 471-475
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1198091
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1198091
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:5-6:p:471-475
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Punita Bhatt
Author-X-Name-First: Punita
Author-X-Name-Last: Bhatt
Author-Name: Ali J. Ahmad
Author-X-Name-First: Ali J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmad
Title: Financial social innovation to engage the economically marginalized: insights from an Indian case study
Abstract:
New sources of finance within the label of ‘impact investing’ have emerged as mechanisms to promote entrepreneurship within marginalized communities. Different vehicles for impact investment have emerged over the years; however, our understanding around their emergence, configuration and adoption is limited. Hence, the main purpose in this research is to study the role of the contextual drivers and conditions that gave rise to a unique form of impact investment in India, a financial social innovation – developmental venture capital (DVC). Through the lens of capital theories, insights from the case of India’s largest and oldest DVC firm along with three of its most prominent investees are presented. Findings highlight that the social entrepreneurs behind the case DVC wholly re-conceptualized silicon valley-style venture capital financing to suit small brick and mortar investments in rural India, developed mechanisms for deploying funding frugally, and created partnerships of equals between themselves and their investees. Investee founders leveraged human and social capital throughout the social innovation process via deep immersion in the socio-cultural milieu of India.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 391-413
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1287961
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1287961
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:391-413
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ross Brown
Author-X-Name-First: Ross
Author-X-Name-Last: Brown
Author-Name: Suzanne Mawson
Author-X-Name-First: Suzanne
Author-X-Name-Last: Mawson
Author-Name: Colin Mason
Author-X-Name-First: Colin
Author-X-Name-Last: Mason
Title: Myth-busting and entrepreneurship policy: the case of high growth firms
Abstract:
Promoting high growth firms (HGFs) has become a strong fixation within enterprise policy. This is a debate article seeking to examine and challenge the mythology perpetuated by policy makers and embedded within high growth entrepreneurship policy frameworks. Within the article we argue that a number of distinctive ‘myths’ have become deeply embedded within these policy frameworks. Such myths have been built on misconceived preconceptions of HGFs, which has resulted in policy-makers taking a myopic view of these firms. A key aim of the paper is to highlight how false perceptions of HGFs translate into inappropriate policy interventions. The paper challenges some of the most commonly held myths about these firms (that they are predominantly young, small, high-tech, VC-backed, university spin-outs, who grow in an orderly organic fashion, operating similarly irrespective of location) and identifies a clear mismatch between how policy makers perceive HGFs and what they actually look like in reality. Suggestions for the design of future policy approaches are forwarded.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 414-443
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1291762
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1291762
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:414-443
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nick Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Nick
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: Tim Vorley
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Vorley
Title: Fostering productive entrepreneurship in post-conflict economies: the importance of institutional alignment
Abstract:
The aim of this article is to examine the impact of institutional development on entrepreneurship in post-conflict environments. Drawing on in-depth interviews with Kosovar entrepreneurs the article highlights how the experience of fostering entrepreneurship in a post-conflict, new born state is distinct from transition economies. The article finds that Kosovo has not encountered the same institutional challenges which have stymied entrepreneurship in transition economies which have been hampered by ‘path extension’ of institutions. Instead there has been a ‘path break’ resulting in a reshaping of formal and informal institutions as supportive of entrepreneurship. However, while positive, the prevailing nature of much entrepreneurial activity is localized with only a limited impact on economic growth. The article concludes by making a number of contributions to institutional theory and policy.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 444-466
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1297853
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1297853
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:444-466
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Oswald Jones
Author-X-Name-First: Oswald
Author-X-Name-Last: Jones
Author-Name: Hongqin Li
Author-X-Name-First: Hongqin
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Title: Effectual entrepreneuring: sensemaking in a family-based start-up
Abstract:
In this paper we examine the microprocesses associated with a successful business established by two young brothers (16 and 18). The study is informed by recent processual approaches to entrepreneurship associated with effectuation theory and sensemaking. We also draw on literature related to personal dispositions, which are the basis of habitual behaviours. The empirical data are drawn from a longitudinal study of an unconventional family business which was created by the two brothers while still at school. Opportunities were created, rather than discovered, by optimizing limited familial resources during the early stages of start-up. We expand effectuation theory by demonstrating the role of sensemaking (enactment, selection and retention), familial influences on dispositions (habits, heuristics and routines) and experiential learning during the first three years of operation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 467-499
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1297854
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1297854
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:467-499
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mads Bruun Ingstrup
Author-X-Name-First: Mads Bruun
Author-X-Name-Last: Ingstrup
Author-Name: Poul Rind Christensen
Author-X-Name-First: Poul Rind
Author-X-Name-Last: Christensen
Title: Transformation of cluster specialization in the wake of globalization
Abstract:
In the light of increasing globalization and the rising spatial distribution of production activities, different scenarios for geographical agglomerations, such as clusters, are discussed. Nonetheless, the literature provides only scant knowledge about how cluster specialization transforms due to the globalization of production activities. The paper addresses this research gap based on a comparative case study of two Danish clusters, and by applying the literature on the global division of labour, global value chains and clusters. The main conclusion is that the specialization of clusters either changes or deepens in response to the globalization of production activities. However, which of these two outcomes it will be depends on the prioritization and localization of specific production activities in relation to the current cluster specialization, and on the governance executed by cluster lead firms.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 500-516
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1298679
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1298679
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:500-516
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Christian Hopp
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Hopp
Author-Name: Johannes Martin
Author-X-Name-First: Johannes
Author-X-Name-Last: Martin
Title: Does entrepreneurship pay for women and immigrants? A 30 year assessment of the socio-economic impact of entrepreneurial activity in Germany
Abstract:
Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1984 to 2012, we explore income effects of self-employment for females and migrants. Controlling for the selection into self-employment, we differentiate the overall earnings differential between the self-employed and the wage-employed into an endowment effect (they are equipped with characteristics that positively affect earnings in either occupation) and a treatment effect (the income effect solely due to the decision for self-employment). We find that women exhibit both a lower treatment effect and a lower endowment effect than men. Migrants benefit much more from entrepreneurial activities than Germans, having a significantly higher treatment effect. Among the countries of origin, Turkish migrants benefit the most from their self-employment decision, while southern Europeans exhibit the lowest income relevant skills.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 517-543
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1299224
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1299224
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:517-543
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Päivi Karhunen
Author-X-Name-First: Päivi
Author-X-Name-Last: Karhunen
Author-Name: Irina Olimpieva
Author-X-Name-First: Irina
Author-X-Name-Last: Olimpieva
Author-Name: Ulla Hytti
Author-X-Name-First: Ulla
Author-X-Name-Last: Hytti
Title: Identity work of science-based entrepreneurs in Finland and in Russia
Abstract:
This paper investigates the identity work of science-based entrepreneurs in two very different country contexts: Finland and Russia. Building on the literature investigating role identities, we first analyse the identification of individuals with the roles of a scientist and an entrepreneur; and second, how individuals manage the boundary between these two roles. Methodologically, we take a narrative approach, which regards life stories as identity constructions. Our empirical data consist of 23 biographical interviews with science-based entrepreneurs that are inductively analysed. Our findings show that the Russian informants considered being a scientist a salient part of their self-identification, distanced themselves from the role of an entrepreneur, and set discursive boundaries to segment the two roles. For the Finnish informants, identification with the professional roles as a scientist or as an entrepreneur was less salient for the personal identity as they make a clear distinction between ‘what one does’ and ‘who one is’. They also view the two roles as integrated rather than segmented, and have no significant need to justify the border-crossing between them. Our contribution is in demonstrating how science-based entrepreneurs’ identity work is influenced by importance and meanings attached to different work roles, and how these are contextualised.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 544-566
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1313318
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1313318
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:544-566
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Smallbone
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Smallbone
Author-Name: Marina Dabic
Author-X-Name-First: Marina
Author-X-Name-Last: Dabic
Author-Name: Christos Kalantaridis
Author-X-Name-First: Christos
Author-X-Name-Last: Kalantaridis
Title: Migration, entrepreneurship and economic development
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 567-569
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1315485
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1315485
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:567-569
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Massimo Baù
Author-X-Name-First: Massimo
Author-X-Name-Last: Baù
Author-Name: Joern H. Block
Author-X-Name-First: Joern H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Block
Author-Name: Allan Discua Cruz
Author-X-Name-First: Allan
Author-X-Name-Last: Discua Cruz
Author-Name: Lucia Naldi
Author-X-Name-First: Lucia
Author-X-Name-Last: Naldi
Title: Locality and internationalization of family firms
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 570-574
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1315501
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1315501
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:5-6:p:570-574
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francisco Mas Verdú
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco Mas
Author-X-Name-Last: Verdú
Author-Name: Norat Roig Tierno
Author-X-Name-First: Norat Roig
Author-X-Name-Last: Tierno
Title: Special issue: clustering and innovation: firm-level strategizing and policy
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-6
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537143
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537143
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:1-6
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eric Liguori
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Liguori
Author-Name: Josh Bendickson
Author-X-Name-First: Josh
Author-X-Name-Last: Bendickson
Author-Name: Shelby Solomon
Author-X-Name-First: Shelby
Author-X-Name-Last: Solomon
Author-Name: William C. McDowell
Author-X-Name-First: William C.
Author-X-Name-Last: McDowell
Title: Development of a multi-dimensional measure for assessing entrepreneurial ecosystems
Abstract:
Researchers and theorist have put great effort into defining and examining entrepreneurial ecosystems and how business clusters develop in certain regions. Favourable entrepreneurship ecosystems are thought to drive business and innovation. However, a commonly accepted measure of entrepreneurial ecosystem favourableness has yet to be developed. The purpose of the present research is to contribute to ecosystems research by taking a two-study approach to developing and validating a perceptual measure of entrepreneurial ecosystems. The perceptual measure is based upon prior conceptual frameworks that outline ecosystems. In developing this measure, we are able to further unpack and illuminate the factor structure of ecosystems, the results of which have direct scholarly and practitioner uses.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 7-21
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537144
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537144
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:7-21
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephanie Scott
Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie
Author-X-Name-Last: Scott
Author-Name: Mathew Hughes
Author-X-Name-First: Mathew
Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes
Author-Name: Sascha Kraus
Author-X-Name-First: Sascha
Author-X-Name-Last: Kraus
Title: Developing relationships in innovation clusters
Abstract:
This study assesses the composition of micro-level behaviours embedded within innovation clusters. Drawing on network theory of innovation, we examine the relational complexities of a specific university-business form of clustered exchange to characterise the actor level behaviours that influence the breadth and spread of network involvement. Whilst some current research posits behavioural attributes of clustered networks, there have been few studies that have focused on the extent of influence that individuals have on the development of value creating relationships, the roles individuals play and the various factors that have the potential to impact their effectiveness. This conceptual development study provides insights into the actor-level behavioural features that play a central role in promoting the innovation effectiveness of these regions. The findings of this three year long ethnographic study suggest that in the face of resource constraints individuals act as agents in creating and sourcing external input for the benefit of their projects. This has implications for policy-makers as well, as our findings suggests that policies should be shaped to provide enabling factors for boundary-spanning, thus allowing relationships to be equipped with the ability to manage complex partner contexts to access the benefits of diversity.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 22-45
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537145
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537145
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:22-45
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bing Xu
Author-X-Name-First: Bing
Author-X-Name-Last: Xu
Author-Name: Yuan Xiao
Author-X-Name-First: Yuan
Author-X-Name-Last: Xiao
Author-Name: Mohib Ur Rahman
Author-X-Name-First: Mohib Ur
Author-X-Name-Last: Rahman
Title: Enterprise level cluster innovation with policy design
Abstract:
An industrial cluster is an important link in the process of industrialization. The existing research is mainly based on the market economy. Our paper considers external policy design for cluster innovation based on the transition from planned economy to market economy in China. This paper finds some enterprises in the cluster are transferred from micro-enterprises to small ones, but does not find clustering from the small enterprise to middle or larger enterprise. Furthermore, our paper explained why such a cluster occurs by applying a semi-parametric counterfactual approach. The results indicate that building cluster zones as upgrading the enterprise structure policy and implementing VAT tax systems as the tax benefit policy has the most proponent role in industrial clustering, whereas increasing the loan/financing as the credit policy has a minor impact, which is not negligible either. Overall, this study explains why clusters shift to high output valued with a high interpretation of up to 97%. The contribution of this paper is not only to describe the time process of micro-to-small enterprise clustering but also to give the policy design how to achieve rapid micro-to-small enterprise clustering.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 46-61
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537146
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537146
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:46-61
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Francesc Xavier Molina-Morales
Author-X-Name-First: Francesc Xavier
Author-X-Name-Last: Molina-Morales
Author-Name: Luis Martínez-Cháfer
Author-X-Name-First: Luis
Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez-Cháfer
Author-Name: David Valiente-Bordanova
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Valiente-Bordanova
Title: Disruptive technology adoption, particularities of clustered firms
Abstract:
This article explores to what extent the internal attributes of a clustered firm influence its capacity to adopt disruptive innovations. A multidimensional approach to the absorptive capacity (ACAP) model is used to distinguish between potential (acquisition and assimilation domains) and realized (transformation and exploitation domains) internal firm capabilities. Our evidence comes from an empirical analysis of the population of firms belonging to the Spanish ceramic tile cluster which have adopted a disruptive innovation – the so-called digital printing technology – on a massive scale. The econometric estimations suggest the relevance of the Exploitation dimension of ACAP for early adoption of a new technology. In contrast, the other dimensions do not seem to play a decisive role when it comes to adopting one novelty earlier than others. In conclusion, and contrary to what was expected for non-clustered firms, the results revealed an uneven effect of the potential and realized domains of ACAP of clustered firms regarding the rate of adoption of distant technologies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 62-81
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537147
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537147
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:62-81
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Pickernell
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Pickernell
Author-Name: Paul Jones
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Jones
Author-Name: Malcolm J. Beynon
Author-X-Name-First: Malcolm J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Beynon
Title: Innovation performance and the role of clustering at the local enterprise level: a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis approach
Abstract:
This study, utilizes an innovative methodological approach, fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), investigating the drivers of heterogeneous geographies characterizing English Local Economic Partnerships (LEPs). The fsQCA technique offers a novel configurational alternative to regression-based approaches investigating the effects of clustering in conjunction with firm-level innovation, university third-sector activity (TSA) and entrepreneurship, on LEPs innovation performance. The findings, offer contributions to the theories of industrial clusters and innovation, regional innovation systems, knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurial university innovation within LEPs. First, supporting fsQCAs, no individual variable generates either a positive/negative innovation outcome. Second, while all positive innovation recipes include presence of the cluster variable, for negative innovation recipes, only one does not identify absence of clustering as relevant. Given that the cluster variable does not appear in any recipes without at least one of the other variables suggests activity concentration does not exist in isolation to generate innovation outcomes without other localized conditions existing, e.g. firm-level innovation. Third, there is evidence for the non-cluster-based aspects of knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship with respect to university activity and the entrepreneurial university concept. Instead, roles of entrepreneurship and university TSA, while important, appear to be more peripheral and geographically context specific.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 82-103
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537149
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537149
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:82-103
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sergey Anokhin
Author-X-Name-First: Sergey
Author-X-Name-Last: Anokhin
Author-Name: Joakim Wincent
Author-X-Name-First: Joakim
Author-X-Name-Last: Wincent
Author-Name: Vinit Parida
Author-X-Name-First: Vinit
Author-X-Name-Last: Parida
Author-Name: Natalya Chistyakova
Author-X-Name-First: Natalya
Author-X-Name-Last: Chistyakova
Author-Name: Pejvak Oghazi
Author-X-Name-First: Pejvak
Author-X-Name-Last: Oghazi
Title: Industrial clusters, flagship enterprises and regional innovation
Abstract:
For a sample of all 88 counties in the State of Ohio over a 5-year period, this study documents the effect of flagship enterprises and concentrated industrial clusters on regional innovation. Consistent with the agglomeration arguments and the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship, both appear to affect regional innovation positively. Additionally, regional educational attainment positively moderates the effect of industrial clusters on innovation. At the same time, flagship enterprises primarily affect regional innovation in regions with low education levels. Results are obtained with the help of conservative econometric techniques and are robust to the choice of alternative dependent variables and estimators. The findings have major policy implications and provide insights into alternative routes to encouraging regional innovation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 104-118
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537150
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537150
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:104-118
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rafał Kusa
Author-X-Name-First: Rafał
Author-X-Name-Last: Kusa
Author-Name: Daniel Palacios Marques
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Palacios
Author-X-Name-Last: Marques
Author-Name: Belén Ribeiro Navarrete
Author-X-Name-First: Belén Ribeiro
Author-X-Name-Last: Navarrete
Title: External cooperation and entrepreneurial orientation in industrial clusters
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between external cooperation and entrepreneurial orientation (EO). This relationship is explored in cluster environment, wherein entrepreneurial organizations compete and cooperate simultaneously to pursue opportunities. The following hypothesis is tested: External cooperation is positively correlated with entrepreneurial orientation. The hypothesis is tested with a correlation analysis on a sample of 77 small-sized enterprises operating in the Malopolska region in Poland, wherein several clusters are active. Additionally, the regression analysis is conducted to examine the associations between inter-organizational cooperation and EO dimensions. The findings confirm that external cooperation is positively correlated with EO. This observation is confronted with a pro-competitive approach that is a constitutional element of the entrepreneurship concept. Moreover, the findings show that the correlation between external cooperation and a firm’s performance is stronger than between some other EO dimensions and performance. Additionally, the findings show the important role of relationships between organizations and their clients. In the paper, several remarks for development of the theory are discussed, including the need for incorporating inter-organizational cooperation into a set of entrepreneurial traits and reflecting it in entrepreneurial orientation scales. The findings confirm the importance of that direction of theory development that focuses on inter-organizational collaboration in the context of entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 119-132
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537151
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537151
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:119-132
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Martin Bliemel
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Bliemel
Author-Name: Ricardo Flores
Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo
Author-X-Name-Last: Flores
Author-Name: Saskia De Klerk
Author-X-Name-First: Saskia
Author-X-Name-Last: De Klerk
Author-Name: Morgan P. Miles
Author-X-Name-First: Morgan P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Miles
Title: Accelerators as start-up infrastructure for entrepreneurial clusters
Abstract:
Infrastructure is commonly conceptualized as a set of facilities that play a critical role in facilitating activities by individuals and organizations. Conventionally, infrastructure is tightly linked to publicly funded projects that facilitate access to key resources and enable diverse activities. Within entrepreneurial clusters research, infrastructure includes universities, research institutions and telecommunication technologies that facilitate entrepreneurial activities. These capital-intensive investments seek to facilitate start-ups emergence by aiding access to markets and development of ideas. Accelerators facilitate the same activities and have only recently been conceptualized as start-up infrastructure. This study builds upon this research stream by elaborating on how accelerators can play this meaningful role at the cluster level. Specifically, and by relying on the analysis of empirical evidence from three distinct studies, we uncover how accelerators provide tangible and intangible dimensions of start-up infrastructure to form a positively reinforcing cycle of entrepreneurial activities. Additionally, our findings allow us to push further the idea that start-up infrastructure development can be an endogenous process involving multiple actors within the cluster. Our empirical findings and the theoretical insights derived from them have meaningful implications for the aforementioned literature, as well as start-up practitioners and policymakers linked to the funding of entrepreneurial clusters.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 133-149
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537152
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537152
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:133-149
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David B. Audretsch
Author-X-Name-First: David B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Audretsch
Author-Name: Erik E. Lehmann
Author-X-Name-First: Erik E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lehmann
Author-Name: Matthias Menter
Author-X-Name-First: Matthias
Author-X-Name-Last: Menter
Author-Name: Nikolaus Seitz
Author-X-Name-First: Nikolaus
Author-X-Name-Last: Seitz
Title: Public cluster policy and firm performance: evaluating spillover effects across industries
Abstract:
While the direct positive effects of public cluster policy on subsidized industries are beyond controversy, the impact of such policy interventions on non-subsidized industries within the same region, that is, the indirect effect of public cluster policy, remains vague and unexplored. This study examines the impact of a prominent public cluster policy in Germany, the so-called Leading-Edge Cluster Competition. Based on a unique dataset, we analyse the spillover effects of this cluster policy initiative on those firms and industries, which have not been the primary target of the cluster policy. Our results suggest that public cluster policy seems to have an indirect negative effect on firms that have not primarily been related to the targeted industries; therefore, the concept of ‘agglomeration shadows’ might also apply to industries and related firms. Despite the existence of knowledge flows induced by additional governmental funding within a region, non-subsidized industries, that is, non-targeted firms, seem to be unable to compete against targeted industries and, therefore, suffer from a lack of human, financial and social capital. Based on our findings, we propose policy recommendations on how to best identify policy instruments aimed at augmenting innovation-driven growth across a broad spectrum of industries and regions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 150-165
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1537153
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1537153
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:1-2:p:150-165
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: A. M. Bojica
Author-X-Name-First: A. M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bojica
Author-Name: J. M. Ruiz Jiménez
Author-X-Name-First: J. M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ruiz Jiménez
Author-Name: J. A. Ruiz Nava
Author-X-Name-First: J. A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ruiz Nava
Author-Name: M. M. Fuentes-Fuentes
Author-X-Name-First: M. M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fuentes-Fuentes
Title: Bricolage and growth in social entrepreneurship organisations
Abstract:
This paper explores the role of bricolage in the growth of social entrepreneurship organisations (SEOs). Building on the premises that (1) bricolage is based on the resources at hand and the subjective perspectives that individuals have of these resources, and (2) the characteristics of the top management team (TMT) are an indicator of the resources they make available to the organisation and their ability to put different perspectives into play to interpret resource environments, we seek to determine which configurations of resource endowment, autonomy in the use of resources, TMT diversity and bricolage promote organisational growth. Using a fuzzy-set theoretical technique (fsQCA), we show that the effect of bricolage on organisational growth is contingent on the availability of resources, the degree of autonomy in using these resources and TMT diversity in organisational tenure. Our findings also indicate that TMT gender diversity is not a relevant condition to the growth of SEOs that use bricolage and that TMTs incorporating members with differing levels of previous experience in for-profit organisations exert a negative impact on organisational growth.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 362-389
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1413768
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1413768
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:362-389
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Frank Janssen
Author-X-Name-First: Frank
Author-X-Name-Last: Janssen
Author-Name: Alain Fayolle
Author-X-Name-First: Alain
Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle
Author-Name: Amélie Wuilaume
Author-X-Name-First: Amélie
Author-X-Name-Last: Wuilaume
Title: Researching bricolage in social entrepreneurship
Abstract:
This paper introduces the special issue of Entrepreneurship and Regional Development on bricolage in social entrepreneurship. We anchor this special issue at the heart of an emerging body of research indicating that bricolage is the most appropriate approach to consider social firms operating in an environment characterized by institutional constraints or weak regulatory or political support (Di Domenico, Haugh, and Tracey 2010; Gundry et al. 2011). We describe both social entrepreneurship and bricolage. We then identify what closely links these notions. We conduct a literature review of the articles written on the nascent and growing research area at the intersection of social entrepreneurship and bricolage. We finally provide a brief overview of the contributions of each of the papers of this special issue and conclude by outlining a research agenda for future activities in this area of inquiry.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 450-470
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1413769
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1413769
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:450-470
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bengt Johannisson
Author-X-Name-First: Bengt
Author-X-Name-Last: Johannisson
Title: Disclosing everyday practices constituting social entrepreneuring – a case of necessity effectuation
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship scholars have become increasingly aware of the need to recognize situated and temporary practices as the core of organizing in general, and of entrepreneuring as a processual phenomenon in particular. Close-up and longitudinal empirical inquiry into a Swedish work-integrating social enterprise, and its everyday procedures, uncovered several core process practices. The transformation of this enterprise into a national franchisor constructed further processual practices. These practices are comparable with the principles constituting the logic of effectuation. The findings tell that a different kind of effectuation logic rules in social enterprises, as much as the task is not profit-making but supporting people with social needs. The notion of ‘necessity effectuation’ is thus introduced to denote this logic. The empirical research in the social enterprise also reveals structural practices, here interpreted as dualities, that frame the processual practices. In social entrepreneuring a weaving metaphor, with the structural practices as the warp and the processual ones as the weft elements, thus appears as appropriate.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 390-406
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1413770
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1413770
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:390-406
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jill Kickul
Author-X-Name-First: Jill
Author-X-Name-Last: Kickul
Author-Name: Mark Griffiths
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Griffiths
Author-Name: Sophie Bacq
Author-X-Name-First: Sophie
Author-X-Name-Last: Bacq
Author-Name: Niharika Garud
Author-X-Name-First: Niharika
Author-X-Name-Last: Garud
Title: Catalyzing social innovation: is entrepreneurial bricolage always good?
Abstract:
Social entrepreneurs face unique challenges in their concurrent pursuit of social and financial value creation to address intractable societal problems. Although social entrepreneurs’ actions have been highlighted as an important source of novelty and innovations, this issue has largely been under-researched so far in the field of entrepreneurship. In this paper, we explore the role of social entrepreneurs’ bricolage behavior in enabling the creation of innovations within resource-constrained environments, called ‘catalytic innovations’. In addition, we investigate situations in which an over-reliance on bricolage may hamper social entrepreneurs’ ability to look for new resources crucial to bring about social change. We tested our hypotheses on 113 social entrepreneurs using an online questionnaire survey. We find that the positive relationship between bricolage and catalytic innovations and scale/growth changes beyond a point, suggesting a curvilinear (quadratic) effect of bricolage.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 407-420
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1413771
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1413771
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:407-420
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Florian Ladstaetter
Author-X-Name-First: Florian
Author-X-Name-Last: Ladstaetter
Author-Name: Andreas Plank
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas
Author-X-Name-Last: Plank
Author-Name: Andrea Hemetsberger
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea
Author-X-Name-Last: Hemetsberger
Title: The merits and limits of making do: bricolage and breakdowns in a social enterprise
Abstract:
Despite growing literature on social entrepreneurship there is scarce research on how potentially conflicting social and economic objectives manifest on a micro-level and affect everyday management of social enterprises. Applying a strategy as practice perspective we identify sources of, and responses to, temporary and complete breakdowns in Die Bäckerei, a social enterprise that epitomizes bricolage behaviour. We find that diverging interpretations of the organization’s identity eventually result in diverging standards for evaluating performance and lead to breakdowns. We discuss why bricolage is both a source of and a solution to temporary breakdowns and show how practitioners mobilize the hybrid organizational identity as an additional and equally important practice to respond to temporary breakdowns. Furthermore, in the circumstance of complete breakdown the social enterprise has to engage in identity work finding a new situational balance between its social and economic objectives and competing logics. Finally, we show how breakdowns lead to an extension of the social enterprise’s repertoire and discuss how the combination of the social mission and bricolage behaviour enables the organization to eschew path dependency, mobilize alternative resources, and build improvisational strategy.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 283-309
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1413772
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1413772
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:283-309
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Soumodip Sarkar
Author-X-Name-First: Soumodip
Author-X-Name-Last: Sarkar
Title: Grassroots entrepreneurs and social change at the bottom of the pyramid: the role of bricolage
Abstract:
This study explores how entrepreneurs living and working at the ‘bottom of the pyramid’ overcome acute resource constraints to create something from nothing. In a departure from most previous studies that consider those at the bottom either as potential consumers or as recipients of aid, we look at grassroots entrepreneurs. Despite extremely challenging conditions, they are able to assemble resources and to combine and align principles of business strategy and social value creation to effect important economic and social change. Using a resource based view lens, we redirect the spotlight onto the individual entrepreneur in social entrepreneurship and extend the study of bricolage to that field. We rely on inductive methodology applied to eight cases to unpack the resource assembly process of such entrepreneurs, revealing distinctive features of bricolage such as the setting aside of cultural norms, the rejigging of domain-specific skills, and the use of spare time.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 421-449
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1413773
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1413773
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:421-449
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vinciane Servantie
Author-X-Name-First: Vinciane
Author-X-Name-Last: Servantie
Author-Name: Martine Hlady Rispal
Author-X-Name-First: Martine Hlady
Author-X-Name-Last: Rispal
Title: Bricolage, effectuation, and causation shifts over time in the context of social entrepreneurship
Abstract:
In response to recent calls for contributions on the singular processes of social entrepreneurship, this paper examines how the combination of causation, effectuation, and bricolage changes over a particular venture’s life cycle. It also analyses the factors responsible for such shifts in the approach. Using a longitudinal case study of a Colombian foundation, the behaviours underlying the three theories and their alternations are analysed at three different periods in the case’s entrepreneurial process: its emergence, growth and replication. The analysis provides insight into the activities that require a causation approach and those that need bricolage or effectuation. We also highlight the implications for practice.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 310-335
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1413774
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1413774
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:310-335
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Misagh Tasavori
Author-X-Name-First: Misagh
Author-X-Name-Last: Tasavori
Author-Name: Caleb Kwong
Author-X-Name-First: Caleb
Author-X-Name-Last: Kwong
Author-Name: Sarika Pruthi
Author-X-Name-First: Sarika
Author-X-Name-Last: Pruthi
Title: Resource bricolage and growth of product and market scope in social enterprises
Abstract:
This research aims to understand how resource bricolage strategy plays a role in the growth of social enterprises in terms of their product and market. Based on interviews with nine social enterprises, our exploratory finding suggests that social enterprises often employ both internal and network resources in the process of making do. We further explore the relationship between the form of resource utilisation and the nature and scope of activities that the social enterprises embark upon, and find that only those relying on both internal and network bricolage are able to expand into new markets utilising newly developed products. We also find that social enterprises relying on only internal resources can reach the same point through incremental improvisation, by first moving towards either product extension or market expansion, before then embarking on the other. This research contributes to the social entrepreneurship literature by enhancing our understanding of the relationship between resource bricolage strategy and growth of social enterprises through product/ market scope in a penurious environment. The findings of this research also have implications for social enterprise managers and policy makers in utilising their resources and responding to environmental opportunities and challenges.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 336-361
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1413775
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1413775
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:336-361
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Audretsch
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Audretsch
Author-Name: Colin Mason
Author-X-Name-First: Colin
Author-X-Name-Last: Mason
Author-Name: Morgan P. Miles
Author-X-Name-First: Morgan P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Miles
Author-Name: Allan O’Connor
Author-X-Name-First: Allan
Author-X-Name-Last: O’Connor
Title: The dynamics of entrepreneurial ecosystems
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 471-474
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1436035
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1436035
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:471-474
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Steven Si
Author-X-Name-First: Steven
Author-X-Name-Last: Si
Author-Name: John Cullen
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Cullen
Author-Name: David Ahlstrom
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Ahlstrom
Author-Name: Jiang Wei
Author-X-Name-First: Jiang
Author-X-Name-Last: Wei
Title: Special Issue: Business, Entrepreneurship and Innovation Toward Poverty Reduction
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 475-477
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1447241
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1447241
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:3-4:p:475-477
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ahoudou W. Yessoufou
Author-X-Name-First: Ahoudou W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Yessoufou
Author-Name: Vincent Blok
Author-X-Name-First: Vincent
Author-X-Name-Last: Blok
Author-Name: S. W. F. Omta
Author-X-Name-First: S. W. F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Omta
Title: The process of entrepreneurial action at the base of the pyramid in developing countries: a case of vegetable farmers in Benin
Abstract:
The assumption that entrepreneurship is a critical factor in expanding employment, creating wealth and contributing to poverty alleviation at the base of the pyramid (BoP) in developing countries has led to the development of many initiatives to strengthen the entrepreneurial activities of poor people. Despite the fact that entrepreneurship is seen as a strategy in combatting poverty, the process that leads to entrepreneurial action in a BoP context is still unclear. In this paper, we illustrate the possibilities a multi-layered perspective offers to understand the complexity of entrepreneurship in poverty settings. Based on five focus group discussions and 36 in-depth interviews with vegetable farmers in Benin, we examined the entrepreneurship of poor people. We learned that entrepreneurial action is the nexus of individual and exogenous factors in complex relationships. Based on this, we elaborate on the characteristics of the process model of entrepreneurial action. We provide a process-based view of entrepreneurship at the BoP, suggesting a need for consistency between individual, behavioural strategies and contextual elements. We discuss the implications of our findings for BoP practice and provide a framing perspective that we hope will encourage a greater focus on the complexity of entrepreneurship phenomenon.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-28
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1364788
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1364788
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:1-28
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Li Xiao
Author-X-Name-First: Li
Author-X-Name-Last: Xiao
Author-Name: David North
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: North
Title: The role of Technological Business Incubators in supporting business innovation in China: a case of regional adaptability?
Abstract:
This paper examines the extent to which both the support services of Technological Business Incubators (TBIs) and exogenous local factors facilitate the innovation activity of incubated new ventures. Using data on all 215 surviving Chinese incubators and their incubated firms from government surveys conducted over five consecutive years from 2009 until 2013, combined with information from nine case studies, we examine the effects of four incubator services on three levels of innovation in incubated firms, whilst also taking account of key exogenous factors. Technical service support from an incubator was found to have had a positive influence on all levels of innovation activity across all regions whilst incubator financial support had a positive effect on the making of more advanced innovations. The availability of venture capital had a significant impact on making lower order innovations whereas the availability of scientific knowledge resources influenced more advanced innovation activity. Whereas TBI support services in the more developed Eastern region are mainly concerned with leveraging external resources, those in the less developed Central and Western regions are more concerned with compensating for the lack of external resources to support innovation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 29-57
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1364789
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1364789
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:29-57
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Carys Egan-Wyer
Author-X-Name-First: Carys
Author-X-Name-Last: Egan-Wyer
Author-Name: Sara L. Muhr
Author-X-Name-First: Sara L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Muhr
Author-Name: Alf Rehn
Author-X-Name-First: Alf
Author-X-Name-Last: Rehn
Title: On startups and doublethink – resistance and conformity in negotiating the meaning of entrepreneurship
Abstract:
Startup entrepreneurship is – in the literature, in the discourse of those engaging in it, and in cultural representations of the same – presented both as resistance against prevailing corporate logics and as a path towards becoming a corporate entity. Resistance, claimed or otherwise, is not just a reaction to a perceived outrage or a power imbalance, but is in itself a constitutive part of contemporary entrepreneurship, particularly as this is culturally constructed. We study this paradox, where a discourse of resistance becomes a productive part of entrepreneurial culture, by way of a case study of a successful startup. We analyze the manner in which people working in the startup utilize ‘doublethink’ to portray the organization both as resistance to an assumed, more corporate, ‘Other’ and also as a budding corporation unto itself. By doing so, we highlight how a discourse of resistance works as a value in entrepreneurship culture as well as a productive element of the same. In our case, resistance and corporate conformity come together in a way that defies easy classification; one where notions of resistance exist as easy-to-adopt identity positions and where doublethink becomes a productive way of dealing with corporate success.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 58-80
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1384959
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1384959
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:58-80
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fabio La Rosa
Author-X-Name-First: Fabio
Author-X-Name-Last: La Rosa
Author-Name: Sergio Paternostro
Author-X-Name-First: Sergio
Author-X-Name-Last: Paternostro
Author-Name: Loredana Picciotto
Author-X-Name-First: Loredana
Author-X-Name-Last: Picciotto
Title: Exploring the determinants of anti-mafia entrepreneurial behaviour: an empirical study on southern Italian SMEs
Abstract:
This study analyses organized crime from an economic perspective and highlights the crucial role of extortion in mafia activities. From an economic viewpoint, we debate the conditions that lead companies to resist mafia extortion. To study the reactions of firms to extortion, we adopt an institutional perspective and consider the contribution of different theories in the socially responsible behaviour and organized crime literature, in an attempt to understand this complex entrepreneurial behaviour better. A sample of 116 southern Italian SMEs, whose entrepreneurs have publicly opposed mafia extortion, was selected. By adopting a matched-pair design, anti-mafia firms were subsequently matched against a control sample. Determinants of anti-mafia behaviour were investigated by using both unconditional and conditional logistic regression models, in order to regress the anti-mafia choice on a set of economic, demographic, governance, and control variables. The results show that both financial and governance variables are significant determinants of anti-mafia entrepreneurial behaviour (AEB), whereas demographic variables are not relevant.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 81-117
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1386235
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1386235
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:81-117
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ella Y. Henry
Author-X-Name-First: Ella Y.
Author-X-Name-Last: Henry
Author-Name: Leo-Paul Dana
Author-X-Name-First: Leo-Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Dana
Author-Name: Patrick J. Murphy
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Murphy
Title: Telling their own stories: Māori entrepreneurship in the mainstream screen industry
Abstract:
We examined how factors from Indigenous entrepreneurship research (social capital, cultural capital, self-efficacy) help explain the high level of Māori entrepreneurial performance in the mainstream screen industry. Results, based on ten case studies and a one-year series of structured interviews, extend prior research by showing that these Indigenous entrepreneurs benefit jointly from two forms of capital: cultural and social. We found high levels of both forms to increase the desire for emancipation of cultural and community identity – not just individual identity – through entrepreneurship. Self-efficacy and storytelling helped ameliorate discontinuities across Indigenous and mainstream contexts. Our research sheds new light on how Indigenous ventures can pursue mainstream entrepreneurship while maintaining cultural identity. It also makes several distinct contributions to the Indigenous entrepreneurship literature. First, it provides an integrative theoretic review. Second, it illustrates a culturally appropriate methodology for researching Māori entrepreneurs with implications for other Indigenous communities. Third, it proposes cultural capital and social capital as a two-part framework for explaining Indigenous entrepreneurial action. Fourth, it shows how entrepreneurship can be empowering for Indigenous communities. Finally, our paper demonstrates that entrepreneurship is a promising mechanism for preserving and promoting the cultures of Māori and other Indigenous peoples.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 118-145
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1388445
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1388445
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:118-145
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Andrea Moro
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea
Author-X-Name-Last: Moro
Author-Name: Matthias Fink
Author-X-Name-First: Matthias
Author-X-Name-Last: Fink
Author-Name: Daniela Maresch
Author-X-Name-First: Daniela
Author-X-Name-Last: Maresch
Author-Name: Antti Fredriksson
Author-X-Name-First: Antti
Author-X-Name-Last: Fredriksson
Title: Loan managers’ decisions and trust in entrepreneurs in different institutional contexts
Abstract:
Loan managers’ trust in entrepreneurs can be a useful tool for overcoming entrepreneurial firms’ opaqueness. Nevertheless, the possibility for loan managers to leverage trust can be affected by differences in the regulative institutions within the banks (type of bank) and by place-bound normative institutions (social context). By relying on semi-structured interviews and a survey of 450 bank-entrepreneur relationships, this study finds that a positive impact of trust in lending relationships is sensitive to different place-bound normative institutions and to the regulative institutions within the banks. The results are robust with respect to potential endogeneity issues.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 146-172
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1400115
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1400115
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:146-172
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gerard McElwee
Author-X-Name-First: Gerard
Author-X-Name-Last: McElwee
Author-Name: Rob Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Rob
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith
Author-Name: Peter Somerville
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Somerville
Title: Conceptualising animation in rural communities: the Village SOS case
Abstract:
This paper introduces and discusses the concept of animatorship in relation to rural enterprise and development. At its simplest level, animatorship is the art of animating others to achieve their objectives. We develop and apply this concept to understanding community development and community enterprise, with a specific emphasis on rural communities. We present a descriptive, conceptual study of a new concept i.e. animation in the context of entrepreneurship. The fieldwork for this paper took the form of structured face-to-face interviews with community development workers in November-January 2015/2016. These workers actively stimulate, motivate and inspire others and orchestrate situations and people to bring about change through others, not merely doing things for them. They build environments and relationships in which people grow, directing and focusing energies to develop and empower people’s emotional and social lives and relationships through patient, open listening and group conversation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 173-198
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1401122
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1401122
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:173-198
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rupert Hasenzagl
Author-X-Name-First: Rupert
Author-X-Name-Last: Hasenzagl
Author-Name: Isabella Hatak
Author-X-Name-First: Isabella
Author-X-Name-Last: Hatak
Author-Name: Hermann Frank
Author-X-Name-First: Hermann
Author-X-Name-Last: Frank
Title: Problematizing socioemotional wealth in family firms: a systems-theoretical reframing
Abstract:
The concept of socioemotional wealth (SEW) seeks to present an independent paradigmatic basis for family-firm research, and in doing so aims to establish a sound basis for the scientific legitimacy of family-firm research. Establishing that legitimacy requires scholars to demonstrate that SEW is based on coherent assumptions on several theoretical levels. This paper uses the problematization methodology to challenge the coherence of the theoretical assumptions underpinning SEW and to advance theory development. The results of this problematization show that SEW is built on a theoretical level close to the object of research (in-house assumptions), but that more deeply-rooted theoretical levels (e.g. paradigmatic assumptions) are not sufficiently elaborated. Moreover, the original conceptualization is based on a positivist-mechanistic view, which hinders SEW reflecting the complex reality of family firms. Based on the results of this problematization, new systems theory is applied to reframe SEW’s theoretical grounding. Thereby the main contribution of the paper is a critical reflection on the theoretical underpinnings of SEW (in particular root-metaphor and paradigmatic assumptions), serving as the basis for advancing a coherent theoretical understanding of this important concept in family business research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 199-223
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1401123
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1401123
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:199-223
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sabine Müller
Author-X-Name-First: Sabine
Author-X-Name-Last: Müller
Author-Name: Steffen Korsgaard
Author-X-Name-First: Steffen
Author-X-Name-Last: Korsgaard
Title: Resources and bridging: the role of spatial context in rural entrepreneurship
Abstract:
This article contributes to the emerging discussion on the role of context in entrepreneurship as well as the development of theorizing on rural entrepreneurship. It does so by exploring the role of spatial context for rural entrepreneurs. Through a case study of 28 ventures, two modes of spatializing rural entrepreneurial activities are identified in the form of resource endowments and spatial bridging. Additionally, we develop a typology of rural entrepreneurs, which captures hitherto unexplored heterogeneity within this group of entrepreneurs. Spatial context is found to be of considerable significance to the rural entrepreneurial process and hence this study contributes to a micro-level understanding of place-specific entrepreneurial practices and the non-local circulation of value that can enrich local economies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 224-255
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1402092
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1402092
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:224-255
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Janine Swail
Author-X-Name-First: Janine
Author-X-Name-Last: Swail
Author-Name: Susan Marlow
Author-X-Name-First: Susan
Author-X-Name-Last: Marlow
Title: ‘Embrace the masculine; attenuate the feminine’ – gender, identity work and entrepreneurial legitimation in the nascent context
Abstract:
This article critically analyses how gender bias impacts upon women’s efforts to legitimate nascent ventures. Given the importance of founder identity as a proxy for entrepreneurial legitimacy at nascency, we explore the identity work women undertake when seeking to claim legitimacy for their emerging ventures in a prevailing context of masculinity. In so doing, we challenge taken for granted norms pertaining to legitimacy and question the basis upon which that knowledge is claimed. In effect, debates regarding entrepreneurial legitimacy are presented as gender neutral yet, entrepreneurship is a gender biased activity. Thus, we argue it is essential to recognize how gendered assumptions impinge upon the quest for legitimacy. To illustrate our analysis, we use retrospective and real time empirical evidence evaluating legitimating strategies as they unfold, our findings reveal tensions between feminine identities such as ‘wife’ and ‘mother’ and those of the prototypical entrepreneur. This dissonance prompted women to undertake specific forms of identity work to bridge the gap between femininity, legitimacy and entrepreneurship. We conclude by arguing that the pursuit of entrepreneurial legitimacy during nascency is a gendered process which disadvantages women and has the potential to negatively impact upon the future prospects of their fledgling ventures.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 256-282
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1406539
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1406539
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:1-2:p:256-282
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: José Guimón
Author-X-Name-First: José
Author-X-Name-Last: Guimón
Author-Name: Evita Paraskevopoulou
Author-X-Name-First: Evita
Author-X-Name-Last: Paraskevopoulou
Title: Factors shaping the international knowledge connectivity of industrial clusters: a comparative study of two Latin American cases
Abstract:
Recent research has emphasized that success of industrial clusters is not only driven by intra-cluster knowledge sharing (‘local buzz’) but also by externally sourced knowledge (‘global knowledge pipelines’). This article examines the factors that determine the channels through which clusters connect with global knowledge pipelines depending on the structure of the global value chain within which they are inserted, their knowledge base and their stage of evolution. Building on a comparative case study of the salmon farming cluster in Chile and the software cluster in Costa Rica, we adopt an evolutionary perspective based on historical analysis to better understand how the configuration of clusters’ international knowledge linkages shifts over time. Our findings suggest that (i) the more hierarchical the global value chain structure, the less room for knowledge co-creation between local and foreign actors; (ii) clusters relying on analytical knowledge bases opt for more formal and coordinated links with high involvement of public actors, whereas in clusters relying on synthetic knowledge bases, international knowledge interaction is based on less formal links mainly between business actors; and (iii) as clusters evolve the channels through which they connect with foreign knowledge increase in number and new ‘hybrid’ varieties develop.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 817-846
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1354400
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1354400
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:817-846
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rima M. Bizri
Author-X-Name-First: Rima M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bizri
Title: Refugee-entrepreneurship: a social capital perspective
Abstract:
This paper seeks to identify the characteristics of refugee-entrepreneurial startups, which distinguish them from other immigrant entrepreneurial ventures. The author employed a single case analysis as a means of qualitative research into the phenomenon under study, from the perspective of social capital theory. A typical case of a refugee entrepreneur was selected based on his propensity to tell his story in a way that transparently reveals the various peculiarities of his entrepreneurial behavior. The case study involved the use of interviews with key individuals, the review of printed materials, and member checking. The findings revealed five distinctive attributes that characterized that startup and which corresponded to the three dimensions of social capital. Those attributes were: a ‘one-way-ahead’ attitude, a pseudo family business perception, collective bootstrapping, a distinct network structure, and opportunity-seizing proliferation, thereby depicting how social capital is used by refugee-entrepreneurs to maximize the pool of opportunities in their host nations.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 847-868
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1364787
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1364787
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:847-868
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Caroline Verzat
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline
Author-X-Name-Last: Verzat
Author-Name: Noreen O’Shea
Author-X-Name-First: Noreen
Author-X-Name-Last: O’Shea
Author-Name: Maxime Jore
Author-X-Name-First: Maxime
Author-X-Name-Last: Jore
Title: Teaching proactivity in the entrepreneurial classroom
Abstract:
This article examines the extent to which a proactive attitude can be considered a component of the entrepreneurial mindset and can be learned in the entrepreneurial classroom. We test the impact on students’ proactive attitude of two different teaching methods: a teacher-directed approach and a self-directed learning approach. We include group potency and emotions as variables that may moderate proactivity learning outcomes. Our sample is composed of 281 Master students in a French business school. Using a mixed methodological approach, the results demonstrate that the proactive attitude can be learned and that collaborative teamwork, a creative team spirit and positive emotions contribute to its development. We offer guidelines for the pedagogical design of EM education, an alternative tool to assess its impact, and a better understanding of emotional factors associated with group potency in student entrepreneurial teams.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 975-1013
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1376515
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1376515
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:975-1013
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Galina Shirokova
Author-X-Name-First: Galina
Author-X-Name-Last: Shirokova
Author-Name: Oleksiy Osiyevskyy
Author-X-Name-First: Oleksiy
Author-X-Name-Last: Osiyevskyy
Author-Name: Michael H. Morris
Author-X-Name-First: Michael H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Morris
Author-Name: Karina Bogatyreva
Author-X-Name-First: Karina
Author-X-Name-Last: Bogatyreva
Title: Expertise, university infrastructure and approaches to new venture creation: assessing students who start businesses
Abstract:
Within the broader literature on contextual determinants of effectual and causal cognitive logics, the paper explores the drivers of causal and effectual reasoning in student-founders of new ventures, particularly focusing on the role of university entrepreneurship-related offerings and student prior business experience. Using the Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey (GUESSS), the study involves a sample of 2179 student entrepreneurs from 26 countries. Our findings indicate that university entrepreneurship-related offerings such as curricular programming, co-curricular activities, and financial support play a differentiating role in the proclivity towards causal or effectual approaches across the groups of experienced and inexperienced student entrepreneurs. We also provide evidence that effectuation and causation are not mutually exclusive constructs: they are intertwined and can unfold simultaneously.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 912-944
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1376516
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1376516
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:912-944
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Olivier Toutain
Author-X-Name-First: Olivier
Author-X-Name-Last: Toutain
Author-Name: Alain Fayolle
Author-X-Name-First: Alain
Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle
Author-Name: Luke Pittaway
Author-X-Name-First: Luke
Author-X-Name-Last: Pittaway
Author-Name: Diamanto Politis
Author-X-Name-First: Diamanto
Author-X-Name-Last: Politis
Title: Role and impact of the environment on entrepreneurial learning
Abstract:
This article is presenting an overview of the literature devoted to entrepreneurial learning and, more specifically, those research bringing environmental elements into the study of the entrepreneurial learning process. Then, it shows how each of the four Special Issue selected research papers contribute to enhancing our knowledge of the complexity of the learning process vis-à-vis entrepreneurial processes placed in context. By doing this, it makes an attempt to explain the specific context behind each contribution as well as presenting the wider context. Finally, the article is suggesting a set of key challenges and research pathways that might be explored in the future.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 869-888
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1376517
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1376517
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:869-888
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ricardo Zozimo
Author-X-Name-First: Ricardo
Author-X-Name-Last: Zozimo
Author-Name: Sarah Jack
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Jack
Author-Name: Eleanor Hamilton
Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor
Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton
Title: Entrepreneurial learning from observing role models
Abstract:
This study examines entrepreneurial learning through the observation of role models. Adopting an interpretive and inductive approach, and using biographical interviews and life course techniques, the article examines how sixteen entrepreneurs articulate their entrepreneurial learning from role models. The overarching research question ‘How do entrepreneurs learn from observing role models?’ enables illustrating who the role models are (parents, teachers, colleagues, other entrepreneurs), the relevant social contexts (home, education, workplace) and what is learned in relation to entrepreneurial learning tasks (learning about oneself, managing relationships, the business and small business management). The study contributes to developing the social perspectives of entrepreneurial learning by demonstrating the significance of learning from role models in different social contexts and at distinct entrepreneurial stages pre- and post-start-up.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 889-911
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1376518
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1376518
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:889-911
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Davide Hahn
Author-X-Name-First: Davide
Author-X-Name-Last: Hahn
Author-Name: Tommaso Minola
Author-X-Name-First: Tommaso
Author-X-Name-Last: Minola
Author-Name: Anita Van Gils
Author-X-Name-First: Anita
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Gils
Author-Name: Jolien Huybrechts
Author-X-Name-First: Jolien
Author-X-Name-Last: Huybrechts
Title: Entrepreneurial education and learning at universities: exploring multilevel contingencies
Abstract:
Despite the worldwide increase in entrepreneurship education offered at universities, there is an ongoing debate whether and under which conditions this type of education contributes to students’ entrepreneurial learning. Building on human capital theory, we hypothesize that the exposure to various entrepreneurship education initiatives has an inverted U-shaped relationship with entrepreneurial learning outcomes. We also argue that this relationship is moderated by the entrepreneurial experience of the students, the teaching pedagogy applied in entrepreneurial initiatives offered at the university and the prevalence of opportunity-driven entrepreneurship in the country. A multi-level analysis on a cross-country sample of 87,918 students resulting from GUESSS (‘Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey’) strongly confirms our hypotheses, and allows us to discuss implications for researchers, educators and policy makers with respect to the nature of entrepreneurial learning, the design of entrepreneurial education programs, as well as the contextual conditions that impact entrepreneurial learning outcomes.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 945-974
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1376542
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1376542
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:945-974
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Heike Mayer
Author-X-Name-First: Heike
Author-X-Name-Last: Mayer
Author-Name: Yas Motoyama
Author-X-Name-First: Yas
Author-X-Name-Last: Motoyama
Title: Entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized towns/communities
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1015-1016
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1386445
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1386445
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:1015-1016
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Panel of Referees
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1017-1018
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1396059
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1396059
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:9-10:p:1017-1018
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Editorial Board
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: ebi-ebi
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1396070
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1396070
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Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Editorial
Journal:
Pages: 451-452
Issue: 6
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701671742
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701671742
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:6:p:451-452
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chris Steyaert
Author-X-Name-First: Chris
Author-X-Name-Last: Steyaert
Title: ‘Entrepreneuring’ as a conceptual attractor? A review of process theories in 20 years of entrepreneurship studies
Abstract: Entrepreneuring has never achieved a breakthrough as the key concept that could elucidate the inherently process-oriented character of entrepreneurship, but it may be able to serve as the conceptual attractor to accommodate the increasing interest in process theories within a creative process view. This paper considers whether this is possible. In addition to equilibrium-based understandings of the entrepreneurial process, this paper tentatively reconstructs the creative process view by distinguishing between a range of relevant perspectives: from those on complexity and chaos theory, to the interpretive and phenomenological, social constructionist, pragmatic and practice-based, to the relational materialist. Taking entrepreneuring as an open-ended concept to use in theoretical experimentation, the review documents the potential for the concept to develop new meanings and to attach itself to a series of concepts such as recursivity, enactment, disclosure, narration, discourse, dramatization, dialogicality, effectuation, social practice, translation and assemblage. It is argued that the very act of theorizing about the concept of ‘entrepreneuring’ indicates a move from methodological individualism to a relational turn in entrepreneurship studies, one that inscribes entrepreneurship into a social ontology of becoming.
Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development
Pages: 453-477
Issue: 6
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701671759
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701671759
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:6:p:453-477
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Karin Berglund
Author-X-Name-First: Karin
Author-X-Name-Last: Berglund
Author-Name: Anders W. Johansson
Author-X-Name-First: Anders W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Johansson
Title: Entrepreneurship, discourses and conscientization in processes of regional development
Abstract: This paper is based upon a regional development project in a ‘vulnerable’ Swedish region consisting of three municipalities. At a first glance, this is a region in decline that is lacking in entrepreneurial initiatives. During a crucial time period the project ‘Diversity in Entrepreneurship’ (DiE) was launched to help the region to become more entrepreneurial and inclusive. An underlying logic was built into the project, which is associated with the critical pedagogy of Paolo Freire. From a Freirean perspective regions lacking in entrepreneurship could be reconsidered emphasizing that the entrepreneurial initiatives are always there–latent–however restrained by certain discourses; in this case a dominant enterprise discourse. Above all the enterprise discourse suppresses the ability for particular groups in society to view themselves as entrepreneurs. The purpose of this paper is to introduce Freire's critical pedagogical perspective to entrepreneurship and regional development. An episode illustrating how the enterprise discourse suppresses an equality discourse, introduced by way of the DiE-project, makes the point of departure for discussing the process of ‘conscientization’, which refers to a type of learning that is focused on perceiving and exposing contradictions and to take action against the oppressive elements of reality (Freire 1970). Some key Freirean ideas or concepts are explained, first as they were expressed by Freire and then applied to entrepreneurship and regional development. It is then discussed how these concepts found their expressions in the project. The critical pedagogic perspective not only emphasizes an entrepreneurial potential in every individual, but it also gives an idea of what kind of processes could release entrepreneurial initiatives among those who do not view themselves as entrepreneurs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development
Pages: 499-525
Issue: 6
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701671833
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701671833
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:6:p:499-525
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bengt Johannisson
Author-X-Name-First: Bengt
Author-X-Name-Last: Johannisson
Author-Name: Leonardo Centeno Caffarena
Author-X-Name-First: Leonardo Centeno
Author-X-Name-Last: Caffarena
Author-Name: Allan Fernando Discua Cruz
Author-X-Name-First: Allan Fernando Discua
Author-X-Name-Last: Cruz
Author-Name: Mircea Epure
Author-X-Name-First: Mircea
Author-X-Name-Last: Epure
Author-Name: Esther Hormiga Pérez
Author-X-Name-First: Esther Hormiga
Author-X-Name-Last: Pérez
Author-Name: Magdalena Kapelko
Author-X-Name-First: Magdalena
Author-X-Name-Last: Kapelko
Author-Name: Karen Murdock
Author-X-Name-First: Karen
Author-X-Name-Last: Murdock
Author-Name: Douglas Nanka-Bruce
Author-X-Name-First: Douglas
Author-X-Name-Last: Nanka-Bruce
Author-Name: Martina Olejárová
Author-X-Name-First: Martina
Author-X-Name-Last: Olejárová
Author-Name: Alizabeth Sanchez Lopez
Author-X-Name-First: Alizabeth Sanchez
Author-X-Name-Last: Lopez
Author-Name: Antti Sekki
Author-X-Name-First: Antti
Author-X-Name-Last: Sekki
Author-Name: Maria-Cristina Stoian
Author-X-Name-First: Maria-Cristina
Author-X-Name-Last: Stoian
Author-Name: Henrik Tötterman
Author-X-Name-First: Henrik
Author-X-Name-Last: Tötterman
Author-Name: Angelo Bisignano
Author-X-Name-First: Angelo
Author-X-Name-Last: Bisignano
Title: Interstanding the industrial district: contrasting conceptual images as a road to insight
Abstract: In this paper we offer an approach to learning about the unique features of industrial districts as a socio-economic phenomenon that is based on differences. Instead of searching for one generic theory that may explain the unique construction of an industrial district or one universal way of getting under the skin of its subjects we propose ‘interstanding’ as a road to insight. The title alludes to different relationships: between theoretical frameworks and empirical approaches, between writing and reflecting on the one hand, creating conversations, talking and listening on the other, between teacher and student, between the academic and business communities. In the paper this ‘interstanding’ perspective of knowledging is demonstrated in the context of an annual international doctoral course on SMEs in economic and regional development. The participating doctoral students are organized into research teams, each furnished with a specific theoretical perspective on localized economic development, and subsequently jointly brought to the industrial district of Gnosjö in Sweden in order to meet with owner-managers and further local stakeholders. The student groups report on their field experiences, thereby creating maps as diverse as the different theoretical frameworks being used. These contrasting images of the district's generic features and sustainability are used as an input to a conclusive polylogue seminar that offers an ‘interstanding’ that, on the one hand, reminds the participants that any, including scientifically investigated, reality is socially constructed, and, on the other, communicates that tensions between alternative conceptual constructs, especially if substantiated in empirical research, offer an inspiring road to knowledge.
Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development
Pages: 527-554
Issue: 6
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701671882
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701671882
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:6:p:527-554
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alistair R. Anderson
Author-X-Name-First: Alistair R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson
Author-Name: Robert Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Smith
Title: The moral space in entrepreneurship: an exploration of ethical imperatives and the moral legitimacy of being enterprising
Abstract: This paper explores the morality associated with entrepreneurship. It has been argued that there is no moral space in entrepreneurship, but such instrumental views may miss out much of the nature of enterprise and how it is understood. Consequently we propose that a socially-constructed perspective, based upon the meanings of entrepreneurship, may help to understand the morality of entrepreneurship. By applying such a lens, we find that the narratives and discourses of the meanings of entrepreneurship are ideological and clearly present a moral space. This space lies between the individual and society and is normatively articulated in entrepreneurial discourses. We develop a tentative framework which links values and outcomes that shows how ‘authenticated’ entrepreneurship, that is to say that which resonates with a socially approved moral dimension, is legitimized by comparisons with the socially constructed view. The empirical part of the paper comprises of two case stories. The first is a local garage owner who has a reputation as a decent man; the second is a notorious, but entrepreneurial London gangster. Our analysis shows that to be judged ‘entrepreneurial’, it is not enough to act entrepreneurially; the social constructs of public perceptions entail examining both moral means and moral ends. We conclude that there is a moral imperative in entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development
Pages: 479-497
Issue: 6
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701672377
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701672377
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:6:p:479-497
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Announcement and Call for Papers
Journal:
Pages: 555-556
Issue: 6
Volume: 19
Year: 2007
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985620701773225
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985620701773225
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:19:y:2007:i:6:p:555-556
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: José Fernández-Serrano
Author-X-Name-First: José
Author-X-Name-Last: Fernández-Serrano
Author-Name: Juan A. Martínez-Román
Author-X-Name-First: Juan A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez-Román
Author-Name: Isidoro Romero
Author-X-Name-First: Isidoro
Author-X-Name-Last: Romero
Title: The entrepreneur in the regional innovation system. A comparative study for high- and low-income regions
Abstract:
This paper investigates the influence of entrepreneurs’ characteristics on innovation in regions with different levels of development. By doing so, this work seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the role of entrepreneurs in the functioning and performance of regional innovation systems. The influence of entrepreneurs’ personal characteristics and their perceptions of the business environment on firm innovation are investigated via a survey of companies carried out in six Spanish regions. The results allow the identifying of significant differences in the main determinants of innovation in the high-income regions and low-income regions studied. Entrepreneurs’ generalized trust stimulates innovation only in high-income regions, where necessity motivation has also a negative effect on innovation. Growth ambition seems to play a highly positive role only in the case of low-income regions. Human capital and infrastructure are perceived by the entrepreneurs as the main bottlenecks for innovation in low-income regions, whereas in the case of high-income regions the legal, fiscal and financial systems are considered the key institutional barriers. These differences in the entrepreneurial factor should be taken into account in order to design and implement policies to stimulate and foster innovation in different regional contexts.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 337-356
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1513079
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1513079
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:337-356
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Evans Korang Adjei
Author-X-Name-First: Evans Korang
Author-X-Name-Last: Adjei
Author-Name: Rikard H. Eriksson
Author-X-Name-First: Rikard H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Eriksson
Author-Name: Urban Lindgren
Author-X-Name-First: Urban
Author-X-Name-Last: Lindgren
Author-Name: Einar Holm
Author-X-Name-First: Einar
Author-X-Name-Last: Holm
Title: Familial relationships and firm performance: the impact of entrepreneurial family relationships
Abstract:
While the family may serve as a resource for entrepreneurs, it has been studied separately in different disciplines. In this paper, we combine the arguments on familial relationships (family firm literature) and skill variety (regional learning literature) to analyse how different forms of entrepreneurial family relationships (co-occurrences) facilitate firm performance, and how familial relationships moderate the effects of skill variety on firm performance. Using longitudinal data (2002–2012) on a sample of privately owned firms with up to 50 employees with matched information on all employees, our results show that entrepreneur–children relationship is the dominant dyad familial relationship in family firms. The fixed effects estimates demonstrate that entrepreneurial family relationships do affect firm performance but that this is dependent on the type of familial relationship. Children and spouses show a positive relationship with firm performance while siblings of the entrepreneur show no significant relationship with performance. The estimates further indicate that familial relationships involving spouses abate the negative effects of having too similar or too different types of skills. The paper thus contributes to new knowledge regarding not only whether family relationships matter for performance, but also in what way they matter.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 357-377
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1514074
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1514074
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:357-377
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Natalia Bobadilla
Author-X-Name-First: Natalia
Author-X-Name-Last: Bobadilla
Author-Name: Marie Goransson
Author-X-Name-First: Marie
Author-X-Name-Last: Goransson
Author-Name: François Pichault
Author-X-Name-First: François
Author-X-Name-Last: Pichault
Title: Urban entrepreneurship through art-based interventions:unveiling a translation process
Abstract:
This paper explores the conditions under which urban entrepreneurship can develop through art-based interventions. Drawing on two contrasting case studies (Civic City in France, Fieris Fééries in Belgium) and taking actor-network theory (ANT) as a starting analytical point, we outline the tensions involved in the implementation process of such interventions. We focus on the capacity of urban entrepreneurs to engage different relevant stakeholders (artists, local government and citizens), establish connections between disconnected worlds that are likely to challenge existing institutional structures and eventually create novelty. We identify these actors as ‘translators’. The paper shows that when urban entrepreneurs play an active translation role consistently over time, art-based interventions can have a substantial impact on urban regeneration.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 378-399
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1539125
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1539125
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:378-399
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Rachel Doern
Author-X-Name-First: Rachel
Author-X-Name-Last: Doern
Author-Name: Nick Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Nick
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: Tim Vorley
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Vorley
Title: Special issue on entrepreneurship and crises: business as usual? An introduction and review of the literature
Abstract:
This article reviews the literature on entrepreneurship and crises, capturing where we have been and where we are now, and begins to discuss where we might go next. It centres around how we have come to understand the relationship between entrepreneurship and crises through the application of certain crisis definitions, concepts, typologies, the crisis event sequence, methodologies and empirical settings. It also examines how crises affect entrepreneurship and how entrepreneurship affects crises. The article then introduces in some detail the five manuscripts selected for the special issue and the contributions they make towards developing our understanding of the relationship between entrepreneurship and crises. It notes the advances, gaps and opportunities that emerge from the literature review and special issue papers, and concludes with a way forward for developing further our understanding in this area.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 400-412
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1541590
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1541590
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:400-412
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pablo Muñoz
Author-X-Name-First: Pablo
Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz
Author-Name: Jonathan Kimmitt
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan
Author-X-Name-Last: Kimmitt
Author-Name: Ewald Kibler
Author-X-Name-First: Ewald
Author-X-Name-Last: Kibler
Author-Name: Steffen Farny
Author-X-Name-First: Steffen
Author-X-Name-Last: Farny
Title: Living on the slopes: entrepreneurial preparedness in a context under continuous threat
Abstract:
In this paper, we examine how entrepreneurs living in communities under continuous threat prepare themselves to continue with their enterprising activities or engage in new ones after the expected crisis occurs. Most of the crisis literature on disasters and entrepreneurship focuses on aftermath responses, but the antecedents of such entrepreneurial behaviour and its connection to past and future crises remains largely unexplored. Based on a two-stage exploratory study pre and post the Calbuco Volcano eruptions in 2015 and 2016 in Chile, we introduce the notion of entrepreneurial preparedness in a context of continuous threat and elaborate on its four central attributes: anchored reflectiveness, situated experience, breaking through, and reaching out. Subsequently, our work develops a refined understanding of pre and post-disaster entrepreneurship and offers a novel base for theorizing on the relationship between entrepreneurial preparedness in contexts of continuous threat.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 413-434
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1541591
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1541591
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:413-434
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Caleb CY Kwong
Author-X-Name-First: Caleb CY
Author-X-Name-Last: Kwong
Author-Name: Cherry WM Cheung
Author-X-Name-First: Cherry WM
Author-X-Name-Last: Cheung
Author-Name: Humera Manzoor
Author-X-Name-First: Humera
Author-X-Name-Last: Manzoor
Author-Name: Mehboob Ur Rashid
Author-X-Name-First: Mehboob Ur
Author-X-Name-Last: Rashid
Title: Entrepreneurship through Bricolage: a study of displaced entrepreneurs at times of war and conflict
Abstract:
War and conflict brings about adverse changes for those who are displaced. How do entrepreneurial individuals respond to such adversity to either set-up, or continue with their existing entrepreneurial endeavours that would improve their own livelihood or that of others who have been affected? Whilst previous studies have found local knowledge, networks and resources to be crucial in the development of ventures in the war and conflict context, alienation from mainstream society within the host location often means that to succeed, those who are displaced require alternative strategies and approaches. Through examining the entrepreneurial ventures of six internally displaced entrepreneurs in Pakistan, our study identifies that entrepreneurial individuals find different ways to adapt to the new order, with both internal and external bricolage becoming the key strategies deployed to either re-establish their previous businesses or to develop new endeavours in the host location. To compensate for lack of local knowledge, networks and resources, we found that entrepreneurs followed closely their previous paths in their bricolage attempts, relying on reconfigurations of their pre-existing competencies, as well as utilizing pre-established and clandestine networks.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 435-455
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1541592
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1541592
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:435-455
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anastasiia Laskovaia
Author-X-Name-First: Anastasiia
Author-X-Name-Last: Laskovaia
Author-Name: Louis Marino
Author-X-Name-First: Louis
Author-X-Name-Last: Marino
Author-Name: Galina Shirokova
Author-X-Name-First: Galina
Author-X-Name-Last: Shirokova
Author-Name: William Wales
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: Wales
Title: Expect the unexpected: examining the shaping role of entrepreneurial orientation on causal and effectual decision-making logic during economic crisis
Abstract:
While many firms operate in dynamic environments, the competitive conditions faced by firms during an economic crisis are especially unstable and turbulent. We examine firm strategic decision-making in this distinctive context and investigate the question of whether causal and effectual logic provide similar paths to performance during such challenging economic times. Further, we examine the potential impact that a firm’s level of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has upon the relationship between managers’ predominant decision-making logic and their firm’s overall performance in this crisis. To test these relationships, we employ a robust national random sample of 447 Russian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) collected from 2015 to 2016 during a period of economic crisis. Our results indicate that EO plays an important moderating role, shaping the nature of the relationships between managers’ decision-making logic and financial performance. Moreover, additional analysis identifies the presence of a non-linear relationship between both logics and the performance of SMEs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 456-475
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1541593
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1541593
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:456-475
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brahim Herbane
Author-X-Name-First: Brahim
Author-X-Name-Last: Herbane
Title: Rethinking organizational resilience and strategic renewal in SMEs
Abstract:
Building on work that associates organizational resilience with crisis recovery and strategic renewal, I examine how small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) vary in the formalisation of activities intended to achieve strategic growth and activities to enhance resilience against acute operational interruptions. Drawing on data from 265 SMEs in the United Kingdom, the main argument of this paper is that variations in formalisation activities reflect differences in firm location, personal networks, the influence of external crisis events, and entrepreneurs’ attitudes towards the prevention of crises. The resulting typology identifies four clusters: Attentive Interventionists, Light Planners, Rooted Strategists and Reliant Neighbours. These findings contrast with prior theorizations of firms as either resilient or vulnerable and further illuminate our understanding of SME resilience and how this is shaped by historical, developmental and strategic factors. The study further develops associations between resilience and social capital, examines how locational choices generate a proximity premium, and develops a growth-survival-maturity perspective on SME resilience. Data reveals an interplay between an ensemble of entrepreneurial activities and decisions about planning, networks, learning, and location. Thus, the study offers a rethinking of prior theorizations about organizational resilience and strategic renewal.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 476-495
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1541594
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1541594
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:476-495
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Bishop
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Bishop
Title: Knowledge diversity and entrepreneurship following an economic crisis: an empirical study of regional resilience in Great Britain
Abstract:
This article argues that the ability of entrepreneurs to facilitate regional adaptation to economic crises is mediated by the size and diversity of local knowledge stocks. The specific research question addressed is the hypothesis that, in the aftermath of a crisis, the birth rate of new firms will recover more rapidly in regions with a strong and diverse knowledge stock. It is theorised that unrelated knowledge diversity is of particular importance in stimulating new entrepreneurial opportunities and structural change, whilst the incentive to exploit opportunities differs according to region-specific factors. In addition to this theoretical contribution, the article develops spatial econometric models to test these research hypotheses using data on sub-regions of Great Britain for 2004–2014. The results support the central theoretical hypotheses and emphasise the positive significance of unrelated knowledge diversity and employment in knowledge intensive services to regional recovery from an economic shock. A key implication for policy-makers wishing to facilitate regional adaptation to crises is that it is important to focus on fostering entrepreneurship by developing a region’s stock of knowledge intensive services and the diversity of the knowledge creating sector, rather than relying on specialised clusters of firms.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 496-515
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1541595
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1541595
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:496-515
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Peter Teirlinck
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Teirlinck
Author-Name: André Spithoven
Author-X-Name-First: André
Author-X-Name-Last: Spithoven
Title: The R&D knowledge base in city-agglomerations and knowledge searching in product innovative SMEs
Abstract:
This paper looks at the relation between the R&D knowledge base of city-agglomerations and knowledge sourcing in product innovative small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The small open Belgian economy is used as a test case. The characteristics of the city-agglomeration’s R&D knowledge are posited to be instrumental for SMEs’ reliance on particular sources of information for innovation. The R&D knowledge base is studied as a multidimensional concept consisting of R&D capacity, R&D specialization and R&D diversification. A representative sample of product innovative SMEs drawn from two waves of the Community Innovation Survey between 2008 and 2012 reveals that a strong R&D capacity at city-agglomeration level favours private external information sources for innovation, but has no influence on the likelihood to rely on public sources for innovation. Accordance between specialization of the private R&D knowledge base and the SME’s activities positively influences the use of clients as information sources for innovation, whereas under these circumstances supplier responsiveness turns out to be less frequently solicited for. A more diversified private R&D environment reduces the reliance on universities and public research organizations as information sources for innovation. A public R&D knowledge base specialized in natural sciences or engineering favours information sources from universities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 516-533
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1545053
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1545053
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:516-533
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Lee
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Lee
Author-Name: Heinz Tuselmann
Author-X-Name-First: Heinz
Author-X-Name-Last: Tuselmann
Author-Name: Dilani Jayawarna
Author-X-Name-First: Dilani
Author-X-Name-Last: Jayawarna
Author-Name: Julia Rouse
Author-X-Name-First: Julia
Author-X-Name-Last: Rouse
Title: Effects of structural, relational and cognitive social capital on resource acquisition: a study of entrepreneurs residing in multiply deprived areas
Abstract:
Emerging research demonstrates that structural social capital facilitates the resource acquisition of entrepreneurs residing in multiply deprived areas. However, their usage of relational and cognitive social capital that translates to accessible resources is not well understood. We contribute to knowledge and comprehensively examine effects of structural, relational and cognitive social capital taken together on the resource acquisition of entrepreneurs residing in multiply deprived areas. Results from a national survey of entrepreneurs residing in multiply deprived areas across England show that large networks, bonding ties, trust, reciprocity, obligations and expectations, and shared language and codes facilitate their resource acquisition. Also, we demonstrate that they are reluctant or unable to bridge social distance and adopt narrative storytelling. Furthermore, the results indicate that entrepreneurs residing in multiply deprived areas in the most deprived regions suffer from less resource acquisition.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 534-554
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 31
Year: 2019
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1545873
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1545873
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:31:y:2019:i:5-6:p:534-554
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Endrit Kromidha
Author-X-Name-First: Endrit
Author-X-Name-Last: Kromidha
Author-Name: Paul Robson
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Robson
Title: Social identity and signalling success factors in online crowdfunding
Abstract:
Online crowdfunding means relying on the Internet to seek financial support from the general public. In this paper, we examine success factors in the social capital networks of the top 5000 most funded projects in Kickstarter.com at the time of this study. We first look at how fundraisers and backers identify themselves with the projects they support in their own social networks. This is modelled using Facebook friends and Facebook shares, respectively, guided by social identity theory. Secondly, we use signalling theory to investigate crowdfunding success based on backers’ and fundraisers’ ability to engage in a forum, modelled using the number of comments between them, or with unilateral signals using the number of updates from the fundraiser. This study suggests that funders and backers who identify themselves with the projects in their own social networks are associated with greater pledge/backer ratio. We also find that projects where the fundraiser and its backers exchange more signals in a joint forum, but not signals delivered unilaterally by the fundraiser, have a greater pledge/backer ratio. These findings, based on a scalable quantitative study, highlight the importance of a multi-theory approach, advance social identity theory and signalling theory in the context of crowdfunding, and could be applied to online and normal entrepreneurship environments alike.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 605-629
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1198425
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1198425
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:605-629
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fara Azmat
Author-X-Name-First: Fara
Author-X-Name-Last: Azmat
Author-Name: Yuka Fujimoto
Author-X-Name-First: Yuka
Author-X-Name-Last: Fujimoto
Title: Family embeddedness and entrepreneurship experience: a study of Indian migrant women entrepreneurs in Australia
Abstract:
India has emerged as a major source of migrants for developed countries including Australia; yet, there is a dearth of research on Indian migrant entrepreneurs, particularly women. Using qualitative methods of enquiry, we explore the perceptions of Indian migrant women entrepreneurs (MWEs) and their partners in Melbourne, Australia, about their entrepreneurship experiences from a family embeddedness perspective. More specifically, we explore how family embeddedness of Indian MWEs is influenced by certain factors which in turn influence their entrepreneurship experience. Our findings suggest that entrepreneurship among Indian MWEs is a complex phenomenon influenced by their being an Indian, a woman and a new Australian, all of which interact and influence their family dynamics and entrepreneurial experience. Our findings shed light on the duality of Indian culture which exerts both an enabling and a constraining influence on the family dynamics of MWEs, the constraining role of gender and the positive impact of their integration into the host country’s sociocultural context which all influence their family embeddedness and entrepreneurship. Contributing to the discussion on ‘ethnic’ and ‘women entrepreneurship’ from a family embeddedness perspective, we offer policy implications for facilitating entrepreneurship in the growing but under-researched cohort of Indian MWEs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 630-656
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1208279
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1208279
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:630-656
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Wensong Bai
Author-X-Name-First: Wensong
Author-X-Name-Last: Bai
Author-Name: Christine Holmström Lind
Author-X-Name-First: Christine
Author-X-Name-Last: Holmström Lind
Author-Name: Martin Johanson
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Johanson
Title: The performance of international returnee ventures: the role of networking capability and the usefulness of international business knowledge
Abstract:
This paper sheds light on the international new ventures led by returnee entrepreneurs and investigates the influence of networking capability and the usefulness of international knowledge for the overall performance of so-called international returnee ventures (IRVs). By integrating network theory with a capability view of firm performance, it advances six hypotheses that form a structural model, which is tested with LISREL on a sample of 194 IRVs from China. The findings show that international networking capability has a positive influence on the provision of international business knowledge, which in turn is positively related to the innovation performance, but they have a negative impact on the financial performance. Hence, this study presents a discussion of the usefulness of knowledge gained from the international network relationships of emerging market returnee entrepreneurs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 657-680
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1234003
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1234003
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:657-680
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Edward Kasabov
Author-X-Name-First: Edward
Author-X-Name-Last: Kasabov
Title: When an initiative promises more than it delivers: a multi-actor perspective of rural entrepreneurship difficulties and failure in Thailand
Abstract:
National governments invest in initiatives aimed at encouraging rural entrepreneurship on the assumption that it contributes to competitiveness and employment. Empirical findings about one such initiative in Thailand reveal the nature of entrepreneurship difficulties and the diverse expressions of entrepreneurship failure, not only in the sense of termination of activities and exit but also entrepreneurs’ inability to meet the objectives and aims of the initiative. Significant attitudinal inadequacies such as risk aversion, passivity and over-reliance on the public sector complement entrepreneurship resource weaknesses in explaining rural entrepreneurship difficulties and failure. Findings demonstrate inadequacies of one-size-fits-all policies seeking to encourage rural entrepreneurship by failing to address the needs and capabilities of the involved entrepreneurs. The discussion also extends current research, first, by studying rural entrepreneurship within an institutional framework in an emerging market context; second, by conceptualizing rural entrepreneurship failure and attitudinal drivers of such failure; third, by documenting and analysing the nature, sources and consequences of the distinct constructs of ‘rural entrepreneurship difficulties’ and ‘rural entrepreneurship failure’; and finally, by presenting a revised theorization of ‘failure’ in entrepreneurship research which recognizes the diverse forms that failure may assume.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 681-703
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1234650
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1234650
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:681-703
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Arne Isaksen
Author-X-Name-First: Arne
Author-X-Name-Last: Isaksen
Title: Cluster emergence: combining pre-existing conditions and triggering factors
Abstract:
This article argues that the emergence of regional clusters relies on both necessary pre-existing conditions for cluster appearance in general and triggering factors that cause clusters to emerge in particular places. This approach is used to analyse two ‘critical cases’; the emergence of the synthetic-knowledge boat building industry in the Arendal area in Norway from the mid-1950s and the analytical-knowledge cancer medicine industry in Oslo around the year 2000. Although the industries and the contexts are otherwise very different, the framework turns out to be useful in interpreting the emergence of the two clusters. However, the specific pre-existing conditions and the triggering factors differ between the two cases. The Arendal boat building industry emerged through the combination of traditional boat building skills and exogenous knowledge of the use of new plastic material, while the Oslo cancer medicine industry built on indigenously-developed scientific knowledge. The framework is useful in putting anecdotal evidence of cluster emergence due to the efforts of entrepreneurs into a wider analytical framework of the preconditions necessary for entrepreneurs to succeed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 704-723
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1239762
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1239762
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:704-723
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Véronique Schaeffer
Author-X-Name-First: Véronique
Author-X-Name-Last: Schaeffer
Author-Name: Mireille Matt
Author-X-Name-First: Mireille
Author-X-Name-Last: Matt
Title: Development of academic entrepreneurship in a non-mature context: the role of the university as a hub-organisation
Abstract:
This paper focuses on how the evolving roles of a university and its Technology Transfer Office (TTO) are stimulating academic entrepreneurship in a non-mature entrepreneurial ecosystem. A more mature entrepreneurial ecosystem was built gradually by these actors through their progressive creation of innovation intermediaries and coordination among the local players involved in the creation of start-ups. We analyse how the university became a hub organisation. We use the case of the University of Strasbourg to show that the university contributed to the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem by acting as a boundary spanner and by building and orchestrating the network of the stakeholders in the local system of innovation. This ‘hub’ university became a leading regional organisation at the political level. The TTO played a central role in supporting academic entrepreneurship at the operational level based on its evolution from a revenue maximising model to a model that takes account of social and economic regional development. The progressive adoption of a more selective model of start-up creation requires good coordination among the local actors. Over time, the TTO’s boundary spanning function increased to encompass the development of operational network building and orchestrating functions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 724-745
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1247915
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1247915
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:724-745
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sam Tavassoli
Author-X-Name-First: Sam
Author-X-Name-Last: Tavassoli
Author-Name: Viroj Jienwatcharamongkhol
Author-X-Name-First: Viroj
Author-X-Name-Last: Jienwatcharamongkhol
Title: Survival of entrepreneurial firms: the role of agglomeration externalities
Abstract:
This paper analyzes the role of various types of agglomeration externalities on the survival rate of entrepreneurial firms. In particular, we trace the population cohort of newly-established and self-employed Swedish firms in the Knowledge-Intensive Business Service sector in 1997 up to 2012 and investigate the role of Marshallian and Jacobian externalities on the survival of these firms. We find that only Jacobian externalities (diversity) is positively associated with the survival of entrepreneurial firms. Not all Jacobian externalities matter though. Only the higher the ‘related variety’ of the region in which an entrepreneurial firm is founded, the higher will be the survival chance of the firm, while ‘unrelated variety’ barely has any significant correlation. The result is robust after controlling for extensive firm characteristics and individual characteristics of the founders. The main message here is: for a newly-established entrepreneurial firm, not only it matters who you are, but also where you are.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 746-767
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1247916
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1247916
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:746-767
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alessandra Tognazzo
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Tognazzo
Author-Name: Paolo Gubitta
Author-X-Name-First: Paolo
Author-X-Name-Last: Gubitta
Author-Name: Saverio Dave Favaron
Author-X-Name-First: Saverio Dave
Author-X-Name-Last: Favaron
Title: Does slack always affect resilience? A study of quasi-medium-sized Italian firms
Abstract:
Research on organizational slack, which has focused mainly on its effect in large, publicly traded firms and on transitional economies, has found that slack functions as a buffer in periods of crisis. However, little work has been done on the value of slack resources for smaller firms in mature industries. This study contributes to the resource-based literature with a quantitative analysis of a broad sample of Italian SMEs that operate in the traditional ‘Made in Italy’ industries. The purpose of the paper is to use longitudinal data from before and after the 2008 world financial crisis to determine whether slack resources drive growth and profitability in organizations with limited resources that operate in mature industries in periods of recession. The results of two-stage least squares regression indicate that, similar to their larger counterparts, small firms must secure high levels of profitability in order to achieve sound growth during recessions. Potential financial slack is equally important in driving profitability in these periods, although it is not related to higher growth. Investing in R&D does not affect small firms’ ability to be profitable and grow during recessions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 768-790
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1250820
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1250820
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:768-790
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Antoine Habersetzer
Author-X-Name-First: Antoine
Author-X-Name-Last: Habersetzer
Title: Spinoff dynamics beyond clusters: pre-entry experience and firm survival in peripheral regions
Abstract:
This paper investigates local spinoff dynamics in manufacturing industries in peripheral areas. It focuses on the question whether local inheritance of competences and routines from parent firm to spinoff is also relevant for firm survival in peripheral areas. The analysis is based on a unique data-set, tracking all manufacturing firms at five observation points during the time span of 1980–2004 in two case study regions in Switzerland. The results show that the local inheritance of capabilities gives spinoffs a competitive advantage in peripheral regions as well. Further, the findings suggest that spinoff dynamics differ between different types of peripheral regions, depending on their varying local economic conditions. Finally, spinoff dynamics in the periphery might be characterized by a stronger hostility of larger parent firms towards spinoffs. This research adds a distinct peripheral perspective to the entrepreneurial heritage literature and advocates for a more nuanced discussion on spinoff dynamics in varying geographical settings.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 791-812
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1250821
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1250821
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:791-812
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Qihai Huang
Author-X-Name-First: Qihai
Author-X-Name-Last: Huang
Author-Name: Xueyuan (Adrian) Liu
Author-X-Name-First: Xueyuan (Adrian)
Author-X-Name-Last: Liu
Author-Name: Jun Li
Author-X-Name-First: Jun
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Title: Entrepreneurship in China
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 817-819
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1251140
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1251140
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:817-819
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: William B. Gartner
Author-X-Name-First: William B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gartner
Author-Name: Eveline Stam
Author-X-Name-First: Eveline
Author-X-Name-Last: Stam
Author-Name: Neil Thompson
Author-X-Name-First: Neil
Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson
Author-Name: Karen Verduyn
Author-X-Name-First: Karen
Author-X-Name-Last: Verduyn
Title: Entrepreneurship as practice: grounding contemporary practice theory into entrepreneurship studies
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 813-816
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1251736
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1251736
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:813-816
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Online Editorial Board for Volume 28 2016
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: (ebi)-(ebi)
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1256603
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1256603
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:9-10:p:(ebi)-(ebi)
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tobias Schölin
Author-X-Name-First: Tobias
Author-X-Name-Last: Schölin
Author-Name: Henrik Ohlsson
Author-X-Name-First: Henrik
Author-X-Name-Last: Ohlsson
Author-Name: Per Broomé
Author-X-Name-First: Per
Author-X-Name-Last: Broomé
Title: The role of regions for different forms of business organizations
Abstract:
The evidence for associations between area characteristics and entrepreneurship is fairly consistent in most studies. These studies, however, have disregarded the fact that the areas might be constructs that have no effect on the individual differences in entrepreneurship and, furthermore, have conflated entrepreneurship and sole proprietorship, disregarding the impact of area constructs on different forms of business organizations. Therefore, we investigate and quantify, within a multi-level framework, the importance of municipalities and regions for understanding individual differences in entrepreneurship and self employment (defined as sole proprietorship). By using register data comprising the entire Swedish population for 2000–2010, we decompose the variation for the respective form of business organization into three levels: the individual, the municipality and the region. Our results show that about 10% of the total variation in entrepreneurship can be attributed to the municipality and region level. The corresponding numbers for self employment are 3–4%. Our results indicate that regions and municipalities differ markedly in area impact for entrepreneurs compared to self employed. The results from the present study show the importance of taking into account the form of business organization in economic analysis, and they can be used when considering whether it is appropriate to focus on specific municipalities and regions for policy interventions on self-employment.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 197-214
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1257072
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1257072
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:3-4:p:197-214
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Bishop
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Bishop
Author-Name: Daniel Shilcof
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Shilcof
Title: The spatial dynamics of new firm births during an economic crisis: the case of Great Britain, 2004–2012
Abstract:
Spatial variations in entrepreneurial activity have been shown to be a time persistent phenomenon in many countries. This paper analyses how these spatial variations have been affected by the recent financial crisis within the context of theories of regional resilience and adaptability. The analysis applies Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis techniques to data on firm births across Local Authority Districts of Great Britain during the period 2004–2012. The results demonstrate that, whilst the overall shape of the spatial distribution of firm births remained persistent, there is evidence of an increase in regional inequality. This is primarily associated with a divergence between London and the rest of the distribution. London, together with part of its surrounding area, appears to constitute a resilient entrepreneurial regime that has generated a dynamic, adaptive response to the crisis with high rates of new firm formation in contrast to other regions which have remained locked into lower rates of entrepreneurship. This supports the view that regional entrepreneurship is a path dependent process: entrepreneurial regions are more adaptable to the effects of an exogenous shock than less entrepreneurial regions. Accordingly, entrepreneurship is a critical factor influencing the resilience of regions in responding to an economic crisis.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 215-237
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1257073
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1257073
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:3-4:p:215-237
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jukka Partanen
Author-X-Name-First: Jukka
Author-X-Name-Last: Partanen
Author-Name: Sanjay Goel
Author-X-Name-First: Sanjay
Author-X-Name-Last: Goel
Title: Interplay between reputation and growth: the source, role and audience of reputation of rapid growth technology-based SMEs
Abstract:
Drawing on resource-based view and signalling theory, this paper presents a comparative case of four (young vs. old; small vs. medium-sized) business-to-business firms to examine how (i.e. through which sources), why (i.e. for which managerial purposes) and for whom (i.e. for which audiences) do technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises build their reputation along the process of rapid growth? The results indicate that in the pre-growth stage product awards as well as technological and financial partners are important sources of reputation for demonstrating technological capabilities and firm sustainability to potential customers especially for young firms. Older firms, in turn, rely on technology partners and acquisitions in the rapid growth stage to convince existing customers that the firms’ can keep up with their customer’s changing needs. Moreover, the reputation gained from the first well-known customer and a focused clientele appear to be two critical antecedents of rapid growth whereas patents do not seem to have a significant reputational role in rapid growth. Our study informs the theory of reputation development of growing technology-based firms by abstracting a more nuanced understanding of stakeholder- and stage-contingent reputation that fosters rapid growth, and provides new insight into the literature on small firm growth.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 238-270
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1262908
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1262908
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:3-4:p:238-270
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mercedes Gumbau Albert
Author-X-Name-First: Mercedes
Author-X-Name-Last: Gumbau Albert
Title: Entrepreneurship, innovation and regional performance: application for the Spanish regions
Abstract:
The aim of this study is to test the importance of entrepreneurship or new business formation for explaining differences in economic performance in the Spanish regions, together with the role played by the endowments of innovation capital and the socio-economic capabilities of every region. The results show that the effect of new business formation on economic performance varies considerably between regions, and the type of start-up is highly important for the results obtained: entrepreneur endowments of high technology intensive sectors and medium technology intensive sectors, but not those of low technology intensive sectors, have a positive effect on regional performance. Also, the size of the start-ups is important for explaining regional development.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 271-291
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1267805
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1267805
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:3-4:p:271-291
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: James W. Saunoris
Author-X-Name-First: James W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Saunoris
Author-Name: Aishath Sajny
Author-X-Name-First: Aishath
Author-X-Name-Last: Sajny
Title: Entrepreneurship and economic freedom: cross-country evidence from formal and informal sectors
Abstract:
The paper empirically examines the effect of economic freedom on the average prevalence of formal and informal entrepreneurship. Whereas the formal entrepreneurship and economic freedom nexus has been studied, the influence of economic freedom on informal entrepreneurship is less forthcoming. The results, based on cross-country data and after accounting for possible reverse causality, show that economic freedom promotes formal entrepreneurship and inhibits informal entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the return from economic freedom is greatest in countries with a relatively higher prevalence of formal and informal entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 292-316
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1267806
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1267806
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:3-4:p:292-316
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mirela Xheneti
Author-X-Name-First: Mirela
Author-X-Name-Last: Xheneti
Title: Contexts of enterprise policy-making – an institutional perspective
Abstract:
This paper advances our understanding of policy formulation, exploring how the particular institutional dynamics between the transnational and national levels of enterprise policy-making affect policy choices made by governments and consequently their outcomes. The paper argues that policy development occurs within a framework of dominating assumptions on enterprise, influential academic/policy communities and lesson-drawing from other countries’ experiences, which have led to a privileging of the transnational when making policy choices. Empirically, the paper draws on a post-socialist country case – Albania, and uses interviews with policy actors and documentary data from national governments and international organizations. The paper explores the dynamics involved, and the actors that shape, policy formulation and makes two contributions to the literature. First, it provides a conceptual framework on how to analyse policy formulation, extending recent work on the link between policy formulation and the intended outcomes of policies. Second, it offers a more nuanced conceptualization of enterprise policy formulation, arguing that policy formulation reflects the changing configurations of ideas, policy tools and resources, and actors involved in the process.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 317-339
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1271021
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1271021
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:3-4:p:317-339
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tingyu Kang
Author-X-Name-First: Tingyu
Author-X-Name-Last: Kang
Title: Bricolage in the urban cultural sector: the case of Bradford city of film
Abstract:
This article discusses bricolage in the context of a social enterprise for urban development. It focuses on the case of BDK Limited, and discusses how this organisation contributes to the economic and social development of the British city of Bradford by promoting city-wide film-based cultural consumption and cultural pride. This research used semi-structured interviews, participant observation and documentary analysis to examine this organisation’s different modes of material and ideational bricolage. The entrepreneurs serve as material bricoleurs as they transform the residuals of the city’s industrial past from materials of no use and reminders of backwardness to sites for cultural consumption. This paper also identifies patterns of ideational bricolage. In Bradford, ethnic diversity has long been discursively associated with conflicts and backwardness by local businesses, potential investors, the media and even urban social entrepreneurs themselves. However, in this case study, diversity is re-perceived as a cultural asset for urban tourism and related industries.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 340-356
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1271461
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1271461
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:3-4:p:340-356
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Huggins
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins
Author-Name: Daniel Prokop
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Prokop
Author-Name: Piers Thompson
Author-X-Name-First: Piers
Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson
Title: Entrepreneurship and the determinants of firm survival within regions: human capital, growth motivation and locational conditions
Abstract:
Despite a growing body of research on firm survival, little is known about the factors impacting upon survival rates at a micro-spatial level. This study, therefore, analyses firm survival across local environments in the context of a peripheral region; namely, the case of Wales in the UK. It examines how theories relating to human capital, growth motivation and locational conditions may explain survival within a region. Drawing on data of survival patterns for a cohort of firms, it is found that each of the three theories at least partly explain firm survival, with it being clear that human capital relating to the experience of entrepreneurs, as well as the growth motivation of their firms resulting from the strategic choices they make, impact upon rates of survival. It is also found that the local environment contributes to the likelihood of survival. In particular, it is found that locational factors have a potential influence on the human capital allocated to enterprises, as well as how this capital is utilised via growth motivation. This suggests that not only do locational factors contribute to differing rates of entrepreneurship, but that such factors also impact on the durability of firms over time.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 357-389
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1271830
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1271830
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:3-4:p:357-389
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pascal Dey
Author-X-Name-First: Pascal
Author-X-Name-Last: Dey
Title: Destituent entrepreneurship: disobeying sovereign rule, prefiguring post-capitalist reality
Abstract:
This article introduces ‘destituent entrepreneurship’ as a way of imagining the political thrust of entrepreneurship under conditions of crisis. Taking its cues from Giorgio Agamben’s work on destituent power, and from theories of prefigurative praxis by other thinkers, this analysis uses the occupied-enterprise movement in Argentina as an illustrative case to cultivate sensitivity for the more radical possibilities of entrepreneurship as they emanate from the free-floating conflictual energy at the heart of society. Specifically, refracting destituent entrepreneurship into its essential components, we highlight, first, how laid-off workers redefined themselves as resistant entrepreneurs who counter-acted the fraudulent close-down of their enterprises by reclaiming their right to work. Second, we point out how the reclaimed enterprises created new opportunities not only for creating income, but for prefiguring post-capitalist realities rooted in self-organized and dignified work, democratic decision-making and the creation of a common people. The key contribution this article makes is to alert us to how entrepreneurship under conditions of crisis is less a matter of necessity alone, i.e. making a living in hard times, but an opportunity to redefine the realm of economic practice by one’s own rules.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 563-579
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1221225
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1221225
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:7-8:p:563-579
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: R. Duncan M. Pelly
Author-X-Name-First: R. Duncan M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pelly
Title: A bureaucrat’s journey from technocrat to entrepreneur through the creation of adhocracies
Abstract:
How we understand entrepreneurship is a function of the stories we tell. This article uses insights from process theory to explore the ways in which an entrepreneur can employ a story to mobilize others to shed conflicting viewpoints to converge with the abstract. In this story, regulation as a reification of past procedures did not fully account for organizational realities of mailroom inspections conducted by the military post office, so an appeal to foundational values was adopted to alter the shared vision of future potentiality and overcome bureaucratic barriers through the creation of adhocracies. As a result of overcoming interorganizational boundaries, a technocrat became an entrepreneur by changing the view of stakeholders from a fixed audience to active co-authors during the spawning of adhocracies. The creation of adhocracies in this story is explored through an autoethnographic layered account, which is a storytelling approach that mirrors the co-construction of the narratives found within this paper’s vignettes. The understanding of entrepreneurship provided in this paper challenges commonly held assumptions of entrepreneurship, in addition to corporate, organizational and public service entrepreneurship, as well as the methods and writing styles to explore these concepts.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 487-513
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1221226
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1221226
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:7-8:p:487-513
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alain Fayolle
Author-X-Name-First: Alain
Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle
Author-Name: Hans Landstrom
Author-X-Name-First: Hans
Author-X-Name-Last: Landstrom
Author-Name: William B. Gartner
Author-X-Name-First: William B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gartner
Author-Name: Karin Berglund
Author-X-Name-First: Karin
Author-X-Name-Last: Berglund
Title: The institutionalization of entrepreneurship
Abstract:
In this article, we briefly identify three main challenges/issues that should be taken into consideration in the institutionalization of entrepreneurship research: (1) recognizing the complexity of the phenomenon under study; (2) producing interesting, relevant and useful research results for all stakeholders; and (3) developing a critical posture in research. Following the discussion of these challenges/issues we introduce the five contributions to the Special Issue that, in different ways, problematize and challenge mainstream research and approaches. These articles use ‘dissensus discourses’, apply critical, ideological and paradigmatic stances and in some cases underline the importance of contextual factors.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 477-486
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1221227
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1221227
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:7-8:p:477-486
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Steffen Farny
Author-X-Name-First: Steffen
Author-X-Name-Last: Farny
Author-Name: Signe Hedeboe Frederiksen
Author-X-Name-First: Signe Hedeboe
Author-X-Name-Last: Frederiksen
Author-Name: Martin Hannibal
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Hannibal
Author-Name: Sally Jones
Author-X-Name-First: Sally
Author-X-Name-Last: Jones
Title: A CULTure of entrepreneurship education
Abstract:
High hopes are invested in a rapid institutionalization of an enterprise culture in Higher Education (HE). This has heightened the importance of entrepreneurship education (EE) in most Western societies; however, how values and beliefs about entrepreneurship are institutionalized in EE remains relatively unchallenged. This study applies the lens of the cult, in particular three elements Rituals, Deities and the Promise of Salvation, to reflect on the production and reproduction of entrepreneurship in EE. In doing so, the paper addresses uncontested values and beliefs that form a hidden curriculum prevalent in EE. We argue for greater appreciation of reflexive practices to challenge normative promotions of beliefs and values that compare with forms of evangelizing, detrimental to objectives of HE. Consequently, we call for a more critical pedagogy to counteract a ‘cultification’ of entrepreneurship in EE.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 514-535
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1221228
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1221228
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:7-8:p:514-535
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicolina Montesano Montessori
Author-X-Name-First: Nicolina
Author-X-Name-Last: Montesano Montessori
Title: A theoretical and methodological approach to social entrepreneurship as world-making and emancipation: social change as a projection in space and time
Abstract:
This article presents and analyses three cases, which integrate features of both social movements and social entrepreneurship (SE). It is the result of a longitudinal study (January 2012 to September 2015). The study contributes new insights to the theoretical and methodological discussions on SE, focusing on ‘the social’ in SE literature. The three selected movements, active in the Netherlands, are: ‘The Dutch Chapter of Zeitgeist’ henceforth Zeitgeist (TZM), (2010–present), ‘Giving is All we Have’ (henceforth GIAWH, (2011–2014) and ‘MasterPeace’ (MP) (2010–present). Each movement shows a strong inclination towards social transformation, while being rooted in organizational structures, therefore considered ‘social entrepreneurial movements’. Specific contributions entail: the presentation of these innovative cases, the design of a methodology based on critical discourse analysis, state theory, narrative analysis, political theory and discourse theory and a thorough analysis and interpretation of these cases in the national and global contexts in which they emerged. More specifically, it contributes to SE literature on emancipation, defined as ‘breaking free’ when further developing the method in the direction of world-making, defined as ‘creating new worlds’. This study suggests that transition theory can be useful for the study of the impact of social entrepreneurial movements.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 536-562
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1221229
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1221229
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:7-8:p:536-562
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kathleen Randerson
Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen
Author-X-Name-Last: Randerson
Title: Entrepreneurial Orientation: do we actually know as much as we think we do?
Abstract:
The focus of this paper is on firm-level entrepreneurial behaviours and the processes that lead to them, known as Entrepreneurial Orientation. Despite the popularity of this construct, we argue that extant EO research suffers from major limitations linked to definitional inconsistencies and measurement issues. We present five distinct conceptualizations of EO in order to frame further research in the positivist mode. Moreover, we show that to gain a holistic and robust understanding of firm-level entrepreneurship, works from other research traditions and philosophies of science are needed. In this respect, the European research tradition and its wide variety of fields of research and research methods can offer a contextualized view of firm-level entrepreneurial behaviours and processes. Works embedded in the social constructionist philosophy of science might also offer an understanding of how, when, and why actors of different levels act do so and the likely outcomes of these actions as well as the interplay and divergence among these actors and levels. Works embedded in the pragmatic approach, illustrated by effectuation, could also contribute to a holistic understanding of the phenomenon. Finally, we call for researchers to be attentive to the need to align their conceptualizations, research methods and philosophies of science.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 580-600
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1221230
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1221230
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:7-8:p:580-600
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Hjorth
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Hjorth
Author-Name: Robin Holt
Author-X-Name-First: Robin
Author-X-Name-Last: Holt
Author-Name: Pablo Fernandez
Author-X-Name-First: Pablo
Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandez
Author-Name: Carine Farias
Author-X-Name-First: Carine
Author-X-Name-Last: Farias
Title: Organizational entrepreneurship and the political
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 601-604
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1235876
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1235876
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:7-8:p:601-604
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: José Antonio Belso-Martínez
Author-X-Name-First: José Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Belso-Martínez
Author-Name: Alicia Mas-Tur
Author-X-Name-First: Alicia
Author-X-Name-Last: Mas-Tur
Author-Name: Norat Roig-Tierno
Author-X-Name-First: Norat
Author-X-Name-Last: Roig-Tierno
Title: Synergistic effects and the co-existence of networks in clusters
Abstract:
Network systems like clusters are characterized by the coexistence of relational architectures with ties and nodes of different nature. While recent research has analysed how a set of structural features shape the dynamics and effects of one cluster network, the outstanding question is to what extent such features and outcomes are influenced by the concomitance of distinct content-related linkages. This paper integrates both network and evolutionary economic geography perspectives to develop and test a model that links innovation performance with the benefits that stem from technical and business relations. Data collected in a biotech cluster in the Valencia region (Spain) demonstrate the changing effect of brokerage and overlapping ties on innovation as a function of knowledge shared. Findings extend the theoretical understanding of how knowledge diffuses in clusters and provide valuable insights for both practitioners and policy makers.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 137-154
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255429
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255429
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:137-154
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nathaniel Boso
Author-X-Name-First: Nathaniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Boso
Author-Name: Pejvak Oghazi
Author-X-Name-First: Pejvak
Author-X-Name-Last: Oghazi
Author-Name: Magnus Hultman
Author-X-Name-First: Magnus
Author-X-Name-Last: Hultman
Title: International entrepreneurial orientation and regional expansion
Abstract:
This study examines how behavioral elements of international entrepreneurial orientation (i.e. product innovativeness, risk-taking, proactiveness, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy) increase variability in scope of regional market expansion, and the international marketing channel management conditions under which this occurs. Results from an empirical study in a developing market show that not all behavioral elements of international entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) increase scope of regional expansion. The study specifically finds that scope of regional expansion is fostered when high levels of product innovation intensity, risk-taking, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomous behaviors are aligned with a stronger channel management capability. Conversely, the regional expansion values of product innovation novelty and proactiveness are cancelled out when channel management capability levels are high.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 4-26
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255430
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255430
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:4-26
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: João J. Ferreira
Author-X-Name-First: João J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira
Author-Name: Alain Fayolle
Author-X-Name-First: Alain
Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle
Author-Name: Cristina Fernandes
Author-X-Name-First: Cristina
Author-X-Name-Last: Fernandes
Author-Name: Mário Raposo
Author-X-Name-First: Mário
Author-X-Name-Last: Raposo
Title: Effects of Schumpeterian and Kirznerian entrepreneurship on economic growth: panel data evidence
Abstract:
The relevant literature recognises Schumpeterian and Kirznerian entrepreneurship as mechanisms that can impact economic growth. This article seeks to explore the effects of these two types of entrepreneurship on economic growth across the three GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor) economic ecosystems (factor-driven economy, efficiency-driven economy, innovation-driven economy). Using different databases, we applied unbalanced panel data for 43 countries (2009–2013). By estimating the econometric models, we were able to calculate the effects of these two types of entrepreneurship on economic growth in the three different types of economy. In terms of the overall model for GEM economies, neither Schumpeterian nor Kirznerian entrepreneurship return any statistically significant effects on the Global Competitiveness Index or on GDP growth. However, the Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity variable generates a positive effect on the Global Competitiveness Index. The results presented in this paper provide insights into entrepreneurship and the GEM entrepreneurial economic ecosystems.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 27-50
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255431
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255431
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:27-50
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert J. Breitenecker
Author-X-Name-First: Robert J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Breitenecker
Author-Name: Rainer Harms
Author-X-Name-First: Rainer
Author-X-Name-Last: Harms
Author-Name: Antje Weyh
Author-X-Name-First: Antje
Author-X-Name-Last: Weyh
Author-Name: Daniela Maresch
Author-X-Name-First: Daniela
Author-X-Name-Last: Maresch
Author-Name: Sascha Kraus
Author-X-Name-First: Sascha
Author-X-Name-Last: Kraus
Title: When the difference makes a difference – the regional embeddedness of entrepreneurship
Abstract:
Regional determinants of new firm formation are of interest to researchers and policymakers. In the analysis of new firm formation, most studies use econometric approaches that mask intra-unit variations, not recognizing counterbalancing and dilution effects as a result. Recent advances in spatial statistics such as Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) take local variations into account. However, these approaches operate only on a bivariate level, making it impossible to detect the homogenous parts of the area under examination with regard to a number of relationships between new firm formation and its determinants. Based on a sample of 412 German regions, we apply GWR and subsequent graph-partitioning clustering to identify multi-relationally homogeneous sub-areas. Being that the results suggest a four-cluster solution, ‘one size fits all’ policies and premature unit zoning can be called into question.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 71-93
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255432
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255432
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:71-93
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jason Lortie
Author-X-Name-First: Jason
Author-X-Name-Last: Lortie
Author-Name: Gary J. Castrogiovanni
Author-X-Name-First: Gary J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Castrogiovanni
Author-Name: Kevin C. Cox
Author-X-Name-First: Kevin C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Cox
Title: Gender, social salience, and social performance: how women pursue and perform in social ventures
Abstract:
We investigate how women that start organizations contribute to the creation of social value in communities and society. We draw on theory from gender self-schemas and social identity theory to explain how women with a female gender-self schema have a natural inclination to create organizations with social goals and intentions in mind. We label these social goals and intentions as social salience and draw on goal theory and existing understandings on intentions to explain how the presence of a social salience in an organization is related to the social performance of their organization. Utilizing structural equation modeling, we show that gender positively influences social salience that subsequently has a positive relationship with the social performance of the organization. We also show that social salience fully mediates the relationship between gender and social performance implying that gender alone is not enough to explain the social performance of an organization. We conclude by highlighting the implications, contributions, and future research that result from our findings.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 155-173
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255433
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255433
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:155-173
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vinit Parida
Author-X-Name-First: Vinit
Author-X-Name-Last: Parida
Author-Name: Ossi Pesämaa
Author-X-Name-First: Ossi
Author-X-Name-Last: Pesämaa
Author-Name: Joakim Wincent
Author-X-Name-First: Joakim
Author-X-Name-Last: Wincent
Author-Name: Mats Westerberg
Author-X-Name-First: Mats
Author-X-Name-Last: Westerberg
Title: Network capability, innovativeness, and performance: a multidimensional extension for entrepreneurship
Abstract:
Small- and start-up firms in the high-tech industry usually engage in networking to overcome resource, knowledge, and competence constraints in creative, innovation-based competition. Quite often, however, network relationships fail due to lack of network capability (NC), defined as the ability to manage and gain benefits from external relationships. In the present study, we propose and examine an updated five-dimension NC construct and test its effect on innovativeness and performance. Two independent high-tech samples of small firms and start-ups support measurement properties of the proposed NC construct and suggest that the often-overlooked dimension in NC research of network relationship building is important to include in a complete NC construct. Doing so can help explain organizational innovativeness and effects on the customer, sales, and innovation performance more effectively. As a result, we find support for the proposed NC scale and the importance of network capabilities for small companies and start-ups to remain competitive.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 94-115
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255434
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255434
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:94-115
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Léopold Djoutsa Wamba
Author-X-Name-First: Léopold Djoutsa
Author-X-Name-Last: Wamba
Author-Name: Lubica Hikkerova
Author-X-Name-First: Lubica
Author-X-Name-Last: Hikkerova
Author-Name: Jean-Michel Sahut
Author-X-Name-First: Jean-Michel
Author-X-Name-Last: Sahut
Author-Name: Eric Braune
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Braune
Title: Indebtedness for young companies: effects on survival
Abstract:
Based on data from 7,350 Cameroonian companies created between 1990 and 2008, we study the link between the characteristics of indebtedness for young companies during their creation and survival period of up to three years, from three to five years, and beyond five years. We complement our quantitative analysis with semi-directive interviews of Cameroonian entrepreneurs to deepen our study. Our results are manifold. We show that access to bank loans during the creation phase, as well as the volume of loans or, to some extent, the debt ratio improve the probability of survival during the early years, but this effect fades away rapidly. The interviews shed light on the motivations of entrepreneurs, particularly of those with very small businesses. Finally, our work reveals the antecedent role of their social capital that facilitates their access to bank loans, and, therefore, the probability of company survival.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 174-196
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255435
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255435
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:174-196
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eloy Sentana
Author-X-Name-First: Eloy
Author-X-Name-Last: Sentana
Author-Name: Reyes González
Author-X-Name-First: Reyes
Author-X-Name-Last: González
Author-Name: José Gascó
Author-X-Name-First: José
Author-X-Name-Last: Gascó
Author-Name: Juan LLopis
Author-X-Name-First: Juan
Author-X-Name-Last: LLopis
Title: The social profitability of business incubators: a measurement proposal
Abstract:
Public business incubators are services placed at the disposal of original, generally newly-created projects, to which physical accompaniment, supervision and location are offered at prices below market value. They have as their aim to help set in motion and consolidate these firms during the stages in which they are weaker. The ultimate goal consists in favouring the generation of innovative firms, inducers of high-quality jobs, which can diversify the local business fabric, thus becoming a key tool in local development. The present paper provides a methodology to study the economic – but above all social – impact of business incubators, based on the examination of 40 from the 42 incubators existing in the Valencian Community (a Spanish autonomous region with five million inhabitants). Data analysis allows us to state that, although business incubators are not economically profitable since they need financial aids and public investment to start operating, they do have social profitability, insofar as the activity developed by entrepreneurs permits to provide public administrations – via taxes – with returns exceeding what was invested in these incubators. It has been determined that 2.8 euros (which can be applied to a variety of social areas) are collected via taxes for each euro spent to start them up.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 116-136
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255436
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255436
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:116-136
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fernando J. Garrigós Simón
Author-X-Name-First: Fernando J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Garrigós Simón
Author-Name: Tomás González-Cruz
Author-X-Name-First: Tomás
Author-X-Name-Last: González-Cruz
Author-Name: Orlando Contreras-Pacheco
Author-X-Name-First: Orlando
Author-X-Name-Last: Contreras-Pacheco
Title: Policies to enhance social development through the promotion of SME and social entrepreneurship: a study in the Colombian construction industry
Abstract:
The intent of this research is to propose and analyse a set of policies in the construction industry to enhance social development. First, the paper shows the connections between the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and social entrepreneurship (SE), the reduction of the leakage, and then the generation of social value (SV) for sustainable regional development. For that, the article analyses briefly the literatures on SE and leakage, and focuses on the relevance of SME and social entrepreneurs as promoters of SV creation and development. Second, the paper proposes a framework and proposes a set of 20 policies aimed to reduce leakage, reinforce SMEs and entrepreneurship and also to promote SE behaviour by the diverse economic agents in the construction industry, in order to increase the generation of SV and sustainable development. Then, the paper analyses the acceptability, feasibility and viability of these proposed polices, which can be useful for academics and practitioners. For that, the study uses the Delphi methodology, applied to an expert-group of 23 professionals (representatives of the private and public sector) belonging to the Colombian construction industry. The results emphasize the relevance of the development of local incumbents and the social focus of firms to increase the generation of SV. Oppositely, policies interfering economic freedom and free trade receive the lowest rates in the three criteria considered.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 51-70
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255437
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255437
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:51-70
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano
Author-X-Name-First: Domingo
Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano
Title: Small business and entrepreneurship: their role in economic and social development
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-3
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1255438
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1255438
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:1-2:p:1-3
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anne de Bruin
Author-X-Name-First: Anne
Author-X-Name-Last: de Bruin
Author-Name: Kate V. Lewis
Author-X-Name-First: Kate V.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis
Author-Name: Eleanor Shaw
Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor
Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw
Title: The collaborative dynamic in social entrepreneurship
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 310-311
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1140429
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1140429
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:3-4:p:310-311
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Claire M. Leitch
Author-X-Name-First: Claire M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Leitch
Author-Name: Richard T. Harrison
Author-X-Name-First: Richard T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison
Title: Identity, identity formation and identity work in entrepreneurship: conceptual developments and empirical applications
Abstract:
This paper reviews the current status of research into entrepreneurial identity. Identities – individual and organizational – can potentially serve as powerful elements that both drive and are shaped by entrepreneurial actions. Identity is, of course, a complex construct with multidisciplinary roots and consequentially a range of conceptual meanings and theoretical roles associated with it. Building on a framework for identifying schools of thought in the social sciences, we highlight the need for more critical studies of entrepreneurial identity that recognize, first, that entrepreneurial identity is a dynamic and fluid rather than (relatively) fixed and unchanging feature, and second, that research attention should shift from the analysis of identity per se (the identity-as-entity position) to the identity work processes through which entrepreneurial identities are shaped and formed (the identity-as-process position). Following a summary of the key contributions of the five papers included in this Special Issue, we conclude with some pointers for future research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 177-190
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1155740
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1155740
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:3-4:p:177-190
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kate V. Lewis
Author-X-Name-First: Kate V.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis
Title: Identity capital: an exploration in the context of youth social entrepreneurship
Abstract:
Côté’s model of ‘identity capital’ is said to comprise a set of strengths and psycho-social skills that are deployed by individuals to both define themselves and represent how others define them. Identity capital is multi-dimensional by nature, both tangible and intangible in character and acquired through the application of resources in identity exchanges. The identity capital framework is built around the youth experience and is, therefore, germane to an exploration of the meaning, motivation and value of youth engagement with socially entrepreneurial endeavours. The young are described as an increasingly important cohort in terms of the creation of socially innovative solutions to the world’s ‘wicked problems’ – and as leaders, not merely followers. In this paper, the model is applied to a single case study of a young New Zealand social entrepreneur using multiple sources of both primary and secondary data (with a longitudinal orientation). Particular emphasis is given to probing how identity capital in this example is accumulated, deployed and exchanged in relation to the lived experience of being a young social entrepreneur, and through a socially entrepreneurial cultural frame of reference.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 191-205
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1155741
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1155741
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:3-4:p:191-205
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gry Agnete Alsos
Author-X-Name-First: Gry Agnete
Author-X-Name-Last: Alsos
Author-Name: Tommy Høyvarde Clausen
Author-X-Name-First: Tommy Høyvarde
Author-X-Name-Last: Clausen
Author-Name: Ulla Hytti
Author-X-Name-First: Ulla
Author-X-Name-Last: Hytti
Author-Name: Sølvi Solvoll
Author-X-Name-First: Sølvi
Author-X-Name-Last: Solvoll
Title: Entrepreneurs’ social identity and the preference of causal and effectual behaviours in start-up processes
Abstract:
This paper examines how the social identity of an entrepreneur influences his or her behaviour when engaged in new venture formation. Building on the typology of entrepreneurial identities developed by Fauchart and Gruber, this study examines the relationship between the social identity of the entrepreneur and subsequent entrepreneurial behaviour using a mixed-method approach. Based on interviews with entrepreneurs in six start-ups within the tourism sector and on previous literature, three hypotheses were developed regarding the relationship between entrepreneurial identity and entrepreneurial behaviour (causation, effectuation). Subsequently, the hypotheses were tested using a survey among a sample of entrepreneurs who registered a new firm in 2013. The study finds that the entrepreneurial identity influences whether the individual predominantly engages in effectual or causal behaviour. Hence, the study contributes by focusing on entrepreneurial identity as an important factor shaping the behaviours of entrepreneurs. In addition, we add to the understanding of entrepreneurs as a heterogeneous group. Entrepreneurs vary in terms of their identity, and this variation has consequences for their entrepreneurial behaviour. Finally, by adopting a mixed-method approach, this study benefits from and contributes to the interaction of qualitative and quantitative data in entrepreneurship research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 234-258
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1155742
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1155742
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:3-4:p:234-258
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ronit Yitshaki
Author-X-Name-First: Ronit
Author-X-Name-Last: Yitshaki
Author-Name: Fredric Kropp
Author-X-Name-First: Fredric
Author-X-Name-Last: Kropp
Title: Entrepreneurial passions and identities in different contexts: a comparison between high-tech and social entrepreneurs
Abstract:
This study examines entrepreneurial passion and components of entrepreneurial identity – sameness, otherness, and identity centrality and salience – in two different contexts, high-tech and social entrepreneurship. Based on life story interviews of 45 high-tech entrepreneurs (HTE) and social entrepreneurs (SEs), passion and identities are linked for each group but evolve differently. For HTEs, passion is composed of a strong challenge to lead a meaningful activity and to leave a ‘fingerprint’. SE passion is characterized more in terms of enthusiasm and excitement and a desire to make a mark. HTEs’ identities are central to their self-concept while SEs’ identities can be more salient than central. SE identities are more synchronized than those of HTEs. For HTEs, otherness is dominant in their self-concept; however, they also maintain a concept of sameness. The findings of this study expand the literature by showing that passion is a dynamic motivational construct that is associated with entrepreneurs’ self-concept of their role identities. The interrelations between entrepreneurial passion and self-concepts of role identities are perceived differently among entrepreneurs who operate in different contexts. In addition, this study also expands the literature on entrepreneurial identities and affect.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 206-233
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1155743
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1155743
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:3-4:p:206-233
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Teresa Nelson
Author-X-Name-First: Teresa
Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson
Author-Name: Dylan Nelson
Author-X-Name-First: Dylan
Author-X-Name-Last: Nelson
Author-Name: Benjamin Huybrechts
Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin
Author-X-Name-Last: Huybrechts
Author-Name: Frédéric Dufays
Author-X-Name-First: Frédéric
Author-X-Name-Last: Dufays
Author-Name: Noreen O’Shea
Author-X-Name-First: Noreen
Author-X-Name-Last: O’Shea
Author-Name: Giorgia Trasciani
Author-X-Name-First: Giorgia
Author-X-Name-Last: Trasciani
Title: Emergent identity formation and the co-operative: theory building in relation to alternative organizational forms
Abstract:
How are identities of alternative forms of organization constructed and how does this process differ relative to normative forms socially expected? In this research, we consider identity formation in co-operatives, a population of organizations allied globally through values and practices such as democratic participation, voluntary and open membership, and limited return to capital investment. As an extension of current thinking on identity formation in entrepreneurship and organizational theory, we use co-operatives to explore social expectations and institutional arrangements around form at the societal, population and organizational levels using a population ecology framework. We develop a research agenda based on propositions that address specific features of identity formation in less typical forms of organization, including tensions with normative business expectations, engagement with identity audiences, embeddedness in networks and alliances, structural factors influencing identity, and identity ambiguity.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 286-309
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1155744
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1155744
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:3-4:p:286-309
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Yuliya Snihur
Author-X-Name-First: Yuliya
Author-X-Name-Last: Snihur
Title: Developing optimal distinctiveness: organizational identity processes in new ventures engaged in business model innovation
Abstract:
There is increasing interest in the actions entrepreneurs undertake to shape the organizational identity of new ventures. While studies emphasize the need to focus on the distinctiveness of organizational identity to acquire resources for new ventures, less is known about specific identity-shaping actions or their consequences in the context of new ventures engaged in innovation. Based on a study of four new ventures involved in business model innovation, we theorize about the types of action innovating new ventures undertake to build their organizational identities and the consequences of these actions in terms of identity evaluation by external audiences. Four identity-building actions are identified and discussed: storytelling, use of analogies, procuring social evaluations and establishing alliances. This paper’s main contribution is to show how innovating ventures attempt to reach optimal distinctiveness by developing unique organizational identities embedded in existing market categories, with insights for the literatures on organizational identity and entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 259-285
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2016.1155745
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2016.1155745
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:3-4:p:259-285
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Brendan Galbraith
Author-X-Name-First: Brendan
Author-X-Name-Last: Galbraith
Author-Name: Rodney McAdam
Author-X-Name-First: Rodney
Author-X-Name-Last: McAdam
Author-Name: Judith Woods
Author-X-Name-First: Judith
Author-X-Name-Last: Woods
Author-Name: Theresa McGowan
Author-X-Name-First: Theresa
Author-X-Name-Last: McGowan
Title: Putting policy into practice: an exploratory study of SME innovation support in a peripheral UK region
Abstract:
Focussing on a regional Government sponsored support programme for technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the aim of this paper is to conduct a multi-level exploration of the relationships between policy interpretation and support programme design and the development of innovation capability among participant SMEs within a U.K peripheral region. The Innovplus programme was designed and implemented in Northern Ireland to help nascent high technology companies become more competitive and to contribute to the goals of the Regional Innovation Strategy. A knowledge-based absorptive capacity framework is used as the theoretical lens to explore the relationships between policy interpretation and programme design and the development of innovation capability within participant SMEs. The findings show that the design of the Innovplus programme, while linked to a coherent Regional Innovation Strategy, lacks consistency in relation to the policy and practical interpretation of knowledge and innovation. This inconsistency is reflected in the practical design of the programme, limiting its effectiveness as a result. In terms of the development of innovation capability, it was found that recognition and development of nascent absorptive capacity drivers in potential form was essential before participant SMEs could transition to realised absorptive capacity.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 668-691
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1325939
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1325939
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:668-691
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anne de Bruin
Author-X-Name-First: Anne
Author-X-Name-Last: de Bruin
Author-Name: Eleanor Shaw
Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor
Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw
Author-Name: Kate V. Lewis
Author-X-Name-First: Kate V.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lewis
Title: The collaborative dynamic in social entrepreneurship
Abstract:
Collaborative arrangements and partnerships are increasingly perceived as the lifeblood of social entrepreneurship. How, why and when collaboration occurs across the social entrepreneurial ecosystem is an emergent area of research emphasis with potential to contribute to and develop new theories as well as provide practical insights. This introductory article, for the special issue on ‘The Collaborative Dynamic in Social Entrepreneurship’, draws on extant literature and three original contributions to explore the nature and challenges of the collaborative imperative in social entrepreneurship and to present possible avenues for future research. It also comments on theoretical underpinnings and provides methodological insights for the future study of collaborative social entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 575-585
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1328902
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1328902
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:575-585
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tobias Pret
Author-X-Name-First: Tobias
Author-X-Name-Last: Pret
Author-Name: Sara Carter
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Carter
Title: The importance of ‘fitting in’: collaboration and social value creation in response to community norms and expectations
Abstract:
This article explores the effects of embeddedness in communities upon entrepreneurial practices. Based on the lived experiences of 10 craft entrepreneurs, this study reveals that within certain contexts, such as craft communities, entrepreneurs are expected to exhibit high levels of camaraderie and generosity, which leads them to create social value by supporting their peers and freely sharing their resources. Entrepreneurs achieve ‘fitting in’ not only by learning accepted norms, but also by performing strategic actions which allow them to temporarily adapt their conduct to meet the expectations of community members. Thus, this study exposes a largely concealed element of social entrepreneurial practice. This article also reveals that embeddedness in communities can lead entrepreneurs to collaborate with potential competitors. Craft entrepreneurs share their economic, cultural, social and symbolic capital in order to support and help revitalise their communities, to perpetuate their respective industries and to sustain a genuine interest in hand-crafted products. They consider such supportive behaviour a social responsibility that is shared among community members and a task that is passed from one generation to the next. Thus, this article reveals that collaboration and social value creation can be embraced in response to community norms and expectations.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 639-667
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1328903
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1328903
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:639-667
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Caleb Kwong
Author-X-Name-First: Caleb
Author-X-Name-Last: Kwong
Author-Name: Misagh Tasavori
Author-X-Name-First: Misagh
Author-X-Name-Last: Tasavori
Author-Name: Cherry Wun-mei Cheung
Author-X-Name-First: Cherry
Author-X-Name-Last: Wun-mei Cheung
Title: Bricolage, collaboration and mission drift in social enterprises
Abstract:
Increasingly, social enterprises are relying on collaboration with partners to tackle the resource constraints that they face. In this research we focus on the strategy of bricolage to explore whether and how the different types of partner becoming involved may impact on the mission of social enterprises. Grounded in resource dependency and transaction cost theories, we explore how power asymmetry and the nature of involvement may impact on the outcomes of bricolage. Our findings demonstrate that in the more integrated relationships with high power asymmetry, more instances of mission drift might be observed compared to when social enterprises develop the more collaborative or complementary nature of partnerships with symmetrical power dependency, or when the partners’ involvements are mainly transaction-based.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 609-638
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1328904
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1328904
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:609-638
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Benjamin Huybrechts
Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin
Author-X-Name-Last: Huybrechts
Author-Name: Alex Nicholls
Author-X-Name-First: Alex
Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholls
Author-Name: Katharina Edinger
Author-X-Name-First: Katharina
Author-X-Name-Last: Edinger
Title: Sacred alliance or pact with the devil? How and why social enterprises collaborate with mainstream businesses in the fair trade sector
Abstract:
This paper uses institutional theory to highlight different patterns of cross-sector collaboration from the perspective of social enterprises. Specifically, it explores how and why social enterprises interact with mainstream businesses and to what extent their collaboration patterns reflect a vision of how their social mission should be implemented and institutionalized. The empirical analysis is derived from a qualitative study of ‘fair trade’ – a hybrid model created by social enterprises and using market mechanisms to support small-scale producers in developing countries and to advocate for changes in international trading practices. The findings highlight three strategies used by fair trade social enterprises to manage their interactions with mainstream businesses: sector solidarity, selective engagement, and active appropriation. This paper suggests that each strategy is motivated by a different vision of how best to articulate the social mission of fair trade via specific types of collaborations. It also notes how each vision has a distinct pattern of institutionalization at the field level. This paper adds to the emergent literatures on social enterprise and social entrepreneurship, fair trade, cross-sector collaboration and hybrid organizing.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 586-608
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1328905
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1328905
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:586-608
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandra Bürcher
Author-X-Name-First: Sandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Bürcher
Title: Regional engagement of locally anchored firms and its influence on socio-economic development in two peripheral regions over time
Abstract:
This article sets out to explore the ways locally anchored firms in peripheral regions influence regional social capital through regional engagement and how this contributes to socio-economic development. Through regional engagement firms shape regional contexts by generating concrete outcomes, such as setting up schools (structural aspect) and by possibly influencing regional bonding and bridging social capital (social aspect). To examine the effects of regional engagement and its possible influence on bonding and bridging social capital of regional firms, an analytical framework is developed distinguishing between inclusive/exclusive agency for inclusive/exclusive benefit. This article focuses on regional engagement in two Swiss peripheral regions, which have followed different development paths in spite of their common institutional framework and geographical proximity. This study aims to gain insight into the ‘how’ of regional engagement and its influence on regional social capital and to examine the assumption of higher levels of regional social capital in a dynamic region from a long-term perspective (ca. 1850–2015). The findings of the qualitative research show that the dynamic Rhine Valley indeed disposes of higher levels of regional social capital than the less dynamic Toggenburg, which is related to the willingness of firms and other actors to collaborate for regional interests.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 692-714
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1330903
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1330903
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:692-714
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Norat Roig-Tierno
Author-X-Name-First: Norat
Author-X-Name-Last: Roig-Tierno
Author-Name: Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano
Author-X-Name-First: Domingo
Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano
Author-Name: Francisco Mas-Verdú
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco
Author-X-Name-Last: Mas-Verdú
Title: Clustering and innovation: firm-level strategising and policy
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 814-816
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1335958
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1335958
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:814-816
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sara Melén Hånell
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Melén Hånell
Author-Name: Emilia Rovira Nordman
Author-X-Name-First: Emilia
Author-X-Name-Last: Rovira Nordman
Author-Name: Daniel Tolstoy
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Tolstoy
Title: New product development in foreign customer relationships: a study of international SMEs
Abstract:
This study identifies a gap in research concerning how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can benefit from pursuing locally (rather than globally) oriented internationalization strategies. Becoming overly dependent on one single foreign market could potentially reduce the inflow and diversity of new knowledge that can serve as input for new product development. This study discusses how this risk can be minimized. In this endeavour we create a theoretical model that investigates how the local sales concentration and relationship-specific commitment of SMEs relates to new product development. To do this we draw on the behavioural internationalization process framework. The theoretical model is tested on an effective sample of 188 Swedish SMEs. The results show that relationship-specific commitment mediates the effect of local sales concentration on new product development. The implication is that investments which enable collaboration in important business relationships are crucial requisites for keeping firms innovative and in pace with market fluctuations. The findings thus contribute to international business literature by showing that a local market scope of operations combined with a relationship orientation are beneficial for new product development in international SMEs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 715-734
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1336257
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1336257
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:715-734
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Valmir Emil Hoffmann
Author-X-Name-First: Valmir Emil
Author-X-Name-Last: Hoffmann
Author-Name: Fiorenza Belussi
Author-X-Name-First: Fiorenza
Author-X-Name-Last: Belussi
Author-Name: M. Teresa Martínez-Fernández
Author-X-Name-First: M. Teresa
Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez-Fernández
Author-Name: Edgar Reyes
Author-X-Name-First: Edgar
Author-X-Name-Last: Reyes
Title: United we stand, divided we fall? Clustered firms’ relationships after the 2008 crisis
Abstract:
Research on clusters or industrial districts within various schools of thought focuses on the relationships between clustered firms. We observed that the territory can produce sources of advantage, but also disadvantages, for firms. Using an exploratory and qualitative approach, the aim of this work is to determine what happened in the Spanish ceramic tile industrial district firms’ relationships after the 2008 crisis. The analysis has been performed in three of the dimensions in which these connections can take place: cooperation – horizontal and vertical cooperation, knowledge transfer and supporting institutions, along with innovation as a measure of performance. In order to examine these shifts, members of the firms and institutions in the cluster were interviewed, resulting in eight propositions for changes that may take place when the competition is intensified within a cluster, suggesting an analytical framework that could be tested in future research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 735-758
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1343869
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1343869
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:735-758
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marta Lindvert
Author-X-Name-First: Marta
Author-X-Name-Last: Lindvert
Author-Name: Pankaj C. Patel
Author-X-Name-First: Pankaj C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Patel
Author-Name: Joakim Wincent
Author-X-Name-First: Joakim
Author-X-Name-Last: Wincent
Title: Struggling with social capital: Pakistani women micro entrepreneurs’ challenges in acquiring resources
Abstract:
A crucial aspect of successful venturing is social capital. In contrast to traditional Western-oriented research where social capital is construed positively, we found that in the traditional, patriarchal society of Pakistan, social capital puts high restrictions on women micro entrepreneurs – where social capital prevents or slows venturing efforts. Results also show that although women do get some selective access to resources from family members, they are restricted by limited access to social capital outside of family members. As women entrepreneurs have the potential to play an important role in the development of any society, and especially so in developing countries, based on the insights derived from this qualitative study, we propose suggestions for further research on women micro entrepreneurs in non-Western contexts.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 759-790
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1349190
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1349190
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:759-790
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jacopo Canello
Author-X-Name-First: Jacopo
Author-X-Name-Last: Canello
Author-Name: Paolo Pavone
Author-X-Name-First: Paolo
Author-X-Name-Last: Pavone
Author-Name: Saverio Testa
Author-X-Name-First: Saverio
Author-X-Name-Last: Testa
Title: Same same, but different: the heterogeneous nature of subcontractors inside Italian industrial districts
Abstract:
This paper investigates the structural features and performances of small firms interacting inside regional production networks, with particular regard to Italian industrial districts specialized in footwear production. A typological classification of the various participants in the supply chains is introduced and used to interpret the performances of the main groups identified, focusing on a five-year period following the 2008 financial crisis. The empirical investigation is conducted using an innovative archive containing detailed information on a large share of Italian micro and small firms that are generally excluded from most firm-level databases. The results show that, inside industrial districts, subcontractors are best described as a set of heterogeneous agents with distinct identities and idiosyncratic approaches to the market. The most widely diffused type of supplier still retains most of the structural characteristics traditionally described by the literature. However, industrial districts are also characterized by the presence of advanced forms of subcontractors whose organizational structure differs from that of a traditional supplier: in fact, such producers share more commonalities with end product firms. The analysis of the performances indicates that advanced subcontractors displayed better results during the period 2008–2012, while traditional suppliers tend to occupy a peripheral position in most subcontracting networks.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 791-813
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 29
Year: 2017
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1350886
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1350886
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:29:y:2017:i:7-8:p:791-813
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Igone Porto Gómez
Author-X-Name-First: Igone
Author-X-Name-Last: Porto Gómez
Author-Name: José Ramón Otegi Olaso
Author-X-Name-First: José Ramón
Author-X-Name-Last: Otegi Olaso
Author-Name: Jon Mikel Zabala-Iturriagagoitia
Author-X-Name-First: Jon Mikel
Author-X-Name-Last: Zabala-Iturriagagoitia
Title: ROSA, ROSAE, ROSIS: modelling a regional open sectoral innovation system
Abstract:
The literature on territorial innovation modes has identified the development of a diverse set of innovation systems at multiple levels of analysis. However, there are certain gaps that do not allow their adaptation to the particularities of certain territories. Despite the multiple concepts related to innovation systems approach, the state of the art does not yet provide a useful analytical approach for a deep and comprehensive characterization of territories with a high sectoral and technological specialization. This paper introduces an analytical framework based on a regional open and sectoral innovation system, which is qualitatively tested in the Durango County (Spain). The aim of this paper is to introduce a subtype of innovation system that meets the requirements and needs of a located micro-territory with a high level of sectoral specialization.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 26-50
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1095946
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1095946
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:1-2:p:26-50
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hermann Frank
Author-X-Name-First: Hermann
Author-X-Name-Last: Frank
Author-Name: Hans Landström
Author-X-Name-First: Hans
Author-X-Name-Last: Landström
Title: What makes entrepreneurship research interesting? Reflections on strategies to overcome the rigour–relevance gap
Abstract:
As entrepreneurship researchers compete to have their work published and universities strive to attract the best entrepreneurship scholars, it is appropriate to examine what makes entrepreneurship research interesting. Interesting studies are usually defined as well-crafted and well-written studies that challenge established knowledge, and produce new theories and findings. This paper examines entrepreneurship scholars’ views on the characteristics of interesting entrepreneurship research by means of a qualitative approach. Eight focus group interviews comprising junior and senior entrepreneurship scholars were conducted. A core finding is that interesting studies must be relevant to practice. However, the institutionalization of entrepreneurship as an academic field has favoured rigour at the cost of relevance, leading to scholars’ frustration with the rigour–relevance gap. In this paper, we analyse various dimensions of interestingness and reflect on strategies for overcoming the rigour–relevance gap, with particular focus on the creation of applicative knowledge.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 51-75
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1100687
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1100687
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:1-2:p:51-75
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Karin Berglund
Author-X-Name-First: Karin
Author-X-Name-Last: Berglund
Author-Name: Johan Gaddefors
Author-X-Name-First: Johan
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaddefors
Author-Name: Monica Lindgren
Author-X-Name-First: Monica
Author-X-Name-Last: Lindgren
Title: Provoking identities: entrepreneurship and emerging identity positions in rural development
Abstract:
This article discusses entrepreneurship in a depleted community in transition. The purpose is to develop knowledge about how discourses are used in the positioning of identity in regional development. The concept positioning illustrates how identities are provoked, challenged, negotiated and moved into identity positions that break away from the idea of imitating successful and wealthy regions; instead, locality, place and history emerge as important resources from where local actors obtain agency and recognize new opportunities. Ethnographic data of a single case were collected over a six-year period between 2005 and 2010. The longitudinal nature of the study made it possible to incorporate how local stakeholders took on new identity positions, while handling their inspiration as well as their frustration. Results show how rural change was conditioned by discourses and how entrepreneurship challenged and reframed dominating structures through interaction between entrepreneurship and community. Four discourses, expressed as dichotomies available to people in this depleted community, illustrate the interactive process of positioning: change vs. traditions, rational vs. irrational, spectacular vs. mundane and individual vs. collective. The results support research emphasizing perspectives that acknowledge interaction between entrepreneurship and context as well as discursive aspects of regional development.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 76-96
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1109002
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1109002
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:1-2:p:76-96
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Minghao Li
Author-X-Name-First: Minghao
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Author-Name: Stephan J. Goetz
Author-X-Name-First: Stephan J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Goetz
Author-Name: Mark Partridge
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Partridge
Author-Name: David A. Fleming
Author-X-Name-First: David A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fleming
Title: Location determinants of high-growth firms
Abstract:
County-level location patterns of INC5000 companies provide one map of American entrepreneurship and innovativeness, and understanding the local factors associated with these firms’ emergence is important for stimulating regional economic growth and innovation. We draw on the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship to motivate our regression model, and augment this theory with additional regional features that have been found to be important in the firm location literature. Zero-inflated negative binomial regressions indicate that these firms exist in counties with larger average establishment size, higher educational attainment and more natural amenities. Income growth, a mix of higher paying industries, and more banks per capita are associated with a smaller presence of these types of firms, all else equal. We conclude that the local conditions favouring high-growth firms are likely to be different from those favouring new firms in general, and that these conditions differ significantly in urban and rural areas and by industrial sectors.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 97-125
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1109003
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1109003
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:1-2:p:97-125
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Claudia Doblinger
Author-X-Name-First: Claudia
Author-X-Name-Last: Doblinger
Author-Name: Michael Dowling
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Dowling
Author-Name: Roland Helm
Author-X-Name-First: Roland
Author-X-Name-Last: Helm
Title: An institutional perspective of public policy and network effects in the renewable energy industry: enablers or disablers of entrepreneurial behaviour and innovation?
Abstract:
This study extends theory on the effects of public policies stimulating technology demand and of industry network ties on firm-level entrepreneurial behaviour. We take an institutional perspective to develop a theoretical model examining the mechanisms through which public policies, regulatory uncertainty, and industry network ties affect firm-level entrepreneurial decision-making processes and the ability to introduce highly innovative products and to sustain superior performance. We focus on firm-level effects, which enables the study of the tension between institutional pressures of homogeneity and competitive pressures of heterogeneity for entrepreneurial decision-making processes in environments characterized by policy-induced market demands. To test our hypotheses, we draw on data from a large-scale survey among German renewable energy firms. Our results show that public policies can constrain firm innovativeness and risk-taking behaviour because they steer firms towards a more conservative attitude and discourage the pursuit of high-risk innovation projects. However, firms can counteract these influences and enhance their innovativeness by maintaining close network ties with research associations as we find that innovativeness and a highly innovative product portfolio are key success factors. In summary, these findings provide important implications for the study of public policy effects, industry network ties and entrepreneurial behaviour.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 126-156
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1109004
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1109004
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:1-2:p:126-156
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Virginia Simón-Moya
Author-X-Name-First: Virginia
Author-X-Name-Last: Simón-Moya
Author-Name: Lorenzo Revuelto-Taboada
Author-X-Name-First: Lorenzo
Author-X-Name-Last: Revuelto-Taboada
Author-Name: Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano
Author-X-Name-First: Domingo
Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano
Title: Influence of economic crisis on new SME survival: reality or fiction?
Abstract:
The aim of this research was to analyse the survival of new ventures during periods of economic crisis. The article compares survival probability during growth and crisis periods. An empirical study was used to analyse new venture survival probability. Results show that new firms have a greater likelihood of surviving during crisis periods than they do during growth periods. An additional aim of the study was to analyse the survival probability of opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs during crisis periods. Results show that gaps in survival likelihood between opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship are bigger during times of crisis than they are during growth periods.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 157-176
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2015.1118560
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2015.1118560
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:1-2:p:157-176
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Colin C. Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Colin C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: Muhammad S. Shahid
Author-X-Name-First: Muhammad S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Shahid
Title: Informal entrepreneurship and institutional theory: explaining the varying degrees of (in)formalization of entrepreneurs in Pakistan
Abstract:
In recent years, scholars adopting institutional theory have explained the tendency of entrepreneurs to operate in the informal sector to be a result of the asymmetry between formal institutions (the codified laws and regulations) and informal institutions (norms, values and codes of conduct). The aim of this article is to further advance this institutional approach by evaluating the varying degrees of informalization of entrepreneurs and then analysing whether lower levels of formalization are associated with higher levels of institutional asymmetry. To do this, a 2012 survey of the varying degrees of informalization of 300 entrepreneurs in Pakistan is reported. The finding is that 62% of entrepreneurs operate wholly informal enterprises, 31% largely informal and 7% largely formal enterprises. None operate wholly formal enterprises. Those displaying lower levels of formalization are shown to be significantly more likely to display higher levels of institutional asymmetry, exhibiting greater concerns about public sector corruption, possessing lower tax morality and being more concerned about high tax rates and the procedural and distributive injustice and unfairness of the authorities. These entrepreneurs tend to be lower-income, younger and less-educated entrepreneurs. The article concludes by discussing the theoretical and policy implications of these findings.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-25
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 28
Year: 2016
Month: 1
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2014.963889
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2014.963889
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:28:y:2016:i:1-2:p:1-25
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jun Li
Author-X-Name-First: Jun
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Author-Name: Jingjing Qu
Author-X-Name-First: Jingjing
Author-X-Name-Last: Qu
Author-Name: Qihai Huang
Author-X-Name-First: Qihai
Author-X-Name-Last: Huang
Title: Why are some graduate entrepreneurs more innovative than others? The effect of human capital, psychological factor and entrepreneurial rewards on entrepreneurial innovativeness
Abstract:
This study investigates the innovation behaviour of graduate start-ups at the individual level. It bridges the graduate enterprise literature and innovative entrepreneurship literature to put forward three arguments that ascertain why highly educated graduate entrepreneurs are not always innovative in starting new businesses. First, anchoring on the individual opportunity costs–entrepreneurial rewards nexus, it argues that graduate entrepreneurs will exploit opportunities innovatively if they expect the levels of entrepreneurial rewards that match their high human capital and high opportunity costs. Second, it is argued that entrepreneurial innovativeness is conditional on psychological factors such as students’ managerial self-efficacy and overconfidence. Third, it is also argued that the nonlinear relationship between entrepreneurial innovativeness and entrepreneurial rewards will drive graduate entrepreneurs to exploit even riskier opportunities in search for high rewards. This study operationalizes the theoretical framework with an empirical model and estimates it using a graduate entrepreneur sample from a questionnaire survey in China. Our results suggest that innovation behaviour of graduate start-ups is influenced by the quantity of human capital, psychological make-up and expectations of entrepreneurial rewards.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 479-501
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1406540
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1406540
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:5-6:p:479-501
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tanja Leppäaho
Author-X-Name-First: Tanja
Author-X-Name-Last: Leppäaho
Author-Name: Kalle Pajunen
Author-X-Name-First: Kalle
Author-X-Name-Last: Pajunen
Title: Institutional distance and international networking
Abstract:
We focus on how small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) adapt to differences in institutional logics (values, beliefs, and rules) in their networking when they enter an institutionally distant market. We address gaps in the literature, relating to the role of institutional logics in SME internationalization, and how institutional distance affects the formation of network ties. We show how the social interaction involved in internationalization is embedded in the institutional logics followed by partnering actors. Specifically, we demonstrate how institutional distance may constrain the networking activities of SMEs and identify practices that may support successful internationalization.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 502-529
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1407365
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1407365
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:5-6:p:502-529
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pedro M. García-Villaverde
Author-X-Name-First: Pedro M.
Author-X-Name-Last: García-Villaverde
Author-Name: Gloria Parra-Requena
Author-X-Name-First: Gloria
Author-X-Name-Last: Parra-Requena
Author-Name: F. Xavier Molina-Morales
Author-X-Name-First: F. Xavier
Author-X-Name-Last: Molina-Morales
Title: Structural social capital and knowledge acquisition: implications of cluster membership
Abstract:
This paper analyzes the implications of belonging to a cluster through the relationship between structural social capital and knowledge acquisition. The findings suggest structural social capital only indirectly affects knowledge acquisition through the relational and cognitive dimensions of firms’ membership of a cluster. However, the structural dimension also has a direct impact on knowledge for external firms outside a cluster. This paper contributes to the cluster literature with a better contextualization and understanding of the relationship between structural social capital and knowledge acquisition. In addition, the paper also consolidates the inter-organizational approach to social capital theory by helping to understand how and in what context social capital dimensions are interrelated. The study analyzes how firms can acquire valuable knowledge from their networks, filling the gap in the literature on how this process occurs inside and outside clusters. This works also proposes recommendations for companies and institutions, and new complementary lines of research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 530-561
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1407366
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1407366
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:5-6:p:530-561
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tanja Leppäaho
Author-X-Name-First: Tanja
Author-X-Name-Last: Leppäaho
Author-Name: Sylvie Chetty
Author-X-Name-First: Sylvie
Author-X-Name-Last: Chetty
Author-Name: Pavlos Dimitratos
Author-X-Name-First: Pavlos
Author-X-Name-Last: Dimitratos
Title: Network embeddedness in the internationalization of biotechnology entrepreneurs
Abstract:
This study investigates how entrepreneurs of biotech enterprises embed in domestic and international networks so as to internationalize. We advance a contextual framework of embeddedness of internationalizing entrepreneurs, providing a contribution (i) by synthesizing and applying existing conceptual insights from the networking literature to provide a more culturally sensitive view of getting embedded for international entrepreneurship in the biotech industry and (ii) by adding insights into the practices and (micro)processes of how and in what ways embeddedness integrates with the internationalization of biotech entrepreneurs. Our study involves six entrepreneurs from Canada, Finland, and New Zealand. Context-specific embeddedness was studied by exploring the (i) type, (ii) strength, (iii) locality, and (iv) importance of the international and national network ties among internationalizing entrepreneurs. We found differences in relation to the locality of universities and research institutes, role and type of financiers, and customer focus in internationalization. For instance, while customers were central to the embeddedness of Canadian and New Zealand entrepreneurs, Finnish entrepreneurs had no focus on their customers, but acted solely through sales channels and partners. The customer focus of New Zealand entrepreneurs was mainly international, whereas it was domestic in the case of Canadian entrepreneurs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 562-584
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2017.1408697
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2017.1408697
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:5-6:p:562-584
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Betina Szkudlarek
Author-X-Name-First: Betina
Author-X-Name-Last: Szkudlarek
Author-Name: Shou Xin Wu
Author-X-Name-First: Shou Xin
Author-X-Name-Last: Wu
Title: The culturally contingent meaning of entrepreneurship: mixed embeddedness and co-ethnic ties
Abstract:
This study employs phenomenography to investigate the role of embeddedness in business venturing of migrant and ethnic entrepreneurs. By focusing on two culturally distinct groups, operating in the same micro-economic context, we show the ways in which embeddedness impacts the perceptions and subsequent enactment of business venturing. Our findings demonstrate that, despite physical proximity and similar socio-economic context, the investigated communities predominantly employ their co-ethnic norms, assumptions and frames of reference to makes sense of and act upon entrepreneurial opportunities. These findings expand the mixed embeddedness literature by exploring how co-ethnic sensemaking frames persist within culturally distinct communities, despite years of co-existence within the same socio-economic context. Moreover, our study reveals how co-ethnic structures can successfully substitute institutional arrangements traditionally provided by the host-country environment. By reflecting upon the practice of entrepreneuring and entrepreneurial sensemaking, our findings point towards the importance of language and interpretative methods for theory development.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 585-611
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1432701
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1432701
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:5-6:p:585-611
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bruno Brandão Fischer
Author-X-Name-First: Bruno Brandão
Author-X-Name-Last: Fischer
Author-Name: Sérgio Queiroz
Author-X-Name-First: Sérgio
Author-X-Name-Last: Queiroz
Author-Name: Nicholas S. Vonortas
Author-X-Name-First: Nicholas S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Vonortas
Title: On the location of knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship in developing countries: lessons from São Paulo, Brazil
Abstract:
This article empirically appraises the geographical distribution of knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship (KIE) in the settings of an emerging economy. We start from the typical agglomeration approach and then introduce a set of variables related to local market conditions, distance from the economic hub, and knowledge & innovation system to explain KIE location and density on the basis of city-level data in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Findings indicate KIE concentration in and around a few urban areas, providing support to agglomeration economies concepts. There is strong evidence that the local presence of research-oriented universities, access to capital, and business concentration are correlated to KIE emergence and density. Results also indicate the moderating effect of agglomeration diseconomies mainly related to factors of rapid and anarchic expansion of urban centers and the consequences of extreme inequalities in income distribution. This challenges the usability of concepts of entrepreneurial ecosystems from advanced economies if not adapted to the realities of developing countries.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 612-638
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1438523
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1438523
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:5-6:p:612-638
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jan Ole Rypestøl
Author-X-Name-First: Jan Ole
Author-X-Name-Last: Rypestøl
Author-Name: Jarle Aarstad
Author-X-Name-First: Jarle
Author-X-Name-Last: Aarstad
Title: Entrepreneurial innovativeness and growth ambitions in thick vs. thin regional innovation systems
Abstract:
Research in economic geography has paid increasing attention to regional innovation systems (RISs) as a potential vehicle for growth and development. Yet despite an increasing amount of research studying RISs in particular and economic regions in general, we have limited knowledge about their influence on entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. We respond to this knowledge gap and study if entrepreneurs’ localization in thick vs. thin RISs affects their innovativeness and growth ambitions. Thick RISs are predominately urbanized spaces that include organizations of higher-level education, R&D intensive milieus, and an ample industry sector, while thin RISs to a lesser degree encompass these features. Empirically, we analyse 870–917 entrepreneurial firms in Agder of Southern Norway. Based on trade and labour markets, as defined by the EU’s classification of local administrative units (LAU1), we identify two thick and six thin RISs in Agder. Econometric analyses show that entrepreneurs located in thick RISs are more innovative than entrepreneurs located in thin RISs, but there are no significant differences concerning entrepreneurs’ growth ambitions. In light of our findings, we discuss the potential agency role played by entrepreneurial firms at a micro level on path dependent features of RISs at a macro level.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 639-661
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1444104
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1444104
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:5-6:p:639-661
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Inge Hill
Author-X-Name-First: Inge
Author-X-Name-Last: Hill
Title: How did you get up and running? Taking a Bourdieuan perspective towards a framework for negotiating strategic fit
Abstract:
This article suggests a theoretical framework for illustrating significant iterative processes that need to be strategically managed when entering a new field or changing a social position within a field. Applying a process-relational perspective, the framework theoretically underpins what propels individuals to change their behaviour conceptualized as constructing a strategic fit between personal structure and fields. Using Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus, field and capitals as a lens the analysis reveals how capital transformations eventually can lead to a social construction of this temporary strategic fit. The article argues that the performance of habitus expresses temporary field specific social positioning as a social materialization of macrostructures (gender, age, class, etc.). This suggested framework is applied to conceptualizing how nascent entrepreneurs successfully negotiate entrepreneurial processes. It is concerned with a small aspect: how to physically start a business (its registration and the start of trading). In this context, the article unpacks how the transformation of capitals mediates nascent entrepreneurs’ social positioning. This article contributes to the growing ‘social turn’ research situating entrepreneurial processes within social relations and context and the emerging Entrepreneurship as Practice field. It offers practical implications for business support and research directions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 662-696
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1449015
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1449015
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:5-6:p:662-696
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Indianna D Minto-Coy
Author-X-Name-First: Indianna D
Author-X-Name-Last: Minto-Coy
Author-Name: Jonathan G Lashley
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan G
Author-X-Name-Last: Lashley
Author-Name: David J Storey
Author-X-Name-First: David J
Author-X-Name-Last: Storey
Title: Enterprise and entrepreneurship in the Caribbean region: introduction to the special issue
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship as a pseudo-discipline has matured to the point where it has begun to question the myths which have developed around it. As a panacea for the development ills of capitalism, studies have spanned various ideological and methodological viewpoints. Spatially, entrepreneurship studies have grown to include countries of the Global South and emerging economies, particularly those of Eastern Europe. This special issue extends this reach to the small developing states of the Caribbean and particularly those with a British colonial legacy rooted in the remnants of the plantation economy. The commencement of political independence in the 1960s has not resulted in any significant economic independence for the region as it remains dependent on foreign investment, whilst its key sectors remain subject to the volatility of the economies of the global north. The papers in this special issue identify domestic and enterprise level constraints to the development of entrepreneurship in the region. This Introduction places these, mostly micro-level studies, in a wider context, concluding that policy-makers need to better understand the concept of entrepreneurship and its role in achieving developmental goals. Our challenging recommendation is that those formulating and delivering these policies and practices should do so with an entrepreneurial mind-set.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 921-941
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1515823
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1515823
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:9-10:p:921-941
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephen Drinkwater
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen
Author-X-Name-Last: Drinkwater
Author-Name: Jonathan Lashley
Author-X-Name-First: Jonathan
Author-X-Name-Last: Lashley
Author-Name: Catherine Robinson
Author-X-Name-First: Catherine
Author-X-Name-Last: Robinson
Title: Barriers to enterprise development in the Caribbean
Abstract:
Caribbean economies have suffered from stagnant growth since the 1990s. This can be a feature of small developing economies and is a major concern for policymakers. In this article, we examine establishment-level data to gain a better understanding of the factors that constrain the growth of businesses in the region. In addition to documenting broad differences in obstacles to business within and across the region, we particularly focus on the main obstacles affecting small and medium-sized firms. The econometric analysis highlights three main barriers at a regional level: an inadequately educated workforce; access to finance; and crime, theft and disorder. However, there are variations at the country level and the analysis indicates clusters of countries that experience obstacles to similar degrees. The article concludes with recommendations for alleviating the constraints to enterprise development and in stimulating economic growth.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 942-963
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1515821
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1515821
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:9-10:p:942-963
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tracey Broome
Author-X-Name-First: Tracey
Author-X-Name-Last: Broome
Author-Name: Winston Moore
Author-X-Name-First: Winston
Author-X-Name-Last: Moore
Author-Name: Philmore Alleyne
Author-X-Name-First: Philmore
Author-X-Name-Last: Alleyne
Title: Financing constraints and the R&D decision in the Caribbean
Abstract:
The Caribbean has one the lowest rates of Research and Development (R&D) investment intensity by firms. This characteristic can limit the growth and sustainability of Caribbean businesses given the role that this type of investment plays in firm growth and competitiveness. Using the World Bank’s Enterprise Survey database, which provides firm-level data on 13 Caribbean nations, this paper evaluates the decision to engage in R&D amongst Caribbean firms. Using cross-sectional regression analysis to estimate R&D models, the results suggest firms that participate in trade, are technologically-inclined and have access to bank financing, are more likely to make the decision to invest in R&D. Small firms, especially those facing financing obstacles, however, are less likely to engage in R&D. Our findings also provide insights into the financing of R&D investment and could be used by policymakers to encourage greater innovation in the region.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 964-986
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1515820
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1515820
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:9-10:p:964-986
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Preeya Mohan
Author-X-Name-First: Preeya
Author-X-Name-Last: Mohan
Author-Name: Eric Strobl
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Strobl
Author-Name: Patrick Watson
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick
Author-X-Name-Last: Watson
Title: In-firm training, innovation and productivity: the case of Caribbean Small Island Developing States
Abstract:
In-firm training is a crucial innovative activity in modern knowledge-based economies, which face increasing global competition and rapidly changing technology. Nevertheless, there are few studies that look at in-firm training in the Caribbean. This study uses the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) 2010 and Compete Caribbean’s Productivity Technology Innovation Survey (PROTEqIN) 2014 to provide empirical evidence on in-firm training in the region. The results suggest that there is a relatively low incidence of training in the region, although there are significant differences across countries and this may be because of heterogeneities in public support and barriers to in-firm training. Also, various firm characteristics affect in-firm training including size, ownership, whether the firm exports, whether the firm is part of a larger organization, innovative activity and workforce structure and educational level. Lastly, the findings suggest that in-firm training in the region may play a relatively small role and may even not matter for innovation and productivity, although this finding may be because of low levels of formal training and the metrics used in defining and measuring in-firm training, innovation and productivity given the data available and limitations of the sample.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 987-1011
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1515824
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1515824
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:9-10:p:987-1011
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Densil A. Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Densil A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: Boumediene Ramdani
Author-X-Name-First: Boumediene
Author-X-Name-Last: Ramdani
Title: Exploring the characteristics of prosperous SMEs in the Caribbean
Abstract:
Despite the extensive literature on small business growth and performance, relatively little is known on the features of firms that have been prosperous for a long period of time. Adopting Storey’s determinants of growth framework, this study explores the characteristics of the entrepreneur, the firm, and the firm’s strategy contributing to the prosperity of small firms in the Caribbean. Using multiple case studies from across the region, this study reveals that SME prosperity in the Caribbean seems to depend on combining certain characteristics namely, the entrepreneur’s strategic leadership, networks, and intimate knowledge of products and business operations, and the firm’s strategy of branding and market diversification. The findings show that unlike the results from previous studies in large and developed countries, it is a mix of these characteristics that determines SME prosperity. Research and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1012-1026
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1515826
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1515826
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:9-10:p:1012-1026
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Clint O. Hurley
Author-X-Name-First: Clint O.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hurley
Title: MSME competitiveness in small island economies: a comparative systematic review of the literature from the past 24 years
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to consolidate the extant literature on firm competitiveness in general and compare it to the literature related to micro, small and medium enterprise (MSME) competitiveness generally and then specifically to literature on MSME competitiveness in small island economies (SIEs). The paper contrasts these three research threads to develop a research framework to guide the future MSME research agenda in small island economies. This systematic literature review uses the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) database for citation analysis to identify the most influential research, and the Ex Libris’ Primo Central Index (PCI) and EBSCO Caribbean Search database for small island-specific literature. The review identifies the research themes of most relevance to MSMEs in small island economies. The paper found that research on MSMEs competitiveness in small island economies should focus on the moderating role of country-level characteristics on the relationships between the sources of competitiveness such as, intellectual capital, human capital management, social capital, innovation, internationalization as well as strategy implementation; and firm competitiveness outcomes. The value of the paper is that it shows the differences in the competitiveness priorities of large firms versus MSMEs and small island MSMEs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1027-1068
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1515822
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1515822
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:9-10:p:1027-1068
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Thomas Schøtt
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Schøtt
Title: Entrepreneurial pursuits in the Caribbean diaspora: networks and their mixed effects
Abstract:
Domestic Caribbean entrepreneurs are embedded in their home-society. Diasporic entrepreneurs have a dual embeddedness in home-society and in host-society, with networks spanning both societies, which may give them comparative advantages in innovation, exporting and growth. Enterprising is traditionally a livelihood in the Caribbean, which is carried into the diaspora and sustained by dense ties between host- and home-societies. The empirical contribution is a three-way comparison between the Caribbean diaspora, the domestic Caribbeans and diasporans from other world regions. It uses a representative sample of adults living in, or originating from, the Caribbean. Diasporans are found to often become entrepreneurs by a pull of opportunity, whereas domestics are more likely to experience a push of necessity. Diasporans, more than domestics, are networking in the transnational sphere and in the sphere of business operations. This networking promotes outcomes such as innovation, exporting and growth expectations, in contrast to negative effects from networking in the private sphere. Policies may enhance benefits of diasporic entrepreneurship for Caribbean society.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1069-1090
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1515825
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1515825
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:9-10:p:1069-1090
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Neil A. Thompson
Author-X-Name-First: Neil A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson
Author-Name: Karen Verduijn
Author-X-Name-First: Karen
Author-X-Name-Last: Verduijn
Author-Name: William B. Gartner
Author-X-Name-First: William B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gartner
Title: Entrepreneurship-as-practice: grounding contemporary theories of practice into entrepreneurship studies
Abstract:
In this article, we contend that entrepreneurship studies would greatly benefit from engagement with contemporary theorizations of practice. The practice tradition conceives of the process of entrepreneuring as the enactment and entanglement of multiple practices. Appreciating entrepreneurial phenomena as the enactment and entanglement of practices orients researchers to an ontological understanding of entrepreneuring as relational, material and processual. Therefore, practice theories direct scholars towards observing and explaining the real-time practices of entrepreneuring practitioners. Articles in this special issue on ‘entrepreneurship-as-practice’ are discussed and suggestions for future research and scholarship that utilize contemporary theorizations of practice are offered.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 247-256
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1641978
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641978
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:3-4:p:247-256
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elena P. Antonacopoulou
Author-X-Name-First: Elena P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonacopoulou
Author-Name: Ted Fuller
Author-X-Name-First: Ted
Author-X-Name-Last: Fuller
Title: Practising entrepreneuring as emplacement: the impact of sensation and anticipation in entrepreneurial action
Abstract:
We extend the Entrepreneurship as Practice debate by making the case for the lived experience of entrepreneuring, i.e. when entrepreneurship is practised as part of the everyday, seizing moments that define action as entrepreneurial. We focus not only on the enactment and embodiment of entrepreneurial practices but also their emplacement. Emplacement goes beyond context, process and practice in entrepreneuring, to account for ways entrepreneurial practices are formed, performed and transformed when grounded in the sensations. Such sensuousness gives in turn practical support to entrepreneurial action in the anticipation that defines what is deemed a suitable response given the eco-system being co-created. This focus on emplacement extends our analysis and treatment of social practices as recursive and presents more clearly the impact of practising as a leap of faith integral to the emerging novelty that characterizes entrepreneuring moment by moment. This perspective offers new theoretical and methodological avenues for advancing future entrepreneurship research and demonstrates how entrepreneuring is integral to other practices such as strategizing, project managing and leading. A new emplacement framework and illustrative case examples of entrepreneuring plant the seeds for a new chapter in the Entrepreneurship as Practice debate.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 257-280
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1641974
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641974
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:3-4:p:257-280
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Claire Champenois
Author-X-Name-First: Claire
Author-X-Name-Last: Champenois
Author-Name: Vincent Lefebvre
Author-X-Name-First: Vincent
Author-X-Name-Last: Lefebvre
Author-Name: Sébastien Ronteau
Author-X-Name-First: Sébastien
Author-X-Name-Last: Ronteau
Title: Entrepreneurship as practice: systematic literature review of a nascent field
Abstract:
This paper provides a Systematic Literature Review (‘SLR’) of the emerging ‘entrepreneurship-as-practice’ (EaP) research field. It advances EaP as a ‘platform of expression’ that enriches entrepreneurship research. Following the ‘practice turn’ in social sciences, entrepreneurship is also interested in this new approach. The goal of this article is to map and critically review the literature within the EaP field. The Systematic Literature Review returned 76 articles contributing closely to EaP. Beyond descriptive analytics, results highlight the main research topics of EaP stream as well as multiple methodologies that connect researchers and participants through various research practices. The paper identifies a spectrum of seven theoretical frameworks underlying EaP studies and puts forward examples of research and empirical contexts to provoke the entrepreneurship research community to study actual practices in their diversity. Lastly, the authors detail in five propositions the promising avenues for future research opened by EaP.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 281-312
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1641975
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641975
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:3-4:p:281-312
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Chrysavgi Sklaveniti
Author-X-Name-First: Chrysavgi
Author-X-Name-Last: Sklaveniti
Author-Name: Chris Steyaert
Author-X-Name-First: Chris
Author-X-Name-Last: Steyaert
Title: Reflecting with Pierre Bourdieu: towards a reflexive outlook for practice-based studies of entrepreneurship
Abstract:
In recent times, practice-based approaches have gained momentum as theoretical tools to understand entrepreneurship. Even if this project is far from finished, in this paper we argue that it needs its own critical assessment by zooming in on one of the major implications which comes with taking the practice turn, namely the question of reflexivity. Drawing on Bourdieu’s rich and refined conception of reflexivity, which forms an inherent part of his practice theory, we delineate the importance of incorporating this notion in how we further apply Bourdieu in practice-based entrepreneurship studies, while also opening up for a reflexive outlook of the practice turn in entrepreneurship studies. In particular, we argue that reflexivity is not so much a self-involved scholarly issue but rather a matter of attending to the social and intellectual unconscious embedded in our research and analytical tools, which can bring both epistemic and civic renewal in the ways practice-based approaches are developed in entrepreneurship studies. In the conclusion, we underline that the practice turn, without a reflexive outlook, will rather maintain the status quo of the field of entrepreneurship studies instead of realizing the promise it holds for the study of entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 313-333
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1641976
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641976
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:3-4:p:313-333
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bruce Teague
Author-X-Name-First: Bruce
Author-X-Name-Last: Teague
Author-Name: M. David Gorton
Author-X-Name-First: M. David
Author-X-Name-Last: Gorton
Author-Name: Yanxin Liu
Author-X-Name-First: Yanxin
Author-X-Name-Last: Liu
Title: Different pitches for different stages of entrepreneurial development: the practice of pitching to business angels
Abstract:
In this paper, we draw upon social practice theory as a lens through which to challenge commonly held assumptions about the practice of pitching. This study presents evidence suggesting that the commonly studied investment pitch, may in fact be part of a larger relational practice that plays out across time as entrepreneurs and their new businesses develop. We present findings from twenty-seven months of participant observation in an active angel investment organization located in the United States. Based on our observations, we discuss four types of pitch: developmental, pre-investment, investment, and update.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 334-352
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 3
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1641977
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641977
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:3-4:p:334-352
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Qihai Huang
Author-X-Name-First: Qihai
Author-X-Name-Last: Huang
Author-Name: Xueyuan Liu
Author-X-Name-First: Xueyuan
Author-X-Name-Last: Liu
Author-Name: Jun Li
Author-X-Name-First: Jun
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Title: Contextualization of Chinese entrepreneurship research: an overview and some future research directions
Abstract:
In this article, we briefly identify seven evolving characteristics of Chinese entrepreneurship that capture either the essential contextual elements or the outcomes of the contextual influences in China and provide a fertile ground for entrepreneurship research in China. We then present three approaches to contextualization in Chinese entrepreneurship research and map extant research with these approaches to assess the current state of contextualization in Chinese entrepreneurship research. Following the discussion we introduce the five contributions to the Special Issue that advance a more nuanced understanding of entrepreneurship in China from five diverse perspectives. We finally argue that the next stage of entrepreneurship research in China needs to explore four contextual parameters.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 353-369
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640437
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640437
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:5-6:p:353-369
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Juanyi Chen
Author-X-Name-First: Juanyi
Author-X-Name-Last: Chen
Author-Name: Li Cai
Author-X-Name-First: Li
Author-X-Name-Last: Cai
Author-Name: Garry D. Bruton
Author-X-Name-First: Garry D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bruton
Author-Name: Naiheng Sheng
Author-X-Name-First: Naiheng
Author-X-Name-Last: Sheng
Title: Entrepreneurial ecosystems: what we know and where we move as we build an understanding of China
Abstract:
Scholars recognize entrepreneurial ecosystems of interconnected entrepreneurial actors, organizations, institutions, context, and entrepreneurial processes are critical to new venture success. Here we examine the burgeoning academic literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems in both the West and China to build a platform for the greater understanding of ecosystems, particularly as scholars expand its understanding in China. To build this understanding, we initially examine and classify the existing research in both leading international journals and Chinese journals on entrepreneurial ecosystems into four broad themes of nature, networks, institutions, and dynamics. We then build on this review of this literature to discuss how such findings inform scholars about the future research of ecosystems in China.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 370-388
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640438
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640438
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:5-6:p:370-388
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dong Chen
Author-X-Name-First: Dong
Author-X-Name-Last: Chen
Author-Name: Donghong Li
Author-X-Name-First: Donghong
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Author-Name: Yongsun Paik
Author-X-Name-First: Yongsun
Author-X-Name-Last: Paik
Title: The impact of sub-national institutions on SMEs’ diversification into new businesses: evidence from China
Abstract:
This study explores how sub-national institutions affect the diversification of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) into new businesses. Using a sample of 3240 SMEs in China, we found that the dominance of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and the development of market systems in a province were related to local SMEs’ diversification. Specifically, in provinces dominated by SOEs, SMEs were less likely to diversify into new businesses. The development of market systems tended to reduce the odds of diversification for SMEs that primarily served local markets, and lower the likelihood of unrelated diversification. As a rare attempt to examine the impact of sub-national institutions on SMEs’ diversification, this study contributes to the research on diversification, institutions, and SME management.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 389-407
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640444
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640444
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:5-6:p:389-407
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Weiqi Dai
Author-X-Name-First: Weiqi
Author-X-Name-Last: Dai
Author-Name: Felix Arndt
Author-X-Name-First: Felix
Author-X-Name-Last: Arndt
Author-Name: Mingqing Liao
Author-X-Name-First: Mingqing
Author-X-Name-Last: Liao
Title: Hear it straight from the horse’s mouth: recognizing policy-induced opportunities
Abstract:
What types of entrepreneurs are more likely to ‘stay tuned’ to government policies and does it pay? Integrating work on opportunity recognition and the institution-based view, this study examines the link between the pursuit of policy-induced opportunities and firm performance. Based on data analysis of 3284 Chinese privately owned firms in 31 regions/provinces in China, we find that entrepreneurs who have past working experience within the government are more likely to stay alert to government policies involving entrepreneurial opportunities, which leads to entrepreneurial activities and ultimately firm performance. This study enriches our understanding of opportunity recognition and development by expanding it to political markets. We assess the role of institutional variation as an important factor in emerging economies. We unravel the pivotal role of entrepreneurial alertness to government policies on enhancing firm performance by strengthening entrepreneurial activities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 408-428
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640452
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640452
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:5-6:p:408-428
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jinyun Duan
Author-X-Name-First: Jinyun
Author-X-Name-Last: Duan
Author-Name: Juelin Yin
Author-X-Name-First: Juelin
Author-X-Name-Last: Yin
Author-Name: Yue Xu
Author-X-Name-First: Yue
Author-X-Name-Last: Xu
Author-Name: Daoyou Wu
Author-X-Name-First: Daoyou
Author-X-Name-Last: Wu
Title: Should I stay or should I go? Job demands’ push and entrepreneurial resources’ pull in Chinese migrant workers’ return-home entrepreneurial intention
Abstract:
This study explores how the push factor of job demands and the pull factor of entrepreneurial resources influence the intention of Chinese migrant workers to return to their hometown and engage in entrepreneurial activities. Data were collected from 302 Chinese migrant workers. The main findings are as follows: a) job demands can increase the return-home entrepreneurial intention of migrant workers through the mediation of job burnout; b) entrepreneurial resources can positively influence the return-home entrepreneurial intention of migrant workers through the mediation of entrepreneurial conviction; c) generation positively moderates the job demands – job burnout – entrepreneurial intention relationship and negatively moderates the entrepreneurial resources – entrepreneurial conviction – entrepreneurial intention relationship. This study reveals the importance of examining push and pull factors concurrently, and emphasizes the intergenerational differences in explaining the return-home entrepreneurial intention of Chinese migrant workers.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 429-448
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640455
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640455
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:5-6:p:429-448
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zhibin Lin
Author-X-Name-First: Zhibin
Author-X-Name-Last: Lin
Author-Name: Xuebing Cao
Author-X-Name-First: Xuebing
Author-X-Name-Last: Cao
Author-Name: Ed Cottam
Author-X-Name-First: Ed
Author-X-Name-Last: Cottam
Title: International networking and knowledge acquisition of Chinese SMEs: the role of global mind-set and international entrepreneurial orientation
Abstract:
Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasing their international networking and knowledge acquisition activities. This paper attempts to explain this phenomenon by examining the joint influence of leader global mind-set and firms’ international entrepreneurial orientation on those two internationalisation activities. A conceptual model was developed and tested with data from a sample of 208 SMEs in China. The results indicate that both leader global mind-set and firm’s international entrepreneurial orientation have a direct impact on Chinese SMEs’ international networking and knowledge acquisition activities; in addition, leader global mind-set has an indirect effect through the mediation of firms’ international entrepreneurial orientation. The findings of this study provide important theoretical and practical implications.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 449-465
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 5
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1640459
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1640459
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:5-6:p:449-465
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Laura E. Grube
Author-X-Name-First: Laura E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Grube
Author-Name: Virgil Henry Storr
Author-X-Name-First: Virgil Henry
Author-X-Name-Last: Storr
Title: Embedded entrepreneurs and post-disaster community recovery
Abstract:
Entrepreneurs can and do play an important role in promoting community recovery after disasters. Research, however, has not adequately explored the behavior and practices of post-disaster entrepreneurs or acknowledged the role of entrepreneurs in overall disaster recovery. We attempt to fill this gap by highlighting the behavior and practices of entrepreneurs who contribute to recovery, specifically, we argue that post-disaster entrepreneurs: (a) supply needed resources to disaster victims, (b) leverage social capital to navigate extreme uncertainty, (c) are motivated by high place attachment, and (d) exhibit both commercial and social goals. They are able to successfully perform these functions because of the embedded nature of entrepreneurship. We offer evidence based on fieldwork conducted in New Orleans, Louisiana, following Hurricane Katrina and following the tornadoes in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and Joplin, Missouri.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 800-821
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1457084
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1457084
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:800-821
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Zhen Zhang
Author-X-Name-First: Zhen
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang
Author-Name: Trish Reay
Author-X-Name-First: Trish
Author-X-Name-Last: Reay
Title: Managing the Yin and Yang of family capital: a study of Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs
Abstract:
Family capital can provide positive resources for entrepreneurship; however, it can also bring negative consequences that hinder the growth of a new venture. We investigated how entrepreneurs experienced and managed the positives and negatives of family capital through in-depth semi-structured interviews with Chinese immigrants who landed in Canada between 2000 and 2014. We contribute to the entrepreneurship literature by highlighting the paradoxical nature of family capital, and by identifying five strategies that entrepreneurs employed to manage the paradox.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 722-748
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1457085
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1457085
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:722-748
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ekaterina Islankina
Author-X-Name-First: Ekaterina
Author-X-Name-Last: Islankina
Author-Name: Thomas Wolfgang Thurner
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Wolfgang
Author-X-Name-Last: Thurner
Title: Internationalization of cluster initiatives in Russia: empirical evidence
Abstract:
In the last few years, Russia has supported the establishment of cluster initiatives to strengthen economic development, open channels for knowledge transfer, raise the national technology base, and integrate domestic manufacturing more prominently into global value chains. This paper studies 25 pilot cluster initiatives which received financial support within the national programme. The analysis shows that privately funded initiatives tend to use the cluster format as an efficient way to organize economic activities. Publicly funded cluster initiatives, in contrast, are more likely to engage in R&D partnerships with institutes in technologically advanced regions, such as Western Europe or South-East Asia, and thereby act as transfer channels to strengthen the region’s technology base. Also, industries that build on analytical knowledge are more likely to engage in partnerships than industries that use local and tacit knowledge. Still, the cluster management organizations struggle greatly to appoint adequately skilled staff and to cope with limited financial resources, as these are the biggest barriers for cluster internationalization, while cultural differences and geographical distance were of much less importance.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 776-799
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1457086
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1457086
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:776-799
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Claudia Capozza
Author-X-Name-First: Claudia
Author-X-Name-Last: Capozza
Author-Name: Sergio Salomone
Author-X-Name-First: Sergio
Author-X-Name-Last: Salomone
Author-Name: Ernesto Somma
Author-X-Name-First: Ernesto
Author-X-Name-Last: Somma
Title: Local industrial structure, agglomeration economies and the creation of innovative start-ups: evidence from the Italian case
Abstract:
We explore the local factors associated with the emergence of innovative start-ups fostered by a targeted industrial policy intervention in Italy. We focus on the local industrial fabric and the agglomeration mechanisms, namely localization (specialization) economies, diversification economies and the proximity to large firms. Results show that both localization economies and diversification economies are at play. Notably, a greater presence of large firms at local level seems to support the creation of innovative start-ups. Other factors, such us the presence of technical and scientific universities and the urbanization, are found to encourage their formation. The contribution of local factors to the innovative start-up creation is found to be different depending on the regional development conditions. Our analysis outlines the features of a local ecosystem favourable to the emergence of these firms, providing policy makers with suggestions for moulding industrial policies to regional specific needs and to better exploit the local opportunities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 749-775
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1457087
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1457087
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:749-775
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Pengfei Li
Author-X-Name-First: Pengfei
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Title: A tale of two clusters: knowledge and emergence
Abstract:
Cluster emergence is an important topic but weakly conceptualized in the literature. Focusing on the interaction of the local knowledge pool and firm growth, the paper develops a comprehensive framework to understand cluster emergence. In the framework, the cluster formation process starts with the collision of local and external knowledge which generates an innovation and stimulates the creation of local pioneering firms in a new field. To support the growth of follow-up entrants in the new industry, the local knowledge pool needs to be expanded and deepened through local knowledge sharing and external knowledge inflows. The enlarged local knowledge pool enables local firms to grow and explore other fields further. To promote cluster emergence, public policies need to facilitate the interaction of the local knowledge pool and firm growth. The paper illustrates the interactive framework with two aluminum extrusion clusters in China that emerged in different ways over different time periods.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 822-847
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1462857
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1462857
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:822-847
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul D. Hannon
Author-X-Name-First: Paul D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hannon
Title: On becoming and being an entrepreneurship educator: a personal reflection
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship education has been studied intensively since 1990, yet little attention is given in the literature to the critical role and impact of the individuals that design and deliver it; the entrepreneurship educators. Who are they and what do we understand about them? Professor Alain Fayolle in 2013 challenged us to address this gap. In this article I aim to take on board Fayolle’s challenge and provide a single case of my own experience on the journey to becoming and being an entrepreneurship educator. After exploring the purpose and value of autobiographical methods, I then present the reader with my life story as an emerging entrepreneurship educator in the UK. This provides the basis for self-reflection and self-discovery to highlight key patterns of development that have shaped me as an entrepreneurship educator. Finally I provide personal thoughts on the important role of entrepreneurship educators as entrepreneurial leaders within their institutions. This paper has been produced in the hope that it will encourage other educators to share their journeys so that as a community we can better understand the ‘who’ of entrepreneurship educators.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 698-721
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1464259
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1464259
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:698-721
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hans Landström
Author-X-Name-First: Hans
Author-X-Name-Last: Landström
Title: PAUL HANNON – recipient of the European Entrepreneurship Education Award 2016
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 697-697
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1464404
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1464404
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:697-697
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lea Mergemeier
Author-X-Name-First: Lea
Author-X-Name-Last: Mergemeier
Author-Name: Jessica Moser
Author-X-Name-First: Jessica
Author-X-Name-Last: Moser
Author-Name: Tessa Christina Flatten
Author-X-Name-First: Tessa Christina
Author-X-Name-Last: Flatten
Title: The influence of multiple constraints along the venture creation process and on start-up intention in nascent entrepreneurship
Abstract:
This study examines the influence of multiple constraints encountered by nascent entrepreneurs (NEs) in their current phase of the venture creation process – disengaged, still trying or started – and on their start-up intention after disengagement. Drawing on a sample of 1872 German NEs collated in 2014, we extend the literature in the field of nascent entrepreneurship and encountered constraints. By applying the theories of planned behaviour and appraisal as an overarching theoretical foundation, we develop our hypotheses. We find that individuals who have recently abandoned their venture have faced significantly more constraints than other NEs. A deeper analysis reveals that financing difficulties and especially certain personal characteristics impede venture creation. Furthermore, our results show that constraints beyond an NE’s own control are lethal for the continuance of the intention to create a new business. We derive important implications for NEs, entrepreneurship education and policymakers.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 848-876
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1471163
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1471163
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:848-876
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Erratum
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: i-i
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1475043
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1475043
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:i-i
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Corrigendum
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 920-920
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1477250
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1477250
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:920-920
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sophie Alkhaled
Author-X-Name-First: Sophie
Author-X-Name-Last: Alkhaled
Author-Name: Karin Berglund
Author-X-Name-First: Karin
Author-X-Name-Last: Berglund
Title: ‘And now I’m free’: Women’s empowerment and emancipation through entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia and Sweden
Abstract:
Critical perspectives have called for the study of women’s entrepreneurship as a route to social change. This ‘social turn’ claims women are empowered and/or emancipated through entrepreneurship with limited problematisation of how these interchangeably used concepts operate. Using an institutional perspective in combination with a narrative approach, we investigate women entrepreneurs’ life stories on their ‘road to freedom’ where entrepreneurial activity enables them to ‘break free’ from particular gendered constraints. Through juxtaposing women’s narratives in the contexts of Saudi Arabia and Sweden, the relationship between empowerment and emancipation is disentangled and (re)conceptualised. The findings distinguish between empowerment narrated as individual practices to achieve freedom for the self within institutional structures and emancipation as narrated as a wish to challenge and change structures of power and reach collative freedom. The yearning for collective emancipation propels women’s stories of entrepreneurship by raising expectations for entrepreneurship as a vehicle for institutional change. Such stories may fascinate and inspire others to engage in entrepreneurial endeavours to become empowered, but whether they reach emancipation remains an empirical question to be answered. The performative dimension of entrepreneurial narratives is, however, their ability to turn emancipation into an (un)reachable object of desire, with a quest for even more individual empowerment and entrepreneurial activity, at the same time excluding other forms of human conduct as conducive for change.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 877-900
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1500645
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1500645
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:877-900
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Anne-Lorène Vernay
Author-X-Name-First: Anne-Lorène
Author-X-Name-Last: Vernay
Author-Name: Beatrice D’Ippolito
Author-X-Name-First: Beatrice
Author-X-Name-Last: D’Ippolito
Author-Name: Jonatan Pinkse
Author-X-Name-First: Jonatan
Author-X-Name-Last: Pinkse
Title: Can the government create a vibrant cluster? Understanding the impact of cluster policy on the development of a cluster
Abstract:
Research has debated to what extent policy measures can facilitate or contribute to the development of clusters. This article contributes to this debate by questioning how the government can create a cluster that is self-organizing and vibrant but also maintain sufficient influence to continue using the cluster as a policy instrument. Taking the perspective of cluster members, the article investigates how members perceive the ambiguous role of the government in a government-supported cluster. It analyses to what extent cluster members value a government-supported cluster and whether they perceive the government as one that facilitates or hinders them in self-organizing the cluster. Empirical evidence is derived from a case study of a French cluster established as a result of a cluster policy initiative and which has recently been required to fulfil a new set of objectives by the same government. The findings suggest that government-supported clusters can self-organize if members are given the opportunity, but with the consequence that it becomes difficult for the government to fully control such clusters. To continue steering the cluster’s development, the government would have to leverage the technology gatekeepers’ power by designing policies that allow gatekeepers to translate government objectives into meaningful objectives for themselves.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 901-919
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 30
Year: 2018
Month: 8
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2018.1501611
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2018.1501611
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:30:y:2018:i:7-8:p:901-919
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Heike Mayer
Author-X-Name-First: Heike
Author-X-Name-Last: Mayer
Author-Name: Yasuyuki Motoyama
Author-X-Name-First: Yasuyuki
Author-X-Name-Last: Motoyama
Title: Entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized towns
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 467-472
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1798556
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1798556
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:467-472
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lucia Naldi
Author-X-Name-First: Lucia
Author-X-Name-Last: Naldi
Author-Name: Johan P. Larsson
Author-X-Name-First: Johan P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Larsson
Author-Name: Hans Westlund
Author-X-Name-First: Hans
Author-X-Name-Last: Westlund
Title: Policy entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation in vulnerable Swedish municipalities
Abstract:
Small- and medium-sized towns (SMSTs) not integrated into expanding metropolitan regions often face industrial decline and depopulation. As a result, many of them lack resilience to change and may be classified as vulnerable. While research holds that a local government’s efforts to act in an entrepreneurial way are important for the development of vulnerable SMSTs, entrepreneurship behaviours in the local public sector remain under-investigated. In this paper, we address this gap in the literature by investigating whether and how vulnerable SMSTs differ in their entrepreneurial behaviours. Based on the concepts of policy entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation, we performed a survey of Swedish local communities about their work on strengthening and renewing local business life and improving their own administrations. We analyse factors associated with these activities and examine differences between the policy entrepreneurship of vulnerable and nonvulnerable places, as well as differences within the vulnerable group. Vulnerable places rank low in entrepreneurial orientation, which may contribute to regional lock-in. Cluster analysis reveals that the vulnerable municipalities are a heterogeneous group, which we classify into “entrepreneurs’ ‘local innovators’, and ‘disengaged risktakers’. Regression analysis indicates that local social capital may increase entrepreneurial orientation in vulnerable places by strengthening the focus on innovation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 473-491
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1798557
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1798557
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:473-491
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David R. Williams
Author-X-Name-First: David R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: Richard W. Pouder
Author-X-Name-First: Richard W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pouder
Title: Are explicit knowledge transfers clustered or diffused in the U.S. biopharmaceutical market sector?
Abstract:
The goal of this paper is to understand better the dynamics of explicit knowledge transfers in the U.S. biopharmaceutical market sector. We draw upon the entrepreneurship and economic geography literature to help explain activity in this sector. We specifically are interested in how location and other factors affect the means, geographic distance, and knowledge base distance of these transfers. We examine explicit knowledge transfers in the form of technologies and products. We examine transfers by private and publicly traded biopharmaceutical firms using a series of binary logistic regression analyses. We find that firms located in bio-clusters are more likely to transfer explicit knowledge locally compared to non-locally. We also find that private firms compared with publicly traded firms and biotechnology firms compared to pharmaceutical firms are more likely to transfer knowledge locally. Pharmaceutical firms are more likely to transfer knowledge via licensing than product acquisitions compared with biotechnology firms. Our study should be of interest to researchers, biopharmaceutical firms, entrepreneurs, and policy makers.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 492-507
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1641162
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1641162
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:492-507
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Meifang Li
Author-X-Name-First: Meifang
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Author-Name: Lerong He
Author-X-Name-First: Lerong
Author-X-Name-Last: He
Author-Name: Yongxiang Zhao
Author-X-Name-First: Yongxiang
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao
Title: The triple helix system and regional entrepreneurship in China
Abstract:
The paper examines the influence of the Triple Helix system of university-industry-government collaboration on regional entrepreneurship in China. Utilizing proprietary survey data collected from industrial firms, academic institutions, and government agencies in five representative Chinese regions, the paper finds that interactions within the three spheres of the Triple Helix system in terms of trilateral collaboration, network relationship, and complementary synergies all have positive influences on regional entrepreneurship in China by shaping local entrepreneurial environment and fostering entrepreneurship activities. The paper also reveals significant regional differences in the functioning of the Triple Helix system. Specifically, the roles of trilateral collaboration and network relationship are more salient in developing regions, while complementary synergies are more effective in developed regions. This study contributes to the burgeoning literature on national and regional innovation systems by emphasizing the multifaceted effect of university-industry-government collaboration on promoting regional entrepreneurship. It also highlights the role of regional institutional context in affecting innovation and entrepreneurship processes.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 508-530
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1666168
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1666168
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:508-530
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alona Martiarena
Author-X-Name-First: Alona
Author-X-Name-Last: Martiarena
Title: Re-examining the opportunity pull and necessity push debate: contexts and abilities
Abstract:
This study explores how different groups of workers, according to their ability level, respond to ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors as local labour market conditions change. Arguments based on the opportunity cost of a transition to entrepreneurship serve to link individual-level motivations, which relate to ‘pull’ or ‘push’ factors, with contextual variations, which capture the scenarios in which individuals evaluate their occupational choice. Micro-level panel data on career histories reveal that overall entries into self-employment tend to be pro-cyclical, though the relationship is moderated by individual ability levels. The negative effect of the local unemployment level is attenuated and even reverses for the least able workers; self-employment entry probability instead is highest among the ablest workers across most stages of the business cycle. The results also reveal that large urban settings provide refuge for low ability individuals, who are less likely to resort to self-employment during economic downturns.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 531-554
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1675776
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1675776
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:531-554
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Laivi Laidroo
Author-X-Name-First: Laivi
Author-X-Name-Last: Laidroo
Author-Name: Mari Avarmaa
Author-X-Name-First: Mari
Author-X-Name-Last: Avarmaa
Title: The role of location in FinTech formation
Abstract:
Given the rapid emergence of FinTechs, the objective of this paper is to determine location-specific factors associated with FinTech establishment intensity using Porter’s diamond framework. The analysis is based on a country-level dataset covering the period of 2007–2017 and 107 countries. The results reveal that greater FinTech establishment intensity characterizes smaller countries, countries with stronger information and communications technology (ICT) services clusters, and countries that have experienced a crisis during the recent decade. Greater FinTech establishment intensity is also observed in countries with greater tertiary education enrolment rates, stronger university-industry cooperation, greater fixed line availability, and overall ICT readiness. The macroeconomic situation and indicators of financial development prove to be important determinants of FinTech formation. Given the importance of several dimensions of location’s diamond in FinTech formation, FinTech entrepreneurs could benefit from a careful analysis of the diamond of locations that they are considering as potential places of doing business. Countries hoping to become more attractive FinTech establishment sites, in turn, should focus on the elimination of weaknesses in the location’s diamond in close co-operation with FinTechs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 555-572
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1675777
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1675777
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:555-572
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Robert Huggins
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Huggins
Author-Name: Piers Thompson
Author-X-Name-First: Piers
Author-X-Name-Last: Thompson
Title: Human agency, entrepreneurship and regional development: a behavioural perspective on economic evolution and innovative transformation
Abstract:
An emerging position within theories of entrepreneurship and regional development concerns the role of human behaviour. This paper argues that the type and nature of human agency related to entrepreneurship is a significant factor in explaining the capacity of regions to achieve economic evolution through renewal and innovative transformation. It is argued that regional economic ecosystems are a primary result of the agency of a particular cadre of individuals; with the nature of these ecosystems being contingent on the underlying culture and institutional environment within a specific region. Furthermore, it is proposed that the confluence of group-level culture within a city or region and the personality psychology of individuals within these places results in a psychocultural environment that creates certain forms of human agency determining the nature of entrepreneurship. Similarly, the propensity towards entrepreneurial agency will be at least partly determined by the nature of the underlying regional economic ecosystems, especially with regards to apparent opportunity and economic returns. Drawing on these insights, the study outlines the implications for policies that seek to support entrepreneurship at the regional level, while also identifying future research required to further effective policy intervention.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 573-589
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1687758
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1687758
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:573-589
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Natalia Vershinina
Author-X-Name-First: Natalia
Author-X-Name-Last: Vershinina
Author-Name: Peter Rodgers
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Rodgers
Title: Symbolic capital within the lived experiences of Eastern European migrants: a gendered perspective
Abstract:
Despite recent large flows of migrants to the UK, the gendered nature of how men and women experience migrant entrepreneurial journeys remains under-researched. This article contributes to debates within the field of entrepreneurship by exploring the lived experiences of transnational migrant entrepreneurs setting up enterprises in the UK. Reporting the findings of interviews with forty-seven Eastern European transnational migrant entrepreneurs, this article focuses on the rarely discussed form of symbolic capital understood as the prestige, status and positive reputation individuals possess in the eyes of others. Our findings demonstrate the multifaceted and often gendered nature of forms of cultivated symbolic capital. Men use traditional conceptions of ‘status’ and ‘prestige’ to accrue forms of symbolic capital, which consequently facilitate and legitimate the transfer of economic capital into their UK businesses. In contrast, women, by setting up successful businesses in the UK, gain legitimacy in the eyes of family and friends in their home countries. This in turn enables them to overcome traditional gendered ascribed roles in which their visibility is centred solely around looking after children and the family. The article concludes by reflecting on the contributions and implications for theory and practice before identifying directions for further research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 590-605
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1703045
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1703045
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:590-605
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Magdalena Markowska
Author-X-Name-First: Magdalena
Author-X-Name-Last: Markowska
Author-Name: Johan Wiklund
Author-X-Name-First: Johan
Author-X-Name-Last: Wiklund
Title: Entrepreneurial learning under uncertainty: exploring the role of self-efficacy and perceived complexity
Abstract:
The entrepreneurial learning literature remains underdeveloped and lacks a clear understanding of the learning process. Building on an in-depth case study of four Scandinavian gourmet restauranteurs, we argue that learning to act on entrepreneurial tasks involves opening-up and focusing processes. We propose a process model that specifies how changing perceptions of complexity and self-efficacy influence an individual’s preference for experimentation (opening up) and modelling (focusing) when acquiring new experience. Specifically, in situations perceived as complex, individuals will likely opt for modelling; however, individuals who feel highly self-efficacious will likely rely more on experimentation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 606-628
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1713222
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1713222
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:606-628
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Patrick Kraus
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick
Author-X-Name-Last: Kraus
Author-Name: Peter Stokes
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Stokes
Author-Name: Sir Cary Cooper
Author-X-Name-First: Sir Cary
Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper
Author-Name: Yipeng Liu
Author-X-Name-First: Yipeng
Author-X-Name-Last: Liu
Author-Name: Neil Moore
Author-X-Name-First: Neil
Author-X-Name-Last: Moore
Author-Name: Bernd Britzelmaier
Author-X-Name-First: Bernd
Author-X-Name-Last: Britzelmaier
Author-Name: Shlomo Tarba
Author-X-Name-First: Shlomo
Author-X-Name-Last: Tarba
Title: Cultural Antecedents of Sustainability and Regional Economic Development - A Study of SME ‘Mittelstand’ Firms in Baden-Württemberg (Germany)
Abstract:
This paper examines behavioural and regional/geographic cultural antecedents of sustainability in SME contexts. The study identifies prevailing macro-representations of sustainability in the literature and highlights an over-focus on large firms constituting the predominant unit of analysis. Moreover, there is a propensity in the literature to view sustainability primarily in terms of ‘environmental’ – closely linked to a corporate strategic imperative narrative of economic competitiveness and profitability. Overall, this perspective tends to generate accounts which are acultural, apolitical and ahistorical in terms of innovative actions and sustainability practices. In response, using a conceptual framework of moral identity, the paper develops a more micro-foundational insight to sustainability (developing notions of ‘tangible’ and ‘intangible’) and examines regional economic development attitudes at individual owner-manager/managing director level in small-to-medium-sized firms.Methodologically, an inductively framed interview schedule was employed with owner-managers and managing directors (n = 30) of manufacturing SMEs in the Baden-Württemberg region (Germany). The study identified a range of micro-foundational behavioural antecedents operating in the sample companies. In particular, it underlined that many of the SME owner-managers/managing directors expressed views informed by a particular moral identity connected with a perspective rooted in regionally bound, longstanding and ‘expected’ behaviours of trust, fairness, honesty and community responsibility.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 629-653
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1713223
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1713223
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:629-653
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Domingo Enrique Ribeiro-Soriano
Author-X-Name-First: Domingo Enrique
Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano
Author-Name: William McDowell
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: McDowell
Author-Name: Sascha Kraus
Author-X-Name-First: Sascha
Author-X-Name-Last: Kraus
Title: Special issue on: innovation and knowledge-based economy for entrepreneurship and regional development
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 654-656
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2019.1597423
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2019.1597423
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:7-8:p:654-656
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Colette Henry
Author-X-Name-First: Colette
Author-X-Name-Last: Henry
Title: Reconceptualizing the role of the future entrepreneurship educator: an exploration of the content challenge
Abstract:
This paper critically explores a key challenge facing future entrepreneurship educators, that of content, i.e., deciding what to teach. Understanding the factors that influence the content decision could enhance the quality and effectiveness of future entrepreneurship education programmes. The paper argues that as a result of entrepreneurship education’s increased popularity, its expanding scholarship base, its growth in non-business disciplines, and increased attention from policy makers and employers, entrepreneurship educators are in danger of trying to do too much to please too many. The paper asks: What are the categories of influence that impact on the content decision? And, how should future entrepreneurship educators deal with the content challenge? The paper contributes to entrepreneurship education theory and practice by enhancing understanding of the myriad elements entrepreneurship education comprises, highlighting the dangers of trying to do too much, and theorizing towards a reconceptualization of the role of the future entrepreneurship educator as a ‘unique aggregator of content.’
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 657-676
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1737416
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1737416
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:657-676
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mauricio Oyarzo
Author-X-Name-First: Mauricio
Author-X-Name-Last: Oyarzo
Author-Name: Gianni Romaní
Author-X-Name-First: Gianni
Author-X-Name-Last: Romaní
Author-Name: Miguel Atienza
Author-X-Name-First: Miguel
Author-X-Name-Last: Atienza
Author-Name: Marcelo Lufín
Author-X-Name-First: Marcelo
Author-X-Name-Last: Lufín
Title: Spatio-temporal dynamics in municipal rates of business start-ups in Chile
Abstract:
While there is a growing body of studies on persistence and change in municipal start-up rates in more developed countries, this type of study for developing countries is still scarce. This work analyzes the spatio-temporal dynamics of municipal business start-up rates in Chile between 2005 and 2015 using spatial panel data for 342 Chilean municipalities from the Internal Revenue Service (SII) database and the National Municipal Information System (SINIM). We employ descriptive statistics, spatial analysis, Markov chains and econometric models to identify persistence and change in the start-ups rates and identify the determinants of the spatio-temporal dynamics in entrepreneurship rates. Results confirm a high level of persistence in the most and least entrepreneurial areas of the county but, at the same time, show mobility in the intermediate municipalities. Econometric models confirm that past rates of entrepreneurship can explain current business start-up rates, and also validate the influence of spatially sticky characteristics, in many cases related to extreme differences in economic development among Chilean municipalities. Increasing diversity and urbanization favour persistence and change, while density, poverty, mining activity and the percentage of large firms and mining have a negative impact. The results suggest place-based policies according to entrepreneurial dynamism.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 677-705
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1743769
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1743769
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:677-705
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Julia Ivy
Author-X-Name-First: Julia
Author-X-Name-Last: Ivy
Author-Name: Áron Perényi
Author-X-Name-First: Áron
Author-X-Name-Last: Perényi
Title: Entrepreneurial networks as informal institutions in transitional economies
Abstract:
This mixed-method study examines entrepreneurial networks as informal institutions established by local entrepreneurs in order to navigate the voids of formal institutions in the context of transitional economies. We first hypothesize the model developed in the qualitative study based on the voice of local practitioners and supported with literature. Then, we quantitatively test the model in two different contexts of institutional void – in the rent-seeking Ukraine and state-controlled Belarus in 2000s. It reveals that entrepreneurs who embrace norms of ‘right ties,’ ‘right identity,’ ‘right interests’ and ‘right actions’ rease their chances to join local entrepreneurial networks as perceived reliable personally and professionally, which results in network support. In a rent-seeking economy, entrepreneurs refer to ‘right identity’ and ‘right interests’ as priorities for their networks as informal institutions, while in the state-controlled economy, entrepreneurs prioritize ‘right identity’ and ‘right actions’.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 706-736
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1743770
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1743770
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:706-736
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mette Søgaard Nielsen
Author-X-Name-First: Mette Søgaard
Author-X-Name-Last: Nielsen
Author-Name: Kim Klyver
Author-X-Name-First: Kim
Author-X-Name-Last: Klyver
Title: Meeting entrepreneurs’ expectations: the importance of social skills in strong relationships
Abstract:
In this study, we are interested in whether and when individuals’ ability to interact with others influences their tendency to provide social support to nascent entrepreneurs. We argue that social skills are not only necessary for entrepreneurs to obtain resources but also important for those people (alters) providing entrepreneurs with support, and especially so in strong relationships. We argue that in strong relationships, expectations of social support exchange pressure potential support providers to provide support in order to meet those expectations. Empirically, we found an association between social skills and exchange of social support, dependent on the strength of the relationship between the resource provider and the nascent entrepreneur. The hypotheses were tested on a dataset containing 458 individuals who know a nascent entrepreneur in Denmark.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 737-756
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1757159
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1757159
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:737-756
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Michiel Verver
Author-X-Name-First: Michiel
Author-X-Name-Last: Verver
Author-Name: Carel Roessingh
Author-X-Name-First: Carel
Author-X-Name-Last: Roessingh
Author-Name: David Passenier
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Passenier
Title: Ethnic boundary dynamics in immigrant entrepreneurship: a Barthian perspective
Abstract:
This paper sets out to better understand the role of ethnic boundary dynamics in immigrant entrepreneurship, in particular in terms of intersections at the boundaries between ‘ethnic’ and ‘mainstream’ economies, internal differentiation within ethnic community boundaries, and the socially constructed nature of ethnic boundaries more broadly. To better account for these dynamics, we develop a Barthian perspective on immigrant entrepreneurship, building on and integrating Fredrik Barth’s work on entrepreneurship, ethnic boundaries, and spheres of value. A Barthian perspective shifts the analytic focus from the ethnic group to entrepreneurial activities and, by implication, to the ethnic boundary dynamics that these activities generate. We draw on ethnographic research conducted among immigrant Mennonite entrepreneurs in Belize, and identify three boundary dynamics among the Mennonites: bridging the boundary between Mennonite ethnicity and the wider Belizean society, stretching the boundaries of individual Mennonite communities, and allying across the boundaries between Mennonite communities. In developing a Barthian perspective, the contribution of our paper lies in developing a comprehensive framework for understanding the role of ethnic boundary dynamics in immigrant entrepreneurship, thereby also responding to calls for more micro-processual approaches to understanding the ‘mixed embeddedness’ of immigrant entrepreneurs in their ethnic community and the wider society contexts.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 757-782
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1757160
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1757160
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:757-782
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Onnolee Nordstrom
Author-X-Name-First: Onnolee
Author-X-Name-Last: Nordstrom
Author-Name: Edward McKeever
Author-X-Name-First: Edward
Author-X-Name-Last: McKeever
Author-Name: Alistair Anderson
Author-X-Name-First: Alistair
Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson
Title: Piety and profit; the moral embeddedness of an enterprising community
Abstract:
We are interested in how morality can be sustained in entrepreneurial practice. We examine the interesting case of the Hutterites, a communal society who practice community entrepreneurship – entrepreneuring by the community and for the community. Arguing that culture provides values and that morals are cultural artefacts – we show how ethics determine the entrepreneurial practices of this remarkably successful entrepreneurial society. Our analysis explains how in this close-knit society, cultural morals and ethics of practice are perfectly aligned, embodied in practice and determine how entrepreneurship is practiced. The result is an economically viable society that preserves its ancient way of life and combines piety and profit. We demonstrate how cultural values shape entrepreneurial practice and how enterprising in this community is a change mechanism, yet also maintains social stability.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 783-804
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1781935
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1781935
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:783-804
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Maja Savic
Author-X-Name-First: Maja
Author-X-Name-Last: Savic
Author-Name: Helen Lawton Smith
Author-X-Name-First: Helen
Author-X-Name-Last: Lawton Smith
Author-Name: Ioannis Bournakis
Author-X-Name-First: Ioannis
Author-X-Name-Last: Bournakis
Title: Innovation and external knowledge sources in knowledge intensive business services (KIBS): evidence from de-industrialized UK regions
Abstract:
This paper explores the effect of external knowledge sources and the uneven geography on innovation activity in small Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS). It draws on results from a survey of 342 small and medium (SME) KIBS located in the UK’s North East and West Midlands, both de-industrialized regions. It is shown that innovation is supported by knowledge gained from frequent interaction with customers both regional and UK based as well as international. More frequent interaction with local business networks, informal contacts and national licencing arrangements also enhances innovativeness. Various industry-specific business networks and regional government agencies act as important sources of knowledge and networking and these are more important for KIBS located in the North East. The results indicate that more frequent collaboration with regional universities and regional public sector organizations does not benefit KIBS from either region. Also, while we acknowledge a positive effect of R&D on KIBS innovativeness we argue that its effect is less important compared to regional and extra regional knowledge sources.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 805-826
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1789751
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1789751
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:805-826
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Marlen de la Chaux
Author-X-Name-First: Marlen
Author-X-Name-Last: de la Chaux
Author-Name: Helen Haugh
Author-X-Name-First: Helen
Author-X-Name-Last: Haugh
Title: When formal institutions impede entrepreneurship: how and why refugees establish new ventures in the Dadaab refugee camps
Abstract:
For this paper we investigated refugee entrepreneurship in the Dadaab refugee camps, Kenya, a place where humanitarian aid practices and domestic legislation impede entrepreneurship, yet hundreds of new ventures have been established by refugees. The analysis finds that refugee camp entrepreneurs erode formal institutions, recombine conducive aspects of both formal and informal institutions, and exploit the advantages of institutional misalignment. We explain how entrepreneurs strategically maintain rather than overcome institutional misalignment for venture creation. Second, we show how self-determination, rather than mere subsistence or necessity, is an important yet often overlooked motivator for entrepreneurship in low and lower middle-income contexts.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 827-851
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1789752
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1789752
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:827-851
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Annie Tubadji
Author-X-Name-First: Annie
Author-X-Name-Last: Tubadji
Author-Name: Elvira Fetahu
Author-X-Name-First: Elvira
Author-X-Name-Last: Fetahu
Author-Name: Peter Nijkamp
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Nijkamp
Author-Name: Timothy Hinks
Author-X-Name-First: Timothy
Author-X-Name-Last: Hinks
Title: Network Survival Strategies of Migrant Entrepreneurs in Large Cities: Analysis of Albanian Firms in Milan
Abstract:
This paper addresses the role of cultural bias (preference for what is culturally more akin) in the entrepreneurial choice regarding different types of social networks in the context of urban mixed embeddedness. We test empirically the presence and aftermaths of this cultural bias, drawing on evidence from a natural experiment with regard to Albanian ethnic entrepreneurs in the city of Milan, Italy. Namely, these entrepreneurs are exposed to the same mixed urban embeddedness and, when we control for firm characteristics, the only discriminating component explaining their success is their choice of social network. We focus on the choice over three types of social networks, classified according to varying degrees of cultural distance between the network and the entrepreneur: (a) the indigenous population, (b) the local Albanian diaspora, and (c) fellow citizens residing in the country of origin, Albania (i.e., transnational networking). We employ a novel method for reverse engineering of preferences for networking by using a Kaplan-Meier estimator and a propensity-score matching technique. We find that strategic network liaisons with locals is actually the most beneficial social network for ethnic firm performance. However, it is social networking within the culturally closer local Albanian diaspora that is the most common behaviour.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 852-878
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1842912
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1842912
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:852-878
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eline Jammaers
Author-X-Name-First: Eline
Author-X-Name-Last: Jammaers
Author-Name: Patrizia Zanoni
Author-X-Name-First: Patrizia
Author-X-Name-Last: Zanoni
Title: Unexpected entrepreneurs: the identity work of entrepreneurs with disabilities
Abstract:
Drawing on in-depth interviews, this study investigates how entrepreneurs with disabilities (EWDs) position themselves, in their identity work, vis-à-vis dominant, normative representations of the entrepreneur that tend to exclude them. Addressing the current neglect in how EWDs deal with such discursive barriers, we document four identity positions which they deploy, in various combinations, to construct an identity as an entrepreneur. Our findings show that outward positions, by which EWDs compare their own self with (non)-entrepreneurial (able-bodied) others and emphasize similarity and uniqueness, reproduce normative representations of the entrepreneur. Inward positions, by which EWDs engage in inner conversations contrasting their current self with older, aspirational or impossible selves, on the contrary lead to the destabilization of normative representations. This study speaks back to wider debates in entrepreneurship studies, including the plea to consider ‘ordinary’ entrepreneurs, the difference between ‘being’ an entrepreneur and ‘doing’ entrepreneurship, and the value in difference.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 879-898
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1842913
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1842913
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:879-898
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Cristian Gherhes
Author-X-Name-First: Cristian
Author-X-Name-Last: Gherhes
Author-Name: Tim Vorley
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Vorley
Author-Name: Chay Brooks
Author-X-Name-First: Chay
Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks
Title: Making Sense of Industrial Decline: how Legacies of the Past Influence the Development of Entrepreneurship Cultures in Formerly Industrialized Places
Abstract:
This paper explores how local communities in formerly industrialized places make sense of industrial decline and how the historical experience of industrialism has influenced the subsequent development of local entrepreneurship cultures. Based on a study with entrepreneurs and policymakers in Doncaster, a post-industrial English town in South Yorkshire, the paper demonstrates how legacies of the past persist through local informal institutions and permeate local perceptions of place and opportunity, stymieing the development of an entrepreneurship culture in the locality. Drawing on Cresswell’s three-dimensional framework of place, the paper shows how place meanings can lag significantly behind material transformation and slow the adoption of new practices. The study reflects on these challenges and discusses the policy implications.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 899-921
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1842914
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1842914
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:899-921
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lucia Garcia-Lorenzo
Author-X-Name-First: Lucia
Author-X-Name-Last: Garcia-Lorenzo
Author-Name: Lucia Sell-Trujillo
Author-X-Name-First: Lucia
Author-X-Name-Last: Sell-Trujillo
Author-Name: Paul Donnelly
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Donnelly
Title: Entrepreneuring after 50: the liminal identity transitions of older emergent entrepreneurs
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship has been proposed as a solution to extending working lives. However, little is known about how older (50+) entrepreneurs manage their personal transitions into entrepreneurship. In this paper, we propose to use a liminal identity work perspective to explore the identity paradoxes that older entrepreneurs experience during their transition into entrepreneurship and how they manage it. We use a qualitative study conducted over 14 months in the United Kingdom. Our analysis shows how older entrepreneurs confront identity paradoxes, interruptions and identity polarization in their attempts to shift from older identities and activity patterns into new ones. The entrepreneurs who manage to overcome the identity interruptions and polarization that the transition brings move away from an initial sense of isolation and bring creative understandings to older entrepreneuring processes. Our results expand current understanding of entrepreneurial identity work in liminal conditions, especially among older entrepreneurs, by looking at the tensions emerging between potentially new and customary identities and behaviours as an important aspect of entrepreneuring transitions rather than as negative frictions to be avoided.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 922-942
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 32
Year: 2020
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1849408
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1849408
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:32:y:2020:i:9-10:p:922-942
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Audretsch
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Audretsch
Author-Name: Colin Mason
Author-X-Name-First: Colin
Author-X-Name-Last: Mason
Author-Name: Morgan P. Miles
Author-X-Name-First: Morgan P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Miles
Author-Name: Allan O’Connor
Author-X-Name-First: Allan
Author-X-Name-Last: O’Connor
Title: Time and the dynamics of entrepreneurial ecosystems
Abstract:
In this article, we are primarily concerned with the influence and role of time on an entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE). Hence, the dynamics incorporated into the conception of the EE comes into focus. The recent work on this aspect has generally observed time as an evolutionary element for shaping and forming the context for entrepreneurial outcomes or that time is related to the change in entrepreneur and network profiles within a region. Other scholars have also noted how certain aspects of an EE will be affected by dimensions of size over time or that the profile of resources will alter the EE attractiveness for entrepreneurs. Time itself as a dynamic influence has not been explicitly examined and here we seek to draw out the multiple perceptions of time that influence the different rates of start-up, firm growth, change and evolution. We conclude by drawing attention to the simultaneous interaction of the different perceptions of time and outline the contributions to this Special Issue on the dynamics of the entrepreneurial ecosystem.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-14
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1734257
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1734257
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:1-2:p:1-14
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephen B. Adams
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Adams
Title: From orchards to chips: Silicon Valley’s evolving entrepreneurial ecosystem
Abstract:
The initial development of Silicon Valley and its indigenous start-ups relied on various endowments, including abundant resources and a set of institutions and know-how inherited from previous industrial activity. This article identifies the entrepreneurial ecosystem that supported key tech start-ups on the San Francisco Peninsula prior to the 1960s, shows how the ecosystem developed and how it evolved. By 1940, a far-flung ecosystem—from Santa Clara County to San Francisco to Washington, DC – was in place, well before the arrival of the Valley’s first venture capitalists in 1959 and the establishment of the region’s first high-tech law firm in 1961. Federal agencies and laws provided revenue and risk reduction. Local universities provided brainpower. San Francisco-based banks and their Peninsula branches provided financing. San Francisco law firms drafted organizational agreements and protected intellectual property. Without such institutional support, there would be no Silicon Valley as we know it. Silicon Valley’s early high-tech start-ups were supported by an ecosystem that was developed for the agriculture, extractive, and transportation industries. That ecosystem was repurposed for defence-based electronics and telecommunications, and then transformed for the consumer world of calculators, video games and personal computers. The “master cluster” benefitted from being in the right place at the right time, and by inheriting the right ecosystem.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 15-35
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1734259
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1734259
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:1-2:p:15-35
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Paul Ryan
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Ryan
Author-Name: Majella Giblin
Author-X-Name-First: Majella
Author-X-Name-Last: Giblin
Author-Name: Giulio Buciuni
Author-X-Name-First: Giulio
Author-X-Name-Last: Buciuni
Author-Name: Dieter F. Kogler
Author-X-Name-First: Dieter F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kogler
Title: The role of MNEs in the genesis and growth of a resilient entrepreneurial ecosystem
Abstract:
This article reports on a longitudinal process study of the critical role of anchor MNEs in the metamorphosis of a high-tech industrial cluster into a local entrepreneurial ecosystem. It draws on entrepreneurial ecosystem and international business literatures to frame the study of the genesis and evolutionary processes of an entrepreneurial ecosystem that emerged from two MNE subsidiaries, both of which had evolved into advanced R&D centres of excellence around a technology specialism. It shows how multiple new venture spinouts by former MNE employees introduced technological heterogeneity that catalysed into a resilient entrepreneurial ecosystem. The theoretical and policy implications that can be drawn from this case study emphasize the existence of both technology specialism and heterogeneity for resilience in an entrepreneurial ecosystem, and that reaching such a position is evolutionary in nature.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 36-53
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1734260
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1734260
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:1-2:p:36-53
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Katharina Scheidgen
Author-X-Name-First: Katharina
Author-X-Name-Last: Scheidgen
Title: Degrees of integration: how a fragmented entrepreneurial ecosystem promotes different types of entrepreneurs
Abstract:
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (EEs) are expected to support high growth entrepreneurship. Yet, little is known about how they actually promote entrepreneurial activities. Based on Giddens’ structuration theory, this paper takes the entrepreneurs’ perspective to understand how they actually use the resources provided by an EE. Based on semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs and other relevant actors in the Berlin EE along with participant observation at entrepreneurship events, this case study focuses on the resourcing practices of different types of entrepreneurs. It shows that the Berlin EE comprises two distinct subsystems. On the basis of this evidence it is proposed that EEs can have different degrees of integration and that this characteristic strongly impacts how entrepreneurs can actually acquire resources from the EE and thus how specific EEs promote different types of entrepreneurs. Heterogeneous structures therefore do not only exist between EEs but also within EEs. This heterogeneity needs to be recognized in order to understand how EEs function, enhance the comparability of research results, and design suitable political instruments to promote entrepreneurship effectively.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 54-79
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1734263
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1734263
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:1-2:p:54-79
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Aki Harima
Author-X-Name-First: Aki
Author-X-Name-Last: Harima
Author-Name: Jan Harima
Author-X-Name-First: Jan
Author-X-Name-Last: Harima
Author-Name: Jörg Freiling
Author-X-Name-First: Jörg
Author-X-Name-Last: Freiling
Title: The injection of resources by transnational entrepreneurs: towards a model of the early evolution of an entrepreneurial ecosystem
Abstract:
Despite its rapid proliferation, the extant literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems has not paid sufficient attention to the evolutionary nature of entrepreneurial ecosystems, mainly on account of the prevailing structuralist approaches in previous research. Particularly unclear is the early evolutionary context in which a region without rich entrepreneurial resources gains momentum and transforms into a nascent entrepreneurial ecosystem. The literature overlooks ecosystem dynamics in regions with limited entrepreneurial resources, as most studies have investigated more developed entrepreneurial ecosystems. This study illuminates one means to overcome resource scarcity on a regional level: resource injection by attracting transnational entrepreneurs, who transfer unique resources from one location to another. Based on an explorative qualitative study in the Santiago entrepreneurial ecosystem in Chile, where governmental actors incentivized transnational entrepreneurs to temporarily relocate to Santiago, this article proposes a three-step model of resource injection by transnational entrepreneurs with the following components: (i) stimulation of early ecosystem evolutionary momentum, (ii) evocation of institutional changes, and (iii) establishment of a resilient ecosystem. The findings offer practical implications for policymakers in emerging countries to utilize transnational entrepreneurs’ resources for developing an ecosystem in their region.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 80-107
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1734265
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1734265
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:1-2:p:80-107
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ashenafi Biru
Author-X-Name-First: Ashenafi
Author-X-Name-Last: Biru
Author-Name: David Gilbert
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Gilbert
Author-Name: Pia Arenius
Author-X-Name-First: Pia
Author-X-Name-Last: Arenius
Title: Unhelpful help: The state of support programmes and the dynamics of entrepreneurship ecosystems in Ethiopia
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship support programmes are a major component of the entrepreneurship ecosystem. Through these programmes, stakeholders, often government-affiliated, aim to facilitate and enhance productive entrepreneurship practices within start-ups. However, the effectiveness of these support programmes is often considered in isolation from other entrepreneurship ecosystem domains, ignoring how the programmes impact the dynamics of the entrepreneurship ecosystem as a whole. This paper investigates how the structure and implementation of entrepreneurship support programmes in Ethiopia influence the entrepreneurial behaviours of firms within the ecosystem, thus extending previous research that has questioned the effectiveness of entrepreneurship support programmes in producing productive entrepreneurial ecosystems. Through a qualitative research methodology, consisting of 36 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with firm founders in the manufacturing sector in Ethiopia, we show that entrepreneurship support programmes that do not prioritize innovative and competitive firms when distributing resources, can dissuade firms from being entrepreneurial and pushing forward in the market. In the absence of competition-based resource distribution, firms focus on their survival rather than taking risks to expand their operations and this may impede the effort to create successful entrepreneurial ecosystems. Based on our findings, we offer a more pragmatic role for support programmes in creating entrepreneurial ecosystems within developing economies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 108-130
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1734267
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1734267
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:1-2:p:108-130
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Cristina Chaminade
Author-X-Name-First: Cristina
Author-X-Name-Last: Chaminade
Author-Name: Roman Martin
Author-X-Name-First: Roman
Author-X-Name-Last: Martin
Author-Name: James McKeever
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: McKeever
Title: When regional meets global: exploring the nature of global innovation networks in the video game industry in Southern Sweden
Abstract:
For firms in symbolic (creative) industries, the region is usually seen as the main arena for knowledge sourcing and exchange. Why and how these firms use global innovation networks remains however poorly understood. This paper draws on in-depth interviews with firm representatives and network data collected through a survey of video game developers in southern Sweden. Video game development is a typical example of a symbolic industry, encompassing the development of non-tangible and symbol-intensive products and services. In recent years, this industry has advanced from a niche sector into a global mass market. Understanding how the hybrid character of the industry – with strong symbolic cultural roots but also a significant global engagement – affects the geography of innovation networks is the focus of this paper. The analysis reveals that knowledge sourcing and exchange take place likewise on the regional and global scale, but for different purposes and through different mechanisms. It also shows that not all variance in network engagement can be explained by differences in industrial knowledge bases or regional innovation systems. In contrast, the target market and the nature and geography of demand are important explanatory factors.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 131-146
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1736184
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1736184
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:1-2:p:131-146
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Steffen Korsgaard
Author-X-Name-First: Steffen
Author-X-Name-Last: Korsgaard
Author-Name: Sabine Müller
Author-X-Name-First: Sabine
Author-X-Name-Last: Müller
Author-Name: Friederike Welter
Author-X-Name-First: Friederike
Author-X-Name-Last: Welter
Title: It’s right nearby: how entrepreneurs use spatial bricolage to overcome resource constraints
Abstract:
The mobilization of resources is an essential challenge for entrepreneurs. Existing research suggests that access to standard and high-quality resources is an important condition for entrepreneurial success, yet such resources are often out of reach for entrepreneurs. In this study, we explore entrepreneurial resource mobilization in resource-constrained peripheral locations. We identify three activities together constituting an underlying logic of spatial bricolage, defined as making do with the resources at hand in the immediate spatial context. Further, we suggest that the likelihood and prevalence of this logic of action is both situational and dispositional, as individual and contextual factors combine to generate important differences in the resource mobilization activities of the entrepreneurs. Our study contributes to a contextualized understanding of entrepreneurship by showing how spatial bricolage as a distinct logic can help entrepreneurs overcome resource constraints, and how the spatial context incorporates an important dimension of what constitutes ‘at hand’ in entrepreneurial bricolage.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 147-173
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1855479
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1855479
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:1-2:p:147-173
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Malcolm Beynon
Author-X-Name-First: Malcolm
Author-X-Name-Last: Beynon
Author-Name: Paul Jones
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Jones
Author-Name: David Pickernell
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Pickernell
Title: Innovation and the knowledge-base for entrepreneurship: investigating SME innovation across European regions using fsQCA
Abstract:
Using a 2019 data set, 236 regions across 26 European countries are investigated, focusing on four, interlinked, conditions of potential relevance to SME innovation, specifically measures focused on levels of human capital, internal firm innovation, innovation collaborations and broader knowledge collaborations between public and private sectors. The methodology applied uses a configurational approach to elucidate relationships, specifically fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to evaluate how these conditions affect sales of new-to-market and new-to-firm innovations as a percentage of total turnover for SMEs in each region against the EU 2019 average (NMFS). In addition to existence of the classic ‘core’ region ‘innovation ecosystem’ recipe, having presence of three of the four conditions (in-house innovation being non-relevant), analysis reveals innovation policy may require specific tailoring in certain types of regions. This suggests greater collaboration is required to overcome more extensive absence of other parts of the Regional Innovation System, in-house innovation required to overcome lack of education alone. The main contributions of the research are to generate a more comprehensive evaluation of the complexity of innovation at the regional level, graphical ‘map’ based elucidation of findings also contributing to establishing a baseline for future analysis for European regions’ SME-innovation performance.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 227-248
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872936
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:227-248
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jesús Nieto
Author-X-Name-First: Jesús
Author-X-Name-Last: Nieto
Author-Name: Fernando Crecente
Author-X-Name-First: Fernando
Author-X-Name-Last: Crecente
Author-Name: María Sarabia
Author-X-Name-First: María
Author-X-Name-Last: Sarabia
Author-Name: María Teresa Del Val
Author-X-Name-First: María Teresa
Author-X-Name-Last: Del Val
Title: The habitat of university and non-university startups
Abstract:
The habitat concept is been demonstrated as a crucial environment surrounding startups. The aim of this paper is to examine the differences between startups born in the university and startups born in science parks. Using a multilevel analysis, we compile a unique dataset of 242 Spanish-based technology startups and distinguish between university startups (122) and non-university startups (120). Likewise, demographic profiles and business characteristics are used in the analysis. Consistent with other research, our results indicate that university startups have more opportunities to obtain financial resources and to develop innovations. By contrast, non-university startups involve entrepreneurs with more experience.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 273-286
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872938
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872938
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:273-286
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sergey Anokhin
Author-X-Name-First: Sergey
Author-X-Name-Last: Anokhin
Author-Name: Natalia Chistyakova
Author-X-Name-First: Natalia
Author-X-Name-Last: Chistyakova
Author-Name: Irina Antonova
Author-X-Name-First: Irina
Author-X-Name-Last: Antonova
Author-Name: Lyubov Spitsina
Author-X-Name-First: Lyubov
Author-X-Name-Last: Spitsina
Author-Name: Joakim Wincent
Author-X-Name-First: Joakim
Author-X-Name-Last: Wincent
Author-Name: Vinit Parida
Author-X-Name-First: Vinit
Author-X-Name-Last: Parida
Title: Flagship enterprises, entrepreneurial clusters, and business entry rates: insights from the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship
Abstract:
Employing a panel setting of 88 counties in the State of Ohio over the five-year period ending in 2006, this study aims to investigate the applicability of the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship in explaining the relationships between flagship enterprises, entrepreneurial clusters, and business entry rates. The study confirms the overall positive relationship between flagship enterprises and startup rates, and the negative relationship between entrepreneurial clusters and startup rates. It further demonstrates that the effect of clusters is moderated by local unemployment rates so that higher rates of unemployment weaken the negative impact of entrepreneurial clusters on startup rates. Based on the evidence collected, policy makers should increase support for flagship enterprises in their regions, and would-be business owners should consider locating their ventures in proximity to flagship companies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 353-367
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872942
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872942
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:353-367
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Dianne H.B. Welsh
Author-X-Name-First: Dianne H.B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Welsh
Author-Name: Orlando Llanos-Contreras
Author-X-Name-First: Orlando
Author-X-Name-Last: Llanos-Contreras
Author-Name: Manuel Alonso-Dos-Santos
Author-X-Name-First: Manuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Alonso-Dos-Santos
Author-Name: Eugene Kaciak
Author-X-Name-First: Eugene
Author-X-Name-Last: Kaciak
Title: How much do network support and managerial skills affect women’s entrepreneurial success? The overlooked role of country economic development
Abstract:
The success of women-owned businesses with regard to the stages of economic development of countries is under-examined on a global basis. This study explores the relationship between country economic and political contexts and assesses the importance of entrepreneurs’ networks and managerial skills on women’s entrepreneurial success. The research uses data from 22 countries chosen from multi-dimensional country context constructs (i.e., select economic and political factors) and measures both family and external moral and financial support and managerial skills. The results show that stock (managerial skill) and flow (family and non-family support) differentially influence women’s entrepreneurial success in countries at varying levels of competitive development. In particular, the results confirm the positive influence of managerial skills and family moral and financial support on women’s entrepreneurial success (based on annual income) in countries at a higher level of competitive development and confirm their negative influence in countries at a lower level of competitive growth. Moreover, the results reveal influences of non-family financial support (positive for highly competitive countries) on income but not non-family moral support. Public policy implications are discussed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 287-308
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872939
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872939
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:287-308
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sascha Kraus
Author-X-Name-First: Sascha
Author-X-Name-Last: Kraus
Author-Name: William McDowell
Author-X-Name-First: William
Author-X-Name-Last: McDowell
Author-Name: Domingo Enrique Ribeiro-Soriano
Author-X-Name-First: Domingo Enrique
Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano
Author-Name: María Rodríguez-García
Author-X-Name-First: María
Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez-García
Title: The role of innovation and knowledge for entrepreneurship and regional development
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 175-184
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/22797254.2021.1872929
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/22797254.2021.1872929
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:175-184
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Hao Jiao
Author-X-Name-First: Hao
Author-X-Name-Last: Jiao
Author-Name: Tang Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Tang
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Author-Name: Ilan Alon
Author-X-Name-First: Ilan
Author-X-Name-Last: Alon
Title: Financial wealth, socioemotional wealth, and founder exits: an empirical examination of Chinese IPOs
Abstract:
Initial public offerings (IPOs) are typically viewed as the peak of entrepreneurial success, providing founder-CEOs a chance to profitably exit. Founder-CEOs, however, are often motivated by non-financial considerations in addition to the desire to amass wealth. According to the behavioral agency model, the founder-CEOs’ framing of gains vs. losses of their wealth creation at IPO determines their risk aversion vs. risk taking behaviors. In addition, the behavioral agency model argues that founder-CEOs with a great deal of socioemotional wealth fear losing that wealth. This fear will attenuate their aversion to losing financial wealth. To test our model, we collected a sample of 130 entrepreneurial IPOs from 2004 to 2009 in China whose founder-CEOs left the firm after it went public. The results confirm a U-shaped relationship between the founder-CEOs’ financial wealth and their exit speed after the IPO. A high level of socioemotional wealth, exemplified by the CEOs’ tenure, a higher ratio of insiders on the board, and the age of the stock market, negatively moderates the effect of financial wealth. We contribute to the literature by providing empirical support for the behavioral agency model and founder-CEO exits in China by examining both financial and socioemotional wealth.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 208-226
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872935
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872935
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:208-226
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: David Kalisz
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Kalisz
Author-Name: Francesco Schiavone
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Schiavone
Author-Name: Giorgia Rivieccio
Author-X-Name-First: Giorgia
Author-X-Name-Last: Rivieccio
Author-Name: Céline Viala
Author-X-Name-First: Céline
Author-X-Name-Last: Viala
Author-Name: Junsong Chen
Author-X-Name-First: Junsong
Author-X-Name-Last: Chen
Title: Analyzing the macro-level determinants of user entrepreneurship. The moderating role of the national culture.
Abstract:
Scholars have extensively analysed country-based determinants of entrepreneurship over the last few decades. One of these is national culture. To date such a body of knowledge was underestimated in one of the rising streams of literature observed over the last decade: user entrepreneurship. To fill this research gap, the research questions of the present paper are: What is the impact of country-level factors on user entrepreneurship? What is the role of culture in such a relationship? The study analyzes new business units’ activities created by user innovators in the healthcare industry, exploring the effects of the four dimensions of the entrepreneurship model by Thai and Turkina. The adopted methodology uses statistical methods based on principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and polynomial regression models. Findings indicate a clustering behaviour among countries with similar user entrepreneurial activities. Such behaviour highlights the macro-level determinants of health user entrepreneurship, defining a curvilinear relationship among these. In particular, an inverted U-shaped curve emerges when user entrepreneurship is combined with a country’s health culture. We detect a moderation effect of national culture on such a nonlinear relationship at the cross-country level.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 185-207
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872934
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872934
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:185-207
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Lydia Canovas-Saiz
Author-X-Name-First: Lydia
Author-X-Name-Last: Canovas-Saiz
Author-Name: Isidre March-Chordà
Author-X-Name-First: Isidre
Author-X-Name-Last: March-Chordà
Author-Name: Rosa Maria Yagüe-Perales
Author-X-Name-First: Rosa Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: Yagüe-Perales
Title: A quantitative-based model to assess seed accelerators’ performance
Abstract:
Seed accelerators are a new generation of business incubators. While the number of seed accelerators worldwide has grown exponentially, there is as yet no consensus on how to measure and analyse their performance. Therefore, the present study, using two pioneering surveys, aims to cast new light on this field by empirically assessing the performance of accelerators and the prospects of their accelerated firms. A model is built on two perspectives that are used to assess the prospects of the accelerated firms: (1) the accelerator´s perspective, and (2) the accelerated start-ups’ perspective. The results confirmed, at statistically significant levels, that the portfolio size of accelerators, their start-ups´ survival rates, and the number of employees in the accelerated firms, have a positive effect on the median value of the funding received by the accelerated start-ups from the accelerators’ funds. Furthermore, accelerators located in the U.S., and those with the greatest longevity, are shown to have a higher impact on start-ups´ survival rates. The study is not free of limitations, but its findings contribute to the still scarce quantitative literature on the performance of accelerators, and provide important managerial implications for their managers, investors, and entrepreneurs.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 332-352
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872941
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872941
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:332-352
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Juan Piñeiro-Chousa
Author-X-Name-First: Juan
Author-X-Name-Last: Piñeiro-Chousa
Author-Name: M.Á. López-Cabarcos
Author-X-Name-First: M.Á.
Author-X-Name-Last: López-Cabarcos
Author-Name: N. Romero-Castro
Author-X-Name-First: N.
Author-X-Name-Last: Romero-Castro
Author-Name: P. Vázquez-Rodríguez
Author-X-Name-First: P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Vázquez-Rodríguez
Title: Sustainable tourism entrepreneurship in protected areas. A real options assessment of alternative management options
Abstract:
Tourism entrepreneurship has not received sufficient attention in the context of protected areas (PAs). It needs careful management to avoid conflicts with conservation objectives and positively contribute to regional development. Traditional management approaches based on the strict application of the carrying capacity principle are suboptimal. An adaptive management framework has been demanded, but it has been scarcely adopted in practice or explored in previous research. Moreover, appropriate decision-making tools are lacking. This study proposes a combination of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and real options analysis (ROA) to support the sustainable tourism entrepreneurship development in PAs under an adaptive management framework. Costs are related to the conservation and restoration activities, and benefits to the use and non-use value placed by visitors on it, measured through visitors’ willingness to pay (WTP) for sustainable tourism. The proposed model also embraces uncertainty and flexibility, considering visitors’ WTP and tourism demand as the primary sources of uncertainty. Through the analysis of the sustainable tourism management of Ons Island, part of the Marine-Terrestrial National Park of the Atlantic Islands of Galicia, we exemplify the power of a combined CBA-ROA approach and derive implications for policymakers, PA managers, tourism entrepreneurs, and researchers.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 249-272
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872937
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872937
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:249-272
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Bing Xu
Author-X-Name-First: Bing
Author-X-Name-Last: Xu
Author-Name: Haijing Yu
Author-X-Name-First: Haijing
Author-X-Name-Last: Yu
Author-Name: Lili Li
Author-X-Name-First: Lili
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Title: The impact of entrepreneurship on regional economic growth: a perspective of spatial heterogeneity
Abstract:
The relationship between entrepreneurship and regional economic growth has always been a hot topic for scholars. However, the conclusions of existing studies mostly believe that the spatial variable relationship between the two is a fixed positive relationship and does not change with the change of spatial position, which is obviously contrary to the law of heterogeneity or non-stationarity in the spatial relationship of the real geographic world. This paper proposes a new spatial variable coefficient model, called Mixed Geographically Weighted Panel Regression with Spatial Autoregression (MGWPR-SAR), to study the spatial heterogeneity of the impact of entrepreneurship on the economic growth of 31 provinces and cities in China. Unlike the conclusions of mainstream research, the results of this paper show that the role of entrepreneurship in China’s regional economic growth is not necessarily positive, and it has significant spatial heterogeneity. Entrepreneurship has a positive role in promoting economic growth in the relatively developed regions of the eastern coastal and central regions, while it has a negative effect on economic growth in the relatively backward regions of the west.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 309-331
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1872940
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1872940
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:3-4:p:309-331
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Junsheng Dou
Author-X-Name-First: Junsheng
Author-X-Name-Last: Dou
Author-Name: Emma Su
Author-X-Name-First: Emma
Author-X-Name-Last: Su
Author-Name: Shengxiao Li
Author-X-Name-First: Shengxiao
Author-X-Name-Last: Li
Author-Name: Daniel T. Holt
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Holt
Title: Transgenerational entrepreneurship in entrepreneurial families: what is explicitly learned and what is successfully transferred?
Abstract:
Research has suggested that the interaction between older and younger generation family members plays a pivotal role in the development of the younger generation’s entrepreneurial practices. Little is known, however, what the older generation transfers to younger generation family members and what is explicitly applied by the younger generation in new entrepreneurial settings. Drawing on multiple case studies with Chinese business families, we identify the elements of knowledge that are passed between the two generations to include moral values, competence values, and cognitive heuristics. Moreover, we show that values rather than heuristics are further transferred in new entrepreneurial settings.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 427-441
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1727090
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1727090
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:5-6:p:427-441
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Kathleen Randerson
Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen
Author-X-Name-Last: Randerson
Author-Name: Hermann Frank
Author-X-Name-First: Hermann
Author-X-Name-Last: Frank
Author-Name: Clay Dibrell
Author-X-Name-First: Clay
Author-X-Name-Last: Dibrell
Author-Name: Esra Memili
Author-X-Name-First: Esra
Author-X-Name-Last: Memili
Title: From family to families: pushing family entrepreneurship forward
Abstract:
The present guest editorial offers a review of the different conceptualizations of families in business used in research to date, shedding light on the unique characteristics of each type. Understanding the family through the lens of social systems theory offers a means for researchers to study contextually embedded family systems, offering a foundation for studying differences among families. We demonstrate that the family business system (ownership, business, family) is incomplete without a fourth component, that of the family in business. We then present the papers included in this special issue and highlight the collective contribution to research in the fields of family business and family entrepreneurship and provide directions for future research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 369-382
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1727091
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:5-6:p:369-382
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Correction
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 475-475
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1930732
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1930732
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:5-6:p:475-475
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Allan Discua Cruz
Author-X-Name-First: Allan
Author-X-Name-Last: Discua Cruz
Author-Name: Eleanor Hamilton
Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor
Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton
Author-Name: Sarah L. Jack
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Jack
Title: Understanding entrepreneurial opportunities through metaphors: a narrative approach to theorizing family entrepreneurship
Abstract:
The concept of opportunity is central to entrepreneurship theory. This article contributes to theorizing family entrepreneurship across generations by examining how entrepreneurial opportunities are constructed, communicated, and acted upon at the intersection between family and business. Drawing on the experiences of four families in different business sectors in Honduras, the study adopts a narrative perspective and argues that metaphors of entrepreneurial opportunity can enrich our understanding of family entrepreneurship. Findings also suggest that metaphors play a role in developing entrepreneurial legacy. This study of metaphors of opportunity, and how they might entail entrepreneurial legacy, opens up new avenues for theorizing intergenerational family entrepreneurship. In examining the metaphors referring to entrepreneurial practices developed and repeated in the family, this study contributes to understanding family entrepreneurship as a social and discursive process where meanings and values are communicated and maintained in everyday interactions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 405-426
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1727089
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1727089
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:5-6:p:405-426
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mariana Estrada-Robles
Author-X-Name-First: Mariana
Author-X-Name-Last: Estrada-Robles
Author-Name: Nick Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Nick
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: Tim Vorley
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Vorley
Title: Structural coupling in entrepreneurial families: how business-related resources contribute to enterpriseness
Abstract:
This paper examines how family members support each other’s entrepreneurial activities through sharing resources created at the business-level. Drawing on the concept of ‘enterpriseness’ the study examines the flows between a family and the business and how it influences the impacts of the businesses on the family (enterpriseness). We capture the enterpriseness by focusing on entrepreneurial families where more than one member is an owner-entrepreneur. Through in-depth interviews with entrepreneurial families in Mexico, we show how different forms of capital resources emerging from multiple businesses flow back into the family and contribute to enterpriseness. The entrepreneurial family enables access to human, social and financial capital resources that are easily mobilized and combined by other members for their multiple firms, showing a subsequent effect to the business-level. Consequently, enterpriseness influences entrepreneurial behaviours which have a variety of consequences for the entrepreneurial family and their businesses. The paper concludes with a number of contributions to theory.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 457-474
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1727093
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1727093
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:5-6:p:457-474
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sheila K. Hanson
Author-X-Name-First: Sheila K.
Author-X-Name-Last: Hanson
Author-Name: Ksenia Keplinger
Author-X-Name-First: Ksenia
Author-X-Name-Last: Keplinger
Title: The balance that sustains benedictines: family entrepreneurship across generations
Abstract:
The heart of family business and family entrepreneurship is the family. Challenging our current understanding of what constitutes a family is important to advance the emerging field of family entrepreneurship. In this conceptual paper, we expand previous research focus with a transactional approach to family and explore family entrepreneurship across generations using the context of Benedictine organizations. The monastic family, defined from the transactional point of view, represents approximately 1,500 years of family history and entrepreneurial activities. Considering an extraordinary example of Benedictines and integrating literature from organizational behaviour, psychology, family science, family business and family entrepreneurship, we investigate the transactional family influence on development and maintenance of resilience capacity (i.e. resiliency) at organizational, family and individual levels. In particular, we develop a theoretical model conceptualizing how values and behavioural guidelines communicated through a code of ethics influences resiliency of (1) family firms through development of a long-term orientation, (2) families through maintenance of a balanced family type, and (3) individuals through enhancement of an individual work-nonwork balance. Finally, we discuss theoretical and practical implications.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 442-456
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1727092
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1727092
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:5-6:p:442-456
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eric Clinton
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Clinton
Author-Name: Maura McAdam
Author-X-Name-First: Maura
Author-X-Name-Last: McAdam
Author-Name: Jordan Robert Gamble
Author-X-Name-First: Jordan Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Gamble
Author-Name: Martina Brophy
Author-X-Name-First: Martina
Author-X-Name-Last: Brophy
Title: Entrepreneurial learning: the transmitting and embedding of entrepreneurial behaviours within the transgenerational entrepreneurial family
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to explore how entrepreneurial behaviours are transmitted and embedded across generations within a Transgenerational Entrepreneurial Family (TEF). Although extant family business research has acknowledged the importance of learning in facilitating the transference of values, norms and attitudes, we know little about how learning embeds entrepreneurial behaviours at the family level. In order to address this, we adopted a longitudinal perspective of four TEF cases, drawing on numerous interviews, archival sources and observational instances. An iterative procedure for data analysis, which involved open coding, within-case analyses, second-order coding and cross-case analysis, was undertaken. Our findings illustrate how the implementation of entrepreneurial behaviours within TEFs was a process of negotiation and reification, informed by differences among families in response to critical incidents. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the presence of entrepreneurial behaviour enablers in each TEF has facilitated the perpetuation of entrepreneurial behaviours. Finally, we illuminate the importance of unlearning, the disregarding of prior learning to accommodate new information and behaviours, in the TEF context, where such entities are faced with unlearning paradoxes that subsequently influence their entrepreneurial behaviours.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 383-404
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1727088
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1727088
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:5-6:p:383-404
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Heléne Lundberg
Author-X-Name-First: Heléne
Author-X-Name-Last: Lundberg
Author-Name: Christina Öberg
Author-X-Name-First: Christina
Author-X-Name-Last: Öberg
Title: The matter of locality: family firms in sparsely populated regions
Abstract:
This paper explores the interaction and interdependence between family firms and sparsely populated regions. Interactivity underlines the dynamics of the setting and how it changes based on activities between the firm and the context, whereas interdependence refers to how the family firm and the region become mutually reliant on one another. Five case studies show that while the firms act under similar conditions in terms of disparity, their interplay with and dependence on the region differ. The study points to how the citizenship of the family firms is fundamental and how employment is at the heart of the interdependence, while those firms interacting most strongly with the region are those expanding beyond what would be expected by a family firm in terms of traditions and risk aversion. This again indicates a complex pattern of interactivities and interdependencies between family firms and sparsely populated regions. The paper provides important dimensions to theories on family firms’ local contexts specifically related to under-researched settings of sparsely populated regions and important implications for managers, public actors and policy makers, not the least related to support to such contexts.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 493-513
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1925847
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1925847
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:493-513
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Claudia Pongelli
Author-X-Name-First: Claudia
Author-X-Name-Last: Pongelli
Author-Name: Alfredo Valentino
Author-X-Name-First: Alfredo
Author-X-Name-Last: Valentino
Author-Name: Andrea Calabrò
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea
Author-X-Name-Last: Calabrò
Author-Name: Matteo Caroli
Author-X-Name-First: Matteo
Author-X-Name-Last: Caroli
Title: Family-centered goals, geographic focus and family firms’ internationalization: a study on export performance
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to investigate whether family-centred goals impact on family firms’ export performance and to determine the extent to which the geographic focus (regional versus global) of the firm’s strategy changes this relationship. Our hypotheses are tested on a sample of 195 medium to large family firms. The main findings show that, while family-centred non-economic (FCNE) goals negatively impact on export performance, family-centred economic (FCE) goals have a positive influence. Moreover, empirical evidence suggests that both effects are stronger when firms adopt an international strategy with a global, rather than regional, focus. We therefore suggest that a global strategy is detrimental for those family firms strongly prioritizing FCNE goals yet beneficial for those strongly prioritizing FCE goals. Overall, our study theoretically and empirically shows that the actual emphasis that family firm owners place on family-centred goals may either facilitate or inhibit their international sales and that this influence is moderated by the geographic focus of their international activities. In so doing, our study improves our knowledge of why some family firms are more successful than others in their international endeavours.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 580-598
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1925851
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1925851
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:580-598
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Clare Rigg
Author-X-Name-First: Clare
Author-X-Name-Last: Rigg
Author-Name: Paul Coughlan
Author-X-Name-First: Paul
Author-X-Name-Last: Coughlan
Author-Name: Denise O’Leary
Author-X-Name-First: Denise
Author-X-Name-Last: O’Leary
Author-Name: David Coghlan
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Coghlan
Title: A practice perspective on knowledge, learning and innovation – insights from an EU network of small food producers
Abstract:
Drawing on insider research with a three-year EU network created to support innovation in geographically marginalized traditional food companies, this paper makes three contributions to discussions of innovation in small and micro-firms. First, we shift focus away from conceiving of knowledge as a discrete entity, and of knowledge sharing, transfer and exchange as the passing of objects. Applying a practice perspective that conceptualizes innovation as situated in the everyday activities of organizing, learning and working, we extend open innovation ideas and identify three distinct sets of knowledge-creating practices that small and micro-firm actors in this network context engage in as they interact: seek-and-take, peer exploration and critical reflection. Second, we integrate these practices into a model that suggests how different kinds of knowledge boundary (entitative, epistemic, pragmatic and existential) are differently traversed by these practices, with more complex boundaries benefitting from a practice approach. Third, we refine a practical approach for policy interventions designed to stimulate small and micro-firm innovation. The relevance of our contribution lies in the significance of small firms within peripheral economies, and the particular challenges they face in accessing new knowledge for innovation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 621-640
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1877832
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1877832
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:621-640
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Panagiotis Piperopoulos
Author-X-Name-First: Panagiotis
Author-X-Name-Last: Piperopoulos
Author-Name: Mario Kafouros
Author-X-Name-First: Mario
Author-X-Name-Last: Kafouros
Author-Name: Murod Aliyev
Author-X-Name-First: Murod
Author-X-Name-Last: Aliyev
Author-Name: Emma Yan Liu
Author-X-Name-First: Emma Yan
Author-X-Name-Last: Liu
Author-Name: Alan Au
Author-X-Name-First: Alan
Author-X-Name-Last: Au
Title: How does informal entrepreneurship influence the performance of small formal firms? A cross-country institutional perspective
Abstract:
We advance understanding of how competition from informal entrepreneurial firms influences the performance of small formal (registered) firms. We also investigate the role of tax and law related institutions in shaping differently the performance outcomes of the competition between informal and formal firms. Empirical evidence from the analysis of 11,988 observations in 110 emerging countries indicates that, on average, informal firms affect adversely the performance of small formal firms. These negative effects however are stronger in institutional environments with burdensome courts of law but tend to be weaker in environments with burdensome tax regulations. Our analysis extends the rational exit perspective of informality and shows how competition from informal firms affects the performance of small formal firms. It also specifies how contingencies associated with law- and tax-specific institutions across emerging countries influence this relationship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 668-687
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1887371
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1887371
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:668-687
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Massimo Baù
Author-X-Name-First: Massimo
Author-X-Name-Last: Baù
Author-Name: Joern Block
Author-X-Name-First: Joern
Author-X-Name-Last: Block
Author-Name: Allan Discua Cruz
Author-X-Name-First: Allan
Author-X-Name-Last: Discua Cruz
Author-Name: Lucia Naldi
Author-X-Name-First: Lucia
Author-X-Name-Last: Naldi
Title: Bridging locality and internationalization – A research agenda on the sustainable development of family firms
Abstract:
Globalization, digital technologies, societal and environmental concerns influence the way family firms operate locally and internationally. Family firms are often torn between their local and global environments, simultaneously visible and embedded in their local environment while marketing their products and services abroad. Unlike large multinationals that have often lost their roots, family firms manifest an active interest in maintaining their local roots and traditions. Moreover, increasing concerns with sustainable development call for continuity through sustainability aimed at improving local and global socioeconomic conditions. This editorial of the special issue on ‘Locality and Internationalization of Family Firms’ discusses this tension that family firms face and how they can build bridges between communities increasingly drifting apart. By bridging local and global environments, family firms can contribute to the sustainable development of society. We present a research agenda addressing this particular bridging function of family firms and propose several avenues for future research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 477-492
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1925846
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1925846
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:477-492
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Fernanda Ricotta
Author-X-Name-First: Fernanda
Author-X-Name-Last: Ricotta
Author-Name: Rodrigo Basco
Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo
Author-X-Name-Last: Basco
Title: Family firms in European regions: the role of regional institutions
Abstract:
Our study investigates whether the quality of regional institutions influences firms’ likelihood of being a family firm. We explore our conjecture using the EU-EFIGE/Bruegel-UniCredit dataset, which provides comparable cross-country data on manufacturing firms in seven European countries. We use a multilevel framework to analyse how firm- and regional-level variables influence firms’ likelihood of being a family firm. We find evidence that location matters in explaining firms’ probability of being a family firm but that differences between countries are more relevant than are differences between regions. Our results show that the lower the quality of regional institutions, the higher the likelihood of a firm being a family firm. Our results are robust to alternative regional-level control variables and persist after several robustness checks.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 532-554
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1925849
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1925849
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:532-554
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Daniel Pittino
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Pittino
Author-Name: Francesca Visintin
Author-X-Name-First: Francesca
Author-X-Name-Last: Visintin
Author-Name: Alessandro Minichilli
Author-X-Name-First: Alessandro
Author-X-Name-Last: Minichilli
Author-Name: Cristiana Compagno
Author-X-Name-First: Cristiana
Author-X-Name-Last: Compagno
Title: Family involvement in governance and firm performance in industrial districts. The moderating role of the industry’s technological paradigm
Abstract:
Studies on industrial districts tend to highlight the advantages for companies arising from the network of relationships among actors based on the sharing of a common history, culture and norms of behaviour. It has been recently shown that family businesses succeed in leveraging on the district effect only under certain size conditions. In this work, we further advance the study of the ‘district’ effect on family businesses with the analysis of further key contingencies in addition to size, namely the actual level of family involvement and the technological sector. It has been recently shown that family businesses succeed in leveraging on the district effect only under certain size conditions: for example, according to Cucculelli and Storai’s (2015) results, medium-sized family businesses companies enjoy the advantages of operating in a district more than larger and smaller companies and than non-family businesses of similar size. In this work, we further advance the study of the ‘district’ effect on family businesses with the analysis of further key contingencies in addition to size, namely the actual level of family involvement and the technological sector. We argue that an intense involvement of family members in the governance of companies operating within districts, negatively impacts on companies’ performance due to the emergence of a phenomenon of overembeddedness. Further, we also show an industry technological paradigm, characterized by radical breakthroughs, combines with family involvement and location in a district to negatively influence a company’s performance. The study is conducted on the Bocconi Italian Observatory of Family Business and includes a final usable panel of 55,489 company/year observations.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 514-531
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1925848
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1925848
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:514-531
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Ben Spigel
Author-X-Name-First: Ben
Author-X-Name-Last: Spigel
Author-Name: Tara Vinodrai
Author-X-Name-First: Tara
Author-X-Name-Last: Vinodrai
Title: Meeting its Waterloo? Recycling in entrepreneurial ecosystems after anchor firm collapse
Abstract:
The ‘recycling’ of people, capital, and ideas within an entrepreneurial ecosystem is a key process driving high-growth entrepreneurship. Skilled workers who leave firms after successful exits or firm collapse bring knowledge and insights that they can use to start new ventures or work at existing scale-up firms. This makes large anchor firms important actors in attracting workers who may subsequently recycle into the local ecosystem. However, there is limited empirical research on recycling into an ecosystem after the loss of an anchor firm. This paper develops a novel methodology using career history data to track recycling into ecosystems. The paper develops a study of Waterloo, Ontario, home to the smartphone manufacturer Blackberry, whose decline in 2008 represented a significant shock to the local entrepreneurial ecosystem. We find that alumni of this firm engaged in very little high-growth entrepreneurship, instead entering the ecosystem as technology employees at high-growth scale-up firms. This was aided by the region's increased institutional capacity to match skilled workers with new ventures, ensuring the continued success of the ecosystem over time. These findings provide a more nuanced understanding of the role of anchor firms in entrepreneurial ecosystems and how recycling affects the dynamics of entrepreneurial ecosystems.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 599-620
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2020.1734262
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2020.1734262
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:599-620
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Silvia Ranfagni
Author-X-Name-First: Silvia
Author-X-Name-Last: Ranfagni
Author-Name: Andrea Runfola
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea
Author-X-Name-Last: Runfola
Author-Name: Daria Sarti
Author-X-Name-First: Daria
Author-X-Name-Last: Sarti
Title: Family firms between territory and internationalization: an authenticity based perspective
Abstract:
Being authentic implies maintaining a character of genuineness and honesty, while remaining coherent with oneself and one’s surrounding context over time. It can represent a critical asset to be preserved and exploited, especially in the case of family firms. This paper explores the role of authenticity as a driving force for foreign sales expansion in those family firms that are rooted in a territory. While previous studies emphasize the emergence of a trade-off between maintaining linkages with local traditions and foreign sales expansion, this paper proposes an original perspective. We aim to answer the following question: How does a family business maintain a territorial-based identity by going international? Methodologically, this study presents the cross-case analysis of six Italian family firms whose products are expressions of the cultural legacy, history, and traditions of a territory. The results of the study find their synthesis in a model for family business internationalization driven by a territorial-based authenticity. We identify four building blocks that allow for pursuing the maintaining of the links with local traditions as well as helping family firms to grow on foreign markets, namely, integration, retention, evangelization, and reinforcement.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 555-579
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1925850
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1925850
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:555-579
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Benjamin Fath
Author-X-Name-First: Benjamin
Author-X-Name-Last: Fath
Author-Name: Hugh Whittaker
Author-X-Name-First: Hugh
Author-X-Name-Last: Whittaker
Author-Name: Antje Fiedler
Author-X-Name-First: Antje
Author-X-Name-Last: Fiedler
Title: Developing venture opportunities amidst rivalry: entrepreneurs’ backgrounds and the governing role of maintaining confidence
Abstract:
This qualitative, longitudinal study of 12 innovative young New Zealand ventures investigates how individual entrepreneurs develop their venture opportunity amidst emerging rivalry. Two phases are identified: the pursuit of the initial opportunity, and developing it under rivalry. Adopting a sensemaking perspective and a social understanding of rivalry, we explain how entrepreneurs’ backgrounds impact opportunity confidence and the construction of rivalry, and reveal three main pathways whereby entrepreneurs develop their venture. First, entrepreneurs with neither start-up experience nor industry knowledge construct rivalry as threatening and narrow their network as opportunity confidence declines. Second, entrepreneurs with industry knowledge construct emerging rivalry as a challenge and strengthen within-industry ties to meet it. Third, entrepreneurs with serial start-up experience remain unfazed by rivalry and may abandon existing networks in favour for new networks. Comparing pathways, the paper makes two main contributions. First, it illustrates a link between entrepreneurs’ backgrounds and the construction of rivalry. This construction impacts opportunity confidence. Second, the paper suggests that such changes in opportunity confidence guide decisions about how to embed the venture into social context. Overall, the paper contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms whereby entrepreneurial backgrounds influence developing venture opportunities in competitive settings.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 641-667
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1886332
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1886332
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:7-8:p:641-667
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Elena Dowin Kennedy
Author-X-Name-First: Elena
Author-X-Name-Last: Dowin Kennedy
Title: Creating community: the process of entrepreneurial community building for civic wealth creation
Abstract:
This article examines the development of an entrepreneurial community focused on civic wealth creation. This case study identifies how a team of community entrepreneurs successfully leveraged their relationships to develop a shared vision and invest complementary assets to re-build a defunct cotton mill and form an entrepreneurial community around it to create civic wealth through the creation of opportunities of others and curation of the space. Building on the case, the paper explicates the process through which the entrepreneurial community is formed with the intent to create civic wealth, elaborates on the challenges of maintaining dual roles of animator and entrepreneur and highlights the importance of the maintenance of relationships in entrepreneurial communities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 816-836
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1964612
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1964612
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:816-836
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sandrine Stervinou
Author-X-Name-First: Sandrine
Author-X-Name-Last: Stervinou
Author-Name: Julie Bayle-Cordier
Author-X-Name-First: Julie
Author-X-Name-Last: Bayle-Cordier
Author-Name: Lorea Narvaiza
Author-X-Name-First: Lorea
Author-X-Name-Last: Narvaiza
Author-Name: Cristina Aragón
Author-X-Name-First: Cristina
Author-X-Name-Last: Aragón
Author-Name: Cristina Iturrioz
Author-X-Name-First: Cristina
Author-X-Name-Last: Iturrioz
Title: Exploring the interplay between context and enterprise purpose in participative social entrepreneurship: the perceptions of worker cooperative entrepreneurs
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship research views context as central to understanding entrepreneurship as a fluid social construction. Our study answers recent call to focus on a diversity of organizational forms to deepen theorizing and to broaden the domain of what is considered entrepreneurship. Worker cooperatives are a type of social enterprise under exposed in the entrepreneurship literature. Thus, we investigate how context impacts collective social entrepreneurial processes over time by exploring how worker cooperative entrepreneurs view their contexts and their own entrepreneurial initiatives’ purposes. We introduce the term ‘participative social entrepreneurship’, which we define as ‘democratic and collaborative action, amongst both similar and diverse actors to foster positive societal change’. Findings based on a longitudinal study of worker cooperative entrepreneurs from two European territories over 2011-2020 highlight the relevance of context and purpose interplay in shaping worker cooperative entrepreneurs’ perceptions and so, the construction of participative social entrepreneurship. The study reveals that while, in theory, the worker cooperative form has a prosocial purpose naturally embedded in its democratic governance structure, social entrepreneurship in action does not always translate into voices that contest the status quo and highlights the necessity of paying attention to the factors that make participative social entrepreneurship dynamic and real.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 758-788
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1914740
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1914740
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:758-788
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gagan Deep Sharma
Author-X-Name-First: Gagan Deep
Author-X-Name-Last: Sharma
Author-Name: Justin Paul
Author-X-Name-First: Justin
Author-X-Name-Last: Paul
Author-Name: Mrinalini Srivastava
Author-X-Name-First: Mrinalini
Author-X-Name-Last: Srivastava
Author-Name: Anshita Yadav
Author-X-Name-First: Anshita
Author-X-Name-Last: Yadav
Author-Name: John Mendy
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Mendy
Author-Name: Tapan Sarker
Author-X-Name-First: Tapan
Author-X-Name-Last: Sarker
Author-Name: Sanchita Bansal
Author-X-Name-First: Sanchita
Author-X-Name-Last: Bansal
Title: Neuroentrepreneurship: an integrative review and research agenda
Abstract:
There is emergent literature that converges from neuroscience and entrepreneurship research, but the definitions and interlinkages are still inconsistent. We conduct a systematic literature review of 167 papers on the interface between neuroscience and entrepreneurship to address this. We observe the literature trends examining the interlinkages between neuroscience and entrepreneurial intention through six antecedents, namely - molecular neuroscience, systems neuroscience, behavioral neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, social neuroscience, and computational neuroscience. Our findings suggest that entrepreneurial intention impacts entrepreneurial activity through five factors, including (1) opportunity recognition, (2) evaluation and risk-taking, (3) entrepreneurial cognition, (4) entrepreneurial behavior, and (5) entrepreneurial decision-making. From our discussions, the links among the neural factors affecting entrepreneurship are identified, and a research agenda highlighting a pathway for future studies is proposed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 863-893
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1966106
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1966106
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:863-893
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Donato Iacobucci
Author-X-Name-First: Donato
Author-X-Name-Last: Iacobucci
Author-Name: Francesco Perugini
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Perugini
Title: Entrepreneurial ecosystems and economic resilience at local level
Abstract:
The main aim of this paper is to investigate if and to what extent entrepreneurial ecosystems (EE) have an impact on economic resilience at local level. The paper is based on a quantitative analysis for the Italian provinces (NUT-3 level) and presents two novelties: first, it provides a composite index of EE at local level by capturing the different aspects encompassing political, social, cultural and economic dimensions of an EE; second, it analyzes the role of EE in terms of resistance to and recovery from external shocks. The empirical results show that EE has a relevant role in explaining the resilience of local systems to economic shocks. The positive effect also remains when controlling for the direct impact of new firm formation, thus highlighting that the EE concept has a greater significance for characterizing resilience and entrepreneurial activity at local level than entrepreneurial rates.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 689-716
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1888318
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1888318
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:689-716
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stephen Knox
Author-X-Name-First: Stephen
Author-X-Name-Last: Knox
Author-Name: Lucrezia Casulli
Author-X-Name-First: Lucrezia
Author-X-Name-Last: Casulli
Author-Name: Andrew MacLaren
Author-X-Name-First: Andrew
Author-X-Name-Last: MacLaren
Title: Identity work in different entrepreneurial settings: dominant interpretive repertoires and divergent striving agendas
Abstract:
This paper examines how entrepreneurs within different settings reflect on social interactions to work on their identity. Using life story narratives, we explore a business membership network and a creative hub in the central belt of Scotland. Our subsequent model shows how individuals in these settings use different dominant interpretive repertoires, as represented by structural-instrumental work in the business network and relational work in the creative hub. We also show how the interpretive repertoires both shape and are shaped by what individuals strive for in their identity work: striving for esteem and striving for closeness. We discuss how our findings offer insight into the dynamics of social identities and how they are reproduced and maintained through situated exchange using specific interpretive repertoires and striving agendas.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 717-740
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1890231
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1890231
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:717-740
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sue Kilpatrick
Author-X-Name-First: Sue
Author-X-Name-Last: Kilpatrick
Author-Name: Jane Farmer
Author-X-Name-First: Jane
Author-X-Name-Last: Farmer
Author-Name: Sherridan Emery
Author-X-Name-First: Sherridan
Author-X-Name-Last: Emery
Author-Name: Tracy DeCotta
Author-X-Name-First: Tracy
Author-X-Name-Last: DeCotta
Title: Social enterprises and regional cities: working together for mutual benefit
Abstract:
Social enterprises respond to local needs through an integrated economic and social model. It is known that social enterprises facilitate outcomes for their participants; less is known about how social enterprises contribute to outcomes for others in their locale. Activity within social enterprises was observed and interviews conducted with participants, staff, customers and leaders in Australian regional cities. Data were analysed using a conceptual framework informed by social capital and social enterprise literature that uncovered actions involving social enterprises that realise place-based outcomes, motivations for these actions, and social capital networks that facilitate them. Linking networks among high level actors in regional cities supported development of bridging networks between social enterprises and other organisations. These were activated by social enterprises or others to generate opportunities for social enterprise participants. Local organisation motivations for interacting with social enterprises complemented social enterprises’ dual social and economic mission. Local production and ‘consumption’ of products realised benefits including wellbeing and social inclusion. Findings extend knowledge by showing that social enterprises’ dual social and economic missions place them in multiple networks with overlapping membership. Network overlap generates a space for work on place-based social and economic problems and opportunities that benefit social enterprises and cities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 741-757
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1899293
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1899293
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:741-757
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sarah Dodd
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Dodd
Author-Name: Juliette Wilson
Author-X-Name-First: Juliette
Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson
Author-Name: Maria Karampela
Author-X-Name-First: Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: Karampela
Author-Name: Mike Danson
Author-X-Name-First: Mike
Author-X-Name-Last: Danson
Title: Crafting growth together
Abstract:
There is a re-positioning of entrepreneurship towards the sustaining, the frugal, the local, and the everyday. This poses challenges for peripheral policy work, especially around growth, at sectoral and regional levels. Through collaborative workshops with engaged craft brewing stakeholders, this study generated deep new insights into how diverse forms of value can come to be created, shared, stewarded, invested in, grown, given away, and held as a collective resource, in order to both sustain community, and build sectoral growth. As such, we highlight novel entrepreneurial practices and capitals which, taken together, can respond both to critical chorus demands for an urgent repositioning towards frugal sustaining folk enterprise, and yet also retain a strong sense of peripheral socio-economic progress implied by the growth agenda, and its policies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 789-815
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1914741
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1914741
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:789-815
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Eva Kašperová
Author-X-Name-First: Eva
Author-X-Name-Last: Kašperová
Title: Impairment (in)visibility and stigma: how disabled entrepreneurs gain legitimacy in mainstream and disability markets
Abstract:
Entrepreneurs’ use of linguistic practices, such as storytelling, in building legitimacy with customers and others is well documented. Yet, not all entrepreneurs may equally use or benefit from such practices in their legitimacy-building efforts. For those with stigmatized social identities, like disability, embodied properties and practices of non-linguistic, more visual kind, may be salient despite being under-explored in the entrepreneurial legitimacy studies. To address this knowledge gap, this article examines how disabled entrepreneurs gain legitimacy with customers and, more specifically, how impairment visibility shapes their capacity to do so. Drawing primarily on in-depth interviews with UK-based entrepreneurs, the article extends Suchman’s work by reconceptualizing his legitimacy-building strategies considering impairment visibility. It is argued that impairment visibility can both enable and constrain legitimacy depending on the product offering and the target market. Disabled entrepreneurs are found to adopt four embodied legitimacy-building strategies in the marketplace, each with specific implications for their micro-level interactions with customers.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 894-919
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1974101
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1974101
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:894-919
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Irina Papazu
Author-X-Name-First: Irina
Author-X-Name-Last: Papazu
Title: Entrepreneurial resource construction through collective bricolage on Denmark’s renewable energy Island: an ethnographic study
Abstract:
Entrepreneurial resource construction through bricolage is an underappreciated element in a growing body of entrepreneurship and organization studies examining bricolage as an organizational strategy under conditions of resource scarcity. Drawing on in-depth ethnographic data, this study of the Danish island Samsø’s successful transition to renewable energy argues for a richer understanding and a more positive appraisal of entrepreneurial bricolage as a multifaceted strategy for change on the community level. By demonstrating the constructed nature of the resource environments identified on Samsø, the article argues that bricolage, rather than revolving around the combination of already available resources to create new entrepreneurial ventures, is a process involving the construction of resources to achieve change. An in-depth understanding of this process of resource construction is especially relevant in the context of local sustainable energy transitions, as bricolage, in this context, can enable the community to work towards a shared goal without accepting the constraints of the resource-scarce local environment.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 837-862
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 33
Year: 2021
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.1964613
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.1964613
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:33:y:2021:i:9-10:p:837-862
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Susana. C. Santos
Author-X-Name-First: Susana. C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Santos
Author-Name: Sílvia Costa
Author-X-Name-First: Sílvia
Author-X-Name-Last: Costa
Author-Name: Michael H. Morris
Author-X-Name-First: Michael H.
Author-X-Name-Last: Morris
Title: Entrepreneurship as a pathway into and out of poverty: a configuration perspective
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship is widely argued to be an important solution to poverty. While there is a growing volume of work on poverty and entrepreneurial action in developing nations, empirical work in developed countries is more scarce. Drawing on the entrepreneurial intentions and motivations literature together with personal values theory, we explore changes in the economic status and job status of 83 individuals from low-income contexts in Spain. Based on a series of multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analyses of data collected in two periods in time, three profiles of entrepreneurial intentions, motivations, and personal values associated with pathways into and out of poverty through entrepreneurship are identified. Implications are drawn for theory, practice and public policy.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 82-109
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2030413
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2030413
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:82-109
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Stefan Korber
Author-X-Name-First: Stefan
Author-X-Name-Last: Korber
Author-Name: Janine Swail
Author-X-Name-First: Janine
Author-X-Name-Last: Swail
Author-Name: Rishi Krishanasamy
Author-X-Name-First: Rishi
Author-X-Name-Last: Krishanasamy
Title: Endure, escape or engage: how and when misaligned institutional logics and entrepreneurial agency contribute to the maturing of entrepreneurial ecosystems
Abstract:
This study explores how entrepreneurs respond when their expectations misalign with the capabilities, behaviours and priorities of angel and venture capital investors in a maturing entrepreneurial ecosystem. Based on 38 interviews with New Zealand founders, we theorize three qualitatively different behavioural strategies – endure, escape or engage – that entrepreneurs enact in the face of such misalignment. We also consider the ramifications of these strategies for the broader context in which entrepreneurial activity occurs. Some strategies reproduce the suboptimal ecosystem conditions that entrepreneurs encounter, whereas others contribute to the sustainable growth and maturity of the ecosystem. Grounded in an institutional logics perspective, our findings offer a nuanced view of entrepreneurial agency in the face of an entrepreneurial ecosystem’s institutional constraints. We challenge the deterministic notion of contextual forces that prevails in the literature and reveal how and when resource-sourcing decisions and actions stimulate endogenous change in entrepreneurial ecosystems.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 158-178
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2045633
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2045633
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:158-178
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Miruna Radu-Lefebvre
Author-X-Name-First: Miruna
Author-X-Name-Last: Radu-Lefebvre
Author-Name: Ulla Hytti
Author-X-Name-First: Ulla
Author-X-Name-Last: Hytti
Title: The joys and pitfalls of writing interesting research
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-5
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2033852
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2033852
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:1-5
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Alain Daou
Author-X-Name-First: Alain
Author-X-Name-Last: Daou
Author-Name: David Talbot
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Talbot
Author-Name: Zouhour Jomaa
Author-X-Name-First: Zouhour
Author-X-Name-Last: Jomaa
Title: Redefining boundaries: the case of women angel investors in a patriarchal context
Abstract:
While angel investment is a vital source of seed capital, evidence suggests that gendered ascriptions leave women at a disadvantage in terms of both the supply and demand for angel finance. With the bulk of research being skewed towards advanced economies, this paper investigates the motivations and implications behind a woman-to-woman angel fund in an Arab patriarchal context and argues for how it is extending the institutional space. Semi-structured interviews conducted with Lebanese women angel investors show that they are driven by the responsibility to empower women economically and legitimize females’ entrepreneurial roles at seed level. In turn, the initiative broadens the ecosystem’s boundaries on the one hand, while also legitimizing women-led start-ups by giving them a voice and visibility, allowing them to secure additional onboard seed investments. Accordingly, while acknowledging that rebalancing the gender disparity in the entrepreneurial market is not exclusively a women’s issue, our findings show that such initiatives could be an entry point for a gradual transformative change in similar patriarchal societies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 137-157
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2037164
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2037164
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:137-157
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jalleh Sharafizad
Author-X-Name-First: Jalleh
Author-X-Name-Last: Sharafizad
Author-Name: Janice Redmond
Author-X-Name-First: Janice
Author-X-Name-Last: Redmond
Author-Name: Craig Parker
Author-X-Name-First: Craig
Author-X-Name-Last: Parker
Title: The influence of local embeddedness on the economic, social, and environmental sustainability practices of regional small firms
Abstract:
Despite growing research on economic, social, and environmental sustainability, few studies explore all three sustainability pillars and implemented practices, in the context of regional small firms. This study uses a novel integration of two theoretical concepts, local embeddedness, and sustainability embeddedness orientation, to fill this knowledge gap. Using 26 interviews, the study highlights the nuanced interconnectedness of three new theoretical concepts that link local embeddedness and sustainability embeddedness – locally embedded sustainability values, spatially-driven sustainability and locally adapted sustainability. An integrated theoretical framework is provided that uses the three new concepts to explain how and why small firm local embeddedness in regional communities influences their sustainability embeddedness orientations and implementation of sustainability practices. Small firms were found to have an embedded orientation of economic sustainability, as it was core to the firms’ values, strategies, and the practices, and was influenced by the region’s locally embedded sustainability values. The region’s values afforded locally adapted sustainability for all three pillars, where owners decide whether to pursue an embedded or emergent orientation when picking social and environmental sustainability practices to implement. The practical implications of the study are that regional small firms need additional support to encourage further embedding of these sustainability practices.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 57-81
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.2024889
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.2024889
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:57-81
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Tao Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Tao
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Author-Name: Yue Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Yue
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Author-Name: Wenlong Mu
Author-X-Name-First: Wenlong
Author-X-Name-Last: Mu
Title: The effect of birth order on entrepreneurship: evidence from China
Abstract:
Recent studies on the determinants of entrepreneurship have shown that later-born children are more likely to become entrepreneurs. However, research has not addressed the questions of how birth order influences entrepreneurship. Based on the Chinese context, we propose two competing hypotheses to explore the potential mechanisms (risk taking vs. educational attainment) that explain the effect of birth order on entrepreneurship. We further argue that the effect of birth order on entrepreneurship is moderated by birth spacing and family financial status. Using data from the 2008 and 2013 Chinese Household Income Project, we find that in the case of China the impacts of birth order on two types of entrepreneurship (i.e. solo entrepreneurship and employer entrepreneurship) are overall positive, which implies that the risk-taking mechanism is more dominant than the educational attainment mechanism. Birth order shows a more pronounced impact for solo entrepreneurship but a weak impact for employer entrepreneurship. We also find that the positive birth-order effect on entrepreneurship is more evident in families with low financial status. Overall, this paper casts light on how birth order shapes the propensity for entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 179-208
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2047796
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2047796
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:179-208
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: K.V. Gopakumar
Author-X-Name-First: K.V.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gopakumar
Title: Retaining the nonprofit mission: The case of social enterprise emergence in India from a traditional nonprofit
Abstract:
Literature examining the emergence of social enterprises from traditional non-profits has noted a shift in organizational mission, from a predominantly social mission towards a dual focus on both social and commercial goals. Less is known about how such social enterprises, which transition from traditional non-profits, retain the original non-profit social mission. The present study, employing an institutional logics perspective, identifies how a social enterprise, emerging from a traditional non-profit in India, re-conceptualized its means in diverse ways towards a common social end, preserved its core guiding principles and processes, and maintained a broad organizational vision, to seamlessly retain and continue with the original social mission. The study concludes with implications for social enterprise and institutional logics research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 110-136
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2037163
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2037163
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:110-136
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Antonio Padilla-Meléndez
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Padilla-Meléndez
Author-Name: Juan Jose Plaza-Angulo
Author-X-Name-First: Juan Jose
Author-X-Name-Last: Plaza-Angulo
Author-Name: Ana Rosa Del-Aguila-Obra
Author-X-Name-First: Ana Rosa
Author-X-Name-Last: Del-Aguila-Obra
Author-Name: Antonio Manuel Ciruela-Lorenzo
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Manuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Ciruela-Lorenzo
Title: Indigenous Entrepreneurship. Current issues and future lines
Abstract:
This paper contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the research field of Indigenous Entrepreneurship (IE), by analysing previous literature and proposing relevant future research lines. IE has been considered in the literature as key for the development of indigenous communities and a promising emergent area of research, and it is time to make efforts to integrate existing knowledge and approaches in order to advance the field. By analysing 264 papers related to IE published up to December 2020, we found some relevant results. In conclusion, we mention the heterogeneity and fragmentation of the field, the specificity of sociocultural issues and context, the concentration of studies in some geographical areas, the relevance of the individual level of study, and the combination of economic and social objectives. In addition, future integration efforts that contribute to a better generalizability of the empirical results and to theory building are proposed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 6-31
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.2011962
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.2011962
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:6-31
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Caroline Wigren-Kristoferson
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline
Author-X-Name-Last: Wigren-Kristoferson
Author-Name: Ethel Brundin
Author-X-Name-First: Ethel
Author-X-Name-Last: Brundin
Author-Name: Karin Hellerstedt
Author-X-Name-First: Karin
Author-X-Name-Last: Hellerstedt
Author-Name: Anna Stevenson
Author-X-Name-First: Anna
Author-X-Name-Last: Stevenson
Author-Name: Maria Aggestam
Author-X-Name-First: Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: Aggestam
Title: Rethinking embeddedness: a review and research agenda
Abstract:
We conduct a comprehensive review of embeddedness in entrepreneurship research. Although the term “embeddedness” is frequently used in this field of study, less is known about the ways in which it is operationalized and applied. Using criterion sampling, we analyse 198 articles in order to investigate how embeddedness is conceptualized and what role it plays in the extant entrepreneurship literature. We categorize our findings based on different phases of the entrepreneurial process (early, mature and exit) and outline the dominant focus and the main conceptualization of embeddedness for each phase. We highlight important learnings for each of the three phases and identify potential areas for conceptual development. Across the phases, we find that embeddedness and context are often used interchangeably. We thus call for construct clarity in the field. In the existing literature, entrepreneurs are generally portrayed as reactive to embeddedness, resulting in a loss of entrepreneurial agency. To remedy this, we introduce the term agencement, which takes into account the relationship between the entrepreneurship and embeddedness. Further, entrepreneurs are found to be embedded in multiple contexts at the same time, and embeddedness can be understood at different levels and to different degrees. To address this complexity, it is relevant to focus on the embedding process itself, acknowledging that it takes place in social interactions including cultural, cognitive, and emotional aspects between contexts and across levels. While the extant literature supports the notion that embeddedness is important for understanding entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs, it does not necessarily support our understanding of how embeddedness takes form or why it takes certain forms. We therefore include a call for future research to turn to process and practice theories.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 32-56
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2021.2021298
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2021.2021298
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:1-2:p:32-56
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: George Redhead
Author-X-Name-First: George
Author-X-Name-Last: Redhead
Author-Name: Zografia Bika
Author-X-Name-First: Zografia
Author-X-Name-Last: Bika
Title: ‘Adopting place’: how an entrepreneurial sense of belonging can help revitalise communities
Abstract:
This study considers the differentiated ways in which entrepreneurs may embed themselves within place to better understand the nature of embeddedness and the processes behind both intended and unintended entrepreneurial outcomes. Whilst research has long shown that embeddedness can enable and/or constrain entrepreneurial activities, the microlevel processes behind such activities are often unacknowledged, lacking details of how, why and when embedded social values relate and integrate with enterprise in various places, thus advancing a somewhat static, one-dimensional conceptual understanding. This study attempts to broaden the understanding of embeddedness by engaging in context-sensitive theorizing from the findings of a qualitative case study in Great Yarmouth, a depleted town on the coast of East Anglia, England. Through introducing the notion of ‘adopting place’, we delve deeper into what it means to be spatially (dis)embedded, how this reflects a much more complex and dynamic understanding of embeddedness, and how such embeddedness can instigate change and regional development (or lack thereof), progressing a reconceptualization of place itself
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 222-246
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2049375
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2049375
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:3-4:p:222-246
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Steffen Korsgaard
Author-X-Name-First: Steffen
Author-X-Name-Last: Korsgaard
Author-Name: Caroline Wigren-Kristoferson
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline
Author-X-Name-Last: Wigren-Kristoferson
Author-Name: Ethel Brundin
Author-X-Name-First: Ethel
Author-X-Name-Last: Brundin
Author-Name: Karin Hellerstedt
Author-X-Name-First: Karin
Author-X-Name-Last: Hellerstedt
Author-Name: Gry Agnete Alsos
Author-X-Name-First: Gry Agnete
Author-X-Name-Last: Alsos
Author-Name: Jorunn Grande
Author-X-Name-First: Jorunn
Author-X-Name-Last: Grande
Title: Entrepreneurship and embeddedness: process, context and theoretical foundations
Abstract:
In this article, we introduce the special issue on entrepreneurship and embeddedness. We do so by providing a brief overview of existing research on the topic focused on three important conversations related to process, context and theoretical foundations. The overview highlights essential contributions from extant research and suggests that expansion and advancement in the research conversation can be accomplished by focusing on dynamic and multilayered conceptualizations of embeddedness and by broadening the theoretical foundations of our research. We also present and position the papers in the special issue within the conversations on process, context and theoretical foundations in entrepreneurship research on embeddedness.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 210-221
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2055152
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2055152
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:3-4:p:210-221
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Sara Alshareef
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Alshareef
Title: Does location matter? Unpacking the dynamic relationship between the spatial context and embeddedness in women’s entrepreneurship
Abstract:
Responding to calls for research that stresses the importance of embeddedness in entrepreneurship research, this paper examines the relationship between the spatial context and the social embeddedness in shaping and influencing women’s entrepreneurial behaviour. A particular focus is placed on gender norms, through exploring how embeddedness is gendered and that the gender norms of the context in which women entrepreneurs are and were located can constrain and/or enable their entrepreneurial actions. Furthermore, knowledge about different spatial contexts means that women can orient themselves to different gender norms and entrepreneurial behaviours. This study draws on 27 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with Saudi women entrepreneurs operating businesses within or beyond conservative, patriarchal contexts which feature different gender norms (enforced or relaxed). The findings show that when remaining within or moving between contexts, individuals have the potential to embed themselves to very different extents – through processes of over-embedding, reduce-embedding and re-mbedding – reflecting the options available for entrepreneurial action-taking and access to resources.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 294-318
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2047798
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2047798
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:3-4:p:294-318
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Vicky Nowak
Author-X-Name-First: Vicky
Author-X-Name-Last: Nowak
Author-Name: Paola Raffaelli
Author-X-Name-First: Paola
Author-X-Name-Last: Raffaelli
Title: The interconnected influences of institutional and social embeddedness on processes of social innovation: A Polanyian perspective
Abstract:
Theorizing embeddedness requires sensitivity to the dynamic and multi-layered contexts of entrepreneurship. Social or network embeddedness influences how social and for-profit entrepreneurs leverage resources within their local environment, and institutional embeddedness explains how the (social) entrepreneurial environment is shaped by societal structures.. To understand social innovation (SI) processes – meeting social needs, transforming social relations, and reconfiguring institutional structures – we need to account for social and institutional embeddedness. This paper explores how institutional structures shape the environment for SI, influencing social networks and how actors within organizations are able to respond to contextual changes. Ethnographic case studies of two UK social enterprises uncover different levels and types of embeddedness influencing social organizations. We connect macro and micro interactions using a Polanyian view of embeddedness, placing SI within institutional structures and examining how reciprocal social relationships are critical to SI’s transformative potential. Findings reveal the interconnectedness of embeddedness, whereby embeddedness in institutional structures led to a breakdown of the social embeddedness necessary for collectivism critical to SI. Our multi-layered analytical approach has potential beyond understanding SI, making theorizing sensitive to processes of embeddedness of entrepreneurship in other contexts.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 319-342
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2049376
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2049376
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:3-4:p:319-342
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Aki Harima
Author-X-Name-First: Aki
Author-X-Name-Last: Harima
Title: Theorizing Disembedding and Re-Embedding: Resource Mobilization in Refugee Entrepreneurship
Abstract:
Forced displacement drastically changes the nature of refugees’ connection to their home countries and requires them to build new ties to their host countries. While refugees undergo the dynamic transformation of their embeddedness after arriving in host countries, previous studies on refugee entrepreneurship have not sufficiently examined the dynamic and procedural nature of refugees’ embeddedness and its influence on their entrepreneurial activities. This study seeks to understand how the process of embedding influences refugees’ resource mobilization in their entrepreneurial activities. Based on 20 interviews with refugee entrepreneurs in Germany, this study revealed that forced detachment from home-country contexts led to a loss of certain resources while simultaneously creating opportunities for refugees to develop resources by building new connections. This study challenges the conventional structural deterministic approach of mixed embeddedness and theorizes disembedding and re-embedding processes of refugee entrepreneurs. The findings suggest that these processes require a cognitive process on the part of entrepreneurial agents to become aware of a loss of resources and to reinterpret the value of their resources. Furthermore, this paper discusses how these processes constrain and enable refugees’ access to resources. The findings offer implications for policymakers of refugee-hosting countries and refugee support organizations.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 269-293
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2047799
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2047799
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:3-4:p:269-293
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Jenny Sofie Kjemphei Larsen
Author-X-Name-First: Jenny Sofie Kjemphei
Author-X-Name-Last: Larsen
Author-Name: Thomas Lauvås
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas
Author-X-Name-Last: Lauvås
Author-Name: Roger Sørheim
Author-X-Name-First: Roger
Author-X-Name-Last: Sørheim
Title: In the same boat? The dynamics of embedded firms in peripheral regions
Abstract:
Peripheral regions are often negatively characterized as having structural weaknesses that hinder the development of thriving firms. This study explores embeddedness, a concept considered important to overcome such liabilities, because it may enable or constrain actors’ access to additional resources. However, there is limited understanding of the underlying dynamics of this concept. Based on a qualitative case study of the development of salmon-farming firms in peripheral areas of Norway, this study shows that the industry’s pioneering phase was characterized by embedding processes among the farmers through sharing and openness. Over time, greater industry consolidation created a division between listed firms and locally owned small- and medium-sized firms (SMEs). The listed firms disembedded from the social and institutional contexts of the periphery, which led the SMEs to reinforce their embeddedness and continue their collaborations. Thus, our findings extend prior studies treating embeddedness as a static concept, showing how embeddedness consistently develops in response to actors’ actions. We further show that the SMEs’ embeddedness in multiple contexts (social, institutional, and spatial) enabled them to solve mutual challenges through interfirm collaborations, thereby securing competitive advantages. Hence, we contribute to a holistic, evolutionary, and dynamic understanding of embeddedness processes in peripheral regions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 247-268
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2055151
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2055151
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:3-4:p:247-268
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Gesine Tuitjer
Author-X-Name-First: Gesine
Author-X-Name-Last: Tuitjer
Title: Growing beyond the niche? How machines link production and networking practices of small rural food businesses
Abstract:
This paper employs a practice perspective to understand the hanging-together of networking and production practices in small craft-food businesses. Based on a case study from a rural region of Germany, we explore how practices are held together by teleoaffective structures and socio-material arrangements, pointing to the role of machines as nodes in networking and production practices. We furthermore demonstrate how the niche-specific mode of these practices facilitates cooperation within the niche but hampers cooperation beyond the niche. Last, the hanging-together of producing and networking practices eventually leads to a niche-specific path for business growth. We add to the blossoming entrepreneurship-as-practice (EaP) literature by delineating how the bundle of entrepreneurial practices of producing, selling, and networking works to constitute a niche business realm, highlighting the agency of matter.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 471-485
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2062619
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2062619
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:5-6:p:471-485
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Subhanjan Sengupta
Author-X-Name-First: Subhanjan
Author-X-Name-Last: Sengupta
Author-Name: Hanna Lehtimäki
Author-X-Name-First: Hanna
Author-X-Name-Last: Lehtimäki
Title: Contextual understanding of care ethics in social entrepreneurship
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to add a contextual understanding of care ethics to the nascent literature on ethics in social entrepreneurship. To this end, an interpretive study of social bricoleur entrepreneurs in rural India is presented and the constitutive effects of the enactment of care ethics are articulated. First, this enactment is examined as a relational practice between social entrepreneurs and local communities. Then, the notion of formative context is used to analyse how this enactment has expressions of human agency that constitute the societal context. Further, it is shown that context is not something that exists on its own but is instead enacted in the caring practices of social entrepreneurs. The micro-level practices of relating and the macro-level societal structures become malleable in the enactment of care ethics. This study has two major contributions. First, by departing from the notion of ethics as a characteristic of an individual, it shows how social entrepreneurs give and receive care through mutuality and human interaction. Second, by adding the analysis of sensemaking and formative context to care ethics, it deepens the understanding of context as conditions that facilitate the enactment of care ethics and is constituted by that enactment.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 402-433
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2055150
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2055150
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:5-6:p:402-433
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Mario Biggeri
Author-X-Name-First: Mario
Author-X-Name-Last: Biggeri
Author-Name: Lisa Braito
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Braito
Author-Name: Huanhuai Zhou
Author-X-Name-First: Huanhuai
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou
Title: Chinese migrant microenterprises and social capital: a multiple case study analysis in industrial clusters in Italy
Abstract:
Migrant entrepreneurship has been acknowledged in the literature to be a dynamic and diffused phenomenon that characterizes local systems within European countries in the form of ethnic economies. The aim of the paper is to investigate the phenomenon of ethnic quasi-enclave industrial sub-clusters within industrial districts and to analyse social capital within the economic and social dynamics. The interpretative framework adapts the mixed-embeddedness approach to a case study of Wenzhounese migrant socioeconomic quasi-enclave leather industrial sub-clusters located adjacent to the industrial district area of Florence (Italy). Given the complexity of the phenomenon, the research study adopted a mixed-method approach. The qualitative methods included a one-year observational analysis, in-depth interviews conducted with key stakeholders and life-course interviews conducted with migrant Wenzhounese entrepreneurs. Structured interviews were conducted with multiple micro-entrepreneurs and their households to conduct a multiple-case study analysis and social network analysis. Both were based on data collected via a survey administered to a random sample of enterprises. This analysis contributes to the existing literature on migrant enterprises and communities within industrial clusters in Italy, adding new evidence related to ethnic entrepreneurship and the importance of social capital in the social and economic dynamics that influence micro entrepreneurs and their community.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 486-505
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2062620
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2062620
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:5-6:p:486-505
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Nicoletta Buratti
Author-X-Name-First: Nicoletta
Author-X-Name-Last: Buratti
Author-Name: Cécile Sillig
Author-X-Name-First: Cécile
Author-X-Name-Last: Sillig
Author-Name: Massimo Albanese
Author-X-Name-First: Massimo
Author-X-Name-Last: Albanese
Title: Community enterprise, community entrepreneurship and local development: a literature review on three decades of empirical studies and theorizations
Abstract:
This paper reviews the literature on community enterprises (CEs), i.e. organizations that engage in commercial activity and operate for the development of a local community by bringing economic, social, and environmental benefits. In the face of widespread recognition of the positive role they play in impoverished territories, there is no general agreement on their very nature and the type of underlying entrepreneurship. Through a systematic review of CE literature, referred to the period 1990–2020, our paper aims to provide an extensive background of issues related to CEs, their specificities, the kind of entrepreneurship they rely on, their role in local development. In addition, we try to outline their liabilities and the main challenges they face, intending to delineate implications for future research on the issue. Beyond descriptive analytics, results highlight the main research topics of CEs, as well as multiple challenges that connect researchers and practitioners interested in the topic. Given the role of CEs in the regeneration of places and communities, our study also highlights the need for research to incorporate broader analytical perspectives that simultaneously examine both the barriers faced by CEs in these contexts and the factors that may sustain them.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 376-401
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2047797
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2047797
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:5-6:p:376-401
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: Di Guo
Author-X-Name-First: Di
Author-X-Name-Last: Guo
Author-Name: Kun Jiang
Author-X-Name-First: Kun
Author-X-Name-Last: Jiang
Title: Venture capital investment, intellectual property rights protection and firm innovation: evidence from China
Abstract:
We examine the heterogeneous effects of venture capital (VC) investment on firm innovation. Using a panel dataset of Chinese manufacturing firms, we find that VC-backed firms outperform non-VC-backed ones in patenting activities, new product sales, and exports because of the ex-ante selection and ex-post value-added effects of VC investment. Firms with better performance in innovation are more likely to get VC support, and such outperformance is magnified after the VC investment is made. Moreover, the impact of VC investment on firm innovation is greater when the protection of IPR is stronger. In addition, firms backed by more experienced VC firms (VCFs) generate more commercialized innovation but are less productive in patenting activities than firms backed by less experienced VCFs. Finally, firms backed by state-owned VCFs outperform in patenting activities but underperform in commercialized innovation those backed by other types of VCFs. Identification and selection issues are addressed by the propensity score matching approach and two-stage estimations.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 434-470
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2062618
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2062618
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:5-6:p:434-470
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Author-Name: João Candeias
Author-X-Name-First: João
Author-X-Name-Last: Candeias
Author-Name: Soumodip Sarkar
Author-X-Name-First: Soumodip
Author-X-Name-Last: Sarkar
Title: Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and distinguishing features of effective policies – an evidence-based approach
Abstract:
A generalized belief in entrepreneurship as a source of economic growth ensures sustained interest in the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) concept, capturing the attention of governments and regional authorities. This has generated a plethora of public policies aimed at creating and developing EEs, frequently without solid theoretical and empirical foundations for its design, with consequent policies risking being ineffective. To address this, we develop theory through a systematic synthesis of qualitative studies, exploring a set of EEs, from different countries, dimensions, and characteristics. Our evidence-based approach diverges from extant studies that frequently examine a single ecosystem. The results of the systematic synthesis led us to propose a typology of ideal-types of intervention, the ecologist, the creator, the promoter and the landscaper. These provide a path towards the development of a better understanding of the type of dominant policy intervention in EE, also enabling the study of policy evolution and its alternative trajectories regarding future development. By using an evidence-based analysis, we enhance coherence through incorporating diverse perspectives not as conflicting or contradictory, but as part of a structured set of policymaking options. This sets a basis for future research, especially related to the evolution process, and provide evidence-based advice for practitioners.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 343-375
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2045634
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2045634
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:5-6:p:343-375
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# input file: TEPN_A_2071997_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: James Cunningham
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham
Author-Name: Simon S. Fraser
Author-X-Name-First: Simon S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Fraser
Title: Images of entrepreneurship: divergent national constructions of what it is to ‘do’ entrepreneurship
Abstract:
In this research note, we further Alistair R. Anderson’s argument that an atomized view of entrepreneurship as an economic function provides limited understanding of what it is to actually do entrepreneurship. We take the stance that entrepreneurship, as a process, is born of social context. What it is to be and what it is to do entrepreneurship is informed directly by the images of entrepreneurship accepted in society. To better understand the implications of this, we access the ways in which entrepreneurship is imagined in three ostensibly similar country settings: UK, Italy and Finland. We analyse the social discourses surrounding the concept from a sample of enterprise students across the three areas. Importantly, these participants are not entrepreneurs in their own right, but are considered interested stakeholders, in that the meaning they ascribe to entrepreneurship will partly inform their future approaches to it. We contrast data from 15 semi-structured interviews with policy commentary and measurable outcomes and find nuanced differences in how entrepreneurship is perceived and enacted. The implications of our findings encourage a more holistic approach to the study of entrepreneurship, avoiding the self-affirming dogma of the purely economic or purely constructionist.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 567-581
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2071997
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2071997
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:567-581
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# input file: TEPN_A_2071998_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Helen M. Haugh
Author-X-Name-First: Helen M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Haugh
Title: Changing places: the generative effects of community embeddedness in place
Abstract:
How social structures and relations influence entrepreneurship is an enduring puzzle. The history of land ownership in Scotland is marked by tensions between the institutional legacy of private landlordism and community embeddedness in place. In this paper, I examine the development of a community venture that was established to buy and commit land that was formerly privately owned into community ownership, and then manage the land in perpetuity for community benefit. The methodology employs archival, interview and observation data to investigate how institutional legacy social structures and relations motivated and shaped community entrepreneurship. The Scottish historical context elaborates the influence of institutional legacy on the embeddedness in place perspective, and the effects of transcending institutional legacy on entrepreneurial flourishing and institutional change.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 542-566
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2071998
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2071998
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# input file: TEPN_A_2071999_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Sarah Dodd
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Dodd
Author-Name: Serxia Lage-Arias
Author-X-Name-First: Serxia
Author-X-Name-Last: Lage-Arias
Author-Name: Karin Berglund
Author-X-Name-First: Karin
Author-X-Name-Last: Berglund
Author-Name: Sarah Jack
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Jack
Author-Name: Ulla Hytti
Author-X-Name-First: Ulla
Author-X-Name-Last: Hytti
Author-Name: Karen Verduijn
Author-X-Name-First: Karen
Author-X-Name-Last: Verduijn
Title: Transforming enterprise education: sustainable pedagogies of hope and social justice
Abstract:
Building on Alistair Anderson’s work, this paper proposes transforming enterprise education to deeply address questions of sustainability, social justice and hope in our time of multiple and complex crises. New pedagogies, practices, vocabularies and connections help us to enact crises in entrepreneurial, ethical and creative ways, enabling us to remain hopeful in the face of unknown horizons. Drawing from critical pedagogies, from Epistemologies of the South, and from the wisdoms of Alistair Anderson, the paper outlines how transforming to a more, hopeful, socially just and sustainable enterprise education could move us beyond present alternatives. We suggest that transforming enterprise education (TrEE) would better facilitate students as ethical change-makers when they engage with their worlds, and its unseen future horizons. TrEE emphasizes the time needed for questioning dominant meanings and space for experimenting with new ones. It invites re-placing us in the margins and with the excluded. It takes an expansive view of the ecosystem, and places enterprise within its wider context. It focuses students, teachers, entrepreneurs and various other stakeholders in learning together with the non-human and relies on sustainable stewardship, social justice and hope at the core of transforming enterprise education.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 686-700
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2071999
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2071999
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:686-700
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# input file: TEPN_A_2072001_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Michela Loi
Author-X-Name-First: Michela
Author-X-Name-Last: Loi
Author-Name: Alain Fayolle
Author-X-Name-First: Alain
Author-X-Name-Last: Fayolle
Title: Rethinking and reconceptualising entrepreneurship education a legacy from Alistair Anderson
Abstract:
This paper aims to extend the theoretical foundations of entrepreneurship education by integrating several of the most relevant lessons from Anderson’s contribution into current conceptualizations. We identify three main dimensions of Anderson’s work useful for our purpose: conceptualization of entrepreneurship; network and social capital as mechanisms to explain entrepreneurship as a socially embedded phenomenon; and epistemological and methodological reflection. These dimensions enrich the debate on the strategic dimensions targeting, connecting and reflecting suggested to advance the field of entrepreneurship education. We highlight important implications that help us reflect on the value of entrepreneurship education by emphasizing the role of the social dimension in teaching entrepreneurship, the importance of understanding entrepreneurship as a complex phenomenon to identify goals and more specifically tailor pedagogy, and the need to question methods of inquiry as the field evolves and expands its area of investigation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 701-721
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2072001
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2072001
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:701-721
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# input file: TEPN_A_2097436_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Sarah Jack
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Jack
Author-Name: Johan Gaddefors
Author-X-Name-First: Johan
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaddefors
Title: Special issue in memory of professor Alistair Anderson ‘Social Perspectives of Entrepreneuring’
Abstract:
This Special Issue of Entrepreneurship and Regional Development honours Distinguished Professor of Entrepreneurship Alistair Anderson’s memory. This Special Issue offers a range of papers that engage with Alistair Anderson’s work and extend it by taking a social science view to understanding entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 507-514
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2097436
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2097436
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:507-514
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# input file: TEPN_A_2072000_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Claire Champenois
Author-X-Name-First: Claire
Author-X-Name-Last: Champenois
Author-Name: Sarah L. Jack
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Jack
Title: A non-workshop on a socialized view of entrepreneurship: building and extending a community of practice for work on embeddedness
Abstract:
This article, in an act of transmutation or world-making, replaces a workshop that was envisioned between one of the authors and Alistair Anderson. It takes the form of a dialog with one of his main co-authors to retrospectively and analytically explore the collective work of Alistair on ‘embeddedness’. We find that Alistair initiated a scholarly community of practice on a socialized view of entrepreneurship (‘entrepreneuring’), the essence of which can be captured through the notion of embeddedness. We describe the emergence of this community, its key production phases, and highlight the main features and insights of its approach, which was never theorized as such. The article also presents possible theoretical extensions of this research by opening several research doors for future work.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 515-541
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2072000
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2072000
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# input file: TEPN_A_2075472_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Miruna Radu-Lefebvre
Author-X-Name-First: Miruna
Author-X-Name-Last: Radu-Lefebvre
Author-Name: Sébastien Ronteau
Author-X-Name-First: Sébastien
Author-X-Name-Last: Ronteau
Author-Name: Vincent Lefebvre
Author-X-Name-First: Vincent
Author-X-Name-Last: Lefebvre
Author-Name: Maura McAdam
Author-X-Name-First: Maura
Author-X-Name-Last: McAdam
Title: Entrepreneuring as emancipation in family business succession: a story of agony and ecstasy
Abstract:
Following Alistair Anderson’s legacy of entrepreneuring as a process of becoming, this paper engages with entrepreneuring as emancipation in a family business context. Over a period of seven years, we witnessed the journey of a family business successor engaged in a challenging process of power transfer, ultimately leading him to leave the succession process to engage with entrepreneuring outside the family business, due to power struggles. We theoretically elaborate on this real-time, multi-informant, multi-generational and longitudinal single-case study to offer a novel understanding of entrepreneuring as emancipation from and through power by revealing the intimate connections of entrepreneuring with power, liberation and liberty encompassing as much agony as ecstasy.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 582-602
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2075472
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2075472
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# input file: TEPN_A_2087746_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Monica C. Lent
Author-X-Name-First: Monica C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lent
Title: Entrepreneuring in necessity contexts: effecting change among widow entrepreneurs in Northern Ghana
Abstract:
This article explores if and how the entrepreneuring efforts of an endogenous NGO can entrepreneurially empower widow necessity entrepreneurs living in extreme poverty in a rural area of Northern Ghana. In reconceptualizing necessity entrepreneurship as engagement in necessity contexts, three main context specific actions and processes were foregrounded: values-based action focus, upskilling by boundaried choice; and forming, organizing and maintaining symbiotic relationships. Subsequently, the extent to which these actions and processes contributed to empowerment were assessed and explained. Upon outlining how the research contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of entrepreneurship in necessity contexts and broadens our understanding of entrepreneurship, the article ends by discussing the research’s implications and limitations.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 630-649
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2087746
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2087746
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# input file: TEPN_A_2077990_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: James Cunningham
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham
Author-Name: Lin Xiong
Author-X-Name-First: Lin
Author-X-Name-Last: Xiong
Author-Name: Hina Hashim
Author-X-Name-First: Hina
Author-X-Name-Last: Hashim
Author-Name: Mohammad Sohail Yunis
Author-X-Name-First: Mohammad Sohail
Author-X-Name-Last: Yunis
Title: Narrating the ‘social’: the evolving stories of Pakistan’s social entrepreneurs
Abstract:
Social enterprises are often characterized by the vision and drive of an individual founder. We challenge this by taking inspiration from Alistair R. Anderson’s arguments that social entrepreneurship is better understood as enacted within a social context. We move beyond linear conceptualizations to consider a more nuanced, contextually informed picture, where understandings of what it is to be ‘social’ in one’s entrepreneuring are created at the interaction of the individual and their situation. A narrative approach is used to analyse 25 life stories used by social entrepreneurs in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan, an area of social transition. We access how these entrepreneurs give meaning to the ‘social’ aspects of what they do. Our findings present a multifaceted character, defined by their responses to changing social contexts. This is manifest in entrepreneurial practice, where we have a vacillation between acts of social rebellion and an enterprising organization of benevolence, evolving in a social context which changes with and, in part, because of our social entrepreneurs. We move beyond definitional characteristics and closer to a theory of practice, by considering how social entrepreneurs interact with changing social demands and adapt their activities accordingly.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 668-685
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2077990
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2077990
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# input file: TEPN_A_2087747_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Irene Ukanwa
Author-X-Name-First: Irene
Author-X-Name-Last: Ukanwa
Author-Name: Lin Xiong
Author-X-Name-First: Lin
Author-X-Name-Last: Xiong
Author-Name: Jahangir Wasim
Author-X-Name-First: Jahangir
Author-X-Name-Last: Wasim
Author-Name: Laura Galloway
Author-X-Name-First: Laura
Author-X-Name-Last: Galloway
Title: Microfinance and micropreneurship in rural South-East Nigeria: an exploration of the effects of institutions
Abstract:
Informed by the work of Alistair Anderson on entrepreneurship as embedded in institutional contexts, this paper explores the experiences of 30 women micropreneurs in rural South-East Nigeria. These women are amongst the poorest people in the world and live in an environment marginalized from formal institutions, where informal ones are prioritized, and where culture and tradition reflect patriarchal limitations on their activities and experiences. We find that while microfinance is often cited as one of the key mitigators of institutional voids and an important support for entrepreneuring in deprived contexts, in fact there are critical barriers to uptake and socio-cultural conditions are found to limit the extent to which women trust and engage with microfinance. To that end, new methodologies that might mitigate perceived risks, including deepening poverty, are called for. Implications for those who would support enterprise in poverty circumstances in developing nations include that to be effective they must engage with the socio-cultural institutions and lived realities amongst the people they seek to serve. Alongside this, further application and development of the approaches to studying entrepreneurship in marginalized environments that Alistair was such as central contributor to are advocated.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 650-667
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2087747
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2087747
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# input file: TEPN_A_2067902_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Allan Discua Cruz
Author-X-Name-First: Allan
Author-X-Name-Last: Discua Cruz
Author-Name: Eleanor Hamilton
Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor
Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton
Title: Death and entrepreneuring in family businesses: a complexity and stewardship perspective
Abstract:
Based on the works of Alistair Anderson, this article explores entrepreneuring in the context of entrepreneurial families prior to, and following, the death of a leading family member in business. Until now, literature has suggested that the loss of a leading family member may bring complexity and chaos to ongoing entrepreneurial efforts. Drawing on a complex adaptive system and stewardship perspective, this study examines the role of death in entrepreneuring in four entrepreneurial families. With the loss of a leading family member in business, social processes of adaptation in entrepreneurial trajectories are revealed. Our analysis shows that these processes allow members to reorganize, recalibrate, and reconnect aspects of family and business. Our study contributes to understanding social processes in entrepreneuring by capturing how death can influence entrepreneurial choices and progression over time, focusing on what family entrepreneurs do. Conceptualizing the family as a complex adaptive system contributes to a theoretical perspective of stewardship as fluid and collective.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 603-629
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2067902
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2067902
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# input file: TEPN_A_2075038_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: María José Ibáñez
Author-X-Name-First: María José
Author-X-Name-Last: Ibáñez
Author-Name: Maribel Guerrero
Author-X-Name-First: Maribel
Author-X-Name-Last: Guerrero
Title: Women’s empowerment and emancipation through entrepreneurship: extending Professor Alistair Anderson’s contributions
Abstract:
This study represents a tribute to Professor Alistair Anderson’s contributions to female entrepreneurship research. Although female entrepreneurship was only one research line in Professor Anderson’s extensive academic career, his contributions are embedded in the most contemporary discussion about the most vulnerable female entrepreneurs. Inspired by Professor Anderson’s research on the influence of entrepreneurship on the empowerment and emancipation of female entrepreneurs in the Global South countries, our study provides empirical evidence about how entrepreneurship affects women’s empowerment and emancipation compared with other occupational choices (e.g. full-time employees and homemakers). Our study includes provocative implications/discussion about gender dynamics, and the most vulnerable women enrolled in entrepreneurial activities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 722-741
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2075038
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2075038
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:34:y:2022:i:7-8:p:722-741
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# input file: TEPN_A_2083692_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220804T044749 git hash: 24b08f8188
Author-Name: Natalia Vershinina
Author-X-Name-First: Natalia
Author-X-Name-Last: Vershinina
Author-Name: Nichola Phillips
Author-X-Name-First: Nichola
Author-X-Name-Last: Phillips
Author-Name: Maura McAdam
Author-X-Name-First: Maura
Author-X-Name-Last: McAdam
Title: Online communities and entrepreneuring mothers: practices of building, being and belonging
Abstract:
Informed by contributions of Professor Alistair Anderson to the social perspective of entrepreneurship, rooted in social relationships and social capital, this article examines how members of an online community collectively interpret and negotiate the challenges of pursuing entrepreneurship alongside parenthood. This article adopts a multi-staged research design, incorporating netnography, participant observation, and qualitative semi-structured interviews. The analysis reveals the critical role of networking in how entrepreneuring women construct and maintain community connections and distinguishes between three dimensions of community engagement: Building, Being and Belonging. Drawing on communities of practice as an analytical lens, we offer new insights into the form and function of communal entrepreneurial practices facilitated by the digital environment.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 742-764
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2083692
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2083692
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# input file: TEPN_A_2117417_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Kars Mennens
Author-X-Name-First: Kars
Author-X-Name-Last: Mennens
Author-Name: Wilko Letterie
Author-X-Name-First: Wilko
Author-X-Name-Last: Letterie
Author-Name: Anita Van Gils
Author-X-Name-First: Anita
Author-X-Name-Last: Van Gils
Author-Name: Gaby Odekerken-Schröder
Author-X-Name-First: Gaby
Author-X-Name-Last: Odekerken-Schröder
Title: Exploring SME’s behavioural changes resulting from innovation policy: the effect of receiving a subsidy on intrapreneurship
Abstract:
Intrapreneurship is critical for small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), in that it enhances innovation and organizational performance. This study details how intrapreneurship develops in subsidized relative to unsubsidized SMEs. We build on behavioural additionality research, as these studies examine changes in firm behaviour that occur after the firm receives public support. Prior studies focus on the effect on external collaboration, but subsidies also can lead to organizational learning and upgraded competencies, implying the potential for changes to organizational routines. Our test of the behavioural additionality effect relies on an original longitudinal data set involving manufacturing SMEs in the Dutch province of Limburg. The data analysis combines propensity score matching with a difference-in-difference approach, which reveals a significantly higher increase in one aspect of intrapreneurship, namely strategic renewal behaviour, among SMEs that receive an innovation subsidy. The findings advance understanding of intrapreneurship and behavioural additionality effects and provide policy makers with new evidence of the added value of subsidy programmes.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 935-954
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2117417
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2117417
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# input file: TEPN_A_2120086_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: S. Yamamura
Author-X-Name-First: S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Yamamura
Author-Name: P. Lassalle
Author-X-Name-First: P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Lassalle
Author-Name: E. Shaw
Author-X-Name-First: E.
Author-X-Name-Last: Shaw
Title: Intersecting where? The multi-scalar contextual embeddedness of intersectional entrepreneurs
Abstract:
We explore the experiences of LGBT* ethnic minority entrepreneurs, their changing locations and their entrepreneurial activities. Using a unique mixed-method approach which collected empirical data from Germany and the Netherlands, the paper combines an ethnographic fieldwork of intersectional entrepreneurs, community activists and policy-makers with an original survey with LGBT* customers. Our findings contribute to understanding of intersectionality by revealing the role played by the contextualized embeddedness of intersectional entrepreneurs at the different geographic scales of supranational, national, regional and inter and intra-urban. While such embeddedness frames the challenges they face, it also provides opportunities for intersectional entrepreneurs. Using a multi-scalar perspective, this paper delivers a spatially contextual perspective of entrepreneurial diversity and provides a framework to analyse the complex issues and contexts with which intersectional entrepreneurs are both confronted and embedded within. This paper contributes to refining the spatial context of entrepreneurship which has gained attention in recent studies of entrepreneurship and regional development. The paper responds to a call for gender entrepreneurship scholars to contribute to understanding of intersectional entrepreneurship. Finally, this study goes beyond the binary view of female migrant entrepreneurship by adopting a more gender diverse lens which considers the experiences of LGBT* entrepreneurs from ethnic minorities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 828-851
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2120086
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2120086
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# input file: TEPN_A_2112761_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Simon Stephens
Author-X-Name-First: Simon
Author-X-Name-Last: Stephens
Author-Name: Kristel Miller
Author-X-Name-First: Kristel
Author-X-Name-Last: Miller
Title: Business incubation as a community of practice: an emergent cultural web
Abstract:
Research on business incubation has been dominated by studies exploring university-industry technology transfer and high technology accelerators. Less is known about Business Incubation Centres (BICs), specifically, how their formal and informal structures may impact upon client development. Drawing on concepts from the community of practice (CoP) literature and organizational culture, we explore if BICs can be considered to be CoPs. We also seek to unravel the key elements which underpin the culture of a BIC and how these elements may provide enabling or constraining conditions for a CoP to emerge. Through a qualitative methodology of regional-based BICs in Ireland, we illustrate how the amount of time spent on campus; the nature of the working week; the scalability of the enterprise; and the capacity of the enterprise to meet the criteria associated with high potential start-ups influences clients’ perceptions of the value of BICs. We provide new theoretical insights which suggest that BICs are a CoP with a culture that can be studied, captured, and illustrated. Practical and policy implications are suggested to enhance the effectiveness of BICs for both clients and regions.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 890-910
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2112761
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2112761
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# input file: TEPN_A_2103744_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Antonio Padilla-Meléndez
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio
Author-X-Name-Last: Padilla-Meléndez
Author-Name: Antonio Manuel Ciruela-Lorenzo
Author-X-Name-First: Antonio Manuel
Author-X-Name-Last: Ciruela-Lorenzo
Author-Name: Ana Rosa Del-Aguila-Obra
Author-X-Name-First: Ana Rosa
Author-X-Name-Last: Del-Aguila-Obra
Author-Name: Juan Jose Plaza-Angulo
Author-X-Name-First: Juan Jose
Author-X-Name-Last: Plaza-Angulo
Title: Understanding the entrepreneurial resilience of indigenous women entrepreneurs as a dynamic process. The case of Quechuas in Bolivia
Abstract:
Little literature exists regarding the study of entrepreneurial resilience of indigenous women entrepreneurs (IWEs) in environments challenged with isolation, marginalization, or poverty. New insights that explain the role of resilience in the creation, survival, and development of entrepreneurial activities by indigenous people are needed. In this research, we defined, in the context of IWEs, the individual traits embedded in entrepreneurial resilience. Then, we applied a qualitative approach to analyse the cases of 32 IWEs, these being current entrepreneurs located in street or organized markets in Cochabamba (Bolivia). Interviews and self-identified critical life incidents were used to illustrate how these IWEs developed their entrepreneurial activities and how resilience influenced the emergence and improvement of those activities over time. This work contributes to the entrepreneurship literature: first, by showing how IWEs’ individual entrepreneurial resilience traits help to explain the development of entrepreneurial activities, as a way of survival and personal improvement and, second, by proposing the dynamic entrepreneurial resilience spiral as a process of increasing individual resilience and building community resilience, where the IWEs empowerment plays a key role overcoming environmental circumstances, with education and training developing a leverage effect.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 852-867
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2103744
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2103744
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# input file: TEPN_A_2115559_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Giulio Cainelli
Author-X-Name-First: Giulio
Author-X-Name-Last: Cainelli
Author-Name: Valentina Giannini
Author-X-Name-First: Valentina
Author-X-Name-Last: Giannini
Author-Name: Donato Iacobucci
Author-X-Name-First: Donato
Author-X-Name-Last: Iacobucci
Title: How local geography shapes firm geography
Abstract:
This paper investigates how the characteristics of the local system in which a firm is situated affect its geography – that is, the location of its business units. Using econometric techniques on a novel dataset of Italian business groups, we find that the geographic dispersion of multi-unit firms is influenced by a number of local factors, such as industry variety, production specialization, spatial density and infrastructure accessibility. In contrast, the geography of manufacturing groups seems to be affected only by production specialization. This paper contributes to the economic geography and entrepreneurship literature by showing that local factors affect the behaviour and organization of firms – in our case, the geographic dispersion of business units. We find that the geographic dispersion of firms decreases when the headquarters are situated in a local system that has a high level of industry variety and spatial density. At the same time, we observe geographic dispersion to be positively related to infrastructure accessibility.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 955-976
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2115559
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2115559
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# input file: TEPN_A_2080867_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Birgit Helene Jevnaker
Author-X-Name-First: Birgit Helene
Author-X-Name-Last: Jevnaker
Author-Name: Bisrat Agegnehu Misganaw
Author-X-Name-First: Bisrat Agegnehu
Author-X-Name-Last: Misganaw
Title: Technology transfer offices and the formation of academic spin-off entrepreneurial teams
Abstract:
A significant proportion of academic spin-offs (ASOs) are founded by entrepreneurial teams (ETs). Yet little is known about how these ETs are formed or the role of technology transfer offices (TTOs) in this formation process. This article examines whether and how TTOs affect the formation of academic spin-off entrepreneurial teams (ASO-ETs). To this end, we study in detail the formation of seven ETs behind life-science ASOs developed in one region in Norway. Our findings show that ASO-ETs followed different paths of formation, partly mirroring the organization of the TTOs. We further identify four different roles played by TTOs, two direct and two indirect, that shape the formation of these ETs. Based on organization imprinting theory, we contribute to the team entrepreneurship literature by developing a new framework showing how TTOs imprint the formation of ETs in ASO settings.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 977-1000
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2080867
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2080867
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# input file: TEPN_A_2100488_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Alicia Prochotta
Author-X-Name-First: Alicia
Author-X-Name-Last: Prochotta
Author-Name: Elisabeth S. C. Berger
Author-X-Name-First: Elisabeth S. C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Berger
Author-Name: Andreas Kuckertz
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas
Author-X-Name-Last: Kuckertz
Title: Aiming for legitimacy but perpetuating clichés – Social evaluations of the entrepreneurial identity
Abstract:
The positive evaluation by society of entrepreneurs as a social group is hugely important because it determines that group’s legitimacy. However, researchers have tended to neglect the role of society in social evaluations and also that constructing them is a multilevel process. This knowledge gap has prompted us to investigate how entrepreneurs are perceived and evaluated (1) from the societal perspective, (2) from the entrepreneurs’ own perspective on entrepreneurial identity, and (3) from the entrepreneurs’ perspective on society’s views on them. We contribute to the literature by proposing a model that connects entrepreneur identities and the social evaluations of entrepreneurs. The multilevel and cross-level analysis of the evaluations of entrepreneurs linked to the individual and social entrepreneur identities reveal inconsistencies and potential trade-offs. We base this analysis primarily on a sorting study of visual representations of entrepreneurs published in the media. Although the entrepreneurs perceive the entrepreneurial identity more positively and seriously than society in general, they do not construct visual representations to convey this positive identity to the public. Finally, the results underscore the usefulness of visual analyses in revealing stereotypes.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 807-827
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2100488
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2100488
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# input file: TEPN_A_2083690_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Erik Melin
Author-X-Name-First: Erik
Author-X-Name-Last: Melin
Author-Name: Johan Gaddefors
Author-X-Name-First: Johan
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaddefors
Author-Name: Richard Ferguson
Author-X-Name-First: Richard
Author-X-Name-Last: Ferguson
Title: The moral of the story: ‘populism’ and ‘activism’ in entrepreneurship
Abstract:
This paper engages with the concepts of ‘populism’ and ‘activism’ in entrepreneurial storytelling in order to explain how entrepreneurship may be both an individual and a collective endeavour. Through a case study of a moose park, we show how entrepreneurs move back and forth between individualism and collectivism with what seems to be little forethought. Our findings suggest that populism and activism function as a duality that essentially serves two purposes: populism reinforces the entrepreneur stereotype, highlighting the individual entrepreneur’s business venture; whilst activism challenges stereotypes, initiating new meaning, and social and ecological value change. Embeddedness appears a necessary condition for both these processes – the social connections in context affect the possibilities to initiate change, whether individualist or collectivist. Thus, we contribute to entrepreneurship as practice by showing how storytelling both strengthens and changes social context; and how storytelling alters depending on the social context, and the different forms of embeddedness in it.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 765-787
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2083690
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2083690
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# input file: TEPN_A_2083691_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Lisa J. Daniel
Author-X-Name-First: Lisa J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Daniel
Author-Name: Margarietha J. de Villiers Scheepers
Author-X-Name-First: Margarietha J.
Author-X-Name-Last: de Villiers Scheepers
Author-Name: Morgan P. Miles
Author-X-Name-First: Morgan P.
Author-X-Name-Last: Miles
Author-Name: Saskia de Klerk
Author-X-Name-First: Saskia
Author-X-Name-Last: de Klerk
Title: Understanding entrepreneurial ecosystems using complex adaptive systems theory: getting the big picture for economic development, practice, and policy
Abstract:
This paper demonstrates how the theory of complex adaptive systems (CAS) and entrepreneurial ecosystems (EE) can be synthesized to create a comprehensive framework for understanding EEs as comprising dynamic and diverse actors, factors, and interdependencies. We adapt four elements common to CAS and propose a context-specific framework for explaining EEs through people, place, purpose, and process to provide insights for policy, development, and regulatory interventions. Motivated by the challenge to develop a practical and parsimonious framework for comprehensive EE analysis, we present a case study using a CAS approach to illustrate the nature of EEs as dynamic, interconnected social systems and identify opportunities for economic development interventions. The study offers a novel framework for system-level EE analysis, and in doing so, it contributes to entrepreneurial economic development, research, policy, and practice.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 911-934
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2083691
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2083691
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# input file: TEPN_A_2108904_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Paulami Mitra
Author-X-Name-First: Paulami
Author-X-Name-Last: Mitra
Author-Name: Frank Janssen
Author-X-Name-First: Frank
Author-X-Name-Last: Janssen
Author-Name: Julie Hermans
Author-X-Name-First: Julie
Author-X-Name-Last: Hermans
Author-Name: Jill Kickul
Author-X-Name-First: Jill
Author-X-Name-Last: Kickul
Title: Social entrepreneurial crowdfunding: Influence of the type of rewards and of prosocial motivation on the crowds’ willingness to contribute
Abstract:
Drawing on self-leadership theory, this study investigates the influence of rewards, – classified as natural rewards and material rewards, – and of prosocial motivation on the crowds’ willingness to contribute to social entrepreneurial crowdfunding. Data was collected from a tailor-made crowdfunding campaign. Survey results from 208 respondents confirmed that the expectation of natural rewards is positively related to the crowds’ willingness to contribute to social entrepreneurial crowdfunding and that prosocial motivation mediated this relationship. Likewise, we found a strong negative relationship between material rewards and prosocial motivation. Surprisingly, this negative relationship weakly affected the willingness to contribute. In other words, material rewards can crowd-out the prosocial motivation, but with limited impact on the willingness to contribute. These findings extend current understanding of the motivational drivers of social entrepreneurial crowdfunding in a prosocial-giving context. It contributes to theory-driven knowledge of crowdfunding by applying self-leadership theory to social entrepreneurial crowdfunding. The study implies that social entrepreneurs must strategically design their crowdfunding campaign to enhance the crowds’ prosocial motivation and expectation of natural rewards in order to attract funders that are most likely to contribute. The study calls for future investigation on the design of crowdfunding campaigns with or without material rewards.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1001-1024
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2108904
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2108904
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# input file: TEPN_A_2071995_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: WenZhi Zheng
Author-X-Name-First: WenZhi
Author-X-Name-Last: Zheng
Author-Name: Yichao Chen
Author-X-Name-First: Yichao
Author-X-Name-Last: Chen
Author-Name: Yufang Dai
Author-X-Name-First: Yufang
Author-X-Name-Last: Dai
Author-Name: Yenchun Jim Wu
Author-X-Name-First: Yenchun Jim
Author-X-Name-Last: Wu
Author-Name: Mengting Hu
Author-X-Name-First: Mengting
Author-X-Name-Last: Hu
Title: Why do good deeds go unnoticed? A perspective on the legitimacy Judgment of social entrepreneurship in China
Abstract:
The support of entrepreneurial partners is key to social entrepreneurship and the continuous creation of social value. However, social entrepreneurship in China does not receive sufficient support from venture partners, contrary to the moral spirit of benevolence advocated by traditional Chinese Confucianism. From the perspective of the legitimacy judgement of entrepreneurial partners and using information processing theory, we construct a theoretical model of the interaction between uncertainty and entrepreneurial passion in entrepreneurial engagement and test hypotheses with data from 325 questionnaires completed in China. The results show that uncertainty negatively affects social entrepreneurial engagement, entrepreneurial passion positively affects social entrepreneurial engagement, and legitimacy judgement plays a mediating role in the relationship among uncertainty, entrepreneurial passion, and entrepreneurial engagement. The interaction between uncertainty and entrepreneurial passion affects entrepreneurial engagement through pragmatic legitimacy judgements and moral legitimacy judgements but not through relational legitimacy judgements. We examine why it is difficult for meritorious Chinese social entrepreneurial activities to obtain sufficient support from the perspective of entrepreneurial partners’ judgements, extending the legitimacy judgement theory of social entrepreneurship from the perspective of interaction between individuals and the context.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 788-806
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2071995
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2071995
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# input file: TEPN_A_2121858_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Charlene L. Nicholls-Nixon
Author-X-Name-First: Charlene L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Nicholls-Nixon
Author-Name: Dave Valliere
Author-X-Name-First: Dave
Author-X-Name-Last: Valliere
Author-Name: Ranjita M. Singh
Author-X-Name-First: Ranjita M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Singh
Author-Name: Zohreh Hassannezhad Chavoushi
Author-X-Name-First: Zohreh
Author-X-Name-Last: Hassannezhad Chavoushi
Title: How incubation creates value for early-stage entrepreneurs: the People-Place nexus
Abstract:
Entrepreneurial support organizations (ESOs), such as university business incubators, offer tangible and intangible resources to start-ups. Prior research has theorized how these resources create value for entrepreneurs. However, resources are generally studied objectively and as independent dimensions of the incubation process. This qualitative study seeks deeper understanding of how incubation creates value by exploring the subjective lived experience of incubated entrepreneurs. Taking a grounded theorizing approach, we interviewed 44 entrepreneurs involved in ten university incubation programmes in Toronto, Canada. The emergent conceptual model suggests that value is created by the interconnection between tangible and intangible resources. The physical environment (Place) serves as a space for engaging in meaningful interactions among peers, coaches, volunteers and interns (People). Together, they provide an organizational context that fosters embeddedness. The People-Place nexus creates value in three ways: it supports venture development through entrepreneurial learning, which helps the entrepreneur refine the opportunity and start-up the business; it creates community, which fosters collaboration and mutual support for entrepreneurs as they address start-up challenges; and it signals legitimacy to external stakeholders, which facilitates access to resources. Opportunities for future research examining the interrelationship between incubating and embeddedness are suggested. Policy and managerial implications for ESOs are discussed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 868-889
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 34
Year: 2022
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2121858
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2121858
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# input file: TEPN_A_2117418_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Daniel Mahn
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Mahn
Author-Name: Carlos Poblete
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos
Author-X-Name-Last: Poblete
Title: Contextualizing the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship: the Chilean paradox
Abstract:
This research uses hierarchical linear modelling to test the KSTE in a developing-country context. By trying this theory on a different setting as is usually studied, we attempt to identify boundary conditions, expanding this theory’s understanding. Results show the low effectiveness of this theory in a developing economy, suggesting that additional dimensions are needed to understand it completely. In reviewing the high-tech sector (the only sector in which we found evidence that the KSTE mechanisms apply), our data shows the importance of diversity for technological innovation and thus for firms born out of spillovers. Finally, we find that easiness to start a business interacts with human capital into forming high-tech new firms. Under a more bureaucratic system, high-knowledge human capital will have fewer incentives to switch from employment to self-employment and start a venture. By dealing with the specificities of developing economies when dealing with the KSTE, policymakers can avoid applying police recipes coming from findings related only to developed economies that cannot fit with the characteristics of these countries. In this context, this phenomenon is not particularly relevant for fostering new ventures, joining on the call of avoiding standardized strategies to build efficient entrepreneurial ecosystems.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 209-239
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2117418
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2117418
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# input file: TEPN_A_2072002_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Carmelita Euline Ginting-Carlström
Author-X-Name-First: Carmelita Euline
Author-X-Name-Last: Ginting-Carlström
Author-Name: Myrto Chliova
Author-X-Name-First: Myrto
Author-X-Name-Last: Chliova
Title: A discourse of virtue: how poor women entrepreneurs justify their activities in the context of moderate Islam
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship has been both celebrated and critiqued in terms of its ability to assist women in developing countries to overcome the constraints of patriarchy, with recent views acknowledging its potential for incremental, dialectical change. This is particularly true for women entrepreneurs in contexts where Islamic gender relations are practiced, which can pose certain limits to women’s entrepreneurship. We contribute to an emerging stream of research that highlights how women entrepreneurs in such contexts leverage diverse interpretative repertoires to describe and justify their work. In particular, we shed light on the understudied but populous group of women entrepreneurs of lower social class in contexts of moderate Islam. We identify virtuous repertoires as a key discursive element that assists women in these contexts to present their entrepreneurial activities and discuss implications for theory and practice.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 78-102
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2072002
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2072002
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:1-2:p:78-102
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# input file: TEPN_A_2158491_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Gitte Ohrt Rosenbaum
Author-X-Name-First: Gitte Ohrt
Author-X-Name-Last: Rosenbaum
Title: The ego-networks of female international entrepreneurs: a mixed-methods study
Abstract:
Recent studies have attested to both the gradual rise in the numbers of female entrepreneurs operating in foreign markets and an important enabling role of networks in the internationalization process. However, despite these developments, the actual characteristics of female international entrepreneurial networks and how these different constituent properties have been leveraged as part of the internationalization process is less well understood. This article contributes to this gap in knowledge by decomposing the networks of female international entrepreneurs into structural and relational components using ego-network analysis, prior to examining how these different components were instrumental in facilitating international expansion. Our study involves eight female international entrepreneurs in the fashion industry from Denmark. Findings from this mixed-methods study show that female international entrepreneurs typically have small, dense, and homogeneous network structures, with strong ties, reciprocity, and trust. Furthermore, intra-industry contacts were mobilized considerably more that affective networks, while many network ties were not leveraged to expand internationally.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 103-128
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2158491
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2158491
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# input file: TEPN_A_2143905_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Kautsar Ramli
Author-X-Name-First: Kautsar
Author-X-Name-Last: Ramli
Author-Name: Ben Spigel
Author-X-Name-First: Ben
Author-X-Name-Last: Spigel
Author-Name: Nick Williams
Author-X-Name-First: Nick
Author-X-Name-Last: Williams
Author-Name: Suzanne Mawson
Author-X-Name-First: Suzanne
Author-X-Name-Last: Mawson
Author-Name: Sarah Jack
Author-X-Name-First: Sarah
Author-X-Name-Last: Jack
Title: Managing through a crisis: emotional leadership strategies of high-growth entrepreneurs during the COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract:
This study explores how high-growth entrepreneurs use well-being and emotional labour as tools to respond to crises. Drawing on 173 longitudinal interviews with 57 high-growth entrepreneurs during the Covid-19 crisis, we explore internal crisis response strategies. The data show that entrepreneurs employ a variety of emotional labour practices which produce organizational resilience. However, these practices are in tension with the strategic practices required for economic resilience. We show how the emotional of entrepreneurs serves as part of their crisis leadership strategy. This adds a new perspective to the literature on entrepreneurial crisis and resilience by showing the complexity of internal reactions to sudden and prolonged shocks.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 24-48
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2143905
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2143905
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# input file: TEPN_A_2121859_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Duygu Phillips
Author-X-Name-First: Duygu
Author-X-Name-Last: Phillips
Author-Name: Per L. Bylund
Author-X-Name-First: Per L.
Author-X-Name-Last: Bylund
Author-Name: Matthew W. Rutherford
Author-X-Name-First: Matthew W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Rutherford
Author-Name: Curt B. Moore
Author-X-Name-First: Curt B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Moore
Title: Cryptocurrency legitimation through rhetorical strategies: an institutional entrepreneurship approach
Abstract:
How can cryptocurrency gain legitimacy in the eyes of users? Drawing upon the theories of institutional uncertainty and legitimacy, we propose a process model in which legitimacy for cryptocurrencies acquired at the market level via rhetorical strategies (i.e. evasive action) will reduce uncertainty in the formal institutional environment. This reduction in institutional uncertainty will beget additional legitimacy, and thus higher performance for individual crypto firms, on average. This study (1) advances institutional entrepreneurship research by investigating the legitimation process of cryptocurrency; (2) extends our understanding of the evolution of an innovation and its diffusion under institutional uncertainty; (3) contributes to the development of institutional theory by elucidating how cryptocurrencies can change existing institutions, and even create new ones, through evasive entrepreneurship; and (4) provides an overall theoretical rationale for how cryptocurrency can become more widely accepted.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 187-208
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2121859
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2121859
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# input file: TEPN_A_2158492_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Marieshka Barton
Author-X-Name-First: Marieshka
Author-X-Name-Last: Barton
Author-Name: Pablo Muñoz
Author-X-Name-First: Pablo
Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz
Title: The magical language of un-realistic venture ideas in social entrepreneurship
Abstract:
As social entrepreneurship gains maturity, research has begun to explore the less alluring aspects of the field, including the heroic stance of social entrepreneurs, the assumed moral superiority of their intentions, and the misleading emphasis on solutionism. In this paper, we explore a central component of this criticism, which is the construction of un-realistic venture ideas in social entrepreneurs’ pitches for social change. We analysed social venture business plans and the written feedback provided by judges during a social venture competition, and we used speech act theory to analyse the claims and promises triggering judges’ disbelief. We discovered three linguistic artefacts that underlie the construction of un-realistic venture ideas in social entrepreneurship, which we label holism, devotion, and enlightenment. While these artefacts trigger disbelief, they also play an expressive role as they channel both contestation and dreams. We leverage magical realism to forward an alternative explanation of how venture ideas in social entrepreneurship can act as a cultural form of social protest, which can be seen as a historically contingent, modern revolution.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-23
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2158492
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2158492
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# input file: TEPN_A_2143573_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Ziad El-Awad
Author-X-Name-First: Ziad
Author-X-Name-Last: El-Awad
Title: Explore or exploit? Unpacking the situational conditions and cognitive mechanisms underlying entrepreneurial learning in the new venture development process
Abstract:
This study explores when and why entrepreneurs choose entrepreneurial learning strategies that emphasize exploration or exploitation. Most studies have focused on explaining the different characteristics of exploration and exploitation, their performance implications, whether they are complementarities or substitutes and how particular organizational structures can support their coexistence. We apply a process design building on four research-based spinoffs observing how changes in entrepreneurs’ choices of exploration and exploitation occur as they identify and adopt a viable configuration for their ventures. In this study, we develop a theoretical model that reveals the situational conditions and mechanisms underlying entrepreneurs’ learning choices and highlights different knowledge typologies and competence gaps that new venture teams need to fill when dealing with uncertainties and performance errors.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 162-186
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2143573
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2143573
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# input file: TEPN_A_2128897_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Roser Manzanera-Ruiz
Author-X-Name-First: Roser
Author-X-Name-Last: Manzanera-Ruiz
Author-Name: Olga Margret M. M Namasembe
Author-X-Name-First: Olga Margret M. M
Author-X-Name-Last: Namasembe
Author-Name: Vanesa Barrales Molina
Author-X-Name-First: Vanesa
Author-X-Name-Last: Barrales Molina
Title: Female gender interests and education in women entrepreneurs’ definition of success in Uganda
Abstract:
Studies on the intersection between women’s education, motivations for entrepreneurship, and the structural constraints women face in Sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. In this study, we analyse the influence of education level on how women entrepreneurs in Uganda define business success. To this end, a total of 109 female agribusiness entrepreneurs were interviewed. The results firstly show that women’s definition of business success and their level of education are intertwined. Secondly, that the main definitions of success are business performance, economic independence, and family welfare, which can be categorized in terms of women’s practical interest, strategic interest, or a continuum of both, and where the education level of women is an influencing factor. The study has practical implications for policies aimed at women’s economic empowerment and education. To transform the structure of gender relations, more opportunities for women’s entrepreneurial training and child education are also needed, as well gender-sensitive indicators of business success that account for the particular interests of women in specific contexts.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 129-145
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2128897
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2128897
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# input file: TEPN_A_2145616_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Maud van Merriënboer
Author-X-Name-First: Maud
Author-X-Name-Last: van Merriënboer
Author-Name: Michiel Verver
Author-X-Name-First: Michiel
Author-X-Name-Last: Verver
Author-Name: Wouter Stam
Author-X-Name-First: Wouter
Author-X-Name-Last: Stam
Title: Escaping the shadow of the past: historical context and generational identity work among young entrepreneurs in Phnom Penh’s nascent start-up scene
Abstract:
Identity work, the process through which entrepreneurs create a coherent and distinctive identity for themselves and their businesses, constitutes an important source of legitimacy. Yet while the ongoing social and spatial contexts in which entrepreneurs operate are increasingly viewed as critical contingencies for understanding their identity work, historical context is largely neglected. We focus on how entrepreneurs in the nascent start-up scene in Phnom Penh, Cambodia employ history in their identity work as they navigate a rapidly changing societal context. Based on three months of qualitative field research, our findings indicate that research participants distance themselves from the older generation by describing them as risk-averse, conventional and distrusting, while they embrace their own generation as innovative, globally oriented, and socially engaged. Through the articulation of these generational identity markers, young entrepreneurs construct and position themselves within a historical narrative of Cambodian development and, in turn, seek legitimacy for themselves, their business ventures, and the broader start-up scene. Our contribution lies in providing a more historically-sensitive understanding of entrepreneurial identity work, proposing generational identity work as a mechanism for entrepreneurs to gain legitimacy, and illuminating the importance of conceptualizing generations as social forces in entrepreneurship studies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 49-77
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2145616
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2145616
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# input file: TEPN_A_2126014_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20220907T060133 git hash: 85d61bd949
Author-Name: Bengt Johannisson
Author-X-Name-First: Bengt
Author-X-Name-Last: Johannisson
Title: Academic entrepreneuring as a long-term commitment to regional development
Abstract:
The practice of ‘academic entrepreneuring’ here signifies a scholar’s innovative, integrative and persistent mode of pursuing and integrating a university’s three tasks, those of doing research, teaching students and performing outreach activities. The success of academic entrepreneuring is conditioned by the individual’s and the university’s ability to become recognized as a legitimate and trusted knowledge-creator in the regional context. Building such confidence in turn requires continuous, hands-on and whole-hearted engagement with relevant stakeholders. This calls for the mobilization of embodied practical knowledge that draws upon cognitive, affective as well as connative capabilities. Four consecutive autobiographic projects, each covering two decades or more, are reported and reviewed as instances of academic entrepreneuring. These projects and their different qualitative methodologies and varying researcher identities jointly constitute a scholar’s life-long learning and achievements as an academic entrepreneur, beginning with mainly listening to the field and ending with invasive enactive research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 146-161
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2126014
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2126014
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# input file: TEPN_A_2165170_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Emily C. Blalock
Author-X-Name-First: Emily C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Blalock
Author-Name: Xiaojun Lyu
Author-X-Name-First: Xiaojun
Author-X-Name-Last: Lyu
Title: The patriot-preneur – China’s strategic narrative of women entrepreneurs in Chinese media
Abstract:
China declared women’s equality since the formation of the Communist Party of China in 1949. However a gender gap in entrepreneurship persists. Scholars have examined the modalities of women’s entrepreneurship, but the government’s framing of women’s entrepreneurship remains a mystery. Therefore, we analysed China’s strategic narrative of women entrepreneurs by asking, How does Chinese media portray women’s entrepreneurship? and Who is the ideal female entrepreneur? To answer these questions, we conducted an inductive qualitative analysis of Chinese media and selected speeches of Xi Jinping. Results revealed the patriot-preneur is the ideal female entrepreneur who engages in her Chinese Dream of entrepreneurship to promote her family, Chinese citizens, and the nation to economic greatness. This narrative is constructed from four discursive themes, fulfilment of destiny, persevere through hardship, gratitude to the Motherland, and collective feminist action. Using feminist theorizing, findings indicate filial piety and Marxism are essential to the patriot-preneur strategic narrative, whereby women must operate successful businesses while sustaining the ‘triple role’ of mother, daughter, and loyal citizen. By utilizing strategic narrative theory we introduced a novel process model to the field of entrepreneurship and public policy. The results underscore practical implications for Chinese policymakers and women entrepreneurs in general.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 264-296
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2165170
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2165170
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# input file: TEPN_A_2161014_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Dillon Berjani
Author-X-Name-First: Dillon
Author-X-Name-Last: Berjani
Author-Name: Elco van Burg
Author-X-Name-First: Elco
Author-X-Name-Last: van Burg
Author-Name: Karen Verduijn
Author-X-Name-First: Karen
Author-X-Name-Last: Verduijn
Title: Discursive threads in entrepreneurship policy texts: A comparative analysis between The Netherlands and Kosovo
Abstract:
Because entrepreneurship is socially embedded and influenced by societal discourses, this study combines content and discourse analysis to analyse entrepreneurship policy texts in The Netherlands and Kosovo. These discursive threads, as portrayed and produced by policy texts, reveal discursive nuances across these two contexts that each accommodate entrepreneurship in their own ways. Discursive threads within entrepreneurship policy texts, pertaining to (economic) power, protectorates, and enterprises, reveal constraints on entrepreneurial agency by enforcing a limited view of entrepreneurship. In a transitioning economy (Kosovo), discursive threads seem more rigid than in an advanced economy (The Netherlands). Policy texts in the former setting attribute entrepreneurial achievements to government intervention; in the latter, the role of government appears diminished and complemented by other explanatory factors. Policy texts in the advanced economy also exhibit a broader understanding of entrepreneurship, such that they link it with societal issues, instead of reducing the phenomenon to an economic logic, as is the case in the transitioning economy. These findings advance a more nuanced understanding of the relations among discourses, ideology, entrepreneurship, and policymaking, by bringing differences across social contexts to the surface, as well as linking policymaking to a contextual view on entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 297-316
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2161014
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2161014
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# input file: TEPN_A_2170472_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Sanita Rugina
Author-X-Name-First: Sanita
Author-X-Name-Last: Rugina
Author-Name: Helene Ahl
Author-X-Name-First: Helene
Author-X-Name-Last: Ahl
Title: How research positions Central and Eastern European women entrepreneurs: A 30-year discourse analysis
Abstract:
This paper analyses how research on women’s entrepreneurship conducted in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) constructs and positions women entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship was illegal under the socialist regimes that governed this area and only began to develop after independence was obtained in the early 1990s. Consequently, research on entrepreneurship, including women’s entrepreneurship, is somewhat new to the region. Our discourse analysis of existing research in this area reveals that, despite different historical pathways towards entrepreneurship, normative premises that exist in Western studies on women’s entrepreneurship also prevail in scholarship produced in CEE. These normative premises impose dominant constructs and methodologies on entrepreneurship policy and the scholarly community. The discourse analysis identified five positioning constructs of women entrepreneurs, all of which stem from the assumption that women are (essentially) inadequately equipped for entrepreneurship. We discuss the discursive practices that produce these results and suggest ways forward for research on women’s entrepreneurship in CEE.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 241-263
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2170472
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2170472
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# input file: TEPN_A_2152107_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Patrick Valéau
Author-X-Name-First: Patrick
Author-X-Name-Last: Valéau
Title: Commitment-based persistence in the face of venture decline: towards a renewed approach to small business orientation
Abstract:
The development of a nation or a region depends on saving existing businesses as much as on creating new ones. Small business orientation theories suggest that small business owners’ long-term commitment may contribute to the robustness of their venture. Our study further investigates the relationship between small business owners’ affective, continuance and normative commitment and intention to persist with an underperforming venture. Based on a sample of 298 small business owners from Reunion Island, our results first confirm a negative effect of venture decline on small business owners’ intention to persist with their venture. Second, they show a positive effect of affective and continuance commitment on venture persistence. Finally, our main finding is that venture performance positively moderates the effect of normative commitment, with the latter only becoming significant when venture performance declines. This research renews small business orientation theory by suggesting that robustness is not always straightforward and sometimes means persisting in the face of decline, and by arguing that these adverse circumstances put small business owners to the test and fully reveal the strength of their commitment.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 366-381
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2152107
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2152107
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:3-4:p:366-381
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# input file: TEPN_A_2169358_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Valmir Emil Hoffmann
Author-X-Name-First: Valmir Emil
Author-X-Name-Last: Hoffmann
Author-Name: Fiorenza Belussi
Author-X-Name-First: Fiorenza
Author-X-Name-Last: Belussi
Author-Name: F. Xavier Molina-Morales
Author-X-Name-First: F. Xavier
Author-X-Name-Last: Molina-Morales
Author-Name: Daniel Vieira Pires
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Vieira Pires
Title: Clusters under pressure: the impact of a crisis in Italian industrial districts
Abstract:
This paper analyses the relationship between increased competition and cluster resources – that is, horizontal cooperation, supporting organizations, and knowledge transfer – during the 2008–2010s economic crisis, and we discuss the impact of the crisis on small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The empirical study is based on a survey with entrepreneurs within two Italian clusters: Arzignano (tannery) and Riviera del Brenta (high-quality footwear and accessories). Our results show that competition impacts the clusters’ competitive resources. We consider that support institutions act as a local resource but also as a local actor, which means that having a positive impact on them depends on the actions they develop to overcome a crisis. Thus, for local SMEs, territory is a source of competitive advantage, even when the cluster is under pressure. This paper provides two major contributions. First, we show that when cluster resources are affected by an external shock, a positive result might emerge. Second, from a managerial point of view, we show that institutions are important in supporting the cluster in times of crisis, and these institutions may be able to implement concrete actions to help local SMEs promote their products.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 424-443
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2169358
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2169358
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:3-4:p:424-443
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# input file: TEPN_A_2103745_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Ying Zhang
Author-X-Name-First: Ying
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhang
Title: Exploring interfirm collaboration processes of small- and medium-sized enterprises: an institutional logics perspective
Abstract:
This research examines the formation and development processes of interfirm collaboration among SMEs in the context of institutional logics change in an emerging economy. Building on the microfoundations lens and the institutional logics perspective, the empirical investigation focuses on the qualitative study of the interfirm collaborative relationships among SMEs in China. The research findings underscore the significant role played by government-supported broker firms in fostering the formation and development of interfirm collaboration among SMEs. In particular, these broker firms first reproduce the institutional logics by means of championing government-promoted projects and events and diffusing government policies through their sensemaking and sensegiving. The reproduction of institutional logics by broker firms facilitates the formation and development processes of interfirm collaboration among SMEs which, over time, may lead to collaboration success occurrences that are predominantly manifested by success events, artefacts and stories. In the case of new meanings emergent from the collaboration success occurrences, broker firms tend to engage in legitimating these new meanings to transform the institutional logics. Thereby, this research contributes to the theoretical advancement in the fields of inter-organizational collaborations among SMEs and institutional logics.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 402-423
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2103745
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2103745
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# input file: TEPN_A_2146758_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Richmond Odartey Lamptey
Author-X-Name-First: Richmond Odartey
Author-X-Name-Last: Lamptey
Author-Name: Michael Zisuh Ngoasong
Author-X-Name-First: Michael Zisuh
Author-X-Name-Last: Ngoasong
Title: The role of governance in enabling the pursuit of dual mission in bank-based impact investing
Abstract:
Impact investing, defined as direct investments into small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with intentionality to realize social impact and financial returns, simultaneously, has emerged as an attractive, alternative source of entrepreneurial finance in marginalized communities. In this paper, we focus on bank-based impact funds (BBFs), where impact investors and commercial bank partner to create different vehicles of impact investments (managed funds, grants/guarantees or co-financing BBFs) for financing SMEs. Through the theoretical lens of governance, as applied to bank-SME financing and the pursuit of dual mission in social entrepreneurship studies, we develop qualitative case studies in Ghana, uncovering how BBFs enable the pursuit of dual mission by SMEs. The findings are drawn upon to develop a theoretical framework that depicts a unique form of governance as constituting the (i) alignment of the incentives of impact investors and banks to resolve structural and dual-mission tensions in bank-SME financing; and (ii) pre-approval, control and monitoring mechanism necessary for the pursue of the dual mission of financial returns and social impacts in bank-based impact investing. The findings have implications for fund managers, SMEs and policymakers seeking to attract impact investments for private sector-driven development.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 382-401
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2146758
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2146758
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:3-4:p:382-401
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# input file: TEPN_A_2165712_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Josh Wei-Jun Hsueh
Author-X-Name-First: Josh Wei-Jun
Author-X-Name-Last: Hsueh
Author-Name: Nadine Hietschold
Author-X-Name-First: Nadine
Author-X-Name-Last: Hietschold
Author-Name: Philipp Sieger
Author-X-Name-First: Philipp
Author-X-Name-Last: Sieger
Author-Name: Christian Voegtlin
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Voegtlin
Title: Strangers in my home: the 2015 refugee event in Europe and founder social identities of nascent entrepreneurs
Abstract:
How does the grand challenge of refugees influence nascent entrepreneurs in host countries? To explore this question, we build on social identity theory and analyse how the 2015 European refugee event is related to the strength of different founder social identities (i.e. Darwinian, Communitarian, and Missionary founder social identities) of nascent entrepreneurs in the countries accommodating the refugees. Using a dataset of 6,096 nascent entrepreneurs from 24 European countries, we reveal a positive relationship between the refugee event and the strength of the Communitarian founder social identity. This relationship is even stronger when the previous percentage of foreign migrants in a country is lower and is mediated by the human health and social work industry. Interestingly, we do not find significant relationships between the refugee event and the strengths of the Darwinian or Missionary founder social identity, respectively. Hence, refugees as a grand challenge are likely to have divergent influences on different types of entrepreneurship in society.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 337-365
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2165712
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2165712
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:3-4:p:337-365
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# input file: TEPN_A_2176549_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Bo T. Christensen
Author-X-Name-First: Bo T.
Author-X-Name-Last: Christensen
Author-Name: Kasper M. Arendt
Author-X-Name-First: Kasper M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Arendt
Author-Name: Daniel Hjorth
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Hjorth
Title: How learning spaces matter in entrepreneurship education: introducing the concept of topopraxis
Abstract:
Research into entrepreneurship education has explored content, audience and pedagogy but much is still to be studied when it comes to the spatial dimensions of learning – that is, where entrepreneurship is taught, how this matters for pedagogies used, and the implications for learning. We seek to strengthen a theoretical foundation for understanding learning spaces and the spatial dimensions in entrepreneurship education (EE). We extend the teaching model framework by Fayolle and Gailly, to develop a conceptual model that relates place and pedagogy into learning spaces in EE, informed by recent pedagogical trends in experiential learning and design pedagogy. The model concerns the where-how, the topopraxis, of two types of learning spaces in team-based EE that are grounded in theory on the spatial dimensions of social interaction pertaining to team ‘territory’, and stakeholder proximity. The model proposes that topopraxis in EE programmes will impact learning processes and outcomes in the form of team relationship building, conceptual development , and student identity formation. To illustrate the applicability of the model, we analyse two cases of EE programmes, both conducted in studio environments, but differing in topopraxes and learning outcomes. Finally, we offer implications for EE research, and for the design of entrepreneurship programmes.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 317-336
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2176549
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2176549
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# input file: TEPN_A_2177353_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Signe Hedeboe Frederiksen
Author-X-Name-First: Signe Hedeboe
Author-X-Name-Last: Frederiksen
Author-Name: Lene Tanggaard
Author-X-Name-First: Lene
Author-X-Name-Last: Tanggaard
Title: Learning to navigate the landscape of participation. On the initiation of students into practices of entrepreneurship (and) education
Abstract:
Practicing entrepreneurship is important for entrepreneurial learning in institutionalized education. However, research is attentive to how this challenges conventional learning arrangements and requires teachers and students to change familiar ways of relating and participating. In this study, we investigate the landscape of participation in a case of experiential entrepreneurship education for non-business postgraduate students. Employing the notion of legitimate peripheral participation in communities of practice, we show how students are initiated into entrepreneurship education practice through three modes of participation: compliance, autonomy and authenticity. Even though these participatory modes make sense one by one, their accumulation created tension. Hereby, we illustrate the complex organization of entrepreneurship education as situated social practices. We theorize by employing a practice theory perspective to explore why tensions may be inherent to widely recognized ideals of best practice in experiential entrepreneurship education. This is in contrast to individual learner oriented explanations.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 553-577
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2177353
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2177353
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:5-6:p:553-577
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# input file: TEPN_A_2191341_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Yu-Hui Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Yu-Hui
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Title: Board composition and corporate governance performance: investigating the effects of diversity
Abstract:
This study investigated the diversity of the BOD and explored its impact on corporate governance through quantitative empirical analysis. This study uniquely adopted Taiwan Stock Exchange Corporate Governance 100 Index (TWSE CG 100 Index) as the measurement of corporate governance performance. Five highly related indicators, i.e. gender, independence, education, legal, finance or accounting profession, and seniority to measure board diversity, which could be efficient variables on predicting the firms’ likelihood being listed in the TWSE CG 100 Index, were used as independent variables. The results showed that board independence and the seniority of directors have a positive impact on corporate governance. This study made several important contributions. First, this study shed light on the conflicting evidence on the relationship between board diversity and firm corporate governance performance for the Taiwan economy. Second, this paper uniquely adopted TWSE CG 100 Index, and the findings can contribute to giving investors predictions about the quality of corporate governance and can serve as an incentive for corporates to enhance superior corporate governance. Furthermore, this study can contribute to practice by providing optimization suggestions for BOD composition and nomination. At last, this paper demonstrated policy justifications and implications for Taiwan government.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 578-591
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2191341
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2191341
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:5-6:p:578-591
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# input file: TEPN_A_2185687_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Giulia Tagliazucchi
Author-X-Name-First: Giulia
Author-X-Name-Last: Tagliazucchi
Author-Name: Francesca De Canio
Author-X-Name-First: Francesca
Author-X-Name-Last: De Canio
Author-Name: Elisa Martinelli
Author-X-Name-First: Elisa
Author-X-Name-Last: Martinelli
Title: Exploring perceived post-disaster performance in micro-businesses: how does entrepreneur psychological resilience matter?
Abstract:
The paper investigates the resilience of micro-businesses (MBs) to natural disasters by exploring the impact of two levels of resilience, namely organizational resilience and entrepreneur psychological resilience, on perceived post-disaster business performance (PPDBP). As MBs tend to be entrepreneur-centric, entrepreneur psychological resilience (EPR) can play an important role, interconnected with that of organizational resilience (OR). However, in the extant literature the debate is still open on how OR and EPR relate. We verified a structural model with the aid of Upper Echelons and Imprinting theories, applying a covariance-based technique on data collected through a survey administered to a sample of 213 MBs hit by the 2012 Earthquake in Emilia (Italy). Results revealed that perceived post-disaster business performance is driven by entrepreneur psychological resilience with a mediating role for organizational resilience, in three main areas: robustness, agility and integrity. The study contributes to the literature on resilience and MBs by providing empirical evidence and practical implications.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 445-459
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2185687
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2185687
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# input file: TEPN_A_2197875_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Miaomiao Yin
Author-X-Name-First: Miaomiao
Author-X-Name-Last: Yin
Author-Name: Bingyu Zhou
Author-X-Name-First: Bingyu
Author-X-Name-Last: Zhou
Title: ‘Put heads together’: How engaging communities of inquiry propels innovation-driven entrepreneurship in emerging economies
Abstract:
Recent studies have indicated that innovation-driven entrepreneurship is far more beneficial than traditional entrepreneurship in emerging economies. However, how to propel this type of entrepreneurship remains somewhat unclear. Thus, this study applied social cognitive theory to reveal how engaging communities of inquiry stimulate innovation-driven entrepreneurship in emerging economies. A hierarchical regression analysis on a sample of 207 Chinese entrepreneurs revealed that open community engagement predicts active innovation-driven entrepreneurship, whereas more focused community engagement hinders it. Both relationships are weakened when the entrepreneurial environment is seen as more munificent. The findings advance the entrepreneurship literature by adding understanding of the two kinds of community engagement and explicating their effects on innovation-driven entrepreneurship from the social interaction point of view. That constitutes practical guidance for entrepreneurs, and a basis for governments seeking to encourage innovation-driven entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 511-531
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2197875
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2197875
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# input file: TEPN_A_2189314_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Sibel Ozasir Kacar
Author-X-Name-First: Sibel
Author-X-Name-Last: Ozasir Kacar
Author-Name: Caroline Essers
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline
Author-X-Name-Last: Essers
Author-Name: Yvonne Benschop
Author-X-Name-First: Yvonne
Author-X-Name-Last: Benschop
Title: A contextual analysis of entrepreneurial identity and experience: women entrepreneurs in Turkey
Abstract:
This study aims to understand the complex mechanisms of entrepreneurship in context and explores the entrepreneurial identities and experiences of women entrepreneurs in relation to opportunity structures in Turkey. Turkey’s position at the boundary of Western and Middle Eastern geographies and cultures presents a compelling context for the study of women’s entrepreneurship. Drawing on life-story interviews with 11 women entrepreneurs, this study analyses social, political, and institutional opportunity structures in Turkey. The findings illustrate that women entrepreneurs engage in exaggerated perfectionism, strategic political distancing, and closed social positioning in relation to the opportunity structures in Turkey. This study contributes to the entrepreneurship literature by providing a more in-depth and nuanced understanding on the relationship between different opportunity structures and women entrepreneurs and herewith responding to the dominance of Western thinking and context on entrepreneurial experiences and identities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 460-481
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2189314
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2189314
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# input file: TEPN_A_2184873_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Emily C. Blalock
Author-X-Name-First: Emily C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Blalock
Author-Name: Yangyang Fan
Author-X-Name-First: Yangyang
Author-X-Name-Last: Fan
Author-Name: Xiaojun Lyu
Author-X-Name-First: Xiaojun
Author-X-Name-Last: Lyu
Title: A systematic literature review of Chinese entrepreneurship: utilizing feminist theory with implications for public policy
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship in China is a recent phenomenon, whereby self-employment was formally legalized in the 1980s. Despite the growing significance of Chinese entrepreneurship, literature is without consistent contextual analysis. Our study is the first to systematically review Chinese entrepreneurship by using a mixed-methods analysis through combining quantitative Leximancer data-mining software with a traditional qualitative content analysis. We analysed 2,572 relevant publications and provide 11 key themes within Chinese entrepreneurship coinciding with the introduction of China’s Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation policy campaign. Next, we extracted 126 publications specific to women and analysed the thematic results using post-structural feminist theorizing, we challenge the hegemonic normalization of gender order created within Chinese entrepreneurship literature and the othering of women entrepreneurs. Our results indicated several limitations and new opportunities to refine the focus of future studies utilizing feminist theory with implications for public policy and entrepreneurship. We believe by understanding a longitudinal view of Chinese entrepreneurship through a post-structural feminist lens, scholars can adopt research strategies to reduce potential marginalization in Chinese entrepreneurship theory and practice.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 482-510
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2184873
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2184873
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# input file: TEPN_A_2192564_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: The Editors
Title: Correction
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 592-592
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2192564
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2192564
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# input file: TEPN_A_2178676_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Giulia Giunti
Author-X-Name-First: Giulia
Author-X-Name-Last: Giunti
Author-Name: Jo Duberley
Author-X-Name-First: Jo
Author-X-Name-Last: Duberley
Title: Academic entrepreneurship: work identity in contexts
Abstract:
Through the qualitative analysis of 81 semi-structured interviews of academics from the STEM fields, working in UK, Australia, and Italy, we support and challenge the previous literature on academic entrepreneurship. On the one hand, our research supports previous studies which suggest that some academics find compatibility between their academic roles and forms of science commercialization and knowledge transfer. The findings suggest that such an alignment of roles takes place in contexts (disciplinary, proximal) which stimulate and support academic entrepreneurship. At the same time, we argue against of the idea of fusion of academic-entrepreneur role identity and we suggest whilst the two roles may coexist, they are separate, as the academic identity remains the central salient identity. Continuity of core academic values is linked to ‘supranational’ factors such as norms and values of the academic profession and of disciplinary fields, which influence perceptions of alignment or misalignment with various activities, including the entrepreneurial one. We offer a redefinition of academic entrepreneurship through the lens of social entrepreneurship which could constitute the bridge between two worlds which are typically considered difficult to connect.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 532-552
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2178676
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2178676
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# input file: TEPN_A_2216181_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Stefano Amato
Author-X-Name-First: Stefano
Author-X-Name-Last: Amato
Author-Name: Rodrigo Basco
Author-X-Name-First: Rodrigo
Author-X-Name-Last: Basco
Author-Name: Fernanda Ricotta
Author-X-Name-First: Fernanda
Author-X-Name-Last: Ricotta
Title: Family firms, Regional Competitiveness and Productivity: A Multilevel Approach
Abstract:
As not all firms benefit to the same extent from regional competitiveness, this article investigates the influence of the regional context on the productivity of a sample of family and non-family manufacturing firms in Spain. Using a multilevel approach to account for the nested structure of the data, and a composite indicator of regional competitiveness, to capture the spatial endowment of tangible and intangible resources, we found family firms to be more sensitive to the regional context than non-family businesses. Cross-level interactions show that family firms achieve higher productivity gains from their location in more competitive regions than their non-family counterparts. This result is in line with our theoretical arguments postulating the unique social capital of family firms which allows them to benefit most from location advantages. Implications for regional and family business studies, as well as policymakers, are discussed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 666-694
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2216181
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2216181
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# input file: TEPN_A_2211978_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Indu Khurana
Author-X-Name-First: Indu
Author-X-Name-Last: Khurana
Author-Name: Alexis Habiyaremye
Author-X-Name-First: Alexis
Author-X-Name-Last: Habiyaremye
Author-Name: Veysel Avsar
Author-X-Name-First: Veysel
Author-X-Name-Last: Avsar
Author-Name: Siri Terjesen
Author-X-Name-First: Siri
Author-X-Name-Last: Terjesen
Title: The impact of policy uncertainty on entrepreneurial activity: a cross-country analysis
Abstract:
This study examines the impact of Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU), capturing the extent to which a national economy is characterized by uncertainty about future tax codes, monetary policy, and government spending on the rate of entrepreneurial activity, including necessity entrepreneurship and opportunity entrepreneurship. Applying the system Generalized Method of Moments methodology on panel data covering 26 countries over 19 years, we show that higher EPU is associated with increased rates of necessity entrepreneurship. The results are significant even after controlling for other macro-level indicators and alternate EPU specifications. The results also suggest a lower rate of necessity entrepreneurship in developed economies, which reflects the role of safety nets as a shield against sudden loss of livelihood. We find no significant relationship between EPU and opportunity entrepreneurship, suggesting that opportunity entrepreneurship is governed by a more complex combination of factors. Our study contributes to the literature on determinants of entrepreneurship and offers important recommendations for entrepreneurs and policymakers.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 593-616
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2211978
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2211978
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:7-8:p:593-616
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# input file: TEPN_A_2214534_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Björn Vollan
Author-X-Name-First: Björn
Author-X-Name-Last: Vollan
Author-Name: Myriam Hadnes
Author-X-Name-First: Myriam
Author-X-Name-Last: Hadnes
Author-Name: Marco Nilgen
Author-X-Name-First: Marco
Author-X-Name-Last: Nilgen
Author-Name: Michael Kosfeld
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Kosfeld
Title: The ‘Fetters of the Sib’ in an uncertain business environment - an experimental study in Burkina Faso
Abstract:
We conducted a field experiment in Burkina Faso to investigate the impact of informal sharing obligations within kin networks on entrepreneurial effort. Tailors were incentivized to produce bags and our treatment intervention was to subtly inform tailors’ families about this income opportunity. We expected that informing the family should lead to an average decrease in entrepreneurial effort. However, the overall treatment effect we find is insignificant and the observed effect even points in the opposite direction than expected. Ex-post explorative analysis motivated by previous research findings, reveals that average effects mask differences regarding how tailors adjusted their production processes. Heterogeneity in working longer hours vs. asking additional people for help between the two treatment groups highlights the importance of reciprocity norms and income hiding. Additionally, we show how some tailors in the treatment group were able to utilize their kin network to their joint advantage, underlining the positive potential of kin networks in an uncertain business environment.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 617-643
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2214534
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2214534
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:7-8:p:617-643
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# input file: TEPN_A_2216174_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Natalia Vershinina
Author-X-Name-First: Natalia
Author-X-Name-Last: Vershinina
Author-Name: Peter Rodgers
Author-X-Name-First: Peter
Author-X-Name-Last: Rodgers
Title: Self-regulation, micro-foundations and migrant entrepreneurs’ capacities for resilience
Abstract:
In this article, using regulatory focus theory (RFT), we adopt a micro-foundational approach to illuminate how migrant entrepreneurs develop forms of resilience within a small firm context. Conceptually we showcase how the fusing of individual and organizational interactions enables the enactment of generative resilience capacities. Our empirical study involves a qualitative, interpretative approach encompassing sixty-one interviews with migrant entrepreneurs across three urban centres in the UK. The enactment of resilience capacities is activated through legitimacy building, network building and resource and capability development. Theoretically we underscore the role of accumulated agency, which aids migrant entrepreneurs to overcome existing structural challenges and in doing so, build resilience capacities. Our findings also reveal the temporal nature of resilience capacity building, involving real-time, retrospective and prospective actions. We offer theoretical contributions, practical implications and signpost directions for future research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 644-665
Issue: 7-8
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 08
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2216174
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2216174
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:7-8:p:644-665
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# input file: TEPN_A_2233010_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Claire Doussard
Author-X-Name-First: Claire
Author-X-Name-Last: Doussard
Author-Name: Julien Billion
Author-X-Name-First: Julien
Author-X-Name-Last: Billion
Author-Name: Jérémie Renouf
Author-X-Name-First: Jérémie
Author-X-Name-Last: Renouf
Author-Name: Sylvain Bureau
Author-X-Name-First: Sylvain
Author-X-Name-Last: Bureau
Title: Barefoot entrepreneurs trapped in liminal spaces: the case of homeless youths in New York City
Abstract:
The barefoot entrepreneurship literature rarely acknowledges the role of space in the development of informal economic activities. However, the concept of liminal space, defined as a place of transition and largely discussed in geography, can provide a new conceptual lens through which the trajectories of barefoot entrepreneurs can be viewed. This interdisciplinary research leverages this perspective to raise the following question: How do barefoot entrepreneurs experience liminal spaces to engage in informal economic activities? To answer this question, this article explores how 10 homeless youths in New York City panhandle, steal, deal and prostitute themselves to survive. Drawing on a four-year ethnography and the use of geographic methods, we explain how these barefoot entrepreneurs experience liminal spaces. More precisely, we underline how these spaces are ambivalent places of becoming: on the one hand, they support the development of barefoot entrepreneurship; but on the other hand, they lead to ‘entrepreneurial traps’ in the sense that these activities tend to increase the entrepreneurs’ marginality. Based on these results, we contribute to the literature on barefoot entrepreneurship, and to a better understanding of the implication of liminal spaces in entrepreneurial dynamics.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 938-955
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2233010
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2233010
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# input file: TEPN_A_2232757_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Jiaju Yan
Author-X-Name-First: Jiaju
Author-X-Name-Last: Yan
Author-Name: Nick Mmbaga
Author-X-Name-First: Nick
Author-X-Name-Last: Mmbaga
Author-Name: Michael Lerman
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Lerman
Author-Name: Tim Munyon
Author-X-Name-First: Tim
Author-X-Name-Last: Munyon
Title: Driven to influence: how entrepreneurial drive and political skill influence new venture performance
Abstract:
Dispositional research evaluates how individual differences, such as traits and abilities, impact entrepreneur behaviour and performance. Drawing on social influence capitalization theory, this paper explores how two dispositional influences – entrepreneurial drive and political skill – interact and predict new venture performance. Based on a sample of 286 entrepreneurs, our study suggests that entrepreneurs’ inner ‘drive’ amplifies the positive effects of entrepreneur political skill on new venture performance. Our study contributes to entrepreneurship and psychology literatures by unpacking two important entrepreneurial dispositional determinants of new venture performance. It also helps extend prior findings by showing how political skill is activated by entrepreneurial drive to impact new venture performance. We propose that entrepreneurial drive helps to further explain the key role of entrepreneurial political skill in new venture performance.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 885-904
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2232757
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2232757
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:885-904
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# input file: TEPN_A_2243465_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Theodor Vladasel
Author-X-Name-First: Theodor
Author-X-Name-Last: Vladasel
Title: Family structure and entrepreneurship: Evidence from Swedish siblings
Abstract:
Family background matters for entrepreneurship, but why do siblings differ in their propensity to become entrepreneurs and the type of ventures they pursue? I draw on family socialization and resource allocation theories to develop hypotheses about the differential effects of family structure – comprising birth order, family size, and sibling gender – on (growth-oriented) entrepreneurship. Using firm incorporation as a marker of growth orientation, I test these hypotheses in a sample of Swedish siblings. Relative to older siblings, later born children are more likely to become unincorporated entrepreneurs, partly because they occupy family niches corresponding to lower educational attainment and higher labour market frictions. Moreover, children in very large families are less likely to pursue incorporation, with stronger effects for men and earlier born children, in line with their limited ability to develop self-efficacy due to resource dilution. Growing up with an opposite-gender sibling does not influence entrepreneurship, indicating that sibling sex composition may not foster stronger gender norms or sex-typing in this domain in Sweden. This study integrates existing findings and offers novel insights, broadening our understanding of family background in entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 979-1005
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2243465
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2243465
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:979-1005
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# input file: TEPN_A_2223610_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Ana Maria Bojica
Author-X-Name-First: Ana Maria
Author-X-Name-Last: Bojica
Author-Name: Javier Martínez-Del-Río
Author-X-Name-First: Javier
Author-X-Name-Last: Martínez-Del-Río
Title: Framing conflicting demands and strategies for managing hybridity in social enterprises
Abstract:
Research has shown that social enterprises must constantly balance conflicting demands between their social and economic goals. However, little is known about the factors that shape managers’ strategic choices in response to the tensions associated with social enterprises’ hybrid nature. To address this issue, we conducted a case study analysis of six work integration social enterprises that draws on insights from previous literature on organizational hybrids and managerial frames. This study identifies two distinct cognitive frames that managers adopt to interpret the hybrid condition of their organization, balancing and integrative, each of which is associated with different types of strategies for managing hybridity, defensive and exploratory, respectively. Additionally, we unveil the mechanisms through which these frames shape hybrid strategies, namely, through the representation of the environment, representation of agency, and capability to integrate conflicting prescriptions. These results underscore the individual agency of managers and their idiosyncratic cognitive processes as important explanatory factors for the wide array of strategic responses observed in the management of social enterprises.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 715-745
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2223610
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2223610
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:715-745
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# input file: TEPN_A_2225044_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Ayoob Sadeghiani
Author-X-Name-First: Ayoob
Author-X-Name-Last: Sadeghiani
Author-Name: Alistair Anderson
Author-X-Name-First: Alistair
Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson
Author-Name: Sadra Ahmadi
Author-X-Name-First: Sadra
Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmadi
Author-Name: Sajjad Shokouhyar
Author-X-Name-First: Sajjad
Author-X-Name-Last: Shokouhyar
Author-Name: Bahman Hajipour
Author-X-Name-First: Bahman
Author-X-Name-Last: Hajipour
Title: Sayings and doings become ‘practice’ through ‘practice thirdness’: pivot in recipes for practice
Abstract:
The abductive logic behind the practice lens allows practice researchers to contextualize theorizing and emphasize non-generalizability of their findings. However, scholars are critical of this non-generalizability flaw. In this conceptual paper, we aim to go beyond such criticisms and constructively discuss how this flaw might be resolved. In doing so, we theorize ‘practice thirdness’ as the shared understanding of knowing how to do practice, at local and universal levels, and provide a framework for discussing the generalizability of practice. We take ‘pivot’, at the heart of the Lean Startup as our case, and based on different interpretations of this practice, we argue what entrepreneurs have said and what scholars have interpreted of what entrepreneurs have said do not show what they have actually done. Therefore, despite the formation of practice local thirdness, i.e. practice thirdness in a particular context, in the case of pivot, still, we need academic conversation to reach practice universal thirdness, i.e. practice thirdness across different contexts. We suggest that practice researchers take a neopragmatic lens for studying practice patterns across different contexts. Also, we argue why practice researchers should be open to other methods besides the commonly recommended (non)participant observation. Moreover, we propose a model for communicating and generalizing practice based on Peirce’s triadic model of semiosis and Nonaka and Takeuchi’s model of knowledge management.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 788-811
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2225044
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2225044
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# input file: TEPN_A_2225035_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Paula Kupiainen
Author-X-Name-First: Paula
Author-X-Name-Last: Kupiainen
Author-Name: Katri Komulainen
Author-X-Name-First: Katri
Author-X-Name-Last: Komulainen
Author-Name: Päivi Eriksson
Author-X-Name-First: Päivi
Author-X-Name-Last: Eriksson
Author-Name: Hannu Räty
Author-X-Name-First: Hannu
Author-X-Name-Last: Räty
Title: Is older entrepreneurship being silenced? A policy analysis of Finnish government programmes
Abstract:
This post-structural policy analysis examines Finnish government programmes through the lens of neoliberal governmentality and the concepts of the entrepreneurial self and active ageing. In the context of Finland, as a Nordic welfare state in transition to a competition-state model, this study examines how government programmes construct an ageing workforce, especially regarding older entrepreneurship. The results suggest that older people are not only constructed as a difficult-to-employ workforce but also as passive and vulnerable care recipients. Furthermore, as a construction, older entrepreneurship is absent from the studied documents, suggesting that the older entrepreneurship is a marginalized group that has been silenced. This article increases knowledge about this silencing in terms of governmentality and provides perspectives via which to develop a more inclusive entrepreneurship policy.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 746-761
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2225035
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2225035
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:746-761
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# input file: TEPN_A_2232760_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Carlos Poblete
Author-X-Name-First: Carlos
Author-X-Name-Last: Poblete
Author-Name: Vesna Mandakovic
Author-X-Name-First: Vesna
Author-X-Name-Last: Mandakovic
Author-Name: Mauricio Apablaza
Author-X-Name-First: Mauricio
Author-X-Name-Last: Apablaza
Title: “As if it were home”: an exploratory study of the role of homesickness among migrant entrepreneurs
Abstract:
A common pattern observed in the psychological literature on migrants is homesickness, yet there is a lack of research examining if this phenomenon has any effect in the entrepreneurship sphere. This study begins to fill this gap with an inductive approach examining the Venezuelan migratory wave in Chile. Methodologically, we conduct an oral history analysis of 18 Venezuelan entrepreneurs’ narratives to explore the reasons they built their entrepreneurial ventures and the mechanisms underlying this process. Based on our findings, we show that homesickness can become an enabler that links entrepreneurs with a (latent unsatisfied) demand by facilitating the entrepreneurial ideation process. This phenomenon occurs because the engagement between individuals is heightened when they experience homesickness. On the one hand, we notice that homesick entrepreneurs enhance three resources that contribute to the entrepreneurial ideation process: (1) rhetorical skills, (2) affective empathy, and (3) adaptive attitude. On the other hand, two features also facilitate interaction from the demand side: (1) customer persona and (2) cohesive community identity. Thus, our results suggest that migrant entrepreneurs gain trusted partners based on shared homesickness. Consequently, a more efficient and effective entrepreneurial ideation process is generated.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 905-937
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2232760
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2232760
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# input file: TEPN_A_2246045_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Helene Mueller
Author-X-Name-First: Helene
Author-X-Name-Last: Mueller
Author-Name: Martina Pieperhoff
Author-X-Name-First: Martina
Author-X-Name-Last: Pieperhoff
Title: Necessity entrepreneurship: an integrative review and research agenda
Abstract:
Research on necessity entrepreneurship has increased in the last decade, with studies investigating the phenomenon in different contexts and applying numerous theories. Such diverse research activity has affected the use of the term necessity entrepreneurship and its applicability and, in turn, limited the overall understanding of the concept. Moreover, because little effort has been made to synthesize the body of literature on necessity entrepreneurship, no organized framework exists that allows researchers to theorize and contextualize the complexity of the concept. To fill that gap, we conducted an integrative, systematic literature review of 252 articles published on the topic between 1986 and 2022. In inductive qualitative analysis, we identified applied theories, antecedents, and manifestations exhibited in the field, along with outcomes and critical voices in the literature. We aggregated our findings into a framework and here provide a comprehensive, organized overview of the literature on necessity entrepreneurship. In doing so, we contribute to a multilevel perspective on necessity entrepreneurship and indicate numerous paths for future research.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 762-787
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2246045
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2246045
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:762-787
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# input file: TEPN_A_2225487_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Simony R. Marins
Author-X-Name-First: Simony R.
Author-X-Name-Last: Marins
Author-Name: Eduardo P. B. Davel
Author-X-Name-First: Eduardo P. B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Davel
Author-Name: Samantha Parsley
Author-X-Name-First: Samantha
Author-X-Name-Last: Parsley
Title: Aesthetic Embeddedness: Towards an Aesthetic Understanding of Cultural and Artistic Entrepreneurship
Abstract:
Aesthetics is quintessential for entrepreneurial practice and theory. Specifically, we argue that aesthetics provides a more sophisticated understanding of the embeddedness of cultural and artistic entrepreneurship (CAE). This paper is based on an aesthetic ethnography of entrepreneurial organizations in the music sector in Brazil. Our findings generate a conceptualization of aesthetic embeddedness, explaining how CAE is embedded in culture through three practices (crossing, syncretic and valuing). Crossing practices are aesthetic contagions that generate exchange. Syncretic practices are harmonizations between different elements that create coexistences during aesthetic product creation. Valuing practices are aesthetic negotiations that occur between entrepreneurs and stakeholders. As an outcome of the three practices, we discuss how aesthetic knowledge deriving from aesthetic embeddedness can be mobilized as aesthetic capital, value and innovation in entrepreneurial practice.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 695-714
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2225487
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2225487
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:695-714
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# input file: TEPN_A_2241412_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Doaa Althalathini
Author-X-Name-First: Doaa
Author-X-Name-Last: Althalathini
Author-Name: Hayfaa A. Tlaiss
Author-X-Name-First: Hayfaa A.
Author-X-Name-Last: Tlaiss
Title: Of resistance to patriarchy and occupation through a virtual bazaar: an institutional theory critique of the emancipatory potential of Palestinian women’s digital entrepreneurship
Abstract:
This study explores how institutional contexts and digital technologies influence women’s digital entrepreneurship and emancipation potential in the conflict-laden, Arab country-specific context of Palestine. Drawing on insights from Institutional Theory and emancipation literature, we capitalize on in-depth, semi-structured online interviews with Palestinian women entrepreneurs. Accordingly, we present empirical evidence demonstrating that while digital technologies enabled Palestinian women to launch their enterprises, the unsupportive institutional contexts confined them to home-based, feminine enterprises and subjected them to a toll of additional challenges, health issues and hostility. Our findings challenge the claim that digital entrepreneurship emancipates women by showcasing the context-specific nature of emancipation. This paper advances entrepreneurship research by demonstrating how Arab women’s digital entrepreneurship unfolds at the intersection between emancipatory enablers and unique, conflict-laden regulatory, normative, and cultural-cognitive institutional pillars.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 956-978
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2241412
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2241412
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:35:y:2023:i:9-10:p:956-978
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# input file: TEPN_A_2232756_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Ilija Braun
Author-X-Name-First: Ilija
Author-X-Name-Last: Braun
Author-Name: Philipp Sieger
Author-X-Name-First: Philipp
Author-X-Name-Last: Sieger
Author-Name: Heiko Bergmann
Author-X-Name-First: Heiko
Author-X-Name-Last: Bergmann
Title: Going the whole nine yards: founder social identities and the nascent-active transition
Abstract:
What makes nascent entrepreneurs more or less likely to complete the founding process and to actually start their business? To address this fundamental question, we introduce founder social identity and economic prosperity as potential explanatory factors that are still insufficiently understood. Specifically, we theorize that having a Darwinian, Communitarian, or Missionary founder social identity affects the transition from nascent to active entrepreneurship in distinct ways. Furthermore, we expect economic prosperity to act as a relevant contingency factor. We test our hypotheses in a two-wave dataset of nascent entrepreneurs from the GUESSS project and conduct a supportive post-hoc analysis in a sample of nascent entrepreneurs from a longitudinal PSED-type study (SwissPEB). We find support for most of our expectations, namely that having a Communitarian or Missionary founder social identity makes the nascent-active transition more likely and that economic prosperity moderates the Darwinian- and Communitarian-related main effects.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 812-840
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2232756
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2232756
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# input file: TEPN_A_2227977_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Sumaya Hashim
Author-X-Name-First: Sumaya
Author-X-Name-Last: Hashim
Title: Women entrepreneurs in the Gulf States: Taking stock and moving forward
Abstract:
The Gulf States have dedicated much attention and many resources to entrepreneurship, particularly in supporting women entrepreneurship. These efforts are reflected in the increase in research focused on women entrepreneurs in the Gulf States. The vast majority of relevant studies have explored the reasons for the low engagement of women in the economic sphere. Recent works have shifted attention to the agency of women entrepreneurs. However, most of the literature has applied Western epistemology without challenging and unpacking the unique contextual dimensions that influence women’s entrepreneurial activities in the Gulf States. This study thus systematically reviews the literature on women entrepreneurship in the Gulf States, increases the understanding of how these women are ‘doing context’ by discussing three different conceptualizations of how they enact and do context in the Gulf States, and proposes future research avenues for developing context-specific epistemologies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 841-884
Issue: 9-10
Volume: 35
Year: 2023
Month: 10
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2227977
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2227977
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# input file: TEPN_A_2218314_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Randolph Luca Bruno
Author-X-Name-First: Randolph Luca
Author-X-Name-Last: Bruno
Author-Name: Julia Korosteleva
Author-X-Name-First: Julia
Author-X-Name-Last: Korosteleva
Author-Name: Kirill Osaulenko
Author-X-Name-First: Kirill
Author-X-Name-Last: Osaulenko
Author-Name: Slavo Radosevic
Author-X-Name-First: Slavo
Author-X-Name-Last: Radosevic
Title: Sectoral digital capabilities and complementarities in shaping young firms’ growth: evidence from Europe
Abstract:
We explore how digitalization impacts young firms’ growth. A longitudinal panel analysis of the EU’s new ventures during 2010–2018 reveals that digital sectoral capabilities affect young firms’ growth autonomously and via interaction with other sectoral capabilities. Digital sectoral capabilities play an important complementary role in facilitating the upscaling of young firms operating in R&D-intensive contexts as they mature and within environments rich in tangible capital investments. In business contexts characterized by high digital but low human capabilities, young firms struggle to grow, flagging a mismatch of skills’ composition. The effects of digitalization vary depending on the level of competition within each sector. The results on complementarities of sectoral capabilities suggest that horizontal policy solutions favouring specific capabilities in isolation may have limited or counterproductive effects. Instead, policy should target a portfolio of capabilities and consider their complementarities under competitive market structures. Our analysis shows that effective innovation policy should be broadly defined and closely integrated with competition policy.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 115-135
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2218314
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2218314
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# input file: TEPN_A_2179669_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Simone Schmid
Author-X-Name-First: Simone
Author-X-Name-Last: Schmid
Author-Name: Friederike Welter
Author-X-Name-First: Friederike
Author-X-Name-Last: Welter
Title: In danger of being left behind? – Media narratives of the digital transformation in the German Mittelstand
Abstract:
Has the Mittelstand lost its charisma? Based on a corpus of newspaper articles, we use a multi-dimensional approach combining content, framing, and metaphor analysis to expose how media report about the digital transformation in the German Mittelstand. In terms of contents, media focus on technical issues, narrowing down the scope of digital transformation. Articles with a main focus on digital transformation show a more positive tonality compared to those with a minor focus. We identified four distinct media narratives. The negative narrative portrays the Mittelstand as in need of help to master the digital transformation, with sickness and military metaphors underlining the negative assessment. The positive narrative reinforces narrow stereotypes of who is successful with digital transformation. The future-oriented narrative evokes a desirable but vague imagined future of digital transformation. The chance-challenge narrative is the only one portraying the Mittelstand both openly and implicitly as being capable of mastering the digital transformation, not least because this narrative also relies on external experts who provide a more varied picture. We contribute to the growing body of narrative entrepreneurship research by illustrating the various mechanisms media use to create a predominantly negative and sceptical assessment of the Mittelstand and its digital transformation.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 98-114
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2179669
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2179669
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# input file: TEPN_A_2208555_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: David Urbano
Author-X-Name-First: David
Author-X-Name-Last: Urbano
Author-Name: Sebastian Aparicio
Author-X-Name-First: Sebastian
Author-X-Name-Last: Aparicio
Author-Name: Stephanie Scott
Author-X-Name-First: Stephanie
Author-X-Name-Last: Scott
Author-Name: Diego Martinez-Moya
Author-X-Name-First: Diego
Author-X-Name-Last: Martinez-Moya
Title: Inside out: The interplay between institutions and digital technologies for SMEs performance
Abstract:
An effective digital strategy provides multifaceted benefits for firms of all sizes, including operational oversight, learning, and effective market interactions. Yet, despite the burgeoning evidence that digitalization provides essential resources for firms, disparate observations on the link between SME performance and digitalization across regions are noted in the literature. There remain concerns about whether SMEs enact effective digital strategies to reap the rewards, especially given that some SMEs have reported entirely forgoing digital activities due to resource constraints and exogenous forces in the market. In light of the varying global observations, it is crucial to understand how regional and multi-layered institutional settings influence SMEs to adopt, implement, and utilize digital resources to form solid policies and appropriate facilitative mechanisms. Therefore, this study compiled 11,485 observations of SME digital activities and performance from 88 distinctive institutional regions within Latin America and the Caribbean from 2006 to 2018. The study used data from the World Bank’s Enterprise Survey (WBES) and World Development Indicators (WDI) to reveal various institutional factors influencing SMEs’ adoption of technologies and subsequent performance via multilevel regressions. The findings suggest institutional barriers become insignificant when firms use digital technologies and suggest that it may insulate SMEs from exogenous shocks.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 162-181
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2208555
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2208555
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# input file: TEPN_A_2159544_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: João J. Ferreira
Author-X-Name-First: João J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Ferreira
Author-Name: Bárbara Cruz
Author-X-Name-First: Bárbara
Author-X-Name-Last: Cruz
Author-Name: Pedro M. Veiga
Author-X-Name-First: Pedro M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Veiga
Author-Name: Domingo Ribeiro-Soriano
Author-X-Name-First: Domingo
Author-X-Name-Last: Ribeiro-Soriano
Title: Knowledge strategies and digital technologies maturity: effects on small business performance
Abstract:
Digital technologies are transforming entrepreneurial activities and increasingly impacting the strategies of small businesses, which, given their size, may find it more difficult to withstand such digital challenges. Our study aims to investigate the influence of knowledge strategies and the maturity of digital affordances on the performance of small businesses. Based on a sample of small businesses, a quantitative analysis was performed. From the knowledge-based perspective, types and origin of knowledge strategies were identified – external codification, internal codification, external personalization, and internal personalization. Our results reveal that two knowledge strategies, based on the levels of knowledge intensity and digital systems maturity, impacted performance. In addition, this study attempts to help entrepreneurs, managers, and other policymakers formulate a more appropriate knowledge strategy based on the existing contingencies between combinations of external and internal digital technologies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 36-54
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2159544
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2159544
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# input file: TEPN_A_2165713_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Roy Thurik
Author-X-Name-First: Roy
Author-X-Name-Last: Thurik
Author-Name: Alexandre Benzari
Author-X-Name-First: Alexandre
Author-X-Name-Last: Benzari
Author-Name: Christian Fisch
Author-X-Name-First: Christian
Author-X-Name-Last: Fisch
Author-Name: Jinia Mukerjee
Author-X-Name-First: Jinia
Author-X-Name-Last: Mukerjee
Author-Name: Olivier Torrès
Author-X-Name-First: Olivier
Author-X-Name-Last: Torrès
Title: Techno-overload and well-being of French small business owners: identifying the flipside of digital technologies
Abstract:
Technostress is an important by-product of information and communication technologies (ICT). The technostress literature suggests focusing on specific dimensions of technostress, such as techno-overload, which describes when ICT usage demands to work faster and longer. However, only a few studies have dealt with the technostress of small business owners, let alone techno-overload. This is surprising since work overload in general has been identified as an important dimension of job stress for small business owners, and technostress has been identified as an important impediment for workers in general. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of techno-overload on well-being outcomes (as a composite measure consisting of physical well-being, mental well-being, sleep quality, burnout, and loneliness) using three data sets of French small business owners. Our results indicate a strong negative correlation between techno-overload and our composite measure of well-being for all three data sets. We interpret our findings for several different disciplines: information systems, small business owners and entrepreneurship, health and well-being, psychology and organization studies. Our data also allow for the identification of contextual effects – the COVID-19 pandemic – since one survey was conducted before, one at the start of, and one during the pandemic.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 136-161
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2165713
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2165713
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# input file: TEPN_A_2233473_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Maribel Guerrero
Author-X-Name-First: Maribel
Author-X-Name-Last: Guerrero
Author-Name: Tomasz Mickiewicz
Author-X-Name-First: Tomasz
Author-X-Name-Last: Mickiewicz
Author-Name: Fei Qin
Author-X-Name-First: Fei
Author-X-Name-Last: Qin
Title: Entrepreneurial growth aspirations during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of ICT infrastructure quality versus policy response
Abstract:
We posit that the quality of information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and the effectiveness of crisis-specific policy response are essential for entrepreneurial growth aspirations during major external shocks. Enhancing the quality of ICT infrastructure is a relevant strategy for building ecosystems that are resilient to multiple types of crises. It enhances entrepreneurs’ growth ambitions during the crisis, and makes them less reliant on crisis-specific response policies adopted by governments. We provide empirical support for this, utilizing Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data from the pandemic period in Chile.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 55-75
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2233473
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2233473
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# input file: TEPN_A_2275193_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: David B. Audretsch
Author-X-Name-First: David B.
Author-X-Name-Last: Audretsch
Author-Name: Maksim Belitski
Author-X-Name-First: Maksim
Author-X-Name-Last: Belitski
Author-Name: Rosa Caiazza
Author-X-Name-First: Rosa
Author-X-Name-Last: Caiazza
Author-Name: Mark D. Drapeau
Author-X-Name-First: Mark D.
Author-X-Name-Last: Drapeau
Author-Name: Matthias Menter
Author-X-Name-First: Matthias
Author-X-Name-Last: Menter
Author-Name: William J. Wales
Author-X-Name-First: William J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Wales
Title: Resilience and digitally-advanced entrepreneurship
Abstract:
As digitalization continues to reshape industries and markets, digital transformation and creation of a ‘digital safety net’ has emerged as a prominent mechanism for entrepreneurial resilience. Digitally advanced entrepreneurs harness technology and innovative business models and adopt agile strategies to grow, while digitally-uncertain entrepreneurs struggle to maintain their business models and customers. Digital transformation has been pivotal during the COVID-19 pandemic and enabled greater diversification, enhanced adaptability, improved access to global markets, and novel forms of knowledge collaboration, altogether increasing firms’ ability to survive and grow. Understanding the mechanisms and implications of the relationship between digital technologies and entrepreneurial resilience is essential for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners to develop rapid policy responses.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 1-9
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2275193
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2275193
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# input file: TEPN_A_2265327_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Sanjay Chaudhary
Author-X-Name-First: Sanjay
Author-X-Name-Last: Chaudhary
Author-Name: Amandeep Dhir
Author-X-Name-First: Amandeep
Author-X-Name-Last: Dhir
Author-Name: N. Meenakshi
Author-X-Name-First: N.
Author-X-Name-Last: Meenakshi
Author-Name: Michael Christofi
Author-X-Name-First: Michael
Author-X-Name-Last: Christofi
Title: How small firms build resilience to ward off crises: a paradox perspective
Abstract:
Despite crises being a dominant theme in organizational research, little inquiry has been conducted into how small firms built resilience and coped with uncertainties created by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we explore the challenges faced by small firms during this crisis and how they handled it and built resilience. We collected qualitative data using the open-ended essay method to answer our research questions. Findings reveal that small firms encountered challenges that were predominantly related to employees, technology, and liquidity. Three key paradoxes also emerged during the crisis: short-term and long-term performance, efficiency and adaptability, and safety and profit. The findings further revealed that small firms employed digitalization, prior and new knowledge, and leadership to cope with these challenges. By elucidating these challenges and coping strategies, the research contributes to the existing literature on resilience in small firms. Our findings emphasize that the survival prospects of small firms during the COVID-19 crisis depended on understanding potential paradoxes that needed to be resolved and utilizing the coping mechanisms developed to build resilience.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 182-207
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2265327
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2265327
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# input file: TEPN_A_2196267_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Irene Bertschek
Author-X-Name-First: Irene
Author-X-Name-Last: Bertschek
Author-Name: Joern Block
Author-X-Name-First: Joern
Author-X-Name-Last: Block
Author-Name: Alexander S. Kritikos
Author-X-Name-First: Alexander S.
Author-X-Name-Last: Kritikos
Author-Name: Caroline Stiel
Author-X-Name-First: Caroline
Author-X-Name-Last: Stiel
Title: German financial state aid during Covid-19 pandemic: Higher impact among digitalized self-employed
Abstract:
In response to strong revenue and income losses facing a large share of self-employed individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic, the German federal government introduced a €50bn emergency-aid program. Based on real-time online-survey data comprising more than 20,000 observations, we analyze the impact of this program on the confidence to survive the crisis. We investigate how the digitalization level of self-employed individuals influences the program’s effectiveness. Employing propensity score matching, we find that the emergency-aid program had only moderately positive effects on the confidence of self-employed to survive the crisis. However, self-employed whose businesses were highly digitalized, benefitted much more from the state aid than those whose businesses were less digitalized. This only holds true for those self-employed, who started the digitalization processes already before the crisis. Taking a regional perspective, we find suggestive evidence that the quality of the regional broadband infrastructure matters in the sense that it increases the effectiveness of the emergency-aid program. Our findings show the interplay between governmental support programs, the digitalization levels of entrepreneurs, and the regional digital infrastructure. The study helps public policy to improve the impact of crisis-related policy instruments, ultimately increasing the resilience of small firms in times of crises.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 76-97
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2196267
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2196267
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# input file: TEPN_A_2162979_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20230119T200553 git hash: 724830af20
Author-Name: Hans Rawhouser
Author-X-Name-First: Hans
Author-X-Name-Last: Rawhouser
Author-Name: Silvio Vismara
Author-X-Name-First: Silvio
Author-X-Name-Last: Vismara
Author-Name: Nir Kshetri
Author-X-Name-First: Nir
Author-X-Name-Last: Kshetri
Title: Blockchain and vulnerable entrepreneurial ecosystems
Abstract:
Blockchain technology is expected to have many far-reaching effects on entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial activity. In this paper, we explore blockchain technology from the perspective of vulnerable entrepreneurial ecosystems. Specifically, we look into how blockchain technology is affecting six domains of entrepreneurial ecosystems identified by prior researchers: policy, finance, culture, supports, human capital and markets. We highlight major opportunities that blockchain technology can create for vulnerable populations by its effect on these domains. The analysis of this paper is expected to help researchers understand the implications of blockchain technology to vulnerable entrepreneurial ecosystems and generate research insights that can benefit vulnerable communities. Various research avenues have been outlined.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 10-35
Issue: 1-2
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 01
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2022.2162979
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2022.2162979
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# input file: TEPN_A_2297388_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Deema Refai
Author-X-Name-First: Deema
Author-X-Name-Last: Refai
Author-Name: John Lever
Author-X-Name-First: John
Author-X-Name-Last: Lever
Author-Name: Radi Haloub
Author-X-Name-First: Radi
Author-X-Name-Last: Haloub
Title: Entrepreneurship in constrained immigration contexts – the liminal integration of Syrian refugees
Abstract:
Drawing on a qualitative study of Syrian refugees in constrained immigration contexts in the North of England, this article explores refugees’ perceptions of integration and social exclusion through entrepreneurship. By exploring refugee experiences as they engage in entrepreneurship programmes or business start-ups, our findings highlight a divide among refugees with the means to start-up businesses successfully and those without. The article contributes to understanding entrepreneurship as a tool for refugees that indicates dyadic outcomes of idiosyncratic integration among equipped refugees and liminal integration among vulnerable refugees. The article extends our appreciation of the nuance in entrepreneurship, and develops liminality debates by stressing the transformative nature of refugee journeys that involve cross-domain transitions characterized by multiple separations. We call for the acknowledgement of refugee heterogeneity in neoliberal economies in ways that encompass holistic views of integration beyond the current focus on economic contributions at the expense of all else.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 416-435
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2297388
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2297388
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# input file: TEPN_A_2265324_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Bingbing Ge
Author-X-Name-First: Bingbing
Author-X-Name-Last: Ge
Author-Name: Eleanor Hamilton
Author-X-Name-First: Eleanor
Author-X-Name-Last: Hamilton
Author-Name: Kajsa Haag
Author-X-Name-First: Kajsa
Author-X-Name-Last: Haag
Title: An Entrepreneurship-as-practice perspective of next-generation becoming family businesses successors: the role of discursive artefacts
Abstract:
Family is the most important, yet under researched, dimension in family business research. Following recent calls in Entrepreneurship-as-Practice, we bring a practice-based approach to family business research to understand next generation engagement over extended periods in family life. Drawing on a culinary family business’s three published cookbooks, theorized as ‘discursive artefacts’, we examine how mundane family business practices can enable next generations to become successors. This study contributes to family business research with its re-focus on the family and offers new insights into practice theory-building in the emergent Entrepreneurship-as-Practice. Our findings illustrate how everyday practices in family lives – for example, cooking – can enable next generations’ becoming family business successors, through socializing, bridging, and leading.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 489-515
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2265324
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2265324
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# input file: TEPN_A_2289571_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Bruce Hearn
Author-X-Name-First: Bruce
Author-X-Name-Last: Hearn
Author-Name: Venancio Tauringana
Author-X-Name-First: Venancio
Author-X-Name-Last: Tauringana
Author-Name: Collins Ntim
Author-X-Name-First: Collins
Author-X-Name-Last: Ntim
Title: Private equity and entrepreneurial investments: understanding the determinants of founder-CEO succession in the Caribbean
Abstract:
Our study develops a contextually embedded institution-theoretic model of the major influences precipitating entrepreneurial founders’ leadership succession. Drawing on a unique sample of 184 listed firms from 10 national securities markets across the Caribbean region, we find that both business group (BG) and private equity (PE) ownership are associated with an increased likelihood of founder retention. The results also show that firms’ adoption of shareholder value corporate governance negatively moderates the BG main effect, while positively moderating its PE counterpart. We argue that this is reflective of a simpler lifecycle in emerging economies centred on one major transition, namely the transition from internal to external resource provision.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 386-415
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2289571
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2289571
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# input file: TEPN_A_2233460_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Roisin Lyons
Author-X-Name-First: Roisin
Author-X-Name-Last: Lyons
Author-Name: Farhad Uddin Ahmed
Author-X-Name-First: Farhad Uddin
Author-X-Name-Last: Ahmed
Author-Name: Eric Clinton
Author-X-Name-First: Eric
Author-X-Name-Last: Clinton
Author-Name: Colm O’Gorman
Author-X-Name-First: Colm
Author-X-Name-Last: O’Gorman
Author-Name: Robert Gillanders
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Gillanders
Title: The impact of parental emotional support on the succession intentions of next-generation family business members
Abstract:
Drawing on social cognitive theory, this study investigates the influence of family business owners as parents on the succession intentions of their children. Measures of parental emotional support, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and affective commitment are applied to predict succession intentions. We test our research model on an international sample of 21,525 sons and daughters of family business owners. The results suggest that parental emotional support positively influences succession intentions and is mediated by two cognitive factors: entrepreneurial self-efficacy and affective commitment to the family business. The results also suggest interaction effects of gender and birth order on succession intentions. This study offers important theoretical and practical insights into the aspirations of next-generation members of family businesses.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 516-534
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2233460
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2233460
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# input file: TEPN_A_2298997_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Andrea M. Herrmann
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Herrmann
Author-Name: Friedemann Polzin
Author-X-Name-First: Friedemann
Author-X-Name-Last: Polzin
Author-Name: Lukas Held
Author-X-Name-First: Lukas
Author-X-Name-Last: Held
Author-Name: Dimo Dimov
Author-X-Name-First: Dimo
Author-X-Name-Last: Dimov
Title: Follow the money: funding acquisition processes of nascent ventures
Abstract:
Answering the call for more process-oriented research into the inception and development of companies, this paper analyses the funding acquisition process of nascent ventures. Based on optimal matching techniques combined with multinomial logistic regression, we identify how the most typical funding acquisition processes of nascent ventures evolve and identify in which circumstances ventures pursue the respective processes. First, and in line with pecking-order theory (POT), we find a standard pattern of founder self-funding. Second, we theorize under which initial conditions, and how, ventures deviate from the path that is set out by POT. The degree of innovativeness and complexity of the venture’s offering determine which funding sequence is chosen. With this study we, first, show the importance of initial venture characteristics and strategy for the further resource acquisition and corresponding venture development process and, second, introduce the optimal matching technique to the realm of the entrepreneurship literature.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 341-365
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2298997
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2298997
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:341-365
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# input file: TEPN_A_2277788_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Alexandra Gaidos
Author-X-Name-First: Alexandra
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaidos
Author-Name: C. Gurău
Author-X-Name-First: C.
Author-X-Name-Last: Gurău
Author-Name: F. Palpacuer
Author-X-Name-First: F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Palpacuer
Title: Exploring the impact of regional characteristics on social incubators’ mission, structure and activity: a contingency perspective
Abstract:
Studies of social incubators illustrate the importance of these organizations in promoting social innovations and entrepreneurship at regional level. However, little is known about the main categories of contingency factors that influence the organizational design and fit of social incubators. We apply a comparative case study methodology to analyse the mission, structure and activity of four pioneer social incubators, located in Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Romania. Our findings reveal four categories of regional contingency factors – social needs, institutional framework, entrepreneurial ecosystem and socio-economic characteristics – that influence the design of the incubators’ mission, structure and activity and determine the achievement of organizational fit. By employing a contingency lens, we propose a dynamic model that explains the interdependence between the social incubators’ profiles and specific regional contingencies.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 436-459
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2277788
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2277788
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:436-459
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# input file: TEPN_A_2275065_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Sophia Jungk
Author-X-Name-First: Sophia
Author-X-Name-Last: Jungk
Author-Name: Matthias Waldkirch
Author-X-Name-First: Matthias
Author-X-Name-Last: Waldkirch
Title: When crises meet grand environmental challenges: Navigating intertemporal tensions in European manufacturing family firms
Abstract:
The grand environmental challenge of climate change represents one of the key ongoing, long-term obstacles for organizations. When interrupted by short-term exogenous crises like the COVID-19 pandemic and the shock of the Ukrainian war, the urgency of addressing this grand challenge becomes more pressing, albeit more challenging. While family firms as long-term oriented organizations might generally be well equipped to tackle climate change, we know surprisingly little on how they simultaneously experience and navigate the long-term horizon of grand environmental challenges and the short-term pressures of exogenous crises. Drawing on research around long-term orientation (LTO) and a growing stream investigating intertemporal tensions, we investigate this question building on 41 interviews with nine family firms in the context of the European manufacturing industry. Applying an abductive approach, our findings unveil three intertemporal tensions that unfold when short-term and long-term objectives collide. Besides, we show that family firms, due to their LTO, perceive these tensions with a greater intensity. Navigating the perceived tensions, we identify two mechanisms employed by family firms that mitigate the negative implications of LTO. Doing so, we contribute to extant research on grand challenges and cast light on the downsides of LTO in family firms.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 535-559
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2275065
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2275065
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# input file: TEPN_A_2298981_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Richard T Harrison
Author-X-Name-First: Richard T
Author-X-Name-Last: Harrison
Author-Name: Claire M Leitch
Author-X-Name-First: Claire M
Author-X-Name-Last: Leitch
Author-Name: Maura McAdam
Author-X-Name-First: Maura
Author-X-Name-Last: McAdam
Title: Margins of intervention? Gender, Bourdieu and women’s regional entrepreneurial networks
Abstract:
In this paper, we apply a feminist interpretation and an extension of Bourdieu’s theory of practice to explore the gap in our understanding between gender gap issues – the institutionalized and structural inequalities that underpin the differential access to resources by women and men – and women business owners. Drawing on an interpretivist analysis of the lived experience of women entrepreneurs who were members of women-only or open-to-all formal entrepreneurship networks, we examine their enculturation and the strategies they employ to be deemed credible players in the field. We conclude that women-only formal entrepreneurship networks have had a limited impact on helping these women overcome the isolating and individualizing effects of a gendered entrepreneurial field. Despite the promise of familiarization with and sensitization to the field, women-only formal entrepreneurship networks only serve to perpetuate and reproduce the embedded masculinity of the entrepreneurship domain in the absence of appropriate activating mechanisms or ‘margins of intervention’.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 209-242
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2298981
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2298981
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:209-242
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# input file: TEPN_A_2264803_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Claudia Gomez
Author-X-Name-First: Claudia
Author-X-Name-Last: Gomez
Author-Name: B. Yasanthi Perera
Author-X-Name-First: B. Yasanthi
Author-X-Name-Last: Perera
Author-Name: Lucas M. Engelhardt
Author-X-Name-First: Lucas M.
Author-X-Name-Last: Engelhardt
Title: The distinct nature of U.S. based female immigrant entrepreneurs
Abstract:
Despite contributing to host country economies, there is limited examination of self-employed female immigrants in the literature. While human, social, and financial capital are important for entrepreneurship in general, given immigrant women’s intersectional identities, the potential exists for these factors to affect them differently. This study uses US data obtained from Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) to empirically test the relationship of human, social, and financial capital on female immigrants’ self-employment and compares these relationships with US-born women and male immigrants. While the results are mixed, overall, the findings suggest that female immigrants’ odds of being self-employed, in relation to their levels of human, social, and financial capital, are influenced to a greater extent by their immigrant identity than their gender identity. Implications for future research and public policy are discussed.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 312-340
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2264803
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2264803
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:312-340
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# input file: TEPN_A_2298985_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Bryan Malki
Author-X-Name-First: Bryan
Author-X-Name-Last: Malki
Title: Responding to financing uncertainty in complex settings: the case of immigrant entrepreneurs from the Arab world in Sweden
Abstract:
This paper investigates the financing decisions of immigrant entrepreneurs (IEs) in complex settings in host countries, where uncertainties surrounding access to finance persist. While previous studies have acknowledged the presence of financing barriers, they have not sufficiently explained how IEs manage to sustain their entrepreneurial activities. To address this gap, this study presents a dynamic analysis of the financing decision-making process of IEs based on qualitative data gathered from 30 interviews with IEs from the Arab world residing and operating in Sweden. Findings reveal a three-phase decision-making process influenced by situational and dispositional factors. Additionally, the study captures distinct patterns of financing choices made by IEs when confronting uncertainty in complex settings. Specifically, it captures a behavioural aspect of being financially ‘ambidextrous’ or ‘non-ambidextrous’ across multiple contexts.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 366-385
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2298985
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2298985
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:366-385
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# input file: TEPN_A_2261393_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Heidi Wiig
Author-X-Name-First: Heidi
Author-X-Name-Last: Wiig
Author-Name: Peter Kalum Schou
Author-X-Name-First: Peter Kalum
Author-X-Name-Last: Schou
Author-Name: Birte Hansen
Author-X-Name-First: Birte
Author-X-Name-Last: Hansen
Title: Scaling the great wall: how women entrepreneurs in China overcome cultural barriers through digital affordances
Abstract:
Women in patriarchal societies face cultural barriers hindering them in pursuing entrepreneurship. For example, women are hindered by gender roles, male dominated networks and expectations that they take of the family. Recently, scholars have argued that digital technologies may provide women with avenues to bypass these barriers. Yet, there is little knowledge about how female entrepreneurs engage with digital tools, and how this may help them bypass gendered, cultural barriers. Using 18 interviews with female entrepreneurs in Beijing and Shanghai, we identify four affordances (virtual networking, online learning, opportunity creation and scaling-up) that women use to overcome the cultural barriers to entrepreneurship. We find that through engaging these affordances, the women feel empowered and able to challenge traditional structures. Our paper contributes to recent work in digital and women entrepreneurship as we unpack how women actively create affordances, such as female friendly communities, and how they skilfully use new digital technologies to try to disrupt traditional industries.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 294-311
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2261393
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2261393
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:294-311
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# input file: TEPN_A_2295266_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Francisco Liñán
Author-X-Name-First: Francisco
Author-X-Name-Last: Liñán
Author-Name: Inmaculada Jaén
Author-X-Name-First: Inmaculada
Author-X-Name-Last: Jaén
Author-Name: Maria J. Rodríguez
Author-X-Name-First: Maria J.
Author-X-Name-Last: Rodríguez
Title: Gender and sex in starting up: a social stereotype approach
Abstract:
This article analyses the influence of gender stereotypes in entrepreneurship by jointly studying the effect of gender-role orientation (GRO) and sex (women vs. men) on the entrepreneurial intentions (EI) and actions of individuals. Entrepreneurship is associated with the typical male stereotype in most societies, leading to a lower rate of women entrepreneurs. Our model builds on social role theory (SRT) to identify how descriptive and prescriptive gender stereotypes exert this influence. It integrates SRT and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to analyse the differential effect of sex and GRO on entrepreneurial motivations, intentions, and new venture creation behaviours. We test our model on a sample of highly educated adults in Spain using a longitudinal research design. Our results indicate that descriptive gender stereotypes influence individuals’ entrepreneurial motivations and intentions depending on their GRO. Androgynous people (women and men alike) exhibit the most favourable perceptions regarding entrepreneurship, and, through them, a higher EI (compared to masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated GRO individuals). In turn, prescriptive gender stereotypes affect individuals’ actual venture creation depending on their biological sex. Men are significantly more likely to act on their EIs and launch their venture than are women.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 243-265
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2295266
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2295266
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:243-265
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# input file: TEPN_A_2298974_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Peter W. Moroz
Author-X-Name-First: Peter W.
Author-X-Name-Last: Moroz
Author-Name: Oscar Sierra
Author-X-Name-First: Oscar
Author-X-Name-Last: Sierra
Author-Name: Robert Anderson
Author-X-Name-First: Robert
Author-X-Name-Last: Anderson
Title: A structured review of start-up accelerator performance measurement: an integrated entrepreneurial program evaluation approach
Abstract:
As a distinct type of early-stage entrepreneurial support organization, start-up accelerators are theoretically well positioned as a new and burgeoning phenomenon for fostering the process of new venture creation. The rapid expansion and notoriety of these intermediaries combined with a growing list of well-known high growth companies emerging from their programs hints at their potential impact. Yet, the question of whether accelerators work (or not) and to what effect is still at a formative stage. The objective of this paper is to conduct a structured review of what accelerators ‘do’ and how scholars have chosen to measure performance across various research designs, change variables and multiple levels of analysis. Drawing from program evaluation theory, an integrated entrepreneurial logic model is used to capture and sort variables associated with measuring start up accelerator performance between 2011 and 2021. We make several contributions through our analysis of research designs, linked change variables and thematic areas to provide insight into the advances, gaps, limitations and tensions arising from extant scholarly attempts at SA performance measurement. The developmental impact of SA programs is discussed with methodological, theoretical, and practical implications for documenting progress and future research pathways charted.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 460-488
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2298974
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2298974
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:3-4:p:460-488
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# input file: TEPN_A_2288637_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20231214T103247 git hash: d7a2cb0857
Author-Name: Sanita Rugina
Author-X-Name-First: Sanita
Author-X-Name-Last: Rugina
Author-Name: Helene Ahl
Author-X-Name-First: Helene
Author-X-Name-Last: Ahl
Title: Patriarchy repackaged: how a neoliberal economy and conservative gender norms shape entrepreneurial identities in Eastern Europe
Abstract:
Using positioning analysis we examine how women entrepreneurs construct their entrepreneurial identities in conversations with journalists. The data consists of every interview with women entrepreneurs in every Latvian monthly women’s magazine over a 30-year period. Eleven countries in Eastern Europe, including Latvia, broke away from the communist regime in the 1990s and embraced neoliberal and entrepreneurial values that rely on the use of agency in a free market and where individuals were considered autonomous agents, no longer constrained by gender inequalities and power imbalances. However, an analysis shows that identity constructions by women entrepreneurs have been built on neo-conservative assumptions regarding gender. The default option expressed in the magazines reveals that entrepreneurship is normatively masculine, and the entrepreneurial identity that is on offer for women is either as a ‘secondary entrepreneur’ or a ‘failed woman’. The post-feminist conception of a woman who can have it all, i.e. both a successful business career and a traditional feminine identity with a happy family life, is absent in the interviews. When neoliberalism entered Latvia and merged with neo-conservative gender roles, a specific Eastern European postfeminist regime emerged where neither entrepreneurship nor structural change can be seen as challenging the prevailing patriarchal gender order.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 266-293
Issue: 3-4
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 03
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2288637
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2288637
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# input file: TEPN_A_2313560_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Andreas Giazitzoglu
Author-X-Name-First: Andreas
Author-X-Name-Last: Giazitzoglu
Author-Name: Thierry Volery
Author-X-Name-First: Thierry
Author-X-Name-Last: Volery
Author-Name: James Cunningham
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham
Author-Name: Antoine Musu
Author-X-Name-First: Antoine
Author-X-Name-Last: Musu
Author-Name: Carmine Bianchi
Author-X-Name-First: Carmine
Author-X-Name-Last: Bianchi
Title: Business in the backwaters: how ‘distance from the core’ impacts entrepreneurs’ lived experiences
Abstract:
Using a phenomenological approach, we analyse the voices of entrepreneurs living in the peripheral ecosystems of Newcastle Upon Tyne (UK), Palermo (Italy) and Perth (Australia). These ecosystems are defined by the considerable physical distance between their geographical location and the location of a larger, more established ‘core’ ecosystem in their nation. The purpose of our paper is to examine how distance from the core is perceived to both enable and constrain entrepreneurship in peripheral contexts. We introduce ‘distance from the core’ as a significant hitherto unexplored theme to consider when exploring the lived experiences of entrepreneurs in peripheral contexts. Empirically, we present data that affirms and expands extant findings revealing how entrepreneurs rooted in peripheral contexts react to the structural conditions around them. Methodologically, we demonstrate the value of phenomenological research in revealing the subjective ways entrepreneurial agency, structure and distance intersect. We highlight that policymakers must take the voices of entrepreneurs in a peripheral ecosystem into account when designing and implementing enterprise policies that aim to develop entrepreneurship in peripheral contexts.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 607-631
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2024.2313560
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2024.2313560
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# input file: TEPN_A_2279171_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Catherine Brentnall
Author-X-Name-First: Catherine
Author-X-Name-Last: Brentnall
Author-Name: Martin Lackéus
Author-X-Name-First: Martin
Author-X-Name-Last: Lackéus
Author-Name: Per Blenker
Author-X-Name-First: Per
Author-X-Name-Last: Blenker
Title: Homogenization processes in entrepreneurship education: the case of Junior Achievement
Abstract:
Entrepreneurship Education (EE) programmes world-wide serve a highly standardized menu of activities for student consumption, such as pitching exercises, competitions and mini-companies. This situation has been called the McDonaldization of EE, where standard activities are adopted globally. In this paper we study the influence of Junior Achievement (JA) – the ‘original burger’ - to draw attention to the institutionalizing pressure it exerts on EE. We use data from JA organizational websites in England, Sweden and Denmark to describe JA as a global institution exerting homogenizing pressures on the field of EE. Five common dynamics are identified to explain in more detail how JA contributes to the homogenization of EE through: neutralizing ideology; propagating the mini-company template; evidencing strategically; facilitating communion and mythologizing success. New research avenues studying the influence of JA as a powerful institution and potential counter-actions to de-institutionalize EE are proposed. Junior Achievement has been studied before, but most investigations consider the impact of JA on individuals, in terms of effects on students’ knowledge and skills. The contribution of this study is in how it focuses on the homogenizing influence of JA as an institution on the system of EE.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 775-797
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2279171
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2279171
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# input file: TEPN_A_2277791_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Anna Jenkins
Author-X-Name-First: Anna
Author-X-Name-Last: Jenkins
Author-Name: Leona Achtenhagen
Author-X-Name-First: Leona
Author-X-Name-Last: Achtenhagen
Author-Name: Karin Hellerstedt
Author-X-Name-First: Karin
Author-X-Name-Last: Hellerstedt
Title: Back to work? How employers perceive applicants’ experience of entrepreneurial failure
Abstract:
Recent research on entrepreneurial failure has started to investigate the impact of failure on entrepreneurs and how this influences their motivation and willingness to engage in subsequent entrepreneurial ventures. We approach this topic from an alternative perspective, focusing on former entrepreneurs seeking to return to paid work and exploring how their experience of venture failure is perceived and appraised by employers in the recruitment process. Such perceptions matter because employers are gatekeepers to the employment market and thus their appraisals influence how easily former entrepreneurs can re-integrate themselves in the paid workforce. We conducted 30 interviews with employers in growing human-capital intensive companies in Sweden, asking these recruiters about their perceptions of former entrepreneurs and how their evaluations affected their hiring decisions. Conceptually, we frame our study using a process model of stigmatization by nuancing this model with fine-grained analyses of employers’ perceptions and appraisals of applicants’ entrepreneurial failure experiences in the recruitment process. This analysis identifies some of the key conditions that lead employers either to value or devalue an applicant’s experience of entrepreneurial failure, further indicating the implications of this finding for entrepreneurs’ careers and prospects of gaining paid employment.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 659-680
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2277791
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2277791
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# input file: TEPN_A_2223158_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Yihan Wang
Author-X-Name-First: Yihan
Author-X-Name-Last: Wang
Author-Name: Ekaterina Turkina
Author-X-Name-First: Ekaterina
Author-X-Name-Last: Turkina
Author-Name: Samantha Khoury
Author-X-Name-First: Samantha
Author-X-Name-Last: Khoury
Author-Name: Normand Lemay
Author-X-Name-First: Normand
Author-X-Name-Last: Lemay
Title: Causal Configurations of SME Strategic Renewal in Crisis: Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) of Quebec Entrepreneurs amid COVID-19
Abstract:
In times of crisis, SME entrepreneurs refresh and replace corporate resources and capabilities in the strategic renewal processes to sustain organizational resilience. Appearing in the form of internal development and external sourcing, the strategic renewal outcomes are explained by the synergy of individual, organizational and environmental-level factors that build up SMEs’ dynamic capabilities. This research presents a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) of the conjunctural causality between multi-level dynamic capabilities configurations and SME strategic renewal outcomes. Based on the survey data of SMEs in Laval, Quebec amid COVID-19 pandemic, we find that entrepreneurs’ constraint awareness and partnership willingness are not the necessary conditions of strategic renewal. Complementarily, the individual-level microfoundation of dynamic capabilities must be combined with the organizational and environmental context to explain the strategic renewal outcomes. Specifically, we identify complex organizational processes, global connectivity, and government partnership as supplementary core conditions to explain SME strategic renewal in crisis.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 745-774
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2223158
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2223158
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# input file: TEPN_A_2241851_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Valentina Rotondi
Author-X-Name-First: Valentina
Author-X-Name-Last: Rotondi
Title: Overconfidence, misjudgment, and entry in experimental entrepreneurial markets: evidence from Panama
Abstract:
This paper investigates the influence of overconfidence and misjudgement of merit on the decision to enter a winner-take-all market. Through a lab-in-the-field experiment conducted in Panama’s dynamic and diverse entrepreneurial ecosystem, the study addresses a research gap by exploring the interplay between overconfidence, institutional factors, and entrepreneurial activities. The findings confirm the role of overconfidence as a determinant of market entry and reveal that overconfidence primarily empowers individuals already embedded in entrepreneurial net- works, regardless of their destructiveness. These results suggest that in the presence of weak institutions, overconfidence does not promote entrepreneurship but rather motivates those with pre-existing entrepreneurial networks to open new ventures. However, this situation has the potential to exacerbate inequalities, especially if these ventures make only marginal contributions to overall social output.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 816-832
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2241851
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2241851
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:816-832
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# input file: TEPN_A_2315156_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Johan Gaddefors
Author-X-Name-First: Johan
Author-X-Name-Last: Gaddefors
Author-Name: James Cunningham
Author-X-Name-First: James
Author-X-Name-Last: Cunningham
Title: Anatomy of a qualitative methods section: embracing the researcher as an engaged author
Abstract:
In this editorial, we explore the content of qualitative methods sections in one year of publications from Entrepreneurship & Regional Development (E&RD). We build a common anatomy of qualitative method work, exposing this to critique as we establish best practice and consider opportunities to enhance qualitative method writing. Our findings identify six common areas of focus in qualitative methods sections: arguing for qualitative and inductive ‘fit’; defending the sample; data collection procedures; analysis work; substantiation of what is seen; and the use of tables. We problematize the observed tendency of viewing these areas through a post-positivist lens and propose complementary framings to encourage more engaged and reflexive authorship. The pursuit of interesting and thought-provoking qualitative work, which is at the same time methodologically rigorous, presents a challenging paradox for authors. We see this editorial as a navigational guide for authors and reviewers on what we should consider in methodological contributions. At its most powerful, qualitative research exposes tension, uncovers knowledge ambiguities, and offers potential for future perspectives. We argue that engaged authorship in qualitative work allows us to embrace a co-constructed approach to the knowledge of entrepreneurship, creating the opportunity for epistemological contributions which are both robust and courageous.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 561-576
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2024.2315156
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2024.2315156
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:561-576
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# input file: TEPN_A_2309160_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Massimo Baù
Author-X-Name-First: Massimo
Author-X-Name-Last: Baù
Author-Name: Johan Karlsson
Author-X-Name-First: Johan
Author-X-Name-Last: Karlsson
Author-Name: Kajsa Haag
Author-X-Name-First: Kajsa
Author-X-Name-Last: Haag
Author-Name: Daniel Pittino
Author-X-Name-First: Daniel
Author-X-Name-Last: Pittino
Author-Name: Francesco Chirico
Author-X-Name-First: Francesco
Author-X-Name-Last: Chirico
Title: Employee layoffs in times of crisis: do family firms differ?
Abstract:
In this study, we seek to understand firm behaviour during times of crisis, with a particular focus on family firms in different contexts. We theorize that family control mitigates (i.e. negatively moderates) the relationship between economic crisis and the layoff of employees, resulting in a higher propensity of family firms to retain their employees during a crisis compared to their nonfamily counterparts. Furthermore, taking a closer look at family firms, based on their location, we argue that family firms in rural regions are more likely to adopt measures leading to involuntary job turnover than family firms in urban areas due to a higher sensitivity to the loss of socioemotional wealth following a business closure. Relying on a panel dataset of Swedish private firms active in the period 2004–2012, our study contributes to a better understanding of family firms as employers in different contexts.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 722-744
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2024.2309160
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2024.2309160
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:722-744
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# input file: TEPN_A_2305193_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Steven F. Pittz
Author-X-Name-First: Steven F.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pittz
Author-Name: Thomas G. Pittz
Author-X-Name-First: Thomas G.
Author-X-Name-Last: Pittz
Title: Towards an ethical awareness of entrepreneurs: a Nietzschean perspective on creative destruction
Abstract:
As entrepreneurs engage in a Schumpeterian process of ‘creative destruction’, existing market norms and values are substantially altered, which places entrepreneurship in a central role for considering society’s new ethical demands. This essay attempts to fill a lacuna in the scholarship of entrepreneurial ethics that stops short of considering the ethical awareness of entrepreneurs regarding the reconstitution of values following disruption. The work of Friedrich Nietzsche informs our understanding of entrepreneurial ethics and provides guidance for ‘new philosopher’ entrepreneurs who become ethically aware of their task and endeavour to replace old values with new. Employing the lessons of Nietzsche can, therefore, provide valuable ethical insights for entrepreneurial ethicists as they consider what it might mean to engage in the disruption of industries, markets, and value chains.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 707-721
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2024.2305193
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2024.2305193
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:707-721
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# input file: TEPN_A_2285818_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Farsan Madjdi
Author-X-Name-First: Farsan
Author-X-Name-Last: Madjdi
Author-Name: Mark Packard
Author-X-Name-First: Mark
Author-X-Name-Last: Packard
Author-Name: Badri Zolfaghari
Author-X-Name-First: Badri
Author-X-Name-Last: Zolfaghari
Title: Entrepreneurial opportunities as expressions of personal identities: interpretative engagement through personal value structures
Abstract:
Entrepreneurial identities have a significant influence on new venture emergence. Yet, an entrepreneur’s (meaning-constructing) interpretive engagement with situations such as entrepreneurial opportunities remain relatively unexplained. This paper explores how entrepreneurs’ personal identities influence their interpretive engagement with entrepreneurial opportunities. We presented 34 entrepreneurs with three business scenarios and, using verbal protocols and content analysis techniques, inductively identified seven individual value types. We find that these value types vary among individual founders, revealing distinct personal identities (as personal value structures). These types are reflections of exogenously and endogenously oriented personal identities that depict how individuals perceive scenarios as situations that represent the environment as exogenous (scenarios as what is) or as endogenously constructed (scenarios as what could be). Therefore, we contribute to the entrepreneurship literature by highlighting the significance of personal identities as representations of entrepreneurial goals that give rise to different framings of situations as entrepreneurial opportunities as these become expressions of their personal identities.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 681-706
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2285818
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2285818
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:681-706
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# input file: TEPN_A_2295959_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Sara Baroncelli
Author-X-Name-First: Sara
Author-X-Name-Last: Baroncelli
Author-Name: Andrea Caputo
Author-X-Name-First: Andrea
Author-X-Name-Last: Caputo
Author-Name: Erica Santini
Author-X-Name-First: Erica
Author-X-Name-Last: Santini
Author-Name: Christina Theodoraki
Author-X-Name-First: Christina
Author-X-Name-Last: Theodoraki
Title: Resilience and entrepreneurial decision-making: the heterogeneity among Italian innovative start-ups
Abstract:
Despite the increasing attention of researchers to decision-making processes, little is known about start-ups’ reactions to shocks. How entrepreneurs of new ventures face uncertain environments and build a resilient business is an open question. Contextual, personal, and heuristics biases influence decision-making processes, making resilience and entrepreneurial decision-making a complex topic to analyse. This is particularly salient for start-ups and ventures in their infancy having limited historical information for developing their strategies. This study paves the way for a comprehensive analysis on how resilience relates to contextual, personal, and heuristics biases in entrepreneurial decision-making processes in innovative start-ups. Based on a sample of 158 entrepreneurs of the innovative start-up scene of Emilia-Romagna, this research analyses through a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), their crisis responses, and their contextual, personal, and heuristics characteristics. Results show four types of decision-making profiles related to resilience, i.e. prudent, organized, flexible and balanced, underlining the heterogeneity of profiles embedding resilient capabilities and supporting innovative start-ups to face shocks and challenges.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 798-815
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2295959
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2295959
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:798-815
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# input file: TEPN_A_2305648_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Pablo Muñoz
Author-X-Name-First: Pablo
Author-X-Name-Last: Muñoz
Author-Name: Mauricio Hernandez
Author-X-Name-First: Mauricio
Author-X-Name-Last: Hernandez
Title: Human-animal mutualism in regenerative entrepreneurship
Abstract:
In this paper, we explore the micro-interactions through which a regenerative enterprise engages with proximate natural ecosystems in its attempt to repair and protect them. Through an ethnographic study of a regenerative farming enterprise in rural Southern Patagonia - Fundo Panguilemu - we discover a reciprocal relationship between the enterprise and animals, central to their regenerative efforts. This relationship is formed and actively maintained by the founders through three practices – joint rewilding, ambivalent relationality, and task interdependence. We leverage nature relatedness to conceptualize the relationship between these practices as human-animal mutualism in regenerative work. We advance regenerative entrepreneurship research by revealing novel human-nature interactions formed and fostered by a rural enterprise in the pursuit of local regeneration and expand our understanding of micro-level phenomena in rural entrepreneurship.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 577-606
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2024.2305648
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2024.2305648
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:577-606
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# input file: TEPN_A_2262430_J.xml processed with: repec_from_jats12.xsl darts-xml-transformations-20240209T083504 git hash: db97ba8e3a
Author-Name: Alexander Engelmann
Author-X-Name-First: Alexander
Author-X-Name-Last: Engelmann
Title: A performative perspective on sensing, seizing, and transforming in small- and medium-sized enterprises
Abstract:
This study investigates organizational sensing, seizing, and transforming, which are critical activities in developing and exercising dynamic capabilities (DCs)––an organization’s capacity to reconfigure its resources in response to a changing environment. Previous research on small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has predominantly focused on well-established business processes that are considered functional DCs, including product development, portfolio planning, and customer management, highlighting their role in facilitating resource reconfiguration. However, these studies implicitly assume the existence of functional DCs, without explaining what contributes to their development. We build on recent theoretical arguments emphasizing the performative dimensions of the DC construct and examine how SME practitioners sense and seize opportunities and threats, and subsequently transform their resources and operations. Our findings highlight a series of practices employed in ongoing social interactions to develop functional DCs or reconfigure established routines. These practices are situated in social interaction contexts characterized by distinct modes of communication, including resonance, generativity, and call for action. By offering a communicative explanation of the performance and dynamization of sensing, seizing, and transforming, this study underscores the pivotal role of interpersonal dynamics in facilitating resource reconfiguration.
Journal: Entrepreneurship & Regional Development
Pages: 632-658
Issue: 5-6
Volume: 36
Year: 2024
Month: 05
X-DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2262430
File-URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/08985626.2023.2262430
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Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:36:y:2024:i:5-6:p:632-658